Byzantine EmpireByzantine EmpireOrthodox ChristianityOrthodox Christianity

Chapter 9Chapter 9

Vocabulary:Vocabulary:1. Justinian2. Hagia Sophia3. Bulgaria4. Icons5. Iconoclasm6. Kiev7. Vladimir I8. Russian Orthodoxy9. Boyars10. Tatars

11. Byzantine Empire12. Constantinople13. Orthodox Christian Church14. Constantine15. Huns16. Hellenistic culture17. Greek fire18. Tsar19. Cyrillic alphabet

I. The Byzantine EmpireI. The Byzantine Empire

A.A. How it started How it started

1. Emperor 1. Emperor ConstantineConstantine – 4 – 4thth Century C.E. Century C.E.

a. Constantinople built – replaced Byzantiuma. Constantinople built – replaced Byzantium

b. Empire divided (originally by Diocletian)b. Empire divided (originally by Diocletian)

--Capitals at Rome and Constantinople--Capitals at Rome and Constantinople

c. Greek, not c. Greek, not Latin, Latin,

became the became the official official

language language in the in the

6th century6th century

The Eastern Empire

flourished economical

ly as the western empire faded.

Whywasthis

necessary?

B.B. Justinian & TheodoraJustinian & Theodora

1. Attempts reconquest of Italy1. Attempts reconquest of Italy

a. Ultimately fails…weakens the a. Ultimately fails…weakens the east militarily & economicallyeast militarily & economically

2. Rebuilds Constantinople2. Rebuilds Constantinople

a. a. Hagia SophiaHagia Sophia

3. Legal codification – foundation of 3. Legal codification – foundation of later European law later European law

----“Justinian’s code”“Justinian’s code”

Emperor Justinian and Theodora

The Byzantine Empire under Justinian

C.C. Defending the Empire Defending the Empire

1. Center of empire shifts to east – Emperors realized 1. Center of empire shifts to east – Emperors realized that that expanding wasn’t possible…needed to defend expanding wasn’t possible…needed to defend the eastthe east

2. Constant external threats2. Constant external threats

a. Arab Muslimsa. Arab Muslims

--Attacks took almost half of Byzantine territory--Attacks took almost half of Byzantine territory

--Were still unable to conquer Constantinople--Were still unable to conquer Constantinople

b. Sassanid Empireb. Sassanid Empire

c. Hunsc. Huns

d. Germanic tribesd. Germanic tribes

e. Venicee. Venice

D.D. The End of the Byzantine Empire The End of the Byzantine Empire

1. Beginning in the mid 91. Beginning in the mid 9thth century the Byzantines century the Byzantines were were prosperous and militarily successful. prosperous and militarily successful. However, in the 11However, in the 11thth century the empire lost century the empire lost lands in Asia and effective control lands in Asia and effective control over much of over much of the Balkan peninsulathe Balkan peninsula

2. Seljuk Turks take most of Asian provinces in 2. Seljuk Turks take most of Asian provinces in Anatolia Anatolia after defeating the Byzantinesafter defeating the ByzantinesThe Byzantine Empire, 1000-1100

3. The Crusades3. The Crusades

a. Call to West for help against Seljuk Turks…agree to a. Call to West for help against Seljuk Turks…agree to use use Constantinople as a base for operations Constantinople as a base for operations

b. 1204, crusaders sack Constantinople during the 4b. 1204, crusaders sack Constantinople during the 4thth CrusadeCrusade

--Done at the request of traders from Venice--Done at the request of traders from Venice

--Eventually Constantinople is brought back under --Eventually Constantinople is brought back under Byzantine controlByzantine control

4. Territories lost to Ottoman Turks4. Territories lost to Ottoman Turks

5. Commerce dominated by Italian city-states of Venice & 5. Commerce dominated by Italian city-states of Venice & GenoaGenoa

a. Hurt the Byzantines economicallya. Hurt the Byzantines economically

6. The Black Death in 1300’s weakened the empire6. The Black Death in 1300’s weakened the empire

7. Constantinople taken by Ottoman Turks in 7. Constantinople taken by Ottoman Turks in 14531453…the …the end of end of the Byzantine Empirethe Byzantine Empire

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine Empire

E.E. Byzantine Society and Politics Byzantine Society and Politics1. Emperors resemble Chinese rulers1. Emperors resemble Chinese rulers

a. Court ritual – rulers have blessing of God…similar a. Court ritual – rulers have blessing of God…similar to to the “mandate of heaven” in classical Chinathe “mandate of heaven” in classical China

b. Head of b. Head of church & statechurch & state…wasn’t the case in the …wasn’t the case in the westwest

2. Imperial Senate…advised the emperor and provided 2. Imperial Senate…advised the emperor and provided a pool a pool for higher appointments for higher appointments

3. Sophisticated 3. Sophisticated bureaucracybureaucracy – Open to all classes – Open to all classesa. Trained in Hellenistic (Greek) knowledgea. Trained in Hellenistic (Greek) knowledge

4. Provincial governors4. Provincial governorsa. Byzantine ambassadors spied on the nations to a. Byzantine ambassadors spied on the nations to

which which they were postedthey were postedb. Bribes were used to buy off enemies and pay b. Bribes were used to buy off enemies and pay

enemies enemies of friendly states to keep those states of friendly states to keep those states off-balanceoff-balance

c. c. What does the word “byzantine” mean today? What does the word “byzantine” mean today? Why?Why?

5. Economic control5. Economic control

a. Government regulated food prices, tradea. Government regulated food prices, trade

--Peasants provided food & most of the taxes--Peasants provided food & most of the taxes

b. Silk production – allowed economic expansionb. Silk production – allowed economic expansion

--State regulated silk trade (silkworms stolen --State regulated silk trade (silkworms stolen from from China)China)

6. Trade network – Asia (Silk Roads), Russia, 6. Trade network – Asia (Silk Roads), Russia, Scandinavia, Scandinavia, Europe, Africa…location along major Europe, Africa…location along major trade routestrade routes

a. Trade concessions to foreignersa. Trade concessions to foreigners

b. Trade competition with Venice b. Trade competition with Venice and other Italian city-statesand other Italian city-states

7. Arts – Architecture (7. Arts – Architecture (domed domed buildingsbuildings), art (), art (mosaicsmosaics))

What wouldthis be

calledtoday

?

F.F. The Family The Family

1. Oldest male dominated the household…patriarchal1. Oldest male dominated the household…patriarchal

2. Parents were required by law to find spouses for 2. Parents were required by law to find spouses for childrenchildren

a. Childlessness was viewed by society as a a. Childlessness was viewed by society as a disasterdisaster

3. Upper-class children were educated, while lower-3. Upper-class children were educated, while lower-class class children received little to no education children received little to no education

4. The primary duty of a woman was to marry, bear 4. The primary duty of a woman was to marry, bear children, and run the household children, and run the household

5. Marriage contracts agreed upon disposition of 5. Marriage contracts agreed upon disposition of propertyproperty

6. Women could inherit and dispose of property in 6. Women could inherit and dispose of property in any way any way they wished they wished

7. Upper-class females were secluded and veiled7. Upper-class females were secluded and veiled

8. Very few women were educated8. Very few women were educated

G.G. Christianity Splits – East and West Christianity Splits – East and West

1. Churches held many different beliefs…could not 1. Churches held many different beliefs…could not come to come to agreement agreement

a. Roman Catholicism didn’t like the influence of a. Roman Catholicism didn’t like the influence of secular leaders in church affairssecular leaders in church affairs

2. Patriarch Michael2. Patriarch Michael

a. a. 10541054, attacks Catholic practices – communion , attacks Catholic practices – communion bread, bread, celibacy, church leadership (Pope vs. celibacy, church leadership (Pope vs. Patriarch)Patriarch)

3. Mutual excommunication leads to final split3. Mutual excommunication leads to final split

a. Created Roman Catholic and Eastern a. Created Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox ChurchesOrthodox Churches

4. Orthodox missionaries converted Slavs in 4. Orthodox missionaries converted Slavs in Balkans, Ukraine, and Russia Balkans, Ukraine, and Russia

5. Saint Cyril developed 5. Saint Cyril developed Cyrillic alphabet Cyrillic alphabet for Slavs…almost all Slavic languages, for Slavs…almost all Slavic languages,

including Russian, use this alphabet including Russian, use this alphabetSaint Cyril

Vernacular?

Catholic vs. OrthodoxCatholic vs. Orthodox

II. Byzantine Civilization SpreadsII. Byzantine Civilization Spreads

A.A. Eastern Europe Eastern Europe

1. Catholic vs. Orthodox1. Catholic vs. Orthodox

a. Ideologies battle for convertsa. Ideologies battle for converts

2. Catholics “win” in some areas2. Catholics “win” in some areas

a. Czechs, Hungary, Polanda. Czechs, Hungary, Poland

b. Latin b. Latin dominatesdominates

3. Jews from 3. Jews from western Europewestern Europe

a. Come to a. Come to escape escape persecutionpersecution

**Spreads **Spreads through through

conquest, conquest, conversion, conversion,

trade!**trade!****Orthodox **Orthodox

Church allowed Church allowed the use of the the use of the vernacular!**vernacular!**

B.B. The Kievan Rus’…The Beginning of Russia The Kievan Rus’…The Beginning of Russia

1. Slavs…combine with 1. Slavs…combine with previous settlersprevious settlers

--Animistic religion--Animistic religion

2. Scandinavian merchants 2. Scandinavian merchants trade with the Byzantine trade with the Byzantine empire (6empire (6thth & 7 & 7thth Centuries) Centuries)

3. Monarchy forms at Kiev3. Monarchy forms at Kiev

4. Vladimir I (980-1015)4. Vladimir I (980-1015)

a. Converts to Orthodoxya. Converts to Orthodoxy

b. Controls church & stateb. Controls church & state

C.C. Culture in Kievan Rus’ Culture in Kievan Rus’

1. Influenced by Byzantine patterns1. Influenced by Byzantine patterns

a. Rulers powerful in both religious & a. Rulers powerful in both religious & political matterspolitical matters

2. Orthodox influence2. Orthodox influence

a. Ornate churches, icons, saints entered a. Ornate churches, icons, saints entered Russian cultureRussian culture

b. Monasticism grew in Russiab. Monasticism grew in Russia

3. 3. BoyarsBoyars – Land-owning – Land-owning nobles nobles

a. Less powerful than nobles in a. Less powerful than nobles in Western Europe Western Europe

Church of the Dormition in Varzuga, Russia

12th Century Russian icon…the Archangel Gabriel.

D.D. Kievan Decline Kievan Decline

1. Asian invaders seized territory from the Rus’1. Asian invaders seized territory from the Rus’

2. Mongols2. Mongols

a. 13th century, take Russian citiesa. 13th century, take Russian cities

b. Were allowed to keep traditional culture as long b. Were allowed to keep traditional culture as long as as tribute was paid to the Mongolstribute was paid to the Mongols

E.E. The End of an Era in Eastern Europe The End of an Era in Eastern Europe

1. Mongol invasions usher in new period1. Mongol invasions usher in new period

a. Russia declined, Byzantines suffereda. Russia declined, Byzantines suffered