Bureaucracy in EducationBureaucracy in EducationFederal government Department of education Federal government Department of education (No Child Left Behind)(No Child Left Behind)

State Department of Education (DESE)State Department of Education (DESE)Board of EducationBoard of Education

SuperintendentSuperintendentCentral Office Administrators Central Office Administrators Curriculum specialists, CFOCurriculum specialists, CFO

Building head principalsBuilding head principalsAssistant principalsAssistant principals

CounselorsCounselorsBuilding instructional specialistsBuilding instructional specialists

TeachersTeachersStudentsStudents

Formal schoolingFormal schoolingEducation that is provided and regulated Education that is provided and regulated

by societyby society

Ch12 Section 1Ch12 Section 1

Advantages of Advantages of formalformal education (aka education (aka bureaucraticbureaucratic or or factoryfactory model) model)

Tendency to specialize in subject areasTendency to specialize in subject areasAge based classroomsAge based classroomsEfficiency Efficiency Educate more students for less moneyEducate more students for less money

Criticisms of Formal schoolingCriticisms of Formal schooling

• Children are not inorganic raw materials Children are not inorganic raw materials made to be molded into factory productsmade to be molded into factory products

• Too rigidToo rigid• Too standardized ….b/c Too standardized ….b/c one-sizeone-size does not does not

fit allfit all• Not individualized Not individualized

Your OpinionsYour OpinionsList five things that are List five things that are wrongwrong with with

UrsulineUrsuline

List five things that are List five things that are right or right or positivepositive about Ursulineabout Ursuline

positivepositive

ServiamServiam UniformsUniforms Interesting teachersInteresting teachers Pretty campusPretty campus Math labMath lab AdvisementAdvisement Students are given Students are given

AutonomyAutonomy Friendly environmentFriendly environment

Teach valuesTeach values StrictStrict No one left behind if they No one left behind if they

ask for helpask for help Nice administratorsNice administrators Classes are funClasses are fun Options with electivesOptions with electives

complaintscomplaints

No disciplineNo discipline No options for classes No options for classes

teachers don’t careteachers don’t care Bad foodBad food Lame teachersLame teachers Aren’t flexibleAren’t flexible LaptopsLaptops Little academic emphasisLittle academic emphasis

InflexibilityInflexibility Too much busy workToo much busy work Little discussion ALL pptLittle discussion ALL ppt We get little respectWe get little respect Unhappy teachersUnhappy teachers Costs a lotCosts a lot Too many moviesToo many movies

Educational successEducational successand its obstaclesand its obstacles

parents

teachersstudents

School reformsSchool reforms

Democratic reforms in the Democratic reforms in the classroomclassroomOpen classroomOpen classroom

A non-bureaucratic A non-bureaucratic approach to education approach to education based on democracy, based on democracy, flexibility and flexibility and noncompetitive learning.noncompetitive learning.

Enhances and reinforces Enhances and reinforces creativitycreativity

Montessori philosophy – every Montessori philosophy – every child helps decides his-or her child helps decides his-or her approach to learning.approach to learning.

Cooperative learningCooperative learningPg 391Pg 391

Instructional method that Instructional method that relies on cooperation relies on cooperation among studentsamong students

Students learn together Students learn together and teach togetherand teach together

Integrative Integrative curriculumcurriculum

Pg 391Pg 391

an approach to an approach to education based on education based on student-teacher student-teacher cooperationcooperation

Open Classroom experimentOpen Classroom experiment

1.1. Pick a topic in sociology (in this chapter)Pick a topic in sociology (in this chapter)

2.2. Decide how you want to …Decide how you want to …(a)(a) gain more knowledge about the topic andgain more knowledge about the topic and(b)(b) demonstrate your knowledgedemonstrate your knowledge

1.1. Get it approved by ME then Begin the Get it approved by ME then Begin the processprocess

Must have proof of work doneMust have proof of work done

Topics must be connected to SociologyTopics must be connected to SociologyDemonstration ideasDemonstration ideas• Make a skit that exemplifies an idea or Make a skit that exemplifies an idea or

sociological conceptsociological concept• Create poem that demonstrates ideaCreate poem that demonstrates idea• Draw or illustrate ideas that typify a Draw or illustrate ideas that typify a

conceptconcept• Write a story that uses sociological Write a story that uses sociological

conceptsconcepts

Create a collage that exemplifies an idea Create a collage that exemplifies an idea or sociological conceptor sociological concept

Break down a story (from Am. Lit, for Break down a story (from Am. Lit, for example) explain how it relates to example) explain how it relates to concepts in sociologyconcepts in sociology

Assessment based onAssessment based on

ScopeScope

The area covered by a The area covered by a given activity or given activity or subjectsubject

DepthDepth

How deep you go into How deep you go into the content you cover the content you cover – the complexity of – the complexity of the topicthe topic

Back To Basics MovementBack To Basics Movementpg 393pg 393

Gov. report A Nation at RiskGov. report A Nation at RiskStated that Gov. report A Nation at RiskStated that Gov. report A Nation at Risk

Stated that Americans were deficient in Stated that Americans were deficient in “education” and therefore were at risk of “education” and therefore were at risk of being taken over (economically) by world-being taken over (economically) by world-wide competitorswide competitors

Back to Basics MovementBack to Basics Movement prompted Schools to return back to teaching prompted Schools to return back to teaching

the “basics”the “basics”Example:Example:

4-years math4-years math4-years science4-years science

4 years reading/writing4 years reading/writing4 years of social studies4 years of social studies

School Choice MovementSchool Choice MovementVoucher systemVoucher system pg 393pg 393A system by which public funds may be A system by which public funds may be

used to support tuition (payment) to a used to support tuition (payment) to a school of your choiceschool of your choice

Charter schoolsCharter schoolspg 394pg 394

Publicly funded schools that operate like Publicly funded schools that operate like private schools by public school teachers private schools by public school teachers and administratorsand administrators

Magnet schoolsMagnet schoolspg 394pg 394

Public schools that focus on particular Public schools that focus on particular disciplines or areas – fine arts, science, disciplines or areas – fine arts, science, technology, etc…technology, etc…

For profit schools For profit schools Pg 394Pg 394

Schools that are operated by private Schools that are operated by private companies on government funds. companies on government funds.

Educational Tracking (398) Educational Tracking (398)

The European model of educationThe European model of educationSchools place students in “tracked” Schools place students in “tracked”

programs according to their academic programs according to their academic ability. ability.

Examples:Examples:College-bound trackCollege-bound track

Service industry trackService industry trackCarpentry trackCarpentry track

Technical service trackTechnical service trackNursing trackNursing track

Business trackBusiness track

School

School desegregation School desegregation The achievement of racial balance in the The achievement of racial balance in the

classroomclassroom

Multicultural educationMulticultural educationAn education curriculum that emphasizes An education curriculum that emphasizes

differences among gender, ethnic, and racial differences among gender, ethnic, and racial categoriescategories

Compensatory educationCompensatory education

Specific curricular programs designed to Specific curricular programs designed to overcome a deficiencyovercome a deficiency

ex. head startex. head start

Pros and cons of Pros and cons of educational reformeducational reform

Using as graph, indicate (at least) one advantage and (at Using as graph, indicate (at least) one advantage and (at least) disadvantage of each educational reform movementleast) disadvantage of each educational reform movement

Voucher systemVoucher system Charter schoolsCharter schools Magnet schoolsMagnet schools For profit schoolsFor profit schools TrackingTracking School desegregationSchool desegregation Multicultural educationMulticultural education Compensatory educationCompensatory education

Sociological perspectivesSociological perspectives

(1) Functionalists perspective(1) Functionalists perspectiveemphasizes the positive functions of the educational systememphasizes the positive functions of the educational system

(2) Conflict perspective(2) Conflict perspectiveemphasizes the inequities and negative aspects of the educational emphasizes the inequities and negative aspects of the educational systemsystem

(3) Symbolic interactionism(3) Symbolic interactionismemphasizes how culture transmits attitudes and valuesemphasizes how culture transmits attitudes and values

Section 2Section 2

FunctionalistFunctionalist … …on educationon education

Schools serve a purpose; they create a Schools serve a purpose; they create a common identity for all studentscommon identity for all students

Manifest functions – intended resultsManifest functions – intended resultsLatent functions – unintended consequences Latent functions – unintended consequences

Page 400Page 400

Conflict perspectiveConflict perspectivePopular conceptions about education Popular conceptions about education

are not necessarily trueare not necessarily true

TheoriesTheories

MeritocracyMeritocracyA society in which social status is based on A society in which social status is based on

ability and achievementability and achievement

CompetitionCompetitionA system in which rewards are based on A system in which rewards are based on

relative performancerelative performance

If one is rewarded for ACT scores, does If one is rewarded for ACT scores, does this mean American education is a this mean American education is a meritocracy?meritocracy?

Or are some at a disadvantage?Or are some at a disadvantage?

Educational equalityEducational equality

An attempt to produce the same results for An attempt to produce the same results for lower-class and minority children as it lower-class and minority children as it does for other childrendoes for other children

IntelligenceIntelligence

Cognitive abilityCognitive abilityCapacity for thinking abstractlyCapacity for thinking abstractly

Cultural biasCultural biasunfair measurement of the cognitive unfair measurement of the cognitive abilities of people in some social abilities of people in some social categoriescategories

http://wilderdom.com/personality/intelligenceChitlingTestShort.html

School desegregationSchool desegregationThe attempt to achieve a racial balance in The attempt to achieve a racial balance in

the classroomthe classroom

Compensatory educationCompensatory educationSpecific curricular programs designed to Specific curricular programs designed to

overcome educational deficiencyovercome educational deficiency

Symbolic interactionismSymbolic interactionism

““We don’t know how to learn, we learn how We don’t know how to learn, we learn how we know”we know”

Hidden curriculumHidden curriculumThe non-academic agenda that teaches The non-academic agenda that teaches

discipline, order, cooperativeness, and discipline, order, cooperativeness, and conformityconformity

a hidden agenda is also present in textbooksa hidden agenda is also present in textbooks Espousing patriotism, civic duty and responsibilityEspousing patriotism, civic duty and responsibility

Self-fulfilling prophecySelf-fulfilling prophecyA prediction about oneself that results in A prediction about oneself that results in

behavior that makes the prediction come behavior that makes the prediction come truetrue