c hapter 18 - classification. c lassification & i dentification taxonomy- science of...
DESCRIPTION
C AROLUS L INNAEUS Species-similar organisms that can interbreed Didn’t work well for asexual organisms- called strains Linnaeus divided into plantae & animalia only Taxon- group or level of classification Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species King Phillip Came Over For Good SpaghettiTRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 18 - CLASSIFICATION
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CLASSIFICATION & IDENTIFICATION Taxonomy- science of classification
1. Classification-assigning organisms to a taxa based on similarities
2. Nomenclature- rules of naming 3. Identification- determining belonging
Important for: sense of relationships, past to present enhance communication- Doctors & scientists make predictions about similar organisms
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CAROLUS LINNAEUS Species-similar organisms that can interbreed
Didn’t work well for asexual organisms- called strains Linnaeus divided into plantae & animalia only
Taxon- group or level of classification Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,
Species King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti
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The more of these that they have in common, the more closely related they areEx: Ursus arctos (grizzly bear) Ursus maritimus (polar bear)Ailuropoda melanoleuca (Giant panda)
Who is more closely related?
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BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE- 2 PART NAMING use Genus & species
Latin names Genus-noun, written first, capitalized Species- adjective, lowercase *both written in italics or underlined
Ex: Diplococcus pneumoniae or Homo sapiens
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PROBLEMS WITH COMMON NAMES1. They don’t tell how organisms are related2. Misleading3. Vary from place to place
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PHYLOGENETIC TREES diagram that depicts the lines of
evolutionary descent of different species, organisms, or genes from a common ancestor
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EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION Based on: 1. Phylogeny- evolutionary history
Modern day vs fossil record 2. Developmental stages- egg, larva, etc. 3. Biochemistry- DNA 4. Behavior- mating rituals, breeding
seasons, calls
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SYNAPOMORPHY- A SHARED, DERIVED CHARACTER The more recently two species diverged from
a common ancestor, the more synapomorphies they will share.
Unique synapomorphies found only in a single group provide strong evidence for the common ancestry of members of that group.
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THE SYNAPOMORPHIC ASTRAGALUS ANKLE BONES OF WHALES (CETACEANS) AND CLOVEN-HOOVED MAMMALS (ARTIODACTYLS) HELPED BIOLOGISTS DETERMINE THAT THESE TWO GROUPS SHARE A RELATIVELY RECENT COMMON ANCESTOR.
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CLADOGRAMS Diagrams that shows the evolutionary
relationships among groups of organisms Uses derived characters- characteristics that
appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members
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Vertebrae Bony Skeleton Four Limbs Amniotic Egg Hair Large Holes in Skull
Sharks X
Ray-finned fish X X
Amphibians X X X
Primates X X X X X
Rodents X X X X x
Crocodiles X X X X X
Dinosaurs & Birds x x x x x
Construct a Cladogram
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18-3 KINGDOMS & DOMAINS
Robert Whittaker- 5 kingdom system Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, Monera Did not address viruses
Today: 6 Kingdom System Monera> Eubacteria & Archaebacteria
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WOESE- 3 DOMAINS Determined by rRNA sequencing
1. Archae- extreme bacteria 2. Bacteria- everyday bacteria 3. Eukarya- (Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia)
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CREATE YOUR OWN KEY: