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d

What are their charges?

• The structure of the atoms determine the characteristic properties of each element. The electrons in the outer shell (valence electrons) determine many properties of an atom!

• What do we know about structure of an atom?

Nucleus=contains protons and neutrons

Electrons=has a negative charge

Neutrons=has no charge

Protons=has a positive charge

• Atomic mass: the measure of the mass of an atom. It is the number of protons + the number of neutrons in an atom.

• Atomic number: number of protons in an atom. Personal identification number for an atom (identify of the atom).

• Isotopes: atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. The number of protons stays the same. This just makes a heavier version of that element!

6

12

C Carbon

Atomic Mass

How do you calculate the number of neutrons?

Atomic Number Answer: Atomic mass – atomic number= number of neutrons Or Subtract the two numbers in the box!

1

1.01 Hydrogen

H 8

15.99

Oxygen O

11

22.99

Sodium Na

Atomic #_____8___ Atomic Mass___15.99 # of Protons__8_ # of Neutrons___8__

Atomic #__1__ Atomic Mass_1.01___ # of Protons_1__ # of Neutrons_0___

Atomic #__11___ Atomic Mass_22.99__ # of Protons_11__ # of Neutrons_12___

Atom review:

Atom

Atoms are the basic units of matter and the defining structure of elements. Atoms are made up of three particles: protons, neutrons and electrons.

A particular atom will have the same number of protons and electrons and most atoms have at least as many neutrons as protons. An element is a substance that is made entirely from one type of atom. For example, the element hydrogen is made from atoms containing just one proton and one electron.

Periodic Table Facts: Period: Horizontal Row

Each element in a period has one more outer electron than the element before it. The outermost electrons of an element’s atoms control the properties of the elements. The increase in the number of outermost electrons across each row causes properties to change across the row.

Group: Vertical Column All the elements in a group have the

same number of outer electrons, so they tend to have similar properties.

Nonmetals are to the right

Metals are to the left

Semimetals are along the stair step

Metals: › Lustrous (shiny) › Malleable › Ductile › Solids at room temp. › Found to the left on the

Periodic Table

Nonmetals: › Does not conduct electricity

well › Brittle (breaks easy) › These elements have few

physical properties in common; most are gases, one (bromine) is liquid, and others are solids.

› Most are found on the right-hand side of the periodic table (except Hydrogen).

Semimetals: › The metalloids or semimetals are

located along the line between the metals and nonmetals in the periodic table (stair-step).

› Can have properties of both metals and nonmetals.

Early chemists broke down mixtures by chemical means

to determine which substances were elements.

Substances containing atoms of two or more different elements 2 or more atoms chemically combined

What is a molecule? What is a compound?

All molecules contain more than one __atom_________. Materials made of only one kind of atom are called ___elements___________. All molecules and all _compounds_________ have chemical bonds. Materials made of more than one element are called __molecules______. Molecules can only be broken down chemically.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Chemical Properties: properties of a substance relating to the chemical nature and reactivity of the substance. The way electrons bond is what gives a substance its chemical properties!

Examples of Chemical Properties:

Flammability (ability to burn)

Decomposition (matter broken down)

Rusting (Some metals oxidize)

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Physical properties: the properties of a substance that can be observed without changing the chemical make-up of the substance.

You can observe them without a chemical change.

Examples: Change of state

Mass

Density

Thermal Conduction

Solubility

Melting Point

• Stomach digesting food • A.) Chemical • B.) Physical

• Cutting wood • A.) Chemical • B.) Physical

• Fireworks exploding • A.) Chemical • B.) Physical

• An ice cube melting (changing state) • A.) Chemical • B.) Physical

Occurs when the electrons between 2 atoms form a bond.

STATES OF MATTER!

Solid Liquid Gas

Has a fixed shape and volume. The particles in a solid are in fixed positions

close together, always vibrating., but never exchange positions.

Flows freely. Has a fixed volume but takes

the shape of its container. Constantly

changing positions.

Has no fixed shape or volume. Takes the shape of

the container and fills it completely. Particles are in constant, rapid motion, and

are far apart.

The behavior of the particles in a substance determine its state of matter

STATES OF MATTER

GAS Liquid Solid

Closely packed Not moving fast

Intermediately packed Intermediate speed

Takes the shape of the container

Fastest moving

Goes along with page 91 in your student guide

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