by 1900 only 2 african nations remained independent... ethiopia liberia
TRANSCRIPT
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By 1900 only 2 African Nations remained independent...
•Ethiopia
•Liberia
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Roots of Independence Movement
• Desire for freedom never abandoned
• Post WW1 &WW2 movements
• American Civil Rights Movement
• Nasser & Arab Nationalism
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Struggle for IndependenceStruggle for Independence
Traditional Colony
• Colonial Government
• Export Based Economy
Traditional Colony
• Colonial Government
• Export Based Economy
European Settled Colony
• Colonial Government
• Export Based Economy
• White Minority Rule
• Legalized Discrimination
European Settled Colony
• Colonial Government
• Export Based Economy
• White Minority Rule
• Legalized Discrimination
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Ghana Becomes Independent• 1957
• Lead by Kwame Nkrumah
• 1st Colony to Achieve Independence
• Avoids Tribal ConflictsKwame Nkrumah
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OAU• Nhrumah founded
the OAU--Organization of African Unity
• worked to promote African economic independence
Nkrumah & WEB de Bois work on Pan-African Movement
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Rebellion in Kenya
• British colony of Kenya heavily settled by White farmers
• Took land from Kikuyu and Masai people
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Mau Mau Rebellion
• Mau Mau called themselves the Land & Freedom Party
• protested for Independence
• mass arrests
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Jomo Kenyatta
• Kikuyu leader
• arrested for “terrorism”
• imprisoned for 8 years
• became President of Kenya
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Jomo Kenyatta• Kenya becomes strongest democracy in
Africa
• Kenyatta made Kenya an economic success
• He stays in power too long = corruption & abuse
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Ending Apartheid in South Africa
• African National Congress
• Political Party
• began fight against Apartheid
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Apartheid•Non-white population not allowed to live in white cities•Forced them to work long distances from where their families could live
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Nelson Mandela
• Leader of ANC
• arrested and jailed for 28 years
• 120 ANC leaders were jailed
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The Years of Struggle
• 1960: Sharpeville Massacre–Stay at Home Campaign
• 1976: Soweto Uprising
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Steve Biko• Biko organized student
protests against Apartheid
• banned person
• Smuggled his writings out
• beaten to death by police
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Bishop Desmond Tutu
• Anglican minister who led international protest against Apartheid
• South Africa sanctioned
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Impact of Sanctions• Worldwide
Protest against Apartheid
• Ban on Trade & Banking
• Financial Crisis in South Africa
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F.W. de Klerk & Nelson Mandela
• De Klerk, white prime minister
• negotiated with Mandela
• released him from Prison
• made agreement for free elections with all South African’s allowed to vote
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South Africa Avoids
Bloodbath
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South African Independence• 1994: first free elections
• Nelson Mandela elected President of South Africa
• 1994 to present: South Africans work to create economic equality
• tribunal: trials for criminal acts under Apartheid
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Problems Faced By Independent Africa
• Debt from Colonial Period
• Pressure from World Bank to grow colonial export crop to pay off debt.
• Ethnic conflict
• Health Issues– Clean Water– High Infant Mortality Rate– Aids