Institute of Building ConstructionTechnische Universität Dresden

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

BuildIT 2015, Tallinn

Bonding of Glass

23.04.15

Felix Nicklisch

2|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Bonding of Glass

Outline

Glass in building

Adhesive connections

Structural Sealant Glazing

Bonded glass frames

Timber-Glass-Composites

Photo: Steffen Spitzner

3|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Glass in building

Photo: Margherita Spiluttini

4|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Glass in building

Structural performance

5|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Glass in building

Fail-safe design

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Glass in building

Design considerations

7|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Glass in building

Connections – point and linear supports

Patent glazing bar Clamp fixing Disc point fixing

[Weller/Härth/Tasche/ Unnewehr: Glass in Building)]

8|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Glass in buildings

Joining methods - stress distribution in the substrate material

Bolted connection Adhesive connection

9|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Adhesive connections

Options to join flat glass

10|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Adhesive connections

Point-, linear, planar-type connection

Bonded point fixing Structural Glazing System Bonded glass frame

11|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Adhesive connections

Evaluation

Advantages:

• No weakening of the substrate

materials (no borehole and recess)

homogeneous load-transfer

• Low thermal impact on the substrate

materials

• Joining of different materials

• Sealing of the joint reduced

corrosion

• Joining of thin components

(lamination)

Disadvantages:

• Low thermal resistance

• Degradation of the joint by

environmental influences (ageing)

decrease of adhesive strength

embrittlement

• Cleaning and/or surface treatment

required (additional work process)

• Curing time implication on the

production process, storage

• Nondestructive testing nearly

impossible

12|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Adhesive connections

Adhesion und cohesion

Adhesion by physical interaction:

hydrogen bond/van der Waals forces

Adhesion by chemical bond:

atomic/ionic/metallic

Cohesion

sticking together of a substance

Mechanical adhesion:

interlocking with a rough surface

structure positive connection

substrate

boundary layer

polymer (bulk)

boundary layer

substrate

near-boundary zone

near-boundary zone

13|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Adhesive connections

Glass surface

• hydrophilic character

• agglomeration of tin-oxide at the bath-side (float glass process)

1 air

2 adsorbate

3 organic molecules

4 water film

5 diffusion zone

6 undisturbed glass

7 dirt particle

14|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Adhesive connections

Polymeric structure of adhesives

thermoplastic (semicrystalline) cross-linked elastomer cross-linked thermoset material

15|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Adhesive connections

Selection criteria for the adhesive

• service temperature -20°C to +80°C

• adequate shear and tensile stength

• durability (UV, corrosive media,

moisture, cleaning agents)

• high stiffness for point fixings

• high flexibility for linear or large planar

joints between materials with different

coefficients of thermal expansion

• intermediate stiffness/flexibility for

load-bearing joints

• reduced tendency to creep

• color/transparency

16|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Adhesive connections

Material behavior of different adhesives

17|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Adhesive connections

Joint design and typical stress distributions

shear (off-centered)

shear (centric)

tension, compression

unfavorable

split and peel

18|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Adhesive connections

Failure pattern

Quelle: Habenicht

19|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Structural Sealant Glazing

Photo: Steindl Glas Austria

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Quelle Steindl Glas

a Adhesiveb Setting blockc Mechanical self-weight supportd Retaining device

Type I: Self-weight carried on mechanical supportType III & IV: Self-weight of glazing carried by adhesiveType I & III: Additional retaining device to reduce danger in case of bond failureType II & IV: No retaining device

Structural Sealant Glazing

General types of joint detail design according to ETAG 002

21|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Structural Sealant Glazing

European standardization

prEN 16759 Structural Sealant Glazing Systems (SSGS)

EN 15434

structural/ UV-

resistant sealant

EN 1279-5

Insulating glass

units

EN 13830

Curtain

walling

EN 14351-1

Windows and

external doors

Doors, windows, shutters, building

hardware and curtain walling

(CEN/TC33)

EN 13022-2

Assembly

rules

EN 13022-1

Glass products

for SSG

Glass in building

(CEN/TC129)

Sealants

(CEN/TC349)

22|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Structural Sealant Glazing

Joint detail (System Raico THERM+ SG2)

1 Weather seal

2 Tapping screw

3 Toggle

4 U-profile integrated in edge seal of IGU

5 Gasket

6 Screw channel

7 Mullion (aluminum, steel, timber)

© Raico

23|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Structural Sealant Glazing

Retaining devices and mechanical supports

Steindl SG Eckelt Vario Raico Therm+ SG2

24|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Structural Sealant Glazing

Innovative concepts

Fraunhofer ISC, Würzburg(photo: Christoph Seelbach | © Saint-Gobain Glass)

25|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Structural Sealant Glazing

Worked example

26|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Structural Sealant Glazing

Worked example

Determination of bite hc

mm7,8mm20mm12mm8

mm7,8N/mm14,02

kN/m20,1m04,2

2

c

2

2

des

c

h

Wah

hc bite (dimension of the structural seal measured in the plane

of a panel), range 6 mm ≤ hc ≤ 20 mm

a short side dimension of the glass pane

W combined actions of the wind and the snow

des tension design stress des= Ru,5/tot = 0,14 MPa (DC993)

Ru,5 characteristic breaking stress (5% quantil with 75%

confidence)

tot total safety factor tot = 6,0

27|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Structural Sealant Glazing

Worked example

Determination of the thickness e (e ≥ 6 mm)

mm4,450,3)2/04,2(109)2080(24)2055(

)2()()(

by calculated is movement thermal maximum the

a) side at supported is pane the( if

mm10mm4,911,02

4,447,0

2

226

2200

des

baTTTT

ba

Ge

vvcc

a/b short/long side dimension of the glass pane

coefficients of thermal expansion: glass v = 9·10-6 1/K,

sealant support frame (aluminum) c = 24·10-6 1/K

T temperatures Tv = 80°C (glass), Tc = 55°C (metallic frame),

T0 = 20°C (during silicone application)

G shear modulus G = E/3 = 0,47 MPa (DC 993)

des shear design stress des = Ru,5/tot = 0,11 MPa (DC 993)

28|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Structural Sealant Glazing

Supervision and quality control - overview

Sealant mixing (pump start-up, container change)

• Glass test

• Butterfly test

• Snap time test

Site glazing considerations

• Application temperature range +10°C to +40°C

• Cleaning and priming of surfaces

• substrate must be kept free of condensation or moisture

• Gluing within one hour after cleaning and pretreatment

Adhesion and cure quality control

• Peel adhesion test

• H-piece test

29|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Structural Sealant Glazing

Supervision and quality – mixing

[Dow Corning: Silicone Structural Glazing Manual]

30|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Structural Sealant Glazing

Supervision and quality control – snap time

[Dow Corning: Silicone Structural Glazing Manual]

31|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Structural Sealant Glazing

Supervision and quality control – adhesion on different substrates

Peel adhesion test

32|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Structural Sealant Glazing

Supervision and quality control – mechanical performance

Cohesive failureTensile test on H-Pieces

33|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Bonded glass frames

Photo: Friedrich May

34|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Bonded glass frames

Glass enclosure for a helium storage unit, Leibniz IFW Dresden

Rendering: Blum & Schultze Architekten, Dresden

35|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Strain

Stress

E2

E1

1

2

1 2

E-20°C = 1,409 MPa

E+23°C = 0323 MPa

E+60°C = 0007 MPa

Young‘s Modulus according to

EN ISO 527 calculated between

0.05 % and 0.25 % strain

Bonded glass frames

Material characteristics of the adhesive – uniaxial tensile test

36|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Bonded glass frames

Structural design

Structural design: GSK – Glas Statik Konstruktion GmbH, Dresden

Regular scenario Failure scenario

37|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Bonded glass frames

Experimental evaluation of the load bearing capacity

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Bonded glass frames

Detailing

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Bonded glass frames

Manufacturing

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Bonded glass frames

Installation

Photos: Stefan Unnewehr

41|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Bonded glass frames

Gluing on site

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Bonded glass frames

Finished structure

Photos: Stefan Unnewehr

43|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Timber-Glass Composites

44|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Timber-Glass-Composites

Benefit and vision

Timber building with conventional facade (Photo: L. Blatzek)

Prefabricated wall/facade elements(Rendering: S. Hernandez G&M)

Timber building with glass bracing (Photo: C. Hasenauer)

45|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Timber-Glass-Composites

Non-load-bearing facade

Dead load support (UNIGLAS|Facade)IGU bonded with on a timber sub-structure (UNIGLAS|Facade)

Adapter frame (UNIGLAS|Facade)

46|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Timber-Glass-Composites

Shear wall element in the facade

47|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Timber-Glass-Composites

Selection and evaluation of a suitable adhesive

Numerical model of the joint

Manufacturing of shear specimen

UV-exposure

Manufacturing of dog-bone specimens

Shear test

Uniaxial tensile test

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Timber-Glass-Composites

Manufacturing of prototypes

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Timber-Glass-Composites

Quasi-static and cyclic racking test

ZAG test site in Ljubljana (SLO)

Specimen

Flat bondline 12 x 3mm

Bonded directly to LVL-substructure

(similar to mid-size specimens)

Glass pane 2276 x 2276 mm

Laminated safety glass

6 mm FG/0.76mm PVB/6 mm FG

Timber profile 80 x 160 mm LVL

Tests

1 x monotonic (EN 594)

3 x cyclic (ISO 16670)

Facility: University of Ljubljana/ZAG/CBD

50|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Timber-Glass-Composites

Quasi-static and cyclic racking test – results

51|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Timber-Glass-Composites

Quasi-static and cyclic racking test – failure mode

Test set-up Timber failure (bottom left) Timber failure (bottom right)

52|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Timber-Glass-Composites

Large scale creep test

2 x

10kN

0

10

20

30

40

0 500 1000 1500 2000D

efo

rmati

on

[m

m]

Duration [h]

Dv

Ch

Ah

Av

Dv,corr

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Ausblick

Pavillon mit Holz-Glas-Verbundfassade in Binswangen

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Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building Construction

Dow Corning: Silicone Structural Glazing Manual. Dow Corning Corporation, 2011.

Habenicht, G.: Kleben: Grundlagen, Technologien, Anwendungen. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer, 2006.

UNIGLAS: Handbuch für die Planung und Erstellung von uniGlas® | FACADE Holz-Glas-Verbundelementen. uniGlas® GmbH & Co. KG, Montabaur, 2014.

Weller, B.; Härth, K.; Tasche, S.; Unnewehr, S.: DETAIL Practice Glass in Building. Principles, Applications, Examples. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2009.

Weller, B. et al.: Kleben im konstruktiven Glasbau. In: Stahlbaukalender 2011. editedby Ul. Kuhlmann. Berlin: Ernst und Sohn, 2011. pp. 585-646.

References

55|28Bonding of Glass – Felix Nicklisch23.04.15

Faculty of Civil Engineering Institute of Building ConstructionThank you.

Photo: Steffen Spitzner