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PRESENTATION

M.A.N.I.T. BHOPAL

BYE LAWS

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TERMINOLOGY

Air ConditioningThe process of treating air so as to control simultaneously itstemperature, humidity, purity, distribution and air movement and pressure to meet the

requirements of the conditioned space

Buildings Related Illnesses (BRI)The illness attributed directly to the specific air-

borne building contaminants like the outbreak of the Legionnaires disease after a

convention and sensitivity pneumonitis with prolonged exposure to the indoor environment

of the building.

Dewpoint TemperatureThe temperature at which condensation of moisture beginswhen the air is cooled at same pressure.

Duct SystemA continuous passageway for the transmission of air which, in addition to

the ducts, may include duct fittings, dampers, plenums, and grilles and diffusers.

EnthalpyA thermal property indicating the quantity of heat in the air above an arbitrary

datum, in kilo Joules per kg of dry air

Evaporative Air CoolingThe evaporative air cooling application is the simultaneous

removal of sensible heat and the addition of moisture to the air.

Fire DamperA closure which consists of a normally held open damper installed in an

air distribution system or in a wall or floor assembly and designed to close automatically in

the event of a fire in order to maintain the integrity of the fire separation.

Fire Separation WallThe wall providing complete separation of one building from

another or part of a building from another part of the same building to prevent any

communication of fire or heat transmission to wall itself.

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TERMINOLOGY

Global Warming Potential (GWP)The potential of arefrigerant to contribute to global

warming.

Hydronic Systems The water systems that convey heat to or from a conditioned space

or process with hot or chilled water.

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)Air quality that refers to the nature of conditioned air that

circulates throughout the space/area where one works or lives, that is, the air one breathes

when indoors.

Infiltration/ExfiltrationThe phenomenon of outside air leaking into/out of an airconditioned space.

PlenumAn air compartment or chamber to which one or more ducts are connected and

which forms part of an air distribution system.

Positive VentilationThe supply of outside air by means of a mechanical device, such

as a fan.

Psychrometry The science involving thermodynamic properties of moist air and the

effect of atmospheric moisture on materials and human comfort.

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TERMINOLOGY

Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)The potential of refrigerant or gases to deplete the

ozone in the atmosphere.

Recirculated AirThe return air that has been passed through the conditioning

apparatus before being re-supplied to the space.

Return AirThe air that is collected from the conditioned space and returned to the

conditioning equipment.

Shade FactorThe ratio of instantaneous heat gain through the fenestration withshading device to that through the fenestration.

Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) A term, which is used to describe the presence of

acute nonspecific symptoms in the majority of people caused by working in buildings with

an adverse indoor environment. It could be a cluster of complex irritative symptoms like

irritation of the eyes, blockened nose and throat, headaches, dizziness,etc.

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TERMINOLOGY

Smoke DamperA damper similar to fire damper, however, having provisions to

close automatically on sensing presence of smoke in air distribution system or in

conditioned space.

Static PressureThe pressure that is required to be created by the fan over the

atmospheric pressure to overcome the system resistances such as resistances in

ducts, elbows, filters, dampers, heating/cooling coils, etc.

Supply AirThe air that has been passed through the conditioning apparatus and

taken through the duct system and distributed in the conditioned space.

Thermal TransmittanceThermal transmission per unit time through unit area of

the given building unit divided by the temperature difference between the air or some

other fluid on either side of the building unit in steady state conditions.

Thermal Energy StorageStorage of thermal energy, sensible, latent or

combination thereof for use in central system for air conditioning or refrigeration.

Water ConditioningThe treatment of water circulating in a hydronic system, tomake it suitable for air conditioning system due to its effect on the economics of air

conditioning plant.

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SYMBOLS, UNITS, COLOUR CODE

AND IDENTIFICATION OF SERVICES Colour code for identification for various items in air conditioning installations for easy

interpretation and identification is advisable.

Colour bands shall be 150 mm wide,superimposed on ground colour to distinguish

type and condition of fluid. The pacing of band shall not exceed 4.0 m.

Further identification may also be carried out using lettering and marking direction of

flow.

Services Identification

Pipe Work Services

a) The scheme of colour code for painting of pipe work services for air conditioning

installation shall be as indicated in Table:

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SYMBOLS, UNITS, COLOUR CODE

AND IDENTIFICATION OF SERVICESb) In addition to the colour bands specified above, all pipe work shall be legibly marked

with black or white letters to indicate the type of service and the direction of flow,identified as follows:

High Temperature Hot Water HTHW

Medium Temperature Hot Water MTHW

Low Temperature Hot Water LTHW

Chilled Water CHW

Condenser Water CDW

Steam ST

Condensate CN

Valve Labels and Charts

Each valve shall be provided with a label indicating the service being controlled,together with a reference number corresponding with that shown on the Valve Charts

and as fitted drawings. The labels shall be made from 3 ply (black/white/black)

traffolyte material showing white letters and figures on a black background. Labels

shall be tied to each valve with chromium plated linked chain.

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SYMBOLS, UNITS, COLOUR CODE

AND IDENTIFICATION OF SERVICES Duct Work Services

For duct work services and its insulation, colour triangle may be provided. The size of

the triangle will depend on the size of the duct and viewing distance but the minimum

size should not be less than 150 mm length per side.

The colour for various duct work services shall be as given below:

Services Colour

Conditioned Air Red and Blue

Ward Air Yellow

Fresh Air Green

Exhaust/Extract/Recalculated Air Grey

Foul Air Brown

Dual Duct System Hot Supply Air Red

Cold Supply Air Blue

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UNITORY AIR CONDITIONER

self-conditioned air conditioning units

generally installed in windows therefore known as windows air conditioners

designed to provide free delivery of conditioned air to an enclosed space, rooms,

zone

prime source of refrigeration for cooling and dehumidification

means for circulation and filteration of air

include provisions for exhaust room air as also induce fresh air for ventilation in theroom

several other optional features, such as:

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CAPACITY most of the manufacturers supply unitary air conditions in capacities of 3500W (1TR),

5250W (1.5 TR) and 7000W (2 TR).

capacity of windows air conditioners is rated as outside dry bulb temperature of 35 degreeC and wet bulb temperature 30 degree C and they are suitable for 230V and single phase

(50 Hz) power supply

generally a voltage stabilizer has to be installed to ensure that window air conditioner gets

stabilized rated voltage

SUITABILITY

POWER CONSUMPTIONPower consumption of windows air conditioners of 1 TR (3500) rated capacity should not

exceed 1.55 kW/ TR

in smaller sizes power consumption may exceed

rotary compressors normaly consumes 7% to 8% less power compared to the above value

for reciprocating compressors

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NOISE LEVEL

mounted preferably at the window sill level on an external wall where hot air from air-

cooled condensor may be discharged without causing nuisance

there should not be any obstruction to the inlet and discharge air of the condensor

ensure that the condensate water dripping does not create any nuisance

LOCATION

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LIMITATIONS

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PLANNING DESIGN CRITERIA

Fundamental Requirements

The object of installing ventilation and air conditioning facilities in buildings shall be to

provide conditions under which people can live in comfort, work safely and efficiently.

Ventilation and air conditioning installation shall aim at controlling and optimizing

following factors in the building:

Air purity and filtration,

Air movement,

Dry-bulb temperature,

Relative humidity,

Noise and vibration,

Energy efficiency, and

Fire safety.

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PLANNING DESIGN CRITERIA

The plans for air conditioning, heating and mechanical ventilation systems shall

include all 7

details and data necessary for review of installation such as:

a) building: name, type and location;

b) owner: name;

c) orientation: north direction on plans;

d) general plans: dimensions and height of all rooms; e) intended use of all rooms;

f) detail or description of wall construction, including insulation and finish;

g) detail or description of roof, ceiling and floor construction including insulation and

finish.

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Pre-planning

Design Considerations

Cooling load estimate shall be carried out prior to installing air conditioning

equipment. Calculation of cooling load shall take into account the following factors:

Recommended indoor temperature and relative humidity;

Outside design conditions as specified in 4.4;

Details of construction and orientation of exposures like roof, floor, walls, partition and

ceiling;

Fenestration area and shading factors;

OccupancyNumber of people and their activity;

VentilationRequirement for fresh air;

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Pre-planning

The design of system and its associated controls shall also take into account the

following:

a) Nature of application,

b) Type of construction of building,

c) Permissible control limits

d) energy efficiency

e) hours of use

f) Diversity factor

The operation of system in the following conditions should be considered when

assessing the complete design:

Summer,

Monsoon,

Winter,

Intermediate seasons,

Night, and weekdays and holidays

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DESIGN OF AIR CONDITIONING

A ventilation and air conditioning system installed in a building should clean, freshen

and condition the air within the space to be air conditioned. This can be achieved byproviding the required amount of fresh air either to remove totally or to dilute odours,

fumes, etc (for example, from smoking). Local extract systems may be necessary to

remove polluted air from kitchens, toilets, etc. Special air filter may be required to

remove contaminants or smells when air is recirculated.

It is desirable that access doors to air conditioned space are provided with tightsealing gaskets and self closing devices for air conditioning to be effective.

Positions of air inlets and extracts to the system are most important and care should

be taken in their location. Consideration should be given to relatively nearby buildings

and any contaminated discharges from those buildings. Inlet should not be positioned

near any flue outlets, dry cleaning or washing machine extraction outlets, kitchen,water-closets, etc. When possible, air inlets should be at high level so as to induce air

from as clean an area as possible. If low level intakes are used, care should be taken

to position them well away from roadways and car parks.

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Design Considerations

Types of System

Systems for air conditioning need to control temperature and humidity within

predetermined limits throughout the year. Various types of refrigerating systems are

available to accomplish the tasks of cooling and dehumidifying, which are an

essential feature of air conditioning. Systems for air conditioning may be grouped as

all-air type, air and water type, all water type or unitary type.

All-air system

This type of air conditioning system provides complete sensible and latent cooling,preheating and humidification in the air supplied by the system. Most plants operate

on the recirculation principle, where a percentage of the air is extracted and the

remainder mixed with incoming fresh air.

Minimum outside fresh air

The fresh air supply is required to maintain an acceptably non-odorous atmosphere

(by diluting body odorous and tobacco smoke) and to dilute the carbondioxide

exhaled. This quantity may be quoted per person and is related to the occupant

density and activity within the space. Table 4 gives minimum fresh air supply rates for

mechanically ventilated or air conditioned space. The quantity and distribution of

introduced fresh air should take into account the natural infiltration of the building.

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Design Conditions

Temperature

General consideration

Certain minimum temperatures may be required depending on type of application and

by local regulations. Maximum permitted cooling temperatures may be stipulated by

relating to energy conservation.

From the comfort aspect, it is important to take into account the effect of radiant

temperature in fixing the desired air temperatures to maintain comfortable conditions.

When large windows/curtain walls are used, it may be necessary to provide

shading/north orientation to protect the occupants from solar radiation and to reduce

the cooling load on the system. It is not practical to fully compensate for solar

heating, owing to its intermittent nature, simply by lowering air temperature.

A persons heat loss, and hence his feeling of comfort, depends not only on the air

temperature but also on the radiant heat gain, the air movement and the humidity of

the air. Many attempts have been made to devise a single index that combines theeffect of two or more of these separate variables. In practice the difference between

these indices is small, provided the various parameters do not vary beyond certain

limits.

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MECHANICAL VENTILATION (FOR NON AIR CONDITIONED

AREAS) AND EVAPORATIVE COOLING

Ventilation

Ventilation is the process of changing air in an enclosed space. A proportion of the air

in the space should be continuously withdrawn and replaced by fresh air drawn from

outside to maintain the required level of air purity. Ventilation is required to control the

following:

Oxygen ContentPrevent depletion of the oxygen content of the air; Carbondioxide and MoistureTo prevent undue accumulation;

ContaminantsTo prevent undue rise in concentration of body odours and other

contaminants such as tobacoo smoke;

BacteriaTo oxidize colonies of bacteria and fungas to prevent their proliferation.

HeatTo remove body heat and heat dissipated by electrical or mechanical

equipment or solar heat gains.

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Beneficial Effects of Ventilation

Fresh air supply

Ventilation system provides the fresh air flow that is required to maintain an

acceptable non-odorous atmosphere (by diluting body odours and tobacco smoke)

and to dilute the carbon dioxide exhaled.

The quantity and distribution of introduced outside air takes into account infiltration,exhaust and dilution requirements of the building. Proportion of fresh air introduced

into a building may be varied to achieve economical operation. When fresh air can

provide useful cooling effect, the quantity should be controlled to match the cooling

demand.

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Industrial Ventilation

Industrial buildings from a major application of mechanical ventilation.

In industrial buildings, ventilation is needed to provide the fresh air normally required

for health and hygiene and also, to mitigate thermal working conditions by assisting in

removal of surplus heat due to equipment, people and building heat gains.

Following are some of the factors that should be considered in the system design:

A supply system would not be satisfactory without a complementary exhaust system.Similarly any exhaust system would require for complementary supply system.

Air should be supplied equitably through grilles, diffusers and such other devices.

Directional grilles, diffusers and nozzles designed specifically to alleviate the thermal

conditions should be considered. Drafts should be avoided.

c. Ventilation systems may need to be supplemented by exhaust hoods and canopies

designed to capture the unwanted fumes or dust right at the source irrespective ofother air currents in the vicinity.

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HEATING

The installations for air conditioning system may be used advantageously for the

central heating system with additions such as hot water or boiler and hot water coils

or strip heater banks.

Hot Water Heated Coils

Central heating systems using hot water usually required not more than one or tworows of tubes in the direction of air flow, in order to produce the desired heating

capacity. To achieve high efficiency without excessive water pressure drop through

the coil, various circuit arrangements are used.

Generally, the resistance to the hot water flow through the heater should not exceed

4 k Pa in low pressure hot water heating installations. In high pressure hot water

installations, the resistance to the water flow will probably be determined by otherfactors, for example, the need to balance circuits.

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Presentation By :-

101110004 SAMAPIKA DALAI

101110008 MEENAL NAGDAVNE

101110040 SAURABH PATIL

101110042 BHARAT WADHWANI

THANK YOU