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8/10/2019 Bunvenitlacursuldegramaticalimbiiengleze 110217125558 Phpapp02 (1)

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Bun venit la cursul de Gramatica Limbii Engleze !

Lecia 1: Substantivul

1.1 Felul substantivelor

Substantivele n limba engleza se pot mparti n patru categorii: substantive comune: cat, girl, lamp substantive proprii: England, London, Mr Smith, Mary substantive abstracte: beauty, love, courage, fear, joy substantive colective: crowd, group, team

1.2. GenulSubstantive de genul masculinsunt fiintele si animalele de sex masculin:Ex.: man, boy, lion, dog

Substantivele de genul femininsunt fiintele si animalele de sex feminin:Ex.: woman, girl, cat, giraffe

Substantive de genul neutrusunt lucrurile, plantele, animale sau fiinte alcaror sex nu este cunoscut (pronume: it/they:Ex.: world, peace, house, mouse, babyExceptii: tarile, navele, n ma!oritatea cazurilor si autovehiculele sau altevehicule sunt de genul feminin.

Substantivele de genul comunsunt o particularitate a limbii engleze.Substantivele care intra n aceasta categorie au aceeasi forma pentru

ambele sexe:Ex.: child(copil, copila, cook(bucatar, bucatareasa, teacher(profesor,profesoara.

"nele substantive au forme diferite pentru genul masculin si cel feminin:Ex.: boy - girl, husband - wife, brother - sister, father - mother, son -daughter, uncle - aunt, dog - bitch, bull - cow, king - queen

1.3. Numarul#umarul este forma pe care o ia un substantiv pentru a arata ca ne referim

la unul sau mai multe obiecte sau fiinte. Singularul coincide cu forma de baza a unui substantiv: dog, girl, wife,

world, storm $luralul substantivelor se formeaza prin adaugarea unui sla forma de

singular:Ex.: cats!cats, days!days, worlds!worlds

$luralul substantivelor teminate n ch, o, sh, s, xse formeazaadaug%nd esla singular.


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Ex.: churches!churches, bushes!bushes, classes!classes,potatoes!potatoes, bushes!bushes, bo"es!bo"es

1.3.1. Pluralul neregulat

Substantive terminate n consoana+yfac pluralul n ies:Ex.: company - companies, factory - factories, baby - babies

"nele substantive terminate n ofac plural prin adaugarea unui s.

Ex.: soprano - sopranos, piano - pianos, photo - photos "nele substantive terminate n fsau fevor suferi la plural schimbarea

n ves.Ex.: leaf - leaves, half - halves, wife - wives, life - lives, self - selves,wolf - wolvesExceptii: roof - roofs, handkerchief - handkerchiefs, gulf - gulfs, wharf- wharfs# wharves

&%teva substantive formeaza pluralul prin schimbarea unei vocaleinterne

Ex.: foot - feet, man - men, tooth - teeth $luralul substantivului childeste children. "nele substantive ram%n identice la plural Ex.: aircraft, deer, series,

sheep, species, fish

1.3.2 Pluralul substantivelor compuse

'n cazul substantivelor compuse numai ultimul cuv%nt va trece laplural.Ex.: boy-friends, break-ins, travel agentsExceptii: substantivele compuse al caror prim element este mansau

womanvor primi semnul pluralului pentru ambele substantivecomponente.Ex.: men drivers, women teachers, men servants

'n cazul substantivelor compuse formate din constructii de genulsubstantiv prepozitie / adverb substantiv, substantivul de baza vaprimi semnul pluralului.Ex.: sisters-in-law, passers-by, men-of-war, hangers-on, lookers-on,runners-up

)brevierile sau initialele vor forma pluralul prin adaugarea unui sEx.: M$s %Members of $arliament&, '($s %very important persons&

1.4. ubstantivele unice !uncountable nouns"Sunt substantive care nu se pot numara (uncountable deoarece reprezintafie unicate, obiecte puternic individualizate, notiuni abstracte.


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Nume #e substante: bread, coffee, gold, paper, cloth, glass, oil,stone, wood

$bstractiuni: earth, paradise, nature, the present, advice, death,help, information, news, beauty, e"perience, horror, knowledge,friendship,theory, literature

$lte substantive: baggage, damage, shopping, reading, luggage,parking, weather

Substantivele unice sunt ntotdeana la singular si vor lua un verb lasingular:Ex.: )his coffee is cold* )he weather was dreadful*

#u sunt precedate de a#an* pentru a exprima o unitate din acestesubstantive se foloseste: some, any, no, a little, bit, piece of, slice of,etc.Ex.: ( do not want any help* ( need some information* )his slice of bread ishard* )he piece of advice you gave me helped*

#ota: +ulte dintre substantivele unice pot avea si sensuri care se pot

numara, astfel devenind substantive comune si comport%nduse ca atare(primes a/an la singular, pot avea plural.

Sens Unic / Sens Comun

+er hair is black. ($arul ei este negru.She found a hair in the milk. () gasit un fir de par n lapte.)heir house was made of wood. (&asa lor este din lemn.e picnicked in the woods. ()m mers la picnic n padure.

1.%. Forma posesiva Se adauga &sla forma de singular a substantivelor care nu se terminan s:Ex.: a childs voice, the peoples choice, a horses mouth, womensclothes

-om folosi doar apostroful (& cu formele de plural ale substantivelorcare se termina n s.Ex.: a boys school, the .ohnsons residence

#umele proprii terminate n svor primi fie doar apostrof (&, fie &sEx.: Mr .oness # Mr .ones car, /eatss # /eats poems

'n cazul substantivelor compuse si a titlurilor ultimul cuv%nt va primi &sEx.: My father-in-laws guitar, +enry the Eighths wives

&sse foloseste si dupa initiale sau abrevieri.Ex.: )he 0E1s assistant, the $Ms speech

orma posesiva se foloseste n general c%nd vorbim de oameni,animale, tari. Se foloseste de asemenea n urmatoarele cazuri:

o 'n expresii temporaleEx.: yesterdays newspaper, in five years time, ten minutesbreak


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o 'n expresii construite dupa modelul bani + 'orthEx.: ten dollars worth of bananas, a shillings worth of stamps

o 'n alte expresii uzuale:Ex.: for heavens sake, a winters day, the waters edge, the

planes wings, the trains departure 'n cazul anumitor substantive folosite la posesiv, este uzuala

omisiunea substantivului urmator atunci c%nd sensul comunicarii este

clar (magazine, birouri, oficii, casa, locuinta.Ex.: ou can buy this at the bakers %shop&* Mary bought her tickets atthe travel agents %office&* )he kids went to 2obbys %house&*

0deea de posesie se poate exprima si cu a!utorul constructieiof+substantiv. )ceasta constructie se foloseste mai ales pentrulucruri sau fiinte umane sau animale atunci cand acestea sunt urmatede o propozitie subordonata.Ex.: the walls of the town, the roof of the church, the keys of thehouse

( took the advice of the girl ( met on the bus and went to buy thebook*

1.Scrie femininul urmatoarelor substantive:actor, driver, elephant, guide, son, bull, nephew, cousin, dog, waiter,camel, manager, uncle, lion, bachelor %burlac, absolvent&, widower,assistant, host, snake, player, bridegroom, doctor, teacher.

2.Scrie pluralul urmatoarelor substantive:knife, baby, child, country, aircraft, foot, key, kilo, woman, leaf, loaf, man,

photo, piano, sheep, shelf, storey %palier, cat&, story, thief, tooth, wife.

3.1escrie urmatoarele constructii conform modelului:)he luggage belonging to the travelers - The traveler's luggage)he room belonging to the child -)he clothes belonging to the children -)he car belonging to Mr* Smith -)he luggage belonging to the '($ -)he flat belonging to her son-in-law -)he canteen used by the workers -

Important !

V rog s citii cu atenie Ghidul studentului la adresa:http3##www*academiaonline*ro#inde"*php#(nfo0entru#4hidul5Studentului,

special conceput pentru a r6spunde tuturor 7ntreb6rilor noilor cursan8i legatede modul de func8ionare 9i de 7nv68are 7n cadrul :cademiei 1nline*
http://www.academiaonline.ro/index.php/InfoCentru/Ghidul_Studentuluihttp://www.academiaonline.ro/index.php/InfoCentru/Ghidul_Studentului


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;iscut6 9i comentea


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#ume de locuri geografice, oceane, r%uri, mari, deserturi, munti,regiuni:Ex.: the 0aribbean, the Sahara, the :tlantic

Se foloseste naintea unor nume proprii (muzee, institutii celebre,hoteluri, ziare, orchestre, grupuri muzicale, vapoare, nume de famili laplural,etc:Ex.: the =ational 4allery, the @oyal Shakespeare, the Savoy, the2eatles, the Spice 4irls, the 4uardian, the )elegraph, the ;aily, the)itanic, the )ower of London, the +ouse of $arliament, the Smiths

2ecade, secole, grupe de ani:Ex.: My parents went to Aniversity in the seventies*

2.2. $rticolul nehotar(t !a an"Se foloseste anaintea substantivelor care ncep cu o consoana si an

naintea substantivelor care ncep cu o vocala (a, e, i, o, uEx.: a boy, an apple, a car, an orange, a house, an opera

Exceptii: $nnainte de un h mut an hour, an honor. $nainte de usau euatunci c%nd se pronunta ca you: a European, auniversity, a unit

)rticolul nehotar%t se foloseste: $entru a te referi la ceva pentru prima data:

Ex.: ould you like a drink? (ve finally got a good job* $entru a te referi la un anume membru al unui grup sau clase:

Exemple:o

cu nume de profesii:.ohn is an engineer* Mary is training to be anurse*o cu nationalitati si religii:.ohn is an Englishman* Bate is a

0atholic*o cu instrumente muzicale: Sherlock +olmes was playing a violin

when the visitor arrived*o cu numele zilelor: ( was born on a )hursday*o pentru a desemna un fel de, sau un exemplu de: )he mouse had

a tiny nose* (t was a very strange caro cu substantice la singular, dupa cuvinte cum ar fi whatsi such:

hat a bluffC +e is such a prodigious young man*o atunci c%nd te referi la un singur obiect sau persoana,

echivaleaza cu one: (d like an orange and two lemons please*)he burglar took a diamond necklace and a valuable painting*

1etineti ca se spune a hundred, a thousand, a million.

2.3. a ansi one


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)tunci c%nd numeri sau masori timpul, distanta, greutatea, etc. sepoate folosi fie a)anfie onepentru singular:Ex.: a # one pound, a # one million pounds/ou can take an# one hour for lunch*

2ar a#ansi onenu nseamna ntotdeauna acelasi lucru:Ex.:: bo" is no good* %e need a crate not a bo"&* 1ne bo" is no good, we need two bo"es*

2.4. $rticolul *ero#u se foloseste articol n urmatoarele cazuri:

&u nume de tari (la singularEx.: 4ermany is an important economic power* +es just returned from :rgentina* ('nsa: (m visiting the Anited States ne"t week*

&u numele limbilor:Ex.: Drench is spoken in )ahiti*

English uses many words of Latin origin* &u numele meselor:

Ex.: Lunch is at midday* ;inner is in the evening* 2reakfast is the first meal of the day*

&u numele persoanelor (la singular:Ex.:.ohns coming to the party* 4eorge Bing is my uncle* ('nsa: ere having lunch with the Morgans tomorrow*

&u titluri si nume:Ex.: $rince 0harles is ueen Eli


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&u substantive unice (uncountable nouns:Ex.: Milk is often added to tea in England* ar is destructive*

&u numele unor munti, lacuri si insule:Ex.: Mount McBinley is the highest mountain in :laska* She lives near Lake indermere* +ave you visited Long (sland?

&u ma!oritatea numelor de strazi , orase, statii pentru mi!loacele detransport si aeroporturi: Ex.:'ictoria Station is in the centre of London* 0an you direct me to 2ond Street? She lives in Dlorence* )heyre flying from +eathrow*

'n unele expresii invariabile:Ex.: by car, at school, at work, at Aniversity, in church, in prison, inbed, by train, by air, on foot, on holiday, on air %in broadcasting&

1.&ompleteaza cu asau anacolo unde este cazul:2ill is 5555 author* +e writes 555 travel books* +e makes 5555 lot ofmoney* e had 5555 lunch with him yesterday* (t was 5555 e"cellentlunch* )he meal cost him 5555 hundred and 5555 fifty pounds* hat 5555e"pensive restaurantC +e gave the waiter 5555 twenty pounds* )hat was

5555 good tip*

2.)lege asau the:1ne day we set out to climb %K& a#the highest hill in the area* )he campersin %K& a#the ne"t tent lent us their map* )hey told us to follow one of %K&a#the routes marked on %K& a#the map* 2ut )om said that he was sure thatthere was %K& a#the better way* %K& :#the way that we chose was so steepthat we had to stop for %K& a#the long rest on the way up* 2ut we got to %K&a#the top in %K& a#the end*

3.&ompleteaza cu theacolo unde este cazul:e have 5555 soup for 5555supper* :fter 5555 meal )om and ( play 5555chess* 2ill prefers 5555 cards* 5555 game he likes best is bridge* +e saysthat 5555 chess requires 5555 patience and he is not patient* +e also saysthat 5555life is too short to waste in this way*


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Lecia 3: Adjectivul

3.1. Forma a#ectivului)d!ectivele sunt invariabile. Ele nu si schimba forma n functie de gen saunumar.Ex.:: hot potato, some hot potatoes*

$entru a sublinia sau accentua sensul unui ad!ectiv se pot folosi very, really:Ex.:: very hot potato, some really hot potatoes*


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3.2. o*itia a#ectivului 2e obicei ad!ectivul se aseaza n fata substantivului determinat:

Ex.:: goodmovie* 2upa verbe auxiliare ca to be, to become, to seem, to look, to taste,

to appear, to feel, to keep, to make, to smell, to sound, to turn, etc:Ex.: )he movie is good*

/ou seem u"set* )his cheese tastes di##erent* 2upa substantiv n expresii fixe:

Ex.: the $rincess $o%al, the $resident elect, the court martial &%teva ad!ective, ca de exemplu chief, main, poor(3unfortunate stau

numai n fata substantivului determinat:Ex.: )his is the mainpurpose of the meeting* )hat"oorwoman was living in a garage*

)ltele pot sta numai dupa un verb auxiliar: asleep, upset, awake,afraid, alike, alive, alone, annoyed, ill, well, sorry

Ex.: +es aslee"* (m alone*

"nele ad!ective si schimba sensul n functie de pozitia pe care oocupa. )d!ectivele involved, present, concernedau sens diferit dacasunt plasate n fata substantivului sau dupa acesta.Ex.: )hese are the people involved concerned* %the people whohave something to do with the matter& )hey had an involveddiscussion on the matter* %detailed, comple"& ( am a concernedmother* %worried, an"ious&

)he list of the students"resentis outside, on the door* %studentswho were there& )he"resentstatus of the matter requires urgent attention*%current&

3.3. Functiile a#ectivului)d!ectivul ne spune mai multe despre calitatile substantivul determinat.

)d!ectivele pot exprima: Sentimente sau calitati:Ex.: )hey make an originalcouple* She is asinglemother*

#ationalitatea sau originea:Ex.: @icardo is S"anish* +is mother is&rgentineanand his father isanadian* ( bought him a S(isswatch for 0hristmas*


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2iferite caracteristici ale unui obiect:Ex.: )he table is long* )hesteeltray was a gift*

-%rsta:Ex.: My hat is too old* ( will buy another one* +e is still very %oung, almost a boy*

2imensiuni, marime si masuri:

Ex.: 4one with the ind is a very longfilm* )hat boy is too tall*

&uloarea:Ex.: ( have a redjacket to go with my new (hiteskirt*

+aterie / material:Ex.: +e wore a cottonshirt* (t was asilvertray, not asteeltray*

orma:Ex.:: rectangularenvelope*

: roundtable* 4udecati, pareri sau opinii:

Ex.: 4rammar is #ascinating* )he show was entertaining*

3.4. -r#inea a#ectivelor)tunci c%nd se folosesc doua sau mai multe ad!ective pentru a descrieacelasi substantiv, ordinea lor depinde de functiile acestora. Exista maimulte variante, dar cea mai obisnuita ordine este: alue)opinion, i*e,

$ge)/emperature, hape, 0olour, -rigin, aterial-alue/opinion delicious, lovely, charming

Size small, huge, tiny

)ge/5emperature old, hot, young, little

Shape round, square, rectangular

&olour red, blonde, black

6rigin Swedish, 'ictorian, 0hinese

+aterial plastic, wooden, silver

Exemple: a green round "lasticbucket an elegant little )renchclock asmall round (oodentable

3.%. Gra#ele #e comparatie ale a#ectivelor


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3.5.1. Formarea comparativului si superlativului

Exista trei grade de comparatie ale ad!ectivelor: po*itiv(nalt,comparativ(mai nalt, superlativ(cel mai nalt. 'n limba engleza,comparativul si superlativul se formeaza astfel:

Numar #e silabe !o*itiv" 0omparativ uperlativ

o silaba + *er + *est

tall taller tallest

)d!ectivele formate dintro silaba 7consoana o vocala consoana8 vordubla consoana finala:

fat fatter fattest

big bigger biggest

sad sadder saddest

#oua silabe + *er$ more+ a# + *est$ most

+ a# )d!ectivele terminate n: -y, -ly, -ow )d!ectivele terminate n: -le, -ersau -ure "rmatoarele ad!ective: handsome, polite, pleasant, common, quiet

happy happier# more happy happiest# mosthappy

yellow yellower# more yellow yellowest# mostyellow

simple simpler# more simple simplest# mostsimple

tender tenderer# more tender tenderest# mosttender

2aca nu esti sigur, foloseste more ad! S)" most ad!. #ota: )d!ectivele terminate n -yca de exemplu happy, pretty, busy,sunny, luckyetc. vor nlocui -ycu -iersau -iestla forma comparativa sisuperlativa:

busy busier busiest

trei sau mai multe silabe more+ a# most+ a#

important more important most important

e"pensive more e"pensive most e"pensive

Exemple: a.: cat is #ast, a tiger is #asterbut a cheetah is the #astest* b.: car is heav%, a truck is heavier, but a train is the heaviest*


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c.: park bench is com#ortable, a restaurant chair is morecom#ortable, but a sofa is the most com#ortable*

3.5.2. Forme neregulate

"rmatoarele ad!ective au forme de comparativ si superlativ total neregulate:

o*itiv 0omparativ uperlativ

good better best bad worse worst

little less least

old older # elder oldest # eldest

much man% more most

#ar further # farther furthest # farthest

3.5.3. Comparatia adectivelor

the + superlativeEx.: )his is the oldest theater in London*

comparative + than pentru a compara diferentele dintre douaobiecte, evenimente sau fiinte:Ex.: +e makes fewer mistakes than you do* )hailand is sunnier than =orway* :lbert is more intelligent than :rthur*

as+ a#ective + as constructie folosita pentru a compara oameni,locuri, fiinte, evenimete sau obiecte, ntre care nu exista diferente:

Ex.: $eter is H years old* .ohn is H years old* $eter is as old as .ohn* @amona is as happy as @aphael* : tiger is as dangerous as a lion*

not as+ a#ective + as putem arata diferentele dintre douasubstantive folosind contructia not soas +++as:Ex.: Mont 2lanc is not as high as Mount Everest* =orway is not as sunny as )hailand

1. crie comparativul si superlativul urmatoarelor a#ective ha""%,brave, bus%, clever, dr%, bad, #at, man%, beauti#ul, di##icult, e-citing,#ar, good.

2. 0ompletea*a cu as, thesau than, #upa ca*- hat about this one?


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- (ts better 5555 the one we saw in +arrods*- (ts bigger 5555 the one in our local shop*- 2ut its more e"pensive 5555 the others*- ;o we want one 5555 big 555 that?- /es, 5555 bigger, 5555 better* Lets buy it* (ts 5555 best weve seen sofar*

3. 0ompletea*a spatiile libere cu forma #e comparativ sau superlativa a#ectivelor #in parante*a !a#auga si thanacolo un#e este ca*ul")he I oclock train is much (fast5555 the N*OP one* 1f course it is(cro9ded55555 the N*OP train and the tickets are (expensive55555* /ouget (cheap55555 fares before I oclock* Still, its the (uic;55555 way ofgetting to 2ath, unless you want to fly, and getting to the airport is much(difficult5555 getting to the station*

Lecia 4: Adverbul

)dverbele sunt cuvinte care ne spun mai multe despre cum , unde, c>nd,c>t de frecventsau 7n ce m6suraare loc o actiune.

4.1. Functia a#verbelor)stfel, adverbele determina n general verbe:Ex.: )he bus movedslo(l%*(cum


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)dverbele pot determina si ad!ective: /ou look absolutel%fabulousCSau alte adverbe: She played the violin e-tremel%well* /oure speakingtooquietly*Sau chiar propozitii intregi: $erhaps well see you againne"t year*

4.2. Forma a#verbelor

4.2.1.)dverbele se formeaza de cele mai multe ori prin adaugarea unui *l%la forma de singular a ad!ectivului:

$#ectiv $#verb()d!ectiv ly

xemple

careful carefully +e carefully picked up a tie*

quick quickly )ime goes quickly*

slow slowly +e walked slowly to the door*

+odificari ortografice: 5aca a#ectivul se termina in *%, acesta se va inlocui cu *i . *l%.

Ex.: easy - easily, angry - angrily, lucky - luckily 0(n# avem un *leterminal !*able, *ible, *le", #ispare *esi este

inlocuit cu *%.Ex.:probable - probably, terrible - terribly, gentle - gently

$#ectivele terminate in *ica#auga *all%.Ex.: basic - basically, economic - economically, tragic - tragicallyExceptie:public - publicly

Forme neregulate

Ex.: true - truly, due - duly, whole - wholly4.2.2."nele adverbe au aceeasi forma ca si ad!ectivele:Ex.: early, fast, hard, high, late, near, straight, wrong

&ompara: )his is a harde"ercise*(ad!ectiv +e works hard*(adverb e saw many highbuildings*(ad!ectiv )he bird flew highin the sky*(adverb

4.2.3."nor ad!ective le corespund doua forme adverbiale, care au sensuridiferite:

$#ectiv Formea#verbiale

xemple

deep F* deep* deeply

+e looked dee"into her eyes*(adancShe is dee"l%in love*(profund,p%na peste cap


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direct F* direct * directly

/ou can dial =ew /ork direct*(nmod direct+e went there directl%* (direct, fara

nt%rziere

first F* first * firstly

My mother came in #irst, then mybrothers and sisters*(nt%i

)irstl%, ( would like to welcome youhere*(n primul r%nd

)lte exemple: hard, light, just, last, late, most, near, prett, right, round,short, wrong.

6ell ) Goo#elleste adverbul care corespunde formei ad!ectivale good.

)hey are goodswimmers*)hey swim (ell*

She is a goodpianist*She plays the piano (ell*

4.3. Gra#ele #e comparatie ale a#verbelor)dverbele formeaza comparativul si superlativul la fel ca si ad!ectivele (vezi:O*J* 4radele de comparatie ale adjectivelor:

)dauga *erpentru comparativ si *estpentru superlativ la adverbeledintro singura silaba: hard - harder - hardest

)dauga morepentru comparativ si mostpentru superlativ laadverbele formate din doua sau mai multe silabe si la cele terminate in-ly: seriously - more seriously - most seriously

"nele adverbe au forme neregulate la comparativ si superlativ: badly -worse - worst, little - less - least, well - better - best, much - more -most

neori mostpoate avea sensul #e ver% e were most grateful for your help* ( am most impressed by this application*


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4.4. 0lasificarea a#verbelor=. )dverbe de mod>. )dverbe de loc si directie?. )dverbe de timp, durata si frecventa@. )dverbe de probabilitateA. )dverbe de grad

..1. "dverbe de mod

)dverbele de mod ne arata cum, in ce mod are loc o actiune. Ele se aseazain propozitie dupa verb sau dupa complementul acestuia.Exemple: +e swims well*(dupa verb +e ran*** rapidly, slowly, quickly* She spoke*** softly, loudly, aggressively* .ames coughed loudly to attract her attention* +e plays the flute beautifully*(dupa complement +e ate the chocolate cake greedily*

1.)dverbul de mod nu se aseaza ntre verb si complement:0ncorect: +e ate greedil%the chocolate cake*&orect: +e ate the chocolate cake greedil%*

2.$ozitia adverbului n propozitie este foarte importanta mai ales atuncic%nd exista mai multe verbe n propozitie. 2aca adverbul este asezat dupa opropozitie, atunci acesta modifica ntregul sens exprimat n propozitie.6bserva diferentele de sens n functie de locul adverbului n propozitie: +e /uietl%asked me to leave the house*(3 cererea lui a fost facuta nliniste +e asked me to leave the house /uietl%*(3 plecarea a fost facuta nliniste

..2. "dverbe de loc si directie

#e arata unde are loc actiunea verbului. Se aseaza in general dupa verbulprincipal sau complementul sau.Exemple:2upa verb: ( looked everywhere* .ohn looked ***away, up, down, around*** (m going ***home, out, back***


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2upa complement: )hey built a house nearby* She took the child outside*

$. 0ere there. &u verbe de miscare, hereexprima ideea de nspre/ cu /mpreuna cu vorbitorul, iar therecontrariul, departe, fara participareavorbitorului:

Ex.: 0ome here(3 spre mine (ts in here(3 vino impreuna cu mine sa vezi $ut it there(3 departe de mine (ts in there(3 dute singur sa vezi

Expresii cu here there: down here, down there, over here, over there,under here, under there, up here, up there.

7. $#verbele #e loc terminate 8n *(ards exprima ideea de miscarentro anumita directie:Ex.: backwards, forwards, downwards, upwards, inwards, outwards,

northwards, southwards, eastwards, westwards, homewards, onwards. 0ats dont usually walk backwards* )he ship sailed westwards*

5o9ards este prepozitie, nu adverb, astfel nc%t va fi ntotdeauna urmat deun substantiv sau pronume:Ex.: +e walked towards the car* She ran towards me*

0. $#verbe care exprima at(t locul c(t si #irectia: ahead, abroad,overseas, uphill, downhill, sideways, indoors, outdoors.

..3. "dverbe de timp# durata si $recventa

)rata cand a avut loc o actiune dar si durata sau frecventa actiunii.Ex.:&%nd: today, yesterday, later, now, last year2urata, pentru c%t timp: all day, not long, for a while, since last year

&%t de frecvent: sometimes, frequently, never, often, yearly2e obicei, adverbele de timp se aseaza la sf%rsitul propozitiei sau emfatic, la

nceputul ei:Ex.: 1ne of my children wrote to me yesterday* Later the boy understood the story*

)dverbele care indica durata se aseaza la sfarsitul propozitiei:Ex.: She stayed in the house all day* My mother lived in Drance for a year


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weekly %O& last year*2 . 43 ( was abroad %F& for two months%O& last year*2 . 3 . 43 She worked in a hospital %F&for two days %& every week %O& last year*

... "dverbe de siguranta si probabilitate)cestea exprima cat de sigur este vorbitorul de actiunea sau evenimentul pecare il relateaza: certainly, definitely, probably, undoubtedly, surely,maybe, obviously, perhaps, possibly, really. Se aseaza in propozitie intreverbul auxiliar si verbul principal.Ex.: +e has certainl%forgotten the meeting*

$entru o formulare emfatica sau o reliefare a afirmatiilor, se aseaza ndebutul frazei:Ex.: 5ndoubtedl%, inston 0hurchill was a great politician*

Surel%asezat la inceputul propozitiei inseamna ca vorbitorul este convinsde adevarul unei afirmatii, dar incearca sa obtina o confirmare: Surelyyouve got a bicycle?

..5. "dverbe de grad

)ceastea exprima intensitatea sau gradul de indeplinire a actiunii unui verb,ad!ectiv sau adverb: almost, nearly, quite, just, too, enough, hardly,scarcely, completely, very, e"tremely.

Bocul lor in propozitie este fie in fata ad!ectivului sau adverbului pe care ildetermina, fie in fata verbului principal:Ex.: )he water was e-tremel%cold* +e was6ustleaving* She has almostfinished*

Enough, ver%, too

Enoughinseamna Cpana la punctul necesar pentru a...C si se plaseaza dupaad!ectiv sau adverb: (s your coffee hot enough?(ad!ectiv +e didnt work hard enough*(adverb)oo3 Cmai mult decat este necesar pentru...C si se aseaza in fataad!ectivului sau adverbului: )his coffee is too hot*(ad!ective +e works too hard*(adverb'eryintareste sensul unui ad!ectiv sau adverb si se aseaza in fata acestora:


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)he girl was very beautiful*(ad!ectiv +e worked very quickly*(adverb

Exista o diferenta importanta intre toosi very:Ver%exprima un fapt: +e speaks very quickly*Toosugereaza existenta unei probleme: +e speaks too quickly %for me tounderstand&.

)lte adverbe asemanatoare lui ver%: e"tremely, especially, particularly,pretty, rather, quite, fairly, rather, not especially, not particularly.

1. $lege a#ectivul sau a#verbul #in parante*a pentru a completacorect fiecare pereche #e propo*itiia.(ts an 555 question* /ou should be able to answer it quite 555*(easy/easilyb.( can type a bit but (m very 555 * (m afraid ( can only type very 555*(slo9/ slo9lyc.Mr @obbins shouted 555 at the children* )he children made Mr @obbins

very 555*(angry/ angrily#.Mary sang 555 at the concert last night* She sang a 5555 song at theconcert last night*(beautiful/ beautifullye.hat was wrong with 2ill? +e looked very 555 * 2ill shook his head 555*(sad/ sadly

2. 0ompletea*a urmatoarele propo*itii cu ago, since, sau #ora.0olumbus discovered :merica about si" hundred years 555*b.4hana has been an independent country 555 FGJN*c.@ussia has been a republic 555 over seventy years*

#.1"ford has been a center of learning 555 more than a thousand years*e.Most 2ritish universities were founded less than fifty years 555*

3. 0ompletea*a urmatoarele propo*itii custill, %et, alread%, an%longer, an% more.a..ohn doesnt live in London 555 * +es moved to 2ristol*b.)he children havent gone to bed 555 * )heyre 555 watching television*c.- (s :nne 555 here? - =o, she has 555 left*#.2ecky hasnt gone to university 555* Shes 5555 at school*


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e.+ave you started your new job 555 or are you 555 working in London?f.)hanks for your help* ( wont trouble you 555*

%ec&ia 5' Pronumele

%.1. Functia pronumelui$ronumele sunt cuvinte lipsite de inteles de sine statator. Ele nu denumescsi nu caracterizeaza nimic, functia lor fiind aceea de a inlocui un substantiv,

facand astfel referire la o idee, obiect sau actiune mentionate anterior saucunoscuta de catre interlocutor.Ex.:.ohn did all the work* 0edid all the work* 7hodid all the work?

%.2. Forma pronumelui$ronumele au forme specifice in functie de:Numar: singular this* plural these


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0a*: #ominativ she* Denitiv hers* 2ativ to her* )cuzativ herGen: masculin he* eminin she* neutru it

$ronumele pot fi simple (you, which, many sau compuse (everybody,whatever, no one.

%.3. 0lasificarea pronumelor

2upa continut si functie pronumele pot fi:=. $ersonale>. 1eflexive?. #ehotarate@. 2emonstrativeA. 1elative. 2e ntarireF. 0nterogativeG. 1eciproce

5.3.1. Pronumele personale

Nominativ Genitiv 5ativ $cu*ativ

ingular

0 mine (to me me

you yours (to you you

he his (to him him

she hers (to her herit its (to it it

lural

9e ours (to us us

you yours (to you you

they theirs (to them them

0 se scrie intotdeauna cu ma!uscula.

(ts(pronume nu are apostrof.(tsvine de la it issau it hasH

Forme arhaice si poeticepers. 00 sg. thou, thine, %to& thee


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8gave him the book*0eran the London Marathon*8ts a pleasure to him*8only played against heronce*)hese books are ours*(s this pen %oursor mine?

1ou The%impersonal putem folosi aceste doua pronume pentru avorbi despre oameni in general.Ex.: 1ouhave to drive on the other side of the road in 4reat 2ritain* The%say shes very clever*

8t poate indeplini o serie de functii de mare importanta:

8timpersonal(in expresii impersonale temporale, exprimand stareavremii, distante sau in contructii pasiveEx.: (ts N oclock*

(t was spring* (s it Monday? +ow hot it isC +ow far is it to the station?

8t demostrativEx.: ho is it? (ts the postman* (ts the children*

5.3.2. Pronumele re$le(ive

)cestea insotesc un verb si se refera la subiect. Se folosesc atunci candsubiectul si complementul direct se refera la aceeasi persoana.

orme:ingular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itselflural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves

Ex.: ( wanted to do it myself but he insisted on helping me* She fell off the ladder and injured herself* /ou can do these tasks by yourself or with a partner* :fter five minutes, it will automatically turn itself down*

Lets buy ourselves a chair for the garden* )hey built the house themselves*

5.3.3. Pronumele ne)otarate

Some, any, everyse pot combina cu -one, -body, -thingpentru a obtinepronumele nehotarate: anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody,something, everyone, everybody, everything.

=opoate forma impreuna cu -bodysau -onepronumele: nobody, no-one.


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)tat in engleza britanica cat si in cea americana, pronumelenehotarate anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone,everybody, no-onesunt din punct de vedere gramatical lasingular si trebuie folosite cu un verb la singular.

$lte pronume nehotarateenough, few, fewer, less, little, many, much, several, more, most, all, both,every, each, any, either, neither, none, some.

2e retinutH2aca acestea forme preceda un substantiv nu mai sunt pronume, cideterminanti substantivali.Ex.: Dew will be chosenQ fewer will finish* Little is e"pected*

5.3.. Pronumele demonstrativ

$ronumele demostrative: this, these, that, those, suchpot functiona atat capronume, cat si ca determinanti substantivali.Ex.: )hat is incredibleC(referring to something you !ust sa9 ( will never forget this*(referring to a recent experience Such is my belief*(referring to an explanation !ust made

)hissi thesesugereaza ideea de apropiere temporala sau spatiala, pe candthatsi thosesugereaza ideea de departare.Ex.: )hese %pancakes sitting here now on my plate& are delicious* )hose %pancakes that ( had yesterday morning& were even better* )his %book in my hand& is well writtenQ that %book that (m pointing to,over there, on the table& is trash*

)ceasta idee de departare se poate transforma chiar in dispret sauinstrainare afectiva:Ex.::re you going to wear these? %)hey are awful* ( do not like them atall*& 0an you belive ( would have bought that?

5.3.5. Pronumele relative

$ronumele relativ face referire la un substantiv sau inlocuitor substantivalmentionat in contextul aterior (antecedent si leaga propozitia sau grupul decuvinte care explica sau da mai multe detalii despre substantivul antecedentde propozitia continand substantivul determinat.

$ronumele relative sunt : who, whoever, which, that.Ex.: )he student (hostudies hardest usually does the best*

)legerea corecta dintre whichsi thatse inscrie printre cele mai frecventenelamuriri ale studentilor la limba engleza. 0n general, whichse foloseste


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pentru a introduce propozitii care au natura de paranteze, explicatiisuplimentare dar care pot fi inlaturate sau omise fara a schimba intelesulfrazei. 2in acest motiv propozitiile introduse prin whichsunt in general intrevirgule. 2in contra propozitiile introduse de thatsunt considerateindispensabile sensului frazei si nu se vor pune intre virgule.

hosi formele sale se refera la persoane, whichse refera la lucruri, iar that

poate face referire la ambele.Ex.: )he man (hohijacked the plane wanted to get to 0uba* )he couple (holive ne"t door have the radio on all night* )he team thatwon the championship received a great reception* )his is the program (hichwon the pri


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2e retinutH Each otherse refera la doua obiecte, pe cand one anotherfacereferire la mai mult de doua obiecte sau fiinte.Ex.: )he scientists in this lab often use one anothers equipment* +ockey players hit one anotherquite frequently*

1. 0ompletea*a pronumele personale care lipsesc5he other day 9hen 0 9as shopping a 9oman stopped ImeI and as;ed IIIthe 9ay to the post office. III gave her directions and III than;ed IIIpolitely, then ran off uic;ly in the opposite direction. III put my hand inmy poc;et and found that my 9allet 9as missing. III must have ta;en it9hile III 9ere tal;ing. III shouted and ran after III but III 9as nogood. III had disapeared in the cro9d.

2. 0ompletea*a urmatoarele propo*itii cu pronume 0 did it III She gave III to III Je made the dinner III 5hey bought III in Singapore. +y pen is blue* III is green. 5his pen is blue so it is III 0 canKt do this. &an III help me< 2onKt give your cats a bath. 5hey 9ash III Le saved his money so that he could buy ... a bicycle. III ;no9s some 9ords in English li;e o;ay, hi and bye. III the students passed the exam. &an you tell III the time< 0t rained so III 9ent for a 9al;.

3. u**le5here are some boo;s on a shelf. 5here a three big ones and t9o small

ones. 6ne of the big ones is red. 5here is a small green boo;. 5here are t9ogreen ones altogether and t9o blue ones. 6nly one of the small boo;s isgreen.

$cum raspun#e la urmatoarele intrebari?.=. Lo9 many boo;s are there altogether

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