C 17 QUEST with Map IDS =WED 12/21

C 16/19 Q/V due on TH 12/22

Annotations ONLY for C 19

• Greatest extent = 6000 miles E-W• Covered an area of 9,000,000 sq miles (16% of the earth’s land mass)• Controlled over 100 million people• Depending on the source: responsible for the death of 30-60 million people

(11% of the world’s population at the time)

C 17: Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

Who were theTurks of the 10th C?

Lived on the border ofthe Abbasid Empire:eventually dominated them by the mid 11th century

Nomadic (migratory/ looking for pastureland)Trade links between nomadic and sedentary peoplesGovernance was/is clan basedCharismatic individuals become nobles/ respectedSocial organization: nobles/ commoners (very fluid)(power could be lost thru incompetence)Sought opportunities to trade with settled populationsWomen + (skilled archers, advisors, economic roles)Shamanism

Age of Nomadic Empires: 1000-1500 CE

• Saljuq Turks eventually dominate the Abbassid Empire• 1055 CE: Saljuq Turk named Sultan: caliphs remain figureheads• 1071 CE: Saljuq Turks defeat Byzantine army/ invade Anatolia (LIBERATORS)• 1453 CE: Ottoman Turks (Mehmed II) conquer Constantinople

• By 13th C: Sultanate of Delhi is established (Ghazanavid Turks)(they are Islamic) persecution of Hindus and Buddhists there

Turkish Empires and their Neighbors: 1210 CE

1453: Sultan Mehmed II(“Mehmed the Conquerer”)

Constantinople renamedIstanbul = capital of theOttoman Empire

I conquered Constantinople with 80-200,000 troops

and a navy of 320 vessels. I was extremely tolerant of

diverse religions and established the millet

system. I spoke 7 languages fluently and supported

education.

Constantinople 10th c CE

There were three notable timeswhen the chain across the Horn was either broken or circumvented. In the 10th century the Kievan Rus’dragged their longships out of the Bosporus, around Galatia, and relaunched them in the Horn; the Byzantines defeated them with Greek fire. In 1204, during the Fourth Crusade, Venetian ships were able to break the chain with a ram. In 1453, Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, having failed in his attempt to break the chain with brute force, instead used the same tactic as the Rus’ towing his ships across Galata into the estuary over greased logs.

WHY? Did the Mongols erupt from

Mongolia in the 13th century and take over Eurasia?

1. Ecology (drought)2. Trade disruptions (Jin Dynasty)3. Genghis Khan (bring the rest of the world under one

sword)

• Greatest extent = 6000 miles E-W• Covered an area of 9,000,000 sq miles (16% of the earth’s land mass)• Controlled over 100 million people• Depending on the source: responsible for the death of 30-60 million people

(11% of the world’s population at the time)

I enjoy subjugation

The greatest joy a man can know is to conquer the enemies and

drive them before him. To ride their horses and take away their possessions. To see the faces of

those who were dear to them bedewed with tears and to clasp their wives and daughters in his

arms.

1167-1227Reign 1206-1227

• Born “Temujan” in 1162• Father assassinated when he was 9 yrs old• Mongol sources describe his mother as a

savior and great heroine• At 10 years old he killed his half brother

for not sharing his food with the family…

• Married Borte in 1178 and had 4 sons and an “unknown number of daughters”

• He learned at an early age the importanceof maintaining alliances/ married off his

eldest son to the daughter of a neighboring khan

• 1206 proclaimed Chinggis Khan (“universal ruler”)

• 1209 conquered the Xia in NW China• 1215 conquered the Jin Dynasty in N China

seized area of modern Beijing• 1219 conquered Central Asia after his

ambassadors sent to negotiate trade relations were killed

HOW did he do it?

Chinggis Khan (1167-1227 CE)

All Mongol tribes united as one confederation

Military units of men from different tribesPromoted on basis of merit and loyaltyMongols = 1 million (<1% of China)Mongol army = 100,000-125,000 (10% of population)CONQUEROR not an administrator

PsychologicalWarfare

AND steppe

diplomacy!

Forging alliances?Explanations for

success?

Religion?

Army of 100-125,000Cavalry: 60-100 miles/dayReward those who surrenderPunish those who fight

Conquered China 1220 CE

Conquered Afghanistanand Persia

Ravaged lands, destroyed everythingSiege of Afghanistan = death to1,600,000 people

“Submit and Live, Resist and Die”

Strategies?

According to one account of Chinggis's death, a funeral cortege escorted his body to northeast Mongolia, where he was buried in an undisclosed location along with 40 horses and 40 virgins.

OR consumed by animals?

Died: 1227 CE

Images of him did not appear until after he died- he did not allowPortraits of himself

Taizong, better known as Ögedei Khan. (Genghis Khan’s son)Reign 1227-1241

Greatest expansion of Mongol Empire

12/ 1241 Battle of LiegnitzGolden Horde (Batu) VS Hungary

Mongols win! Europe in serious trouble..BUT Ogodei dies…. All return to Karakorum for his funeral……. Europe is saved….

Ilkhanate of Persia (Hulagu)(brother to then Great Khan Mongke, and Khubilai Khan)

•Sack of Baghdad (Jan-Feb 1259)•All Bagdad elite were murdered•Caliph trampled•Libraries, museums, mosques, hospitals•Qanats desstroyed•Killed: 200,00 – 1 million (women and children not spared)•Baghdad doesn’t recover until the 20th Century…

Khubilai Khan Reign 1264-1294

Hunting Expedition: Khubilai Khan

How did I treat the Chinese? How did I govern them?

The Travels of Marco Polo, 1350

Published in Old FrenchRepublic of Venice

“A rare popular success in an era before printing”

1274

1281

Kamikaze

4500 vessels100,000 troops

Largest seaborneExpedition before WW II

Hormuz

How does Mongol treatment of conquered peoples differin China and the Middle East?

How are they able to control such a large area?

•Skull towers of 20,000-80,000• conqueror not a governor/• invaded N India/ sacked DelhiPlanned to invade China… then died•May have killed as many as17 million people• Heirs = Mughal, Safavid Ottoman Empires (Osman)

Tamerlane the Conquerer (1336-1405)

Collapse of the Mongols?Legacy of the Mongols?

Tamerlane sacks Delhi

RISE FALL

Genghis Khan unite Mongol tribes by 1206

Genghis Khan controlled northern China by 1220

Died in 1227

HOW: ecological changes = drought on steppes

1180-1220 prompted Mongols to expand/seek grasslands

Trade disruptions: attempts by Chinese to interrupt trade= more Mongol raiding

Charismatic leader, steppe diplomacy = able

to reconfigure alliance system

Organized new military strategies

Encouraged high value placed on demonstrations of personal courage/ loyalty

Kublai Khan especially noteworthy

Death of Genghis Khan: no successor/ no guiding principle for how to determine a successor

Difficulty for Mongols to transfer loyalty beyond Genghis Khan and beyond the level of the tribe

Some traditional Mongols opposed the idea of making concessions in order to live a sedentary lifestyle

Mongol Empire then too big: divide into 4 khanates

Yuan Dynasty collapse: tried to issue paper money with no backing/ power struggles/ assassinations/ civil war

Power struggles from the 1320s…

by 1368 Chinese pushed Mongols back to steppes…

Ilkhanate of Persia: excessive spending, over utilization of resources/ tried to issue paper money and force people to use it (closed up shops rather than use the$$)

Internal power struggles/ no clear line of succession

ALL effected by the spread of the bubonic plague by 1330s…. Mongols inadvertently accelerated its spread through secure trade routes

Analyze the rise and fall of the Mongol empires.

East Asia Middle East Europe

Analyze the impact of the Mongols on East Asia, Middle East and Europe.

Genghis Khan Conquered northern China by 1220

Kublai Khan (Yuan Dynasty) 1264-1294: restored ritualsof court/ music/dance/ built temple for his ancestors/ embraced Lama Buddhism/ traditional Chinese form of govt/ no intermarriage with Chinese/

Chinese forbidden to learn Mongol language/ Marco Polo

as adviser for 20 yrs to share his knowledge of business practices/ collapse due to deliberate attempt to inflate currency: paper money in order to horde all preciousmetals/ brought in foreigners to serve in govt/ did not trustnor respect the Chinese/failed attempts to invade

\\Japan 1274 and 1281

(kamikaze winds)/ dismissed Confucian scholars b/c felt they interfered w/ Buddhism

-Destroyed qanats-Ilkhanate of Persia-(Hulugu-Kublai’s bro) sacked Baghdad 1258 CE-toppled the Abbasid Empire-Killed 200,000-1 million-Killed 1.6 million in Afghanistan- exacted huge amts of tribute- once conquered, generallytolerant of local customs-Allowed locals place in govt- Ilkhana Ghazan converted toIslam 1295CE- massacred Jewsand Christians (no more tolerance)

Tamerlane: 14-15th CDefeated Central Asian khanate1370 CE : attacked richcities then TAX (80,000Killed)- skull towersReportedly killed17 millionPoor administrator

Golden Horde overran Russia 1327-1241 CESuccessful as far west as present day Poland, Hungary, eastern Germany before turning back

PRIMARILY a TRIBUTE relationship

-Prized high steppes for grazing their horses

-Russian princes rejected Mongol rule by 15th C

-Mongol presence stayed in Crimea Sea area until late 18th C

1245: Exchange of letters

Pope Innocent IVand the Great Khan (Guyuk Khan)(Ogodei’s son)

Analyze the similarities

and differences of Mongol rule in East Asia and Russia.

Pope to Great Khan

“ It is not surprising that the Pope, as the head of the Christian church, would use a harsh tone in this letter because he wants to stop the Great Khan from ravaging the lands of his fellow Christians.”

Great Khan to Pope

“ The Great Khan invokes Heaven as a force beyond his controland so legitimizes his harsh actions. Because the Great Khan is writing to the Pope, the head of the Christian church, the analogy to heaven will be one that the Pope can easily understand.”

Marco Polo

“ Marco Polo writes with exceptional detail about Mongol practices so that his fellow Europeans will be able to better appreciate and understand this unfamiliar culture.”

Rashid al-din

“ Rashid al-Din, a Mongol high official, would naturally write with high praise about Ogedei and his government because he himself would want to be associated with an administration that is successful and accomplished.”