By: Tapan Shah

Second Law

1824: Origin of second law can be traced back to a French physicist, Sadi Carnot.

Originally formulated as a statement about the efficiency of heat engines.

Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot

Second Law

The entropy of a system which is not in equilibrium will tend to increase overtime approaching a maximum value of equilibrium.

Entropy of a closed system is always positive.

Heat Death

Hermann von Helmholtz (1856): “The universe is dying.”

Heat Death

Universe reaches a state of maximum entropy.

Final state of the universe Universe will approach

absolute zero Will take approximately

100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 Years. (10102)