IV Orcharding International Seminar– Vacaria (Brazil) 25-27 June 2019

Michel GIRAUD

CTIFL (Technical Institute for Fruits & Vegetables) Centre de Lanxade,

24130 Prigonrieux FRANCE

Bull’s eye Rot in Europe Recent results of Research and in

Experimentation

Centre technique interprofessionnel des Fruits et Légumes

Creation : 1952 Staff : 270 Budget : 23 million € / year Fund : 56% = professional contributions 28% = grants (government, EU) 16% = deliveries, services,

Lanxade Center : Staff = 68 70 ha + 7000 m2 greenhouses Applied Research and experimentation on pome fruits, walnut, chestnut, kiwi, strawberry, melon, Fruit certification & Virology IPM, Organic

French Apple Production

1 470 000 tons 37 000 ha (Agreste, 2017)

Apple (and pear growers) are belonging to ANPP (Association Nationale Pomme-Poire)

65% of national apple production is labeled "Vergers Ecoresponsables“ (Global Gap + IPM specifications)

French Apple Production (2017)

28,2%

19,7%

11,0%

9,9%

5,3%

4,1%

3,8%

3,2%

3,0%

1,5% 1,4% 1,0%

7,9%

Golden Delicious (group)

Gala (group)

Pink Lady (group)

Granny Smith

Braeburn

Fuji

Red Delicious

Chantecler

Reinettes

Jonagold

Jazz

Elstar

Others

Market request and public concern

Market 4 residues of pesticides (German market) Residues < 33% MLR (Lidl,…) No postharvest treatment (Casino, filière qualité Carrefour)

Green campaign Organic Zero residue

Market request and public concern The challenge / storage rots

4 residues of pesticides (detected) Pre-harvest : 1 Bellis* + 1 Geoxe* = 3 residues

Postharvest : +1 residue

Residues < 33% MLR Treatments close to harvest

Possible with less susceptible cvs (untreated in pre-harvest)

Organic No efficient solution in biocontrol against BER

Some scab tolerant cvs are very susceptible to BER (Opal, Topaz, Pinova, Goldrush…

Hot water (pre-industrial development)

* Bellis = boscalid + pyrachlostrobin * Geoxe = fludioxonil

Bull’s Eye Rot in the world

Absent / Quarantine

Species of Neofabrae in Europe

Source : COST 864 – expert meeting, Bergen, Mars 2009, completed by recent literature

N. alba

N. perennans

N. kienholzii

Neofabraea vagabunda Desm. Ross.

synonym N. alba (Guthrie) Verkley

formerly : Pezicula alba Guthrie

Anamorph : Phlyctema vagabunda Desm.

= Phlyctaena vagabunda

= Trichoseptoria fructigena

Usually called in Europe “Gloeosporium” Main species in Southern Europe Quiescent pathogen / long term storage

Neofabraea vagabunda

Neofabraea vagabunda

False pycnidia : acervuli

Neofabraea perennans / N. malicorticis

= formerly Pezicula malicorticis

Anamorph : Cryptosporiopsis perennans & C. curvispora

= Cryptosporiopsis malicorticis

Related to perennial canker Main species in Northern Europe, rare in many countries of south Europe Quiescent pathogen / long term storage

Neofabraea kienholzii

New species, not reported in France Reported in UK, NL, Poland, America Symptoms similar to N. vagabunda, or intermediate with N. perennans (R. Saville, East-Malling, pers.comm.)

Artificial inoculation of a british strain (Lanxade, 2016)

International WG Apple Lenticel Rots

Includes Neofabraea and Colletotrichum

Last meeting, Liège (Belgium), May 25th, 2019 (after the ISHS Postharvest Pathology Conference

Bull’s eye Rot : relative incidence in France

46%

39%

15%

Harvested apples France 2017

Low

Moderate

High

Susceptibility level of cvs to BER

All regions affected by BER, except Provence-Côte d’Azur (Mediterranean climate)

Low Medium High

Gala (group)

Red delicious

Granny Smith

Braeburn

Jonagold

Idared

Joya® Cripps Red

Jazz® Scifresh

Antares®

Golden Delicious

Fuji (group)

Elstar

Reinettes (all types)

Honeycrunch®

Pink Lady® Cripps Pink

Pink Lady® Rosy Glow

Pinova / Evelina

Goldrush®

Opal®

Tentation®

Topaz

Chantecler

Related to : - Storage time (long/short) - Shape, number lenticels, - Harvest date - Genetic, …

Susceptibility of varieties

Updated May 2019, French post-harvest WG

Harvest

conidia

conidia

?

Infection of fruits

Storage Rots

waste

Inoculum

Waste disposal, composted?

Cycle (presumed) of N. vagabunda

No teleomorphic stage ?

Not harvested fruits

N. vagabunda epidemiology : few knowledge

Inoculum Dissemination

Infection

Symptoms Sporulation

? Incubation

Latence

V International Symposium on Postharvest Pathology – Liège (Belgium) 19-24 May 2019

1. Inoculum sources in orchard

N. vagabunda is known(1) to survive in existing cankers, dead materials, or bark splits It is also known to be unable to make canker naturally on apple tree, unlike N. perennans

(1) Several authors

Washing artificial cankers (La Morinière)

Evolution and healing of an artificial canker of N. vagabunda during 3 years. Inoculation in May 2013 (La Morinière).

Possible source of inoculum in the environment : hedges ?

Source: Farr & Rossman Fungal Databases http://nt.ars-grin.gov

Pome fruits Malus domestica

Malus pumila, M. sylvestris

Pyrus communis

Pyrus pyrifolia

Cydonia sp.

others trees Ilex aquifolium

Fraxinus americana

Olea europaea

Quercus robur

Rubus idaeus

Rubus sp.

Ruscus aculeatus

Salix matsudana

Sambucus canadensis

Viburnum tinus

Vitis vinifera

garden trees Acer negundo

Euonymus japonicus

Kerria japonica

Viburnum japonicum

grass Althaea officinalis

Althaea rosea

Amaranthus retroflexus

Aristolochia sipho

Cucurbita sp.

Dictamnus albus

Erigeron sp.

Linaria vulgaris

Melilotus albus

Tamus communis

22 species / 3 hedges in 2014

Few collected spores : 1-3/rain

Cankers

Apple Leaf litter

Mummies

Weeds

N. vagabunda is abundantly present on necrotic tissues of apple and pear: mummies, cankers and dead leaves, and also on necrotic tissues of other plant species present on the orchard floor such as various weeds and grasses

N = no data

2. Dissemination : spore flying in orchard

12.7%

20%

Spore flying is not the only way of dissemination

2. Dissemination : sporulation in orchard

2 peaks of sporulation (Bompeix, 1973)

cv. Pinova

Pear cv. Bosc

Artificial cankers

2. Dissemination : washing by rain

Anti-rain plastic protection

cv. Rosy Glow, planted 2014

When avoiding rain, infection by N. vagabunda is drastically reduced Rain is playing a major role

3. Fruit infection process

Infection occurs mechanically by rain, washing bark, to the fruit

Incidence of the shape of lenticels (susceptibility of cv.) and of their receptivity (related to fruit maturity)

Germination of several spores in the lenticel : anastomosis of mycelium and haustoria : short incubation, and then become latent. From Gilbert Bompeix, Marta Mari (pers. comm.)

Neri et al. 2019

V International Symposium on Postharvest Pathology – Liège (Belgium) 19-24 May 2019

Incidence of temperature on spore germination

Observation of germination of conidia in free water, in Petri dishes, no replicate, each in a climatic chamber

3. How to study the incidence of climatic parameters on N. vagabunda ?

Artificial inoculation

Needs no infected fruits prior to inoculation

Impossible in oceanic climate

Natural infection

Windows / covering trees (La Morinière Experimental Station, Loire Valley, trials in progress)

My method : Selected picking fruits before / after a rain event and store 6-7 months (trials from 2006, 3 cvs)

Example : 2015, cv. Goldrush

Few rain, poor effect

Receptivity of lenticels

N. vagabunda potential on Tentation® (2006-2014)

Significant reduction of N.vagabunda infection potential after a dryer period

Infection may occur before 1 month before harvest

Survival of conidias in lenticel?

Incidence of rainfall on N. vagabunda (2006-2016)

Tentation® 2006-2014 and Goldrush 2012-2016 Storage 6-7 months

Assessment of incidence of one (rainy) period on BER : % of increasing fruit infection potential - 0% : no effect - <5% : few effect, not significant - 5-10% : significant effect - >10% : high incidence

Research : climatic data having an incidence on BER infection

Best correlated parameters: - Rain duration - Wetness duration when associated with rain - Wetness > 5 hours - Cumulative degree-days during wetness

Data collected during 9 years (2006 – 2014) in Tentation® orchard

To be checked / continued with other varieties (Pink Lady,…)

N. vagabunda Infection potential for Tentation®

(Lanxade 2006-2014)

The level of receptivity of lenticels is an important parameter having incidence on infection rate

How to assess the infection risk by Neofabraea alba in orchard?

Rain Quantity and duration: enough for a best washing of the trees

Wetness associated with this rain event Minimum 4-5 hours

Incidence of temperature Cool temperature (Tmini<10°C) favorable to sporulation (ref. Marta Mari,

CRIOF Bologna)

Warmer temperature (20-25°C) optimal for infection

Maturation of fruits before harvest: Relation ethylene (data from Italy)

Receptivity of lenticels

Volatile organic compounds (Neri et al., 2019)

No infection without rain, and in dry period

Susceptibility of varieties

N. vagabunda Control Efficacy of chemicals, alternatives

and biocontrol

Pre-Harvest

Fludioxonil Boscalid+pyrachlostrobine fluazinam + tebuconazol Methyl-thiophanate*

Captan, dithianon Copper Sulfur, lime sulfur

Myco-Sin : >3 traitments Boni-protect

(Aureobasidium pullulans)

Phosphites

Laminarin Calcium chloride K bicarbonate

Post-Harvest

Thiabendazole * Pyrimetanil /thermofog

1-MCP (secondary effect) Yeasts (all types)

* except if resistant strains

Hot Water commercial machines : by dipping

Xeda (France) Burg Machinefabriek (NL)

Inconvenient : max 20 bins /hour

Hot Water commercial machines : drencher

Austria : hot water + cooling (stop heat damages)

40 bins (13 T) / hour Cost = 0.025 € / kg

Treatment of Austrian organic apples, from 2011

France : new machine made by Crovara (MAF-Roda group) : 2018 Recycling system for water 2 bins / treatment Prototype : no conveyor belt

Hot water in practice

Temperature / exposure time : Efficacy against N. vagabunda : >50°C / 2-3 mn Susceptibility to heat damage of cvs adapt temperature for: Golden Delicious : 48°C / 2-3 mn poor efficacy (50%) Pinova : 50°C / 3 mn 80-90% efficacy Topaz : 52°C / 2 mn 90-95% efficacy

Dipping is better for efficacy than drencher (contact points between fruits) Drencher is better for work in chain

Hot water is efficient against N. vagabunda, N. perennans, Phytophthora, Colletotrichum acutatum, Monilia fructigena, Phacidiopycnis, Cladosporium, superficial scald Variable with Neonectria ditissima No effect on Penicillium expansum, Mucor, Rhizopus Unknown : storage scab

Incidence of some storage technics on N. vagabunda

cv. Tentation® Storage 7 months + 10 days in Reg.Atm. cv. Pink Lady®

Harvest : 28.10.2009 + Storage 6 m.

Dynamic CA

(< 0,7% O2)

XULO

(extrem ULO)

(0,7-0,9% O2)

ULO

(1,5% O2)

CA

(3% O2)

ILOS (0,5% O2 then ULO)

Thank you for your attention