by gill gillespie norfolk master gardener ......gill at two years old vegetable gardening my five...
TRANSCRIPT
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VEGETABLE GARDENING
BY GILL GILLESPIE
NORFOLK MASTER GARDENER
CLASS OF 1991
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Gill
At
Two
Years
Old
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Vegetable Gardening
My five steps from the ground up, approach to
gardening are as follows:
Planning
Preparation
Selection
Planting
Eating
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Planning
1. Site
a. 6 to 8 hours of sun
b. Near a source of water
c. Near the house
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2. Size
a. Family
b. Area Available
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3. Type
a. Row planting
b. Double row, patch planting
c. Hill planting
d. Raised bed
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4. Design
a. On graph paper
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4. Design
a. On graph paper
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5. Recap Planning
Site
Size
Type
Design
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Preparation
What is pH?
“Potential of Hydrogen” is a reading
of acidity or alkalinity of the soil on
the logarithmic scale of 0 – 14 with 7
being neutral, that measures the
hydrogen (acid forming) ion activity
of soil or growing medium.
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Compost contains humic and other organic
acids which help to degrade compounds
naturally present in the soil into the simpler
form that plants use. These elements, or
ions, can then be held by the humus
particles, which contain many ion
exchange sites on their surfaces. The
ions are released into soil water, and plant
roots are able to take them up.
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LOGARITHMIC SCALE
pH RANGE (UNITS)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
* *
Range of Acidity Range of Alkalinity
Neutral
3.5 to 10.0 Plant Life
6.0 to 7.0 Does not usually require special cultural practices to
Improve plant growth
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Soil pH Effect on Plants
The major impact that pH extremes have on
plant growth is the availability of plant
nutrients and concentration of the plant toxic
minerals.
1. High acidic soils tie up calcium,
phosphorus and magnesium.
2. High alkaline soils tie up phosphorus,
iron, copper, zinc, boron, and
manganese.
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1. pH adjustment
a. Lime
b. Wood Ashes
c. Sulfur
d. Gypsum
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2. Tilling
a. Depth
b. Fall
c. Spring
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3. Amendments
a. Organic/Nutrients
b. Organic/Non-Nutrient
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C. Fertilizer
1. N-P2-O5-K2O (N-P-K)
2. Complete
3. Incomplete
4. WIN – water insoluble/slow
5. WSN – water soluble/fast
6. Ratio – 1-1-1 etc.
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4. Equipment
a. Power tools
b. Other
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5. Recap Preparation
. Soil Test
. pH Adjustment
. Tilling
. Amendments
. Fertilizer
. Equipment
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Selection
1. Seeds
a. Grow in our area
b. Nutritional value
c. Companion planting
d. Catalogs
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2. Plants
a. Garden Centers
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3. Recap Selection
Seeds
Plants
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Planting
1. To incorporate weather into a
vegetable garden lecture, I’ve tried to
break it down to seasonal influence on
plants.
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2. Recommended planting dates are
based on the average last frost date for
spring/summer gardens and average first
frost date for fall/winter gardens. This is
important to maximize the use of your
garden space and determine the number
of frost-free days for crop productions.
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3.
1. Seasonal dates • a. last frost: 4/15
• b. first frost: 11/15
2. Plant origins
a. cold areas
b. warm areas
c. origin philosophy (other plants)
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4
• 3. Temperature
a. seeds
b. transplants (long season plants)
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5. Planting
1. Number required
2. Sowing seeds
a. light – good light
b. water
c. medium – starting soil
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6. Plants
a. depth
b. hardening off
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7. Types
a. annuals
b. perennial
c. biennials
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8. Watering
a. irrigation
b. mulch
c. critical times
d. how much to water (handout)
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9.
How much to water?
Organic Gardening
April 1992
Jill Jesiolowski
Multiply inches of water needed by 0.6.
1. We will use 2 inches of water needed.
2 x 0.6=1.2 gallons per square foot needed
2. Our garden size is 200 square feet.
200 x 1.2=240 gallons required
3. Water efficiency ratio for drip irrigation is .85.
Water efficiency ratio for sprinkler is .70.
4. Using a sprinkler we will divide the 240 gallons required by .70 to compensate
for efficiency.
240 divided by .70= 343 gallons is now required
5. To measure hose water flow
a. Put hose in a 1 gallon jug and time how long it take to fill the jug.
30 seconds equals 2 gallons per minute
1 minute equals 1 gallon per minute
6. Now divide the total gallons of water (343) by the gallon rate per minute using 2 gallons
343 divided by 2 gallons = 172 minutes or about 3 hours
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10. Recap Planting
. Number Required
. Planting Dates
. Origins
. Sowing Seeds
. Plants
. Types
. Watering
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Eating
1. Summer/Fall/ Fresh
2. Winter Keepers
3. Verbal Quiz
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Notes:
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INTENSIVE GARDENING METHODS
By Gill Gillespie
Norfolk Master Gardener
Class of 1991
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The purpose of an intensively grown
garden is to harvest the maximum produce
from a given space. It is not just for
people with limited space; rather, an
intensive garden concentrates work efforts
to create an ideal plant environment,
giving better yields with less labor.
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Considerations
1. Thorough planning before planting
a. Interrelationships of plants
b. Nutrient needs
c. Shade tolerance
d. Above and below ground patterns
e. Preferred growing season
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Raised Beds
1. Basic unit of an intensive garden
a. Usually 3 to 4 feet wide and as
long as desired
b. Soil Preparation
c. Nutrient/irrigation supplements
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Vertical Planting
1. Trellises, Nets, poles etc.
2. Sun/shade consideration
3. Watering
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Interplanting
1. Growing two or more types of
vegetables in the same place has
been practiced for thousands of
years.
a. Proper planning is essential
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2. Considerations
a. Length of plant’s growth period
b. Growth pattern
c. Companion planting ( handout)
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d. Preferred season
e. Light
f. Nutrient
g. Moisture requirements
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Wide row planting
1. Individual plants are closely spaced in
a raised bed or interplanted
a. Staggered planting
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Succession and relay planting
1. Our area is great for year-round
succession planting.
a. Important to rotate area for
members of same family plants
2. Relay planting is planting a new crop
before the previous one is removed.
3. Interval plantings.
4. Must recondition the soil between
planting.
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Notes:
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VEGETABLE
DISEASES
By Gill Gillespie
Norfolk Master Gardener
Class of 1991
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Vegetable Diseases
There are three major problem areas when
growing edible crops. They are “Pests”,
“Nutrient Deficiencies”, and “Diseases”. These
topics will be discussed during several of your
training classes and they are included in your
handbook. Chapter 4, “Diseases” and Chapter
5 “Diagnosing Plant Problems” with
vegetables.
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Today we are going to discuss briefly just some
of the disease problems with your
vegetables.
A. The first thing I think of when it comes to
tackling diseases in the garden is to start
with the basics.
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1. Make sure the soil is prepared properly.
Well dug, lots of compost/humus, correct
pH, and crop rotation.
2. Plant in areas with the best sun exposure,
6-8 hours.
3. Select the best disease free seeds or
plants and choose the most disease
resistant varieties.
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4. Keep the garden area clean, weed free
and watered properly. Do not put stolon
propagated grass (Bermuda) and
diseased plants in the compost bin.
Collect and dispose of these in your
regular trash disposal.
5. By adhering to these basic steps you will
certainly reduce your garden problems.
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B. Identifying the problem is the
hardest thing to do.
1. Blight
2. Fungi
3. Bacteria
4. Virus
5. Nematodes
6. Environment
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2. We will start with tomatoes, but potatoes,
egg plants, and peppers being in the same
family are susceptible to most of the same
diseases and cures.
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Why Tomatoes?
a. Tomatoes are susceptible to more
blights, fungi, wilts/viruses, and other
diseases than any other vegetable.
They are continuously being bred by
scientist to be less susceptible to
these problems. Currently the plant
tags have from one to ten characters
to show the diseases they could be
resistant to. (Resistant does not mean
immune)
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Tag Codes
1. F – Fusarium Wilts Race 1
2. FF – Fusarium Wilt Race 1 & Race 2
3. N – Root –Knot Nematodes
4. T – Tabacco Mosaic Virus
5. A – Alternaria Stem Canker/Crown Wilt
6. As – Early Blight
7. B – Bacterial Speck (Pseudomonas)
8. L – Septoria Leaf Spot
9. St – Stemphylium Gray Leaf Spot
10. V – Verticillum Wilt
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b. Once we have identified the problems on
any vegetable, then we can select the best
fungicides or preventive measure by using
the “Home Vegetable” section of Virginia
Tech’s “Pest Management Guide for Home
Grounds and Animals”.,
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3. This document, “Pest Management Guide
for Home Grounds and Animals”.
(PMG) Copy is kept at the “Help Line” desk
in the VCE office.
a. First and foremost when using any
chemical “Read the directions”. Lables
will vary widely with different
manufactures. Before purchasing a
particular brand make sure that it is
labeled for the crop and disease you are
trying to control and recommended by
the PMG.
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4. I hope this has given you an insight to the
level of knowledge expected of Master
Gardeners and mainly our mission to provide
you with the tools of learning to accomplish
this task: Your handbook, publications,
projects, training classes and the “Help lines”
or other VCE informational outlets.