building automation-energy-efficiency

1

Eindoven 27.1.2011

Angelo Baggini*, Franco Bua**

*University of Bergamo [email protected]

** ECD Engineering Consulting and Design [email protected]

Leonardo ENERGY Power Quality Forum 2011

ENERGY EFFICIENCY: STATUS & OUTLOOK

A CASE STUDY: BUILDING AUTOMATION

132 m2

Ground Floor

New office building

ROMA Italia

Pro

ject

arc

hive

mailto:[email protected]

2

319 m2

Floor 1, 2 e 3

Pro

ject

arc

hive

Floor 1, 2 e 3

Lighting

4x18 W FL

20 W biAL

3

User Profile and Operation Times

0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1,0

0h 2h 4h 6h 8h 10h 12h 14h 16h 18h 20h 22h 24h

OC

C

17

19

21

23

25

27

°C

Tset

EN 15232:2007 (E)

500 lx

Floor 1, 2 e 3

Lighting

59.228 kWh

4

Floor 1, 2 e 3

Heathing ventilation and cooling system

User Profile and Operation Times

EN 15232:2007 (E)

0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1,0

0h 2h 4h 6h 8h 10h 12h 14h 16h 18h 20h 22h 24h

OC

C

17

19

21

23

25

27

°C

Tset

5

Floor 1, 2 e 3

Heathing ventilation and cooling system

55.190 kWh (5.788 m3/y gas)

16.153 kWh (electricity)

EN 15232

Energy performance of building Impact of building automation, controls and building management

1. Definition of EE class related to building automation

2. Criteria of assignement of class

3. Methods for energy savings calculation

6

BAC efficiency class

Class A: • High Energy Performance BACS and TBM

Class B :

• Advanced BACS and TBM

Class C:

• Standard BACS (reference)

Class D:

• Non energy efficient BACS

A

B

C

D

EN 15232 - Energy performance of building Impact of building automation, controls and building management

AUTOMATIC CONTROL DEFINITION OF CLASSES

HEATING CONTROL Residential Non residential

Emission control D C B A D C B A

The control system is installed at the emitter or room level, for case 1 one system can control several rooms

0 No automatic control

1 Central automatic control

2 Individual room automatic control by thermostatic valves or

electronic controller

3 Individual room control with communication between controllers and

to BACS

4 Integrated individual room control including demand control (by

occupancy, air quality, etc.)

Control of distribution network hot water temperature (supply or return)

Similar function can be applied to the control of direct electric heating networks

0 No automatic control

1 Outside temperature compensated control

2 Indoor temperature control

Control of distribution pumps

The controlled pumps can be installed at different levels in the network

0 No control

1 On off control

2 Variable speed pump control with constant Dp

3 Variable speed pump control with proportional Dp

Fu

nctio

n li

st a

nd

assig

nm

en

t to

BA

C e

ffic

ien

cy c

lasse

s E

N 1

52

32

:20

07(E

) EN 15232 - Energy performance of building Impact of building automation, controls and building management

7

AUTOMATIC CONTROL DEFINITION OF CLASSES

LIGHTING CONTROL Residential Non residential

Occupancy control D C B A D C B A

0 Manual on/off switch

1 Manual on/off switch + additional sweeping extinction signal

2 Automatic detection Auto on / Dimmed

3 Automatic detection Auto on / Auto off

4 Automatic detection Manual on / Dimmed

5 Automatic detection Manual on / Auto off

Daylight control

0 Manual

1 Automatic

BLIND CONTROL

0 Manual operation

1 Motorized operation with manual control

2 Motorized operation with automatic control

3 Combined light/blind/HVAC control (also mentioned above)

Fu

nctio

n li

st a

nd

assig

nm

en

t to

BA

C e

ffic

ien

cy c

lasse

s E

N 1

52

32

:20

07(E

)


Building

Detailed

calculation

of BAC

efficiency

Systems

Energy use

Delivered energy

Detailed calculation

of BAC efficiency

Bac efficiency factor

Energy use

Delivered energy

Detailed BAC factor

Calculation procedure of BAC efficiency


8

BAC(/TBM) factor method

EBAC= fBAC· E

• Heating EN 15316 e 13790

• Cooling EN 15255 e 13790

• Lighting EN 15193

• Ventilation EN 15241

User profile -

Internal heat gains -

Control accurancy and quality -


BAC(/TBM) Efficiency factors

Building Building type fBAC.EL fBAC.HC

D C B A D C B A

Non-residential

Offices 1,10

1

0,93 0,87 1,51

1

0,80 0,70

Lecture hall 1,06 0,94 0,89 1,24 0,75 0,5a

Education buildings (school) 1,07 0,93 0,86 1,20 0,88 0,80

Hospitals 1,05 0,98 0,96 1,31 0,91 0,86

Hotels 1,07 0,95 0,90 1,31 0,85 0,68

Restaurants 1,04 0,96 0,92 1,23 0,77 0,68

Wholesale and retail trade service buildings

1,08 0,95 0,91 1,56 0,73 0,6°

Residential

Single family houses

Apartment block

Other res. buildings or similar

1,08

0,93

0,92

1,10 0,88

0,81


9

Energy need Losses Aux fBAC

Heating = ENH + EN.aux ƒBAC.hc

+ Eh.aux ƒBAC.el

Cooling = ENC + EC.aux ƒBAC.hc

+ Ec.aux ƒBAC.el

Ventilation = Ev.aux ƒBAC.el

Lighting = Elight ƒBAC.el

BAC(/TBM) Efficiency factors


Class A

High Energy Performance BACS and TBM A

Lighting • Offices

• Show room

• Toilets

• Open Air

• Parking

Heathing and Cooling • Room level

• Generation and Distribution

Ventilation • Automatic flow

TB

M

10

Class A


Lighting – Offices

0,92

0,93

0,96

0,95

0,94

0,97

8 10 12 14 16 18 20

ΔTm

f W

Day

occupancy

Day Light

Lig

ht

leve

l

Daylig

ht C

on

tro

l

Occu

pa

ncy c

on

tro

l

• Daylight Control

• Automatic detection Auto On/ Auto Off

• Manual ON-OFF switch

• Daylight Control

• Automatic detection Auto On/ Auto Off

• Manual ON-OFF switch

Lighting – Offices

Class A


11

Class A


•Daylight Control

•Automatic detection Auto On/ Auto Off

Lighting – Show Room

• Automatic detection Manual On/Auto Off

Lighting – Toilets

Class A


12

• Manual on/off Switch

• Automatic detection Manual On/Auto Off

•

Lighting – Open Air

Class A


• Automatic Detection Auto On / Auto Off

Lighting – Parking

Class A


13

• Automatic Detection Auto On / Auto Off (presence)

• Thermostat ON-OFF

• Windows ON-OFF

• Control Shields

Heating and Cooling – Room Level

Class A


• Indoor temperature control

• Variable speed pump

• Automatic control with optimum start/stop

• Output Temperature control with load

• Priorities based on generator efficiency

• Partial interlock (dependant of the HVAC system)

Heating and Cooling – Generation and Distribution

Class A


14

• Automatic flow

Ventilation

Class A


• Optimization

• Detecting faults

• Reporting information regarding energy consumption

Technical Building Management

Class A


15

# Description

3 Rilevatore di movimento infrarossi


21 Rilevatore IR + crepuscolare nero

2 Attuatore 1 canale 16°A 2M nero

11 Attuatore comando motore 1 canale 8°A

9 Termostato con display da parete titanio

24 Contatto a vista antintrusione

4 Rilevatore crepuscolare 1-100lux IP55

3 Alimentatore 640 mA


3 Accoppiatore di Linea/Area

14 Interfaccia 4 canali per contatti tradizionale

1 Attuatore 4 canali guida din generico

15 Dimmer universale 1 canale 500 VA

Offices Floor Ground Floor

# Description

1 Internet gateway



2 Rilevatore IR + crepuscolare

4 Attuatore 1 canale 16°A



1 Interfaccia USB



50.235,44 € + VAT

Class A


Class B

Advanced BACS and TBM

B

Lighting • Offices (group)

• Show Room

• Toilets

• Open Air

• Parking

Heathing and Cooling • Room Level

• Generation and Distribution (software)

Ventilation • Automatic flow

TB

M

16

Class B


# Descrizione



21 Rilevatore IR + crepuscolare nero

2 Attuatore 1 canale 16°A 2M nero

11 Attuatore comando motore 1 canale 8°A

9 Termostato con display da parete titanio

24 Contatto a vista antintrusione




3 Accoppiatore di Linea/Area



15 Dimmer universale 1 canale 500 VA

Offices Floor Ground Floor # Descrizione

1 Internet gateway



2 Rilevatore IR + crepuscolare

3 Attuatore 1 canale 16°A



1 Interfaccia USB



31.302,95 € + VAT

B

BAC/TBM Efficiency factors – EN 15232:2007 (E)


D C B A D C B A

Non-residential

Offices 1,10

1

0,93 0,87 1,51

1

0,80 0,70

Lecture hall 1,06 0,94 0,89 1,24 0,75 0,5a


Hospitals 1,05 0,98 0,96 1,31 0,91 0,86

Hotels 1,07 0,95 0,90 1,31 0,85 0,68

Restaurants 1,04 0,96 0,92 1,23 0,77 0,68


1,08 0,95 0,91 1,56 0,73 0,6°

Residential


Apartment block


1,08

0,93

0,92

1,10 0,88

0,81

17

Solution Comparison

EN 15232 Class

Consumptions (kWh/year) Savings

Thermal Electrical Total Consumption (kWh/y)

CO2

Emission

(kg)

D 55.190 59.228 114.418 - -

B 29.251 50.048 79.299 35.119

(30,7%) 9.222

25.608 46.849 72.457 41.961

(36,7%) 11.281

B

D

A

0,00

2.000,00

4.000,00

6.000,00

8.000,00

10.000,00

12.000,00

14.000,00

En. Termica En.Elettr. En. Totale

Solution Comparison

IRR A = 3,28%

IRR B = 6,10%

D B A D B A D B A

€/y

ea

r

18

10

0 m

2

Anna and GianPaolo’s flat renovation

PAVIA Italy

Anna and GianPaolo’s

house

arch

ivio

pro

getti

Lighting and conditioning

10.776 kWh thermal

656 + 328 kWh el (cond. and light.)

Residenziale

3% 16%

50%

6%

4%

21%

illuminazione

riscaldamento

acqua

riscaldamento

ambiente

aria condizionata

cucinare

elettrodomestici

Residenziale

3% 16%

50%

6%

4%

21%

illuminazione

riscaldamento

acqua

riscaldamento

ambiente

aria condizionata

cucinare

elettrodomestici

Anna and GianPaolo’s

flat

arch

ivio

pro

getti

19

A

Lighting • Corridoir etc.

Air conditioning • Rooms

• Generation and distribution

Ventilation • Automatic renovation

SU

PE

RV

ISIO

N

Class A

High Energy Performance BACS and TBM

• Automatic ON-OFF occupancy with timer (100%)

• Manual ON-OFF

Ligthing

* N

um

ber

of

poin

ts:

unchanged

A Class A


20

• Automatic occupancy ON-OFF

• ON-OFF thermostat

Air conditioning

• ON-OFF window opening

• Shading control

A Class A


• Water Temp. With room temp.

• VSD distribution pumps

• ON-OFF optimized

Heating and cooling – Production and distribution

• Input Temperature with the load

• Generators on the base of efficiency

• Heating and cooling interblock

A Class A


21

• Automatic internal air renovation

Ventilation

A Class A


• Consumption check/shifti

• Centralized C-A Scenarios

Control and supervision

• Optimimization

• Fault research

A Class A


22

# Description


3 Attuatore 4 canali KNX-Easy

5 Attuatore 1 canale KNX-Easy

8 Interfaccia contatti 4 canali KNX-Easy

4 Rilevatore di movimento infrarossi KNX-Easy

1 Scatola 8P. (4+4) alta capienza

5 Attuatore comando motore 1 canale

7 Contatto magnetico in plastica a vista antintrusione

1 Pannello di controllo KNX-Easy

4 Termostato da parate KNX-Easy

3.433,37 € + VAT

A Class A


B

SU

PE

RV

ISIO

N

Ligthing • Entrance and Corridor

Heating and cooling • Rooms (NO window contacts)

• Distribution and generation (sw)

Ventilation • Automatic renovation

Class B


23

# Description











3.205,02 € + VAT

B Class B


Classe C

standard BACS C

SU

PE

RV

ISIO

NE

Lighting • Full swich off Scenario

Heating and cooling • Rooms (Manual Shad.)

• Production and distribution

Ventilation • Manual renovation

24

Classe C

standard BACS

# Description











1 Cronotermostato da parete

1.636,50 € + VAT

C

Solution comparison

Classe

Consuption (kWh/year) Savings

Thermal Electrical Total Energy

(kWh/y)

Emissions

CO2 (kg)

D 10.776 984 11.760 - -

B 9.795 911 10.706 1.054

(9,0%) 238,9

8.621 847 9.468 2.292

(19,5%) 515,8

7.931 838 8.769 2.991

(25,4%) 666,9 A

B

D*

A

C

* As is

25


D C B A D C B A

Non-residential

Offices 1,10

1

0,93 0,87 1,51

1

0,80 0,70

Lecture hall 1,06 0,94 0,89 1,24 0,75 0,5a


Hospitals 1,05 0,98 0,96 1,31 0,91 0,86

Hotels 1,07 0,95 0,90 1,31 0,85 0,68

Restaurants 1,04 0,96 0,92 1,23 0,77 0,68


1,08 0,95 0,91 1,56 0,73 0,6°

Residential


Apartment block


1,08

0,93

0,92

1,10 0,88

0,81

BAC/TBM Efficiency factors – EN 15232:2007 (E)

Solution comparison

Classe

Consuption (kWh/year) Savings

Thermal Electrical Total Energy

(kWh/y)

Emissions

CO2 (kg)

D 10.776 984 11.760 - -

B 9.795 911 10.706 1.054

(9,0%) 238,9

8.621 847 9.468 2.292

(19,5%) 515,8

7.931 838 8.769 2.991

(25,4%) 666,9 A

B

D*

A

C

* As is

26

€ 0,00

€ 100,00

€ 200,00

€ 300,00

€ 400,00

€ 500,00

€ 600,00

€ 700,00

€ 800,00

€ 900,00

€ 1.000,00

En. Termica En.Elettr. En. Totale

Solution comparison

D B A

€/y

ea

r

C D B A C D B A C

building automation-energy-efficiency

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