Buildings Background

David CullerUniversity of California, Berkeley

LoCal Project PretreatJune 8, 2009

“Energy permits things to exist; information, to behave purposefully.” W. Ware, 1997

6-8-2009

6-8-2009 2

Buldings & Energy

Source: U.S. Department of Energy 2007 Building Energy Data Book. Sept 2007

The Numbers Tell the Story

$370 BillionTotal U.S. Annual Energy Costs

200%Increase in U.S. Electricity Consumption Since 1990

40%Total U.S. Energy Consumption for Buildings

72%Total U.S. Electricity Consumption for Buildings

55%Total U.S. Natural Gas Consumption for Buildings

The Numbers Tell the Story

$370 BillionTotal U.S. Annual Energy Costs

200%Increase in U.S. Electricity Consumption Since 1990

40%Total U.S. Energy Consumption for Buildings

72%Total U.S. Electricity Consumption for Buildings

55%Total U.S. Natural Gas Consumption for Buildings

6-8-2009 3

Buildings Matter! Buildings construction/renovation contributed 9.5% to US GDP and employs

approximately 8 million people. Buildings’ utility bills totaled $370 Billion in 2005. Buildings use 72 % of the electricity and 55 % of the nation’s natural gas.

Buildings construction/renovation contributed 9.5% to US GDP and employs approximately 8 million people. Buildings’ utility bills totaled $370 Billion in 2005.

Buildings use 72 % of the electricity and 55 % of the nation’s natural gas.

Source: Buildings Energy Data Book 2007

6-8-2009 4

EPA Nat Action Plan for Energy Efficiency

• 30% of energy consumed in buildings is wasted• 66% electrical, 34% gas and other• 15.5 kWh per square foot

* 2003 EIA Commercial Building Consumption Survey

6-8-2009 5

UCB today• Consumes 210 M kwh annually [campus sustainability assessment]

• Buildings measured @ 130 M kwh annually [demandless]

– approx $13 M

• Top 15 buildings are 2-4 time national average khw/sq ft and constitute 58% of the 130 M

• IT is a big part of the problem• IT can potentially be a big part of the solution

– We need to gain most of the reduction by utilizing existing facilities better

– “Physical” Information processing to identify where the energy goes, what to change and how.

– Big gains come from changing Operation Processes– IT is key to providing the energy awareness to guide action

6-8-2009 6

Building Energy and Power Density

Annual Consumption

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

kwh/sq ft

kwh

Stanley

KoshlandSoda

CoryLSA

McCone

6-8-2009 7

Soda Hall

• Huge baseline load!• 1300 SCADA sense/control points inaccessible for analysis

– No clear understanding of what knobs to turn or when

Servers / Clusters

HVAC / CRU / PDU support

Lighting

HVAC & Plug Loads

443

~1200

6-8-2009 8

Structural: Soda Electrical

12 KV dist.2x Substation

1200

A 2

77/4

80 3

ph

ase

2500

A 1

20/2

08 3

ph

ase

2x ChillerMCM1

HP1A400

HP1A400

HP2A600

HP3A400

HP4A400

HP5A400

HP6A100

HP7A400

MCM2

Lighting

Pumps

Fans

Machine RoomsOffices

Classrooms

LP2E225

LP2D225

LP2C225

LP1A400

LP2A800

HP3A400

HP4A400

HP5A400

HP6A100

HP7A400

LP1B400

LP2B225

LP2G225

LP2F225

LP2E225

LP2D225

LP2C225

LP3B225

LP2E225

LP2D225

LP2C225

LP4B225

LP2E225LP2C

225LP5B

225

LP2D225

LP2C225

LP2B225

LP2D225

LP2C225

LP2B225

LP2K225

LP2J225

LP2I225

LP2H225

LP2G225

LP2F225

LP2K225

LP2J225

LP2I225

LP2H225

LP2G225

LP2F225

LP2J225

LP2I225

LP2H225

LP2G225

LP2F225

~42 circuits each

6-8-2009 9

Structural: Soda HVAC• Blow cold air

throughout building• Maintain circulation• Adjust cooling with

vents and VFDs• Heat it where

needed• AC determined by

needs of the worst heat load– Comm closet

2x chillers

Cooling Towers

287 288 290

340

420

530

Pumps

Fans

Machine Room ACCs

6-8-2009 10

Legacy MonitoringL SCADA

• 1300 sense / ctrl points in Soda Hall• Vast database of action / effect• Marooned !!!• No science to turning all the knobs

11

“Real World” Information

Wat

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, F

ire,

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, R

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alth

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Bab

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Ga

me

Co

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Clo

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alen

dar

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Ex

erc

ise

Un

its

Disintegrates – down the drain

6-8-2009 12

Visibility Enables LoCal

Automated Control

Facility Mgmt

User Demand

Supervisory Control

Community Feedback

High-fidelity visibility