``but i am constant as the northern star of whose true-fixed and … · 2013-11-29 · ``but i am...
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``But I am constant as the Northern Star
Of whose true-fixed and resting quality
There is no fellow in the firmament.''
William Shakespeare,
Julius Caesar, 3, 1
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Astronomy C -
Variable Stars -
2008
A. Pulsating Variables:1) Long Period Variables
a) Mira typeb) Semiregular
2) Cepheids3) RR Lyrae
B. Cataclysmic (Eruptive) Variables:1) R Coronae Borealis2) Flare Stars3) Dwarf Novae4) X-Ray Binaries5) Supernovae
a) Type IIb) Type Ia
C. Strangers in the Night
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Astronomy C -
Variable Stars -
2008
A. Pulsating Variables:1) Long Period Variables
a) Mira type R Cygnib) Semiregular
V725 SGR
2) Cepheids
W Virginis
3) RR Lyrae
AH Leo
B. Cataclysmic (Eruptive) Variables:1) R Coronae Borealis RY Sagittarii2) Flare Stars UV Ceti3) Dwarf Novae SU Ursae
Majoris
4) X-Ray Binaries J1655-40, RX J0806.3+15275) Supernovae
a) Type II G11.2-0.3, SN2006gy b) Type Ia
DEM L71, Kepler’s
SNR
C. Strangers in the Night: V838 Mon
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Light Curves –
Variation over TimeMaximum (Maxima)
Minimum (Minima) Period
Apparent Magnitude vs
Julian Day
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A. Pulsating Variable Stars; 1) Long Period Variables (LPVs)
a) Miras
R Cygni
b) Semiregular
Variables
80 –
1000 days, 2.5 –
5.0 mag
30 –
1000 days, 1.0 –
2.0 mag
V725 Sgr
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Mira Instability Strip
Semiregular
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2) Cepheid Variable StarsW Virginis
(Type 2) [Periods of .8 –
35 days, .3 –
1.2 mag]
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Type I (Classical) Cepheids: Young high-metallicity
stars
about 4 times more luminous than Type II Cepheids
Type II Cepheids: Older low-
metallicity
stars about 4 times
less luminous than classical Cepheids.
Type I and Type II Cepheid Variable Stars
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3) RR Lyrae
Variable StarsAH Leo
[Periods of .2 –
1 day, .3 –
2.0 mag]
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Cepheid and RR Lyrae
Variable Stars
[Mv
= 0.75]
Period-Luminosity Relationship and The Distance Modulus:
M = m -
5log10 (r)
10
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Mira Instability Strip
Semiregular
CepheidInstability Strip
RR Lyrae
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B. Cataclysmic (Eruptive) Variables1)
R Coronae Borealis
RY Sagittarii
[Irregular Period, up to 3 mag]
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2) Flare Stars –
faint cool red dwarfs[irregular and unpredictable] UV Ceti
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3) Dwarf NovaeDwarf Novae: Close Binary Systems
Sun-like main sequence star, white dwarf , accretion disk
SU Ursae
Majoris [Period 30-500 days, 2-5 mag]
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4) X-Ray Binaries –
Close Binary Systems
GRO J1655-40
RX J0806.3+1527
White Dwarf, Neutron Star, orBlack Hole accreting material from a Companion Star
a)
b)
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5) Supernovae a) Type II –
Core Collapse of a Massive Star
G11.2-0.3 SN 2006gy
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b) Type Ia
–
Thermonuclear Destruction of aWhite Dwarf in a Binary System
DEM L71 Kepler’s
SNR
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Supernovae Light Curves
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C. Strangers in the Night
V838 Mon
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R Cygni
V725 SGRType II G11.2-0.3, SN 2006gy Type Ia
DEM L71, Kepler
SU Ursae
Majoris
RY Sagittarii
W Virginis
AH Leo
Flare Stars UV Ceti
X-Ray Binaries GRO J1655, RXJ0806.3+1527
V838 Mon???
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?
?
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Cosmological DistancesCepheids
The Distance Modulus: M = m -
5log10 (r)
10
Type Ia Supernovae – Standard Candle
Mv
= -19.5
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Basic Equations and Relationships
The Distance Modulus: M = m -
5log10
(r)10
Kepler’s
3rd
Law: (MA
+ MB
) = a3
p2
v = d
; a = v
; 2π
a = vP
; Fc
= mac
; ac = v2
= rω2
t t r
1 pc = 206,265 au = 3.26 ly
= 3.08 x 1016m
1°
= 60 arcmin
= 60´
; 1´
= 60 arcsec
= 60˝
Inverse Square Law: L = 1/r2
Circumference, Area, Surface Area, and Volume of a Sphere
REARRANGE ALL EQUATIONS FOR EACH VARIABLE
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1) Cepheid Light Curve
3) Same Data Plotted Twice
2) Superposition of Periods
4) Same data starting at Maxima
Phase Diagrams
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Theory Matches Observation
Perfectly Periodic
Correct EpochCorrect Period
** The slope of each line is the difference between its period and the estimated period.
Perfectly Periodic
Correct Epoch
Wrong Period
**True Period longer
Perfectly Periodic
Change in Period
**True Period Shorterthen Lenthens
Perfectly Periodic
Correct PeriodWrong Epoch
Periodic
Period UnchangedEpoch has Changed
NOT Perfectly Periodic
Different PeriodEach Day
O –
C Diagrams(Observed minus Calculated)
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Stellar Evolution –
A Journey with Chandra
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Stellar Evolution –
A Journey with Chandra
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Stellar Cycles Sets and Cosmic Connections Request URL:http://chandra.harvard.edu/edu/epo/[email protected]
Stellar Cycles Card Set:
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Additional Resources:
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The American Association of Variable Star Observers
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http://www.soinc.org/store/TG-DVD-06v10.htm
UPDATED COACHES MANUAL COMING SOON!!!(AVAILABLE ONLINE AT THE NSO WEBSITE)