butyl methacrylate

NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine National Center for Biotechnology Information

BUTYL METHACRYLATE

Vendors

Pharmacology

Literature

Patents

Bioactivities

Also known as: 97-88-1, N-Butyl methacrylate, butyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate, Butylmethacrylate, Methacrylic acid, butyl ester, 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, butyl esterMolecular Formula: C H O

Molecular Weight: 142.19556 g/mol

InChI Key: SOGAXMICEFXMKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N

FDA UNII: R5QX287XXU

8 14 2

Compound Summary for CID 7354

Page 1 of 48BUTYL METHACRYLATE | C8H14O2 - PubChem

3/16/2015http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/butyl_methacrylate

Contents

Related Records

Chemical Vendors

Pharmacology and Biochemistry

Use and Manufacturing

Safety and Hazards

Accidental Release Measures

Handling and Storage

Exposure Control and Personal Protection

Stability and Reactivity

Transport Information

Regulatory Information

Other Safety Information

Toxicity

Literature

Patents

Biological Test Results

Classification

Information Sources

1 2D Structure

2 3D Conformer

3 Identification

4 Chemical and Physical Properties



from PubChem [7] http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

1 2D Structure

Search Download




2 3D Conformer

Search Download



3 Identification

3.1 Computed Descriptors

from PubChem [7] http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov butyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate

3.1.1 IUPAC Name

from PubChem [7] http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov InChI=1S/C8H14O2/c1-4-5-6-10-8(9)7(2)3/h2,4-6H2,1,3H3

3.1.2 InChI

from PubChem [7] http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov SOGAXMICEFXMKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N

3.1.3 InChI Key

from PubChem [7] http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov CCCCOC(=O)C(=C)C

3.1.4 Canonical SMILES

3.2 Other Identifiers

from EPA Chemical Data Report [2] http://www.epa.gov/cdr/


9011-15-8

97-88-1

3.2.1 CAS

from ILO-ICSC [4] http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=1018

from ECHA [5] http://echa.europa.eu/

202-615-1

202-615-1

3.2.2 EC Number

from ILO-ICSC [4] http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=1018 1018

3.2.3 ICSC Number

from ILO-ICSC [4] http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=1018 OZ3675000

3.2.4 RTECS Number

3.2.5 UN Number



from ILO-ICSC [4] http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=1018 2227

from FDA/SPL Indexing data [6]http://www.fda.gov/ForIndustry/DataStandards/StructuredProductLabeling/ucm377913.htm

R5QX287XXU 3.2.6 UNII

3.3 Synonyms


1. BUTYL METHACRYLATE2. 97-88-13. N-Butyl methacrylate4. butyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate5. Butylmethacrylate6. Methacrylic acid, butyl ester7. 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, butyl ester8. Butyl 2-methacrylate9. 2-Methyl-butylacrylate

10. Poly(butyl methacrylate)

11. Butylmethacrylaat12. Butil metacrilato13. n-butylmethacrylate14. Butyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate15. Butyl methacrylate homopolymer16. Polybutyl methacrylate17. 2-Methyl-butylacrylat18. Methacrylate de butyle19. 2-Methyl-butylacrylaat20. Methacrylsaeurebutylester

21. 2-Methylacrylic acid, b22. Butyl methacrylate mo23. Butylmethacrylaat [Dut24. Poly(n-butyl methacryl25. UNII-R5QX287XXU26. Butil metacrilato [Italian27. Methacrylic Acid Butyl 28. CCRIS 476029. HSDB 28930. 2-Methyl-butylacrylaat

3.3.1 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

from PubChem [7] http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 2005-03-26

3.4 Create Date



4 Chemical and Physical Properties


Molecular Weight 142.19556 g/mol

Molecular Formula C H O

XLogP3 2.9

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 0

Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 2

Rotatable Bond Count 5

Exact Mass 142.09938 g/mol

Monoisotopic Mass 142.09938 g/mol

Topological Polar Surface Area 26.3 A^2

Heavy Atom Count 10

Formal Charge 0

Complexity 127

Isotope Atom Count 0

Defined Atom Stereocenter Count 0

Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count 0

Defined Bond Stereocenter Count 0

Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count 0

Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 1

4.1 Computed Properties

8 14 2

4.2 Experimental Properties




DryPowder

Liquid

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

4.2.1 Physical Description

Colorless liquidLewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 201

4.2.2 Color



from HSDB [1] http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+97-88-1


Faint characteristic odor of estersClayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 3010

4.2.3 Odor



160 deg CLide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 88TH Edition 2007-2008. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2007, p. 3-80

163 C

4.2.4 Boiling Point



freezing point: less than -75 deg CLewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 201

-50 C

4.2.5 Melting Point



126 deg F (52 deg C) (open cup)Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 325-26

50 C

4.2.6 Flash Point




Very soluble in ethyl ether, ethanolLide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 88TH Edition 2007-2008. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2007, p. 3-80

In water, 800 mg/L at 25 deg CPenzel E; Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 7th ed. (2008). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Polyacrylates. Online Posting Date: Jun 15, 2000.

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 25C: 0.08 (very poor)

4.2.7 Solubility





0.8936 g/cu cm at 20 deg CLide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 88TH Edition 2007-2008. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2007, p. 3-80

Relative density (water = 1): 0.9

4.2.8 Density



4.8 (Air = 1)Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 3001

Relative vapour density (air = 1): 4.9 ; Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20C (air = 1): 1.01

4.2.9 Vapor Density



2.12 mm Hg at 25 deg CDaubert, T.E., R.P. Danner. Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, D.C.: Taylor and Francis, 1989.

Vapour pressure, kPa at 20C: 0.3

4.2.10 Vapor Pressure



log Kow = 2.88Hansch, C., Leo, A., D. Hoekman. Exploring QSAR - Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society., 1995., p. 48

2.26-3.01

4.2.11 LogP



562 deg FLewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 2400

290 C

4.2.12 Auto-Ignition

4.2.13 Decomposition




When heated to decomp it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 2400



3.116 cP at 70 deg FU.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.

1.02 mm/s at 24C

4.2.14 Viscosity


-14,800 BTU/lb = -8,230 cal/g = -344X10+5 J/kg (est)U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.

4.2.15 Heat of Combustion



Violent polymerization can be caused by heat, moisture, oxidizers.Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 2400

Methyl methacrylate, and in general the methacrylic esters, polymerize much less readily than the corresponding ordinary acrylates. Nonetheless, they are stabilized by adding hydroquinone or pyrogallol, particularly in the presence of metallic copper. /Methacrylates/

Lefaux, R. Practical Toxicology of Plastics. Cleveland: CRC Press Inc., 1968., p. 88

4.2.16 Polymerization



Readily polymerizedLewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 201

Liquid water interfacial tension: 35 dynes/cm = 0.035 N/m at 20 deg C; Heat of polymerization: -180 BTU/lb = -100 cal/g = -4.2X10+5 J/kg; Reid vapor pressure: low

U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.

Liquid heat capacity: 0.460 BTU/lb-F at 70 deg F; Liquid thermal conductivity: 1.048 BTU-in/hr-sq ft-F at 70 deg F; Saturated vapor density: 0.00203 lb/cu ft at 70 deg F

4.2.17 Other Experimental Properties







U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.

It weighs about 7.5 lb/gal.Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc. of American Railroads, Hazardous Materials Systems (BOE), 1987., p. 110

Henry's Law constant = 4.96X10-4 atm-cu m/mol at 25 deg C (est)US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.0. Jan, 2009. Available from, as of Dec 21, 2009: http://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm

Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 2.3X10-11 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 deg C (est)US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.0. Jan, 2009. Available from, as of Dec 21, 2009: http://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm






Index of refraction: 1.4240 at 20 deg C/DLide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 88TH Edition 2007-2008. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2007, p. 3-80

MAX ABSORPTION (ALC): 214 NM (LOG E= 3.83); SADTLER REF NUMBER: 14049 (IR, PRISM)Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979., p. C-465

IR: 4291 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection)Lide, D.R., G.W.A. Milne (eds.). Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volume I. 3rd ed. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton ,FL. 1994., p. V5: 4554

1H NMR: 7228 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection)Lide, D.R., G.W.A. Milne (eds.). Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volume I. 3rd ed. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton ,FL. 1994., p. V5: 4554

MASS: 768 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York)Lide, D.R., G.W.A. Milne (eds.). Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volume I. 3rd ed. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton ,FL. 1994., p. V5: 4554

4.3 Spectral Properties



5 Related Records


Literature (25) Bioactivities (97) Patents (1253)

5.1 Related Compounds with Annotation

4-n-butylanilino dATP 3-hepten-2-one paladon







Same Connectivity (3)

Same Parent, Connectivity (16)

Same Parent, Exact (14)

Mixtures, Components, and Neutralized Forms (385)

Similar Compounds (121)

Similar Conformers (2662)

5.2 Related Compounds




All (1094)

Same (79)

Mixture (1015)

5.3 Related Substances

from PubChem [7] http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov PubMed (22)

5.4 Entrez Crosslinks

Download



Vendor/Supplier Purchasable Chemical PubChem SID

3B_SCI 3B4-1276 184608781

TractusRTR-033101 204378198

TR-033101 135561518

ChemExper Chemical Directory HedD@@SHheDTuMT@@ 3139203

Chembo KB-200673 172851383

Sigma-Aldrich

181528_ALDRICH 24850940

235865_ALDRICH 24854121

81456_FLUKA 24887775

81457_FLUKA 24887776

81458_FLUKA 24887777

81464_FLUKA 24887783

81471_FLUKA 24887787

81473_FLUKA 24887788

81474_FLUKA 24887789

81475_FLUKA 24887790

MP Biomedicals201819 56366485

211222 51072968

Angene ChemicalAG-K-84425 136564167

AGN-PC-0A8UEV 192574708

A&J Pharmtech CO., LTD.CJ-05452 223490806

CJ-25043 223510397

MolPort MolPort-003-927-306 91690360

ABI ChemAC1L1OKJ 104314704

AC1Q66T7 117581244

Mcule MCULE-4077978269 169513231

Anward ANW-42150 160809650

Vitas-M LaboratoryBBL011464 125326133

STL146576 125275650

TCI (Tokyo Chemical Industry) M0081 87572193

ChemFrog 888-584-329 125563315

6 Chemical Vendors

Refine/Analyze Download




Ambinter BB_SC-7032 102852045

IS Chemical TechnologyI04-9128 135366188

I14-8710 99299434

Finetech Industry Limited FT-0689210 164779429

AKos Consulting & Solutions AKOS005720977 132003604

ChemMol49412394 126673745

99184973 241175869

Amadis Chemical 205159 171578316

King Scientific KSC492S3H 163809213

RennoTech Co., Ltd. RL06098 174531781

AN PharmaTech AN-19444 223684755

Chembase.cn 106902 162087337

AAA Chemistry AR-1I1295 103815501

ZINC ZINC01577269 12076239



7 Pharmacology and Biochemistry


Recent studies have confirmed that alkyl-methacrylate esters are rapidly hydrolyzed by ubiquitous carboxylesterases ... First pass (local) hydrolysis of the parent ester has been shown to be significant for all routes of exposure. For example, no parent ester can be measured systemically following skin exposure to EMA and larger esters, as the lower rate of absorption for these esters is within the metabolic capacity of the skin ... Parent ester will also be effectively hydrolyzed within the G.I. tract and within the tissues of the upper respiratory tract (particularly the olfactory tissue). Systemically absorbed parent ester will be effectively removed during the first pass through the liver ... resulting in their relatively rapid elimination from the body ... /Short chain alkyl-methacrylate esters/

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; Screening Information Data Set for Short Chain Alkyl Methacrylates, CAS# 97-63-2, 97-86-9, 97-88-1, 688-84-6 p.16 (April 2004). Available from, as of February 16, 2010: http://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/sids/OECDSIDS/sidspub.html

7.1 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion





n-BMA, like MMA, is rapidly metabolized by body carboxylesterases ... Hydrolysis of n-BMA yields methacrylic acid and n-butanol which are further metabolized by physiological pathways, methacroyl CoA being a physiological substrate of the valine pathway.

European Commission, ESIS; IUCLID Dataset, Butyl methacrylate (97-88-1) p.51 (2000 CD-ROM edition). Available from, as of February 22, 2010: http://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/

Butyl methacrylate interacts with cytochrome P450 to form type 1 spectral complex.European Commission, ESIS; IUCLID Dataset, Butyl methacrylate (97-88-1) p.54 (2000 CD-ROM edition). Available from, as of February 22, 2010: http://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/

In vitro hydrolysis of n-BMA was studied using a porcine liver esterase preparation. The Michaelis Menten constant, Km, and Vmax were on the order of 30 uM and 1.49 nmol/min, indicating that n-BMA is readily hydrolyzed by liver esterases. When compared to other methacrylic acid esters, increased chain length of the ester increased substrate affinity but decreased the turnover of the enzymatic hydrolysis.


Acrylates and methacrylates are detoxified predominantly via conjugation with glutathione via the Michael addition reaction or glutathione-S-transferase. They are also likely to be hydrolyzed via carboxylesterases. The lower molecular weight esters are rapidly metabolized and eliminated, therefore, will not likely cause cumulative toxicity.

Bisesi MS; Patty's Toxicology CD-ROM (2005). NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Esters of Mono- and Alkenyl Carboxylic Acids and Mono- and Polyalcohols. Online Posting Date: April 16, 2001.

Methyl methacrylate and other short chain alkyl-methacrylate esters are initially hydrolyzed by non-specific carboxylesterases to methacrylic acid and the structurally corresponding alcohol in several tissues. Methacrylic acid and the corresponding alcohol are subsequently cleared predominantly via the liver (valine pathway and the TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle, respectively). The carboxylesterases are a group of non-specific enzymes that are widely distributed throughout the body and are known to show high activity within many tissues and organs, including the liver, blood, GI tract, nasal epithelium and skin ... Those organs and tissues that play an important role and/or contribute substantially to the primary metabolism of the short-chain, volatile, alkyl-methacrylate

7.2 Metabolism/Metabolites






esters are the tissues at the primary point of exposure, namely the nasal epithelia and the skin, and systemically, the liver and blood. /Short chain alkyl-methacrylate esters/

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; Screening Information Data Set for Short Chain Alkyl Methacrylates, CAS# 97-63-2, 97-86-9, 97-88-1, 688-84-6 pp.15-16 (April 2004). Available from, as of February 16, 2010: http://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/sids/OECDSIDS/sidspub.html

Recent studies have confirmed that alkyl-methacrylate esters are rapidly hydrolyzed by ubiquitous carboxylesterases ... First pass (local) hydrolysis of the parent ester has been shown to be significant for all routes of exposure. For example, no parent ester can be measured systemically following skin exposure to EMA and larger esters, as the lower rate of absorption for these esters is within the metabolic capacity of the skin ... Parent ester will also be effectively hydrolyzed within the G.I. tract and within the tissues of the upper respiratory tract (particularly the olfactory tissue). Systemically absorbed parent ester will be effectively removed during the first pass through the liver ... resulting in their relatively rapid elimination from the body ... /Short chain alkyl-methacrylate esters/


Small quantities of methacrylates may readily be metabolized by saponification into the alcohol and methacrylic acid. The latter may form an acetyl-co A derivative, which then enters the normal lipid metabolism. /Methacrylates/

Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 3008


The cause of the lacrimatory action of esters containing unsaturated acids is undoubtedly the result of some mechanism ... in which the neighboring keto group has a polarizing effect on double bond, making it capable of adding /to/ nucleophilic agents such as SH groups /from certain enzymes/. /Unsaturated aliphatic esters/

Patty, F. (ed.). Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume II: Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Interscience Publishers, 1963., p. 1878

7.3 Mechanism of Action



8 Use and Manufacturing



Reaction of methacrylic acid or methyl methacrylate with butanol.Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 201

The methacrylates can be synthesized by catalytic oxidation of isobutylene and subsequent esterification with the appropriate alcohol, or by reacting acetone with hydrocyanic acid and subsequent esterification in sulfuric acid with the appropriate alcohol. /Methacrylic esters/


8.1 Methods of Manufacturing


Typical impurities include Methyl acrylic acid (MAA) (CAS 79-41-4) or MMA (CAS 80-62-6) (depending whether the direct esterification or trans-esterification route is used), the unreacted alcohol and water.


8.2 Impurities



Technical grade (inhibited)Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 201

Inhibitor of polymerization: 9-15 ppm monomethyl ether or 90-120 ppm hydroquinone.U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.

8.3 Formulations/Preparations


Automotive coatings 46% (9.5% is after market), toners 28%, lubricants 11%, architectural paints 2%, other lacquers and enamels 2.6%, powder coatings 9.6%, floor polishes 1%


8.4 Consumption

8.5 U.S. Production









(1972) > 4.54 X 10+5 gSRI

(1975) > 4.54 X 10+5 gSRI

(1993) 2.61 X 10+7 kg (2.61 X 10+10 g)United States International Trade Commission. Synthetic Organic Chemicals - United States Production and Sales, 1993. USITC Publication 2810, Nov. 1994. Washington, D.C., p. 3-85

2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, butyl ester is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).

EPA/Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program. 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, butyl ester (97-88-1). Available from, as of February 24, 2010: http://www.epa.gov/hpv/pubs/general/opptsrch.htm

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. Year Production Range (pounds)

1986 >10 million - 50 million





US EPA; Non-confidential Production Volume Information Submitted by Companies for Chemicals Under the 1986-2002 Inventory Update Rule (IUR). 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, butyl ester (97-88-1). Available from, as of February 24, 2010: http://www.epa.gov/oppt/iur/tools/data/2002-vol.html

Production volume for non-confidential chemicals reported under the 2006 Inventory Update Rule. Chemical: 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, butyl ester. Aggreated National Production Volume: 50 to < 100 million lbs.

US EPA; Non-Confidential 2006 Inventory Update Reporting. National Chemical Information. 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, butyl ester (97-88-1). Available from, as of October 2, 2009: http://cfpub.epa.gov/iursearch/index.cfm?s=chem&err=t


METHOD WAS DEVELOPED FOR GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY DETERMINATION OF METHYL ACRYLATE, METHYL METHACRYLATE, BUTYL ACRYLATE, AND BUTYL METHACRYLATE IN AIR IN PRESENCE OF SOME OTHER CMPD. THE METHOD CONSISTS OF THE DETERMINATION OF METHYL AND BUTYL ESTERS IN PAIRS FROM DIFFERENT SAMPLES UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF SEPARATION ON COLUMNS CONTAINING 10% PMS-100 ON CELYTE-545, 10% KEE 60 ON CHROMOSORB-W, AND 7% DDF ON CHROMOSORB-W. THE SENSITIVITY OF THE METHOD IS ... 0.002 MG/CU M FOR BUTYL ACRYLATE AND BUTYL METHACRYLATE.

KOMRAKOVA EA, KUZNETSOVA LV; GIG SANIT 1: 43-5 (1981)

8.6 Analytic Laboratory Methods





THE ELECTRON-IMPACT AND METHANE CHEM-IONIZATION MASS SPECTRA OF SELECTED ACRYLATE AND METHACRYLATE MONOMERS, INCLUDING BUTYL METHACRYLATE, COMMONLY USED IN DENTAL MATERIALS ARE REPORTED AND DISCUSSED. THE TWO IONIZATION MODES COMPLEMENT EACH OTHER, AND TOGETHER THE MASS SPECTRA OFFER ADEQUATE INFORMATION FOR IDENTIFICATION PURPOSES. THE APPLICATION OF THE MASS SPECTRAL METHOD IS DEMONSTRATED ON RESIN-BASED DENTAL MATERIALS WITH IDENTIFICATION OF THE MONOMER CONTENT.

GJOES N ET AL; ANAL CHIM ACTA 149: 87-99 (1983)

Thin-layer chromatography (TLC), polarography, and spectrometry are used for soln measurements. Methacrylates in air have been analyzed by TLC, polarography, and colorimetry. Polarography has been used for determination of any residual monomer in the polymer. A variety of spectroscopic techniques, eg, NMR, IR, and Raman spectroscopy also have been used, particularly for analysis of surgical cements and dental restorative resins. /Methacrylic acid & derivatives/

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. 15(81) 368



9 Safety and Hazards

9.1 Hazards Identification


Signal: WarningFlammable liquid and vapourCauses skin irritationCauses eye irritationMay cause an allergic skin reactionMay cause respiratory irritationMay be harmful if swallowed and enters airwaysHarmful to aquatic life

9.1.1 GHS Classification

from ILO-ICSC [4] http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=1018 Flammable.

9.1.2 Fire Hazard

from ILO-ICSC [4] http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=1018 Above 50C explosive vapour/air mixtures may be formed.

9.1.3 Explosion Hazard

from ILO-ICSC [4] http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=1018 Redness.

9.1.4 Skin Hazard

from ILO-ICSC [4] http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=1018 Sore throat. Cough. Shortness of breath.

9.1.5 Inhalation Hazard

from ILO-ICSC [4] http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=1018 Watering of the eyes. Redness. Pain.

9.1.6 Eye Hazard

from ILO-ICSC [4] http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=1018 Cough. Sore throat. Abdominal cramps. Nausea.

9.1.7 Ingestion Hazard


FlammableCommission of the European Communities. Legislation on Dangerous Substances - Classification and Labelling in the European Communities. Vol. II. London and Trotman Ltd., 1989., p. 358

9.1.8 Fire Potential





Contact can irritate the eyes and skin. Inhalation can irritate the respiratory tract with coughing, wheezing, and/or shortness of breath.

Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 2002. 4th ed.Vol 1 A-H Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, 2002., p. 420

Irritating to eyes, resp system and skin.Commission of the European Communities. Legislation on Dangerous Substances - Classification and Labelling in the European Communities. Vol. II. London and Trotman Ltd., 1989., p. 358

9.1.9 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations

9.2 Safety and Hazard Properties


Lower flammable limit: 2% in air; Upper flammable limit: 8% in air (estimates)U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.

9.2.1 Flammability




Health: 1. 1 = Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause significant irritation.Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 13 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2002., p. 325-26

Flammability: 2. 2 = Materials that must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperatures before ignition can occur. Materials in this degree would not under normal conditions form hazardous atmospheres with air, but under high ambient temperatures or under moderate heating could release vapor in sufficient quantities to produce hazardous atmospheres with air.

Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 13 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2002., p. 325-26

Instability: 2. 2 = Materials that readily undergo violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures.

Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 13 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2002., p. 325-26

9.2.2 NFPA Hazard Classification

from ILO-ICSC [4] http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=1018 As a result of flow, agitation, etc., electrostatic charges can be generated.

9.2.3 Physical Danger

from ILO-ICSC [4] http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=1018 The substance may polymerize due to heating, under the influence of moisture, oxidants or light. This generates fire or explosion hazard.

9.2.4 Chemical Danger



from ILO-ICSC [4] http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=1018 TLV not established.MAK: Sensitization of skin (SH); (DFG 2009).EU OEL ( selected):.

9.2.5 Occupational Exposure Limits

from ILO-ICSC [4] http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=1018 No indication can be given about the rate at which a harmful concentration of this substance in the air is reached on evaporation at 20C.

9.2.6 Inhalation Risk


Lachrymation. The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. If swallowed the substance may cause vomiting and could result in aspiration pneumonitis. Medical observation is indicated.

9.2.7 Effects of Short Term Exposure

from ILO-ICSC [4] http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=1018 Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization.

9.2.8 Effects of Long Term Exposure





Lower explosive limit: 2%; Upper explosive limit: 8%.Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 2400

Forms an explosive mixture with air.Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 2002. 4th ed.Vol 1 A-H Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, 2002., p. 419

Explosive in the form of vapor when exposed to heat or flame.Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 2400

Explosive limits, vol% in air: 1-8

9.2.9 Explosive Limits and Potential

9.3 First Aid Measures

from ILO-ICSC [4] http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=1018 Use foam, carbon dioxide.

9.3.1 Fire First Aid



from ILO-ICSC [4] http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=1018 In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

9.3.2 Explosion First Aid

from ILO-ICSC [4] http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=1018 Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer for medical attention.

9.3.3 Inhalation First Aid

from ILO-ICSC [4] http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=1018 Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

9.3.4 Skin First Aid

from ILO-ICSC [4] http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=1018 Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

9.3.5 Eye First Aid

from ILO-ICSC [4] http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=1018 Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

9.3.6 Ingestion First Aid



Foam, dry chemical, carbon dioxide.Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 2400

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may spread fire. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. /Butyl methacrylate, combustible liquid, N.O.S.,and n-butyl methacrylate, stabilized/

Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 151-2

9.4 Fire Fighting Measures

9.5 Accidental Release Measures


Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

9.5.1 Spillage Disposal





SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Spill Handling: Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Establish forced ventilation to keep levels below explosive limit. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, peat, carbon, or a similar material and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area of spill or leak after clean-up is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.


9.5.2 Cleanup Methods



SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Options for disposal of waste or spilled material: large quantities can be returned to the manufacturer for recycle. Small quantities may be incinerated under controlled conditions in incinerators suitable for methacrylates. Combustion products include carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and water. The product must be disposed of as special waste in accordance with regulations for special waste.


9.5.3 Disposal Methods


SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner that results in no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose of, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance procedures to confirm the efficacy of the cleaning procedures should be implemented prior to the decontaminated protective clothing being returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing (including shoes/socks) should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

9.5.4 Other Preventative Measures








... Hazard is the generation of considerable exothermic heat in some of the reactions, so that high pressures & temp may develop. This danger ... should be borne in mind when designing plant. Awareness of the dangers andof good engineering design are essential to safety. Employees should be instructed about the necessity of cleansing the skin if it is contaminated by materials which are irritants or skin-absorbed. With careful design, however, and complete enclosure of those processes where toxic chemicals or intermediates occur, dangerous exposures can be avoided. /Acrylic acid & derivatives/

International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 53

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep meterial out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. /Butyl methacrylate, combustible liquid, N.O.S.,and n-butyl methacrylate, stabilized/

Association of American Railroads; Bureau of Explosives. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO. 2005, p. 152

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amountt of water and soap and water. /Butyl methacrylate, combustible liquid, N.O.S.,and n-butyl methacrylate, stabilized/


Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 2002. 4th ed.Vol 1 A-H Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, 2002., p. 420

9.6 Handling and Storage

from ILO-ICSC [4] http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=1018 Fireproof. Separated from oxidants. Cool. Dry. Keep in the dark. Store only if stabilized. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

9.6.1 Safety Storage


Temp during storage must be kept low to minimize formation of peroxides and other oxidation products ... Storage temp below 30 deg C are recommended for the polyfunctional methacrylates ... The methacrylate monomers should not be stored for longer than one year. Shorter storage times are recommended for the aminomethacrylates, ie, three months, and the polyfunctional methacrylates, ie, six months. Many of these cmpd are sensitive to UV light and should, therefore, be stored in the dark. The methacrylic esters may be stored in mild steel, stainless steel, or aluminum. /Methacrylic acid & derivatives/


Protect against physical damage. Before entering confined space where this chemical may be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration does not exist. Outside or detached storage is preferred ... Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well ventilated area away from incompatible materials ..., light, and heat. Butyl methacrylate should be kept refrigerated and inhibited with 10 ppm hydroquinone monomethylether. Metal

9.6.2 Storage Conditions




containers involving the transfer of this chemical should be grounded and bonded. Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters. Use only non-sparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of this chemical. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where this chemical is used, handled, or stored in a manner that could create a potential fire or explosion hazard.


9.7 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

from ILO-ICSC [4] http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=1018 NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking.

9.7.1 Fire Prevention


Above 50C use a closed system, ventilation and explosion-proof electrical equipment. Prevent build-up of electrostatic charges (e.g., by grounding).

9.7.2 Explosion Prevention

from ILO-ICSC [4] http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=1018 AVOID ALL CONTACT!

9.7.3 Exposure Prevention

from ILO-ICSC [4] http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=1018 Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

9.7.4 Inhalation Prevention

from ILO-ICSC [4] http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=1018 Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

9.7.5 Skin Prevention

from ILO-ICSC [4] http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=1018 Wear safety goggles.

9.7.6 Eye Prevention

from ILO-ICSC [4] http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=1018 Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

9.7.7 Ingestion Prevention

9.7.8 Protective Equipment and Clothing





Suitable protective clothing and self-contained respiratory protective apparatus should be available for use of those who may have to rescue persons overcome by fumes. /Acrylic acid and derivatives/

International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 53

Personnel protection: ... Wear appropriate chemical protective glove, boots and goggles. /Butyl methacrylate, combustible liquid, N.O.S.,and n-butyl methacrylate, stabilized/


9.8 Stability and Reactivity


May accumulate static electrical charges and cause ignition of its vapors.Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 2002. 4th ed.Vol 1 A-H Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, 2002., p. 419

9.8.1 Reactivities and Incompatibilities

9.9 Transport Information




/GUIDE 130P: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /n-Butyl methacrylate; n-Butyl methacrylate, stabilized/

U.S. Department of Transportation. 2008 Emergency Response Guidebook. Washington, D.C. 2008

/GUIDE 130P: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /n-Butyl methacrylate; n-Butyl methacrylate, stabilized/


/GUIDE 130P: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /n-Butyl methacrylate; n-Butyl methacrylate, stabilized/


/GUIDE 130P: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /n-Butyl methacrylate; n-Butyl methacrylate, stabilized/

9.9.1 DOT Emergency Guidelines









/GUIDE 130P: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Evacuation: Large spill: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet). Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. /n-Butyl methacrylate; n-Butyl methacrylate, stabilized/


/GUIDE 130P: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Fire: CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. Large fires: Water spray, fog or regular foam. Do not use straight streams. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. /n-Butyl methacrylate; n-Butyl methacrylate, stabilized/


/GUIDE 130P: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Spill or Leak: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material. Large spills: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. /n-Butyl methacrylate; n-Butyl methacrylate, stabilized/


/GUIDE 130P: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ First Aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. Wash skin with soap and water. Keep victim warm and quiet. In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves. /n-Butyl methacrylate; n-Butyl methacrylate, stabilized/



No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

49 CFR 171.2 (7/1/96)

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

9.9.2 Shipment Methods and Regulations





IATA. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 38th ed. Montreal, Canada and Geneva, Switzerland: International Air Transport Association, Dangerous Goods Board, January, 1997., p. 113

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

IMDG; International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code; International Maritime Organization p.3121-3 (1988)

from ILO-ICSC [4] http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=1018 Symbol: Xi; R: 10-36/37/38-43; S: (2); Note: D

9.9.3 EC Classification

from ILO-ICSC [4] http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=1018 UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: III

9.9.4 UN Classification

from ILO-ICSC [4] http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=1018 NFPA Code: H1; F2; R2.

9.9.5 Emergency Response

9.10 Regulatory Information



Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Butyl methacrylate is included on this list. Effective date 4/13/89; Sunset date: 12/19/95.

40 CFR 716.120 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 22, 2010: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/ecfr

Section 8(a) of TSCA requires manufacturers of this chemical substance to report preliminary assessment information concerned with production, exposure, and use to EPA as cited in the preamble in 51 FR 41329. Effective date 9/30/91; Reporting date: 11/27/91.

40 CFR 712.30 (USEPA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 22, 2010: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/ecfr

9.10.1 TSCA Requirements

Homopolymers and copolymers of butyl methacrylate is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives.

9.10.2 FDA Requirements




21 CFR 175.105 (USFDA); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of February 22, 2010: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/ecfr

9.11 Other Safety Information


Poisonous gases are produced in fire.Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 2002. 4th ed.Vol 1 A-H Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, 2002., p. 420

9.11.1 Toxic Combustion Products



10 Toxicity

10.1 Toxicological Information

from ILO-ICSC [4] http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=1018 The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

10.1.1 Exposure Routes


Some compounds, such as the methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, or butyl methacrylates can produce inhibition of barium chloride-induced contraction of the isolated guinea pig ileum.


10.1.2 Interactions




Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Esters and related compounds/

Currance, P.L. Clements, B., Bronstein, A.C. (Eds).; Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3Rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2005, p. 253

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Provide a low-stimulus environment. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Treat frostbite by rapid rewarming ... . /Esters and related compounds/


Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Esters and related compounds/


10.1.3 Antidote and Emergency Treatment







/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... In 542 dermatitis patients given covered patch tests with 1% EMA or 1% nBMA in petrolatum, one individual responded to EMA and another to both EMA and nBMA ... No reactions were seen in 22 contact dermatitis patients given 24-hr covered patch tests with esters within the category at a concentration of 1% in petrolatum ... The contact dermatitis of many of the tested individuals was attributed to (meth)acrylate exposure ... The prevalence of positive clinical challenge responses /was reported/ in dental clinicians that had been referred with dermatitis and suspected of having allergy to (meth)acrylates as 1.2% (51/4221) for MMA, 0.7% (16/2323) for EMA and 0.3% (1/347) for BMA ... The prevalence in a similar, pre-selected clinical cohort /was reported/ as 0.8% (9/1161) for MMA and 0.3% (2/625) for EMA ... The prevalence of positive clinical challenge tests in patients referred with dermatitis with previous contact with (meth)acrylates was reported as 4.8% (17/352) for MMA, 4.4% (11/246) for EMA and 0.6% (2/331) for BMA ... Cross-reactivity with common acrylates (i.e. between methacrylates and acrylates) has not been observed ... and methacrylic acid, the common hydrolysis product for these methacrylate esters, is not a contact allergen ... /Short chain alkyl-methacrylate esters/


/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... In 542 dermatitis patients given covered patch tests with 1% EMA or 1% nBMA in petrolatum, one individual responded to EMA and another to both EMA and nBMA ... No reactions were seen in 22 contact dermatitis patients given 24-hr covered patch tests with esters within the category at a concentration of 1% in petrolatum ... The contact dermatitis of many of the tested individuals was attributed to (meth)acrylate exposure ... The prevalence of positive clinical challenge responses /was reported/ in dental clinicians that had been referred with dermatitis and suspected of having allergy to (meth)acrylates as 1.2% (51/4221) for MMA, 0.7% (16/2323) for EMA and 0.3% (1/347) for BMA ... The prevalence in a similar, pre-selected clinical cohort /was reported/ as 0.8% (9/1161) for MMA and 0.3% (2/625) for EMA ... The prevalence of positive clinical challenge tests in patients referred with dermatitis with previous contact with (meth)acrylates was reported as 4.8% (17/352) for MMA, 4.4% (11/246) for EMA and 0.6% (2/331) for BMA ... Cross-reactivity with common acrylates (i.e. between methacrylates and acrylates) has not been observed ... and methacrylic acid, the common hydrolysis product for these methacrylate esters, is not a contact allergen ... /Short chain alkyl-methacrylate esters/


/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Short Term Exposure: Contact can irritate the eyes and skin. Inhalation can irritate the respiratory tract with coughing, wheezing, and/or shortness of breath. Higher exposures can cause pulmonary edema, a medical emergency that can be delayed for several hours. This can cause death. Long Term Exposure: Butyl methacrylate may cause skin allergy.


/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Although there are notable exceptions to the rule, esters of organic acids are generally of low toxicity. Nonspecific irritative effects are commonly associated with the presence of a double bond in these esters which, if saturated, would be essentially harmless. Conjunctivitis and upper airway symptoms may occur and pulmonary edema is possible in case of massive over-exposure. These irritating unsaturated esters include the acrylates, methacrylates ... /Esters/

Hamilton, A., and H. L. Hardy. Industrial Toxicology. 3rd ed. Acton, Mass.: Publishing Sciences Group, Inc., 1974., p. 313

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ May cause sensitization by skin contact.Commission of the European Communities. Legislation on Dangerous Substances - Classification and Labelling in the European Communities. Vol. II. London and Trotman Ltd., 1989., p. 358

10.1.4 Human Toxicity Excerpts









/CASE REPORTS/ A case /was reported/ of cross-reactivity between methacrylate esters when a patient reportedly sensitized to EMA reacted upon challenge with n-BMA ...


/CASE REPORTS/ A case /was reported/ of cross-reactivity between methacrylate esters when a patient reportedly sensitized to EMA reacted upon challenge with n-BMA ...


/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ For (meth)acrylates, methyl methacrylate (MMA), ethyl acrylate(EA), n-butyl acrylate (BA) and n-butyl methacrylate (BMA) and for living cells, primary human gingival fibroblast (HGF), human submandibular gland adenocarcinoma cell line (HSG), and human erythrocytes were used. The physicochemical changes in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) liposomes induced by (meth)acrylates were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Cytotoxicity decreased as follows: BA > BMA > EA > MMA. Changes in phase transition properties (temperature Tm, enthalpy delta H and Height/Half-Height Width (H/HHW) of DSC peak were decreased as follows: BA > EA > MMA. BMA enhanced H/HHW and increased Tm slightly. NMR-shielding effect decreased as follows: BMA > MMA > BA, EA. /It was concluded that/ BA and BMA exhibited large cytotoxicity and high DPPC-interaction due to their lipophilicity, compared to EA or MMA. MMA showed little cytotoxicity and small changes in DPPC liposomes, whereas BA showed large cytotoxicity and large changes in the liposomes characterized by the membrane disturbance. Hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity of acrylates were higher than those of methacrylates. The physico-chemical properties (Log P or Q sigma) of (meth)acrylates affect the lipid bilayer in biological membranes.

Fujisawa S et al; Oral Dis 6 (4): 215-21 (2000). Available from, as of February 3, 2010:

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ These unsaturated esters acquire marked irritant, and in some cases, lacrimatory properties. /Unsaturated aliphatic esters/

Patty, F. (ed.). Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume II: Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Interscience Publishers, 1963., p. 1877

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Methacrylates exhibit low to moderate acute toxicity, produce slight to moderate skin and eye irritation, and generally are considered to be sensitizers with cross-sensitization potential. In addition, depending upon volatility, these materials also may be sensory irritants ... The toxicity of methacrylates with reactive functional groups, eg, amino or glycidyl, on the alcohol portion of the ester should be considered individually because the biological activity of a particular methacrylate monomer may be determined by the reactive functional group rather than by the methacryl portion of the molecule. /Methacrylates/



/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Guinea pigs could be strongly sensitized to methyl, ethyl, and n-butyl methacrylates in ethanol or olive oil by topical route, or in saline by intradermal route.

Chung CW, Giles AL Jr; J Invest Dermatol 68 (4): 187-90 (1977)

10.1.5 Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts







/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Methacrylic acid administered iv increased respiratory rate, decreased heart rate, and produced electrocardiogram changes in anesthetized dogs (breed and sex unknown). Methacrylic acid, methyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, and hydroxyethyl methacrylates produced a biphasic response, an abrupt fall in blood pressure followed by a secondary rise. 2-ethylhexyl, isodecyl, lauryl, and tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylates produced only a hypotensive effect. Dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate produced only a hypertensive effect.

Mir GM et al; J Pharm Sci 63 (3): 376-81 (1974)

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Twenty-one different acrylate, and methacrylate compounds, including butyl methacrylate, were scanned for their ability to induce contact sensitivity, using 5 different sensitization protocols. Contact reactions of varying intensities were produced to all the mono-, di-, and triacrylates tested. Methacrylates did not sensitize guinea pigs.

Parker D, Turk JL; Contact Dermatitis 9 (1): 55-60 (1983)

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Whole body inhalation exposure of CDBR rats (sex not given) was conducted for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week at 310, 952, and 1891 ppm (OECD Guideline 412). All animals were necropsied at the end of the 4 week exposure period. Body weight, feed consumption, clinical signs, clinical chemistry, hematology, organ weight, and histopathologic evaluations were performed on all animals during this study. The only treatment related signs of toxicity observed were inactivity, lacrimation, eye squinting, and labored breathing. These signs were observed sporadically during exposure throughout the study in rats exposed to 952 or 1981 ppm n-BMA. Body weights and feed consumption were not affected by exposure to BMA. No deaths occurred at any concentration. At necropsy the only organ weight effect was a statistical increase in kidney weight to body weight ratio at 1981 ppm in males and females. However, the absolute kidney weights for this group were not statistically significantly increased. Therefore, in the absence of corresponding histologic effects, hematology, or clinical chemistry findings, this increase in relative kidney weight was judged as not being of toxicological significance. Macroscopic examination of the nasal cavaties of the male and female rats exposed to 1981 ppm had slight and localized bilateral degeneration of the olfactory epithelium lining of the dorsal meati. One male and one female rat exposed to 952 ppm had similar changes in the olfactory epithelium. Rats exposed to 310 ppm had no exposure related nasal cavity macroscopic changes. On the basis of the most sensitive indicator of toxicity, the histopathologic changes seen in the nasal cavaties, the LOEL was 952 ppm and the NOEL was 310 ppm.


/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ MMA was shown to cross react to ethyl- and n-butyl methacrylate /in guinea pigs/.

European Commission, ESIS; IUCLID Dataset, Methyl methacrylate (80-62-6) p.161 (2000 CD-ROM edition). Available from, as of February 23, 2010: http://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ In an OECD Guideline 412 Repeated Dose 28-day inhalation study, 10 male and 10 female rats were exposed by whole body to 0, 310, 952, and 1891 ppm (0,1832, 5626, 11175 mg/cu m) n-BMA for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks. Treatment-related effects included lacrimation, eye squinting, and labored breathing in the 952 and 1891 ppm (5626 and 11175 mg/cu m) concentration groups throughout the study. There were no treatment-related effects on body weight or feed consumption, and no deaths occurred. Hematological measurements and clinical chemistry values generally were unaffected by treatment. Despite increased relative kidney weights at the high concentration (1891 ppm/11175 mg/cu m) in both sexes, and slight increases in serum BUN values (resulting in increased BUN:creatinine ratio), histopathology of the kidneys was normal. The only treatment-related histopathological finding was localized bilateral degeneration of olfactory epithelium lining the dorsal meatus of the nasal cavity at 952 and 1891 ppm (5626 and 11175 mg/cu m) in both sexes. The Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) for n-BMA was 952 ppm (5626 mg/cu m) and the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) was 310 ppm (1832 mg/cu m)











/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ A group of nine guinea pigs was initially treated with 0.0077 mL of Ethyl Methacrylate in olive oil on day 60 (as controls) and was challenged with 2% and 5% Ethyl Methacrylate in olive oil on day 95. Positive reactions were observed in all of the animals after 72 hours. When the guinea pigs from both groups were challenged a second or fourth time with Ethyl Methacrylate and either 1% methyl methacrylate or 1% butyl methacrylate, strong cross-sensitivity was observed.

Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel; Int J Toxicol 21 (Suppl 1): 63-79 (2002). Available from, as of March 1, 2010:

/LABO

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