budismo orion

7/28/2019 Budismo Orion

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263

T c xn h pc hch h cc c n h c hch h cc c n h chch h cc c n h cnc n Bh vp, pc n h cnx Mj Jpn (18681912). T pnn n hch ch hn ch n E Bh pc n,grosso modo, h pn h n Jpn Bh v n h h n hv n. T n h c c c j Znn, h h ph h n hjc, ch n E Bh h n n hch n c. Kpn h pc n n, cnnn h pcp n n h E P, h c c n pc n h p h Mj Rn (1868) hhn Jpn Bh h pcc nh h nh cn. I cn xn hj n h jc.

keywords: E Bh Mj Bh j Znn Kinsei bukkydarakuron Bh cnc

On klautau cn PhD cn h Unv.

Japanese Journal o Religious Studies 35/2: 263303 2008 Nnzn In Rn n C

On Klautau

An h Gh Rcn P

Mj Schhp n h Dcn EP Bh Dcnc


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264

T Ph h : h n p cn (N1, 6). Ovcn h cncp p n vcn h cncp p cn n n h hn (N2, 5).

W Bnjn, he Arcades Project

For more hn h n, n n Jpn B n Jpn B n Jpn Bn Jpn Bn Jpn B

h hv h h v h h pp n h p. W n v n hv pp hn h nc Bh h . T n h n Jpn Bh H h Bh hh, xp, Dncn Williams Te Other Side o Zen (2005), vn fn pn hn n h hh Jph Kitagawa Religion in Japanese History, ph v (1966). WhWilliams nn n h Bh v nh p n n pv , n (2005, 6), n h

n ncn h h Jpn n Kitagawa phzh n p npc Bh (1966, 166).

An, n ch n Jpn n n, hv Bh n n n n h K. T h n Jpn Bh cn hn h hhc p, hch n h pnn c hnh , c c j Znn (18771955).

* T c n xpn vn klautau 2007 (n Jpn);

cncn pn n klautau 2008 n klautau 2008. On vpn h chn n nn pp h h h Ep Bh cncvp p pBh c cc h, h RSh, J E. K, n Hh M, n n hc h R . McCchn n Mz, ch hn I c h h n nnn h n. M p cc h. I h hn c Jn M, Enn O, Oh , n W Wn, n hUnv chn f K h, Kh Knhn, S H, n Sz I, h nn n cnn vc. L, n , I xp h v cn n n pv h nnJJRS v.

1. F n n h h ch n n Bh n cnvpn, Hawa 2000, n h cn Soeara 2006 n Williams 2006.

2. One of the most important names in moern Japanese historiograph, Tsji as ornin the cit of Ehime, in Hgo Prefectre. From a famil of evot Jo Shinsh folloers,


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klautau: meii solarsi ad buddist deadee | 265

Hvn vp h ch n h nn n Bh

(bukkygaku) n (shkygaku),

h h hn c Nn H (kokushigaku ), j

v pn n n n, n Jpn pc h

n h E p.

S, cn h h hch h h n

n History o Japanese Buddhism (Nihon bukky shi ), n n v

. T v n Bh n ncn Jpn ph n

W W II, n 1944, n h n v, hch cv h p h

E p, ph n h j h, n 1955. In h v

n h E p, j pn h cc cn

Bh c, ncn cn h pc p n v c hn h pp.

Evn hh h History o Japanese Buddhism h

h nc ch n Bh, h cnc

c h n p j n c h

1930. H c cn pcc n h cnc n B n B n Bn Bn B

h p ph n fn jn n Oc n Nv

1930, n ph n h cn nn h Studies on

the History o Japanese Buddhism (Nihon bukkyshi no kenky zokuhen

). In c, n j p (n 1902) n v h Jpn Bh (sui, 1984), vn hh h h

Bh, h c :

Bh n h p n h ph

n Chn, cn Bh n q, nh hn

n cn n vn cc . A h , B

h j h pc pc, n n n. In

n, h p nc. (sui 1984, 33)

Tsji h Nn H Dpn h Unv n 1899, hch h n ch h ch pc n T h Jpn BT h Jpn BT h Jpn Bh h ppcv pc (Seiji no hmen yori kansatsu shitaru Nihon bukky shi ). A n fn h n 1904, h h Dc L n 1909. F 1902, h n,h h Unv Hphc In, hch h cc n 1920. In 1911 h c n c p h alma mater, n n 1923 h n php, pn hch h cp n 1938. Ah h cnn ch n n pv nv, h n h Hnv, h n h Hnv, h n h Hphc In. In h h n h Unv h h hn cn c O C (Bunka kunsh).

3. On n n, sui 1917. On Pc H, h heanuma Era (sui 1915).


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266 | Japanese Journal o Religious Studies 35/2 (2008)

Ahh h n cnn z c h cnc

Bh c xpnn v h , j pn v h , j pn h , j pn

Bh n c h . N h x ph n h 1930:

Whn cnn h cn Bh n h n p,

, n h h cnc Bh p p

c. Scn, Bh c z. In h nn, pp

h vn Bh. (sui 1931, 51617)

T h nh h j cn Bh

n hh pc , h pc ,

n h c p n nn h hc nv (, nnc,

Wite 1973; 1978; 1987). Ac, h n h c, ch n n Bh n n c n h j. A Sawa H

pn , h j ph h h cnc

n Bh n pc nnn n ch (1999, 5).

In n c, h c n E P Bh cnc n cv

ch nn n h cpn Nn H , hn n

h n ccpn n Bh S n Bh S n Bh Sn Bh Sn Bh S

, ch hv c vc h v. A

Hh pn :

In h n, ppcv h vc h h E

P Bh Dcnc c n n. In pn ch

h [ch] n cn! I v ch v!

h p h n phzn h vn ncn

n Bh. In h n n, h cn n

4. In Jpn, h cc c n h cnc n Bh c Kinsei Bukky darakuron n vn h. Ron cn n n Enh h, n cnx h c (n

Fcn n) ppp ( Fouault 1972). A h c n Jpn h fn phc cpn (gensetsu cn z), I h h h nn h n n Jpn,n v cnn. A h nn h c n E Bh cnc,amamuro F nn Dc j T Bh cnc n h E P[Kinsei bukky darakuron] (1971, 1); kuwa Hh h n h History o Japanese Bud-dhism, j h c T Bh Dcnc n h E P [Kinseibukky darakuron] (1979, 22425). Expn ch h hc v cn EBh (kinsei bukky daraku shikan ), h pjv hc v E Bh (kinsei bukky keishi no shikan ), hc v B

h cn (Bukky suitai no shikan

) h. Hv, h vnn n , Hayasi M (1982, 60), akasimaMh (1995, 151), n Hikio K (2007, 3) Kinsei bukky darakuron, hchnc h h h c cn hn h n cn .


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p cn n pcc n n h (genze riyaku ), h h Bh [pp] v. I h , nh n, h vn Bh [ h p] cn, n

c, h h Dcnc n n .(kuwa 2003, 78)

Bc, v qn ch hv ccz p n h cn n Bh, n h pc, hv p n Bh, n h pc, hv p n Bh, n h pc, hv pn Bh, n h pc, hv pn Bh, n h pc, hv pc h pc h j T. Ahh h hv h vnncn Bh n h p, h hv ccp h hnpn h n pc: Bh hvv, c n n h hn h c j. On h hhn, h Bh h n cc p v

c h pn j, hn cn h h n vn c, vn h c nv n hch ch h pcn pc.

On h h, h nnn h c, n , h nnn h c, n h nnn h c, n h nnn h c, n h nnn h c, n c n ch n Jpn n h p hn h Bh cnc. In n c n n Bh n xc h pp. On c h n h c h p h n h Bh,n n p n ppcv pn ch ch n

hh. In, nn h c n n n pc n h v n n p h hpn cn Bh. Hv, hh ch Bh n n Jpn n n n n n h cnc h, h Bh pn j v nn ch n Jpn n h hn n Jpn n h hn n Jpn n h hn n Jpn n h hn n Jpn n h hn n, n ch ch pczn n h hc p.F xp, n h nc h n Bh v cc cp h hc p: Cncn n h

Nv hh h p, h hn Bh, h pn n Jpn n nc h. On h cn h , Nh R :

Bnnn h M M, p ch n Jpn Inc H n n Bh n h p/

5. A h cnn n p n h cn n Bh np Jpn, Klautau 2008. S Miura 2002, n n n c n JShnh, Hikio 2007 (pc 319).

6. In hh nvn n h pcn pp n ,akao (1989) nz h c (CB) p n n Jpn.


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phn [jidan seido ] n h hp/nch

p [honmatsu seido ], n nz n hvpn h h pc . A , Bh n

n Jpn v pn pc n c ppv

h bakuhan [] c. T pc, nz chc, n h nn. Hc nn. Hc . Hc

, c h n pc, hv c hn h n h np Bh pp cn pp v; n ,

ch n n Bh n h h hc

v Ep Bh cnc. (Nisimura 2007, 87)

In h n Bh cnc n ch

Bh h c h that then, n we n h hn n (Masuawa 1993, 31, ph n n),

pn ch h x h hp h h c n

cnc, ch hn. An n, Masuawa n ,

h pp h n h pc n n h hp , h, h hh n n v pc h qn

hc cn (1993, 32). T n h c I n nn,

n n, vc h Bh cnc pnn

n nv hc n hch Bh v. Wh h

hp , n h h hn, h cnxzn h vpn h c n cnc h n hz

(MCuteo 1997, 29). A h , nn h historicity

nhn h modern academic discourse h nn h n h E

P, h Bh c cn hn n h hc p.

S n: n pn nn h cnn B

h hch hv hc n cn. Wh nnn n h c h h h hv x cn p n

h E p, h n p h , n Wite, n []h

h c? h, H h c c n ncn n xpnn h h hn nh? (1978, 134). T, h cn, 134). T, h cn134). T, h cn, h cnh cn

cn h hc c fn nv

h () fn n h pn h h c vn

cv n n h Fcn n, n h c p

n.

Pre-Meiji Discourses on Buddhist Decadence

Cc cp p h cnn n Jpn Bh h cp p h cnn n Jpn Bh hcp p h cnn n Jpn Bh h h cnn n Jpn Bh h cnn n Jpn Bh hJpn Bh hBh h. Wh nn ch p cn n vn p h, pn

c n h cnc h Bh c cn c c


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h K p (11851333). In c h h nh cn

hph n K N Bh (Kamakura shinbukky) c n cn h h n

cp Bh nn.

Ahh c p nn c n Ep B

h cnc hn ch longue dure , c ch n, n h nn h n n

pnc ch c hn modern academia. A Ketelaar (1990,

342) h , h vpn Bh hc n h

pMj Rn c cnnc pn n ppcv n h haibutsu kishaku vn, hch cn n nhch cn n n

hn h h Cncn n Nv nBhc h E p. h h n p

n n pc nn , nzn h c h c Bh h K p n h cnn

p cncnn h cnn Dh (mapp) hh

h, h v cn hn cn n pMj c

n Bh cnc nn h p h cvx h E p. B cncn n nBh

cq n h. B h c h h cnn

n h h hv cn n nBh cq (n chhp h h cc v fn n h n h haibutsu-ron), n nnnh cn Jpn (n vn h,

c ) ch cp h h

notn pp Bh (Ketelaar 1990, 14, ph n n).

In n c, h c h n h pc pnn

7. F nc n h Haibutsu Kishaku Colutt 1986. F cc n Jpn, Yasumaru 1979.

8. Fn Khh Yn, Knn K v h n v fn c K v h n v fn cK v h n v fn c: cc h vpn c hc, c Bh ncnncnncnn pn n n h nn; n cnc vpn, cc h nfcv chc Bh, p, n c; cc h vpn h Cncn n n Wn cnc, hch xp cncn n cczh nnnc chc c npn Bh ncnn, ch h gokuraku,jigoku, n h M. Scn c (shumisen-setsu), n n; cc n hc n h Bh cp, hchqn hh n h Mhn chn h n pn Shn h(h c daij-hibussetsuron); n n , cc hch xp

Bh ncp h h Jpn n, pf n nv ch(Kao 2003, 22829; Kasiwaara 1973). A n h nc n h v czn haibutsu-ron, n chhp h n nc n h cq Bh Bh p hv.


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ccch pn c goh-ron(c n n h Dh)h Bh pnn p h n c n h vpn pcn n n cncp Bh ( xp Mori2007). Nvh, p h v h h cncn h goh-ron p n h n n Bh n, vphzn hch p cc v. Bh pc h hn n nnn h n pMj c n cccnc. A , n h hn h h pnc h c n Bh nn hh n xc h ch hc vc z by Buddhist reormists themselves. In h

cnx, Clarke h h h n hc Bhcn nn p h c pp h n p cc cc n h v nn p cc cc n h v nc n vn (2006, 3). In, n h cnx . In, n h cnx In, n h cnx Jpn, h n Bh p h, h h cnn, hh h pcc h c n n.In c h v hn Ep Bh h pp nvh v hn Ep Bh h pp nvv hn Ep Bh h pp nvhn Ep Bh h pp nvnn h vpn h n andncn Bh cc. I h , php h phz h n chhp

h c haibutsu-ron n h n c c Bh cq.Sch cq pc, C cpn h, n h pc, C cpn h, n h pc, C cpn h, n h , C cpn h, n h n h

h n vn pcp vv (kairitsu ukk und). Whl h co lo conn o chrcrz JpnBh hvng rgr or prcp png, h c h hrogho

hor ch rgr h l n rglr rg or crc ho h

h noon h prcp rcl p h clrg nvr c o x

(Sueki 2006, 67). Drng h Eo pro n prclr, hn crn

rch n lvl n hr o nohng frnc n o

Bh chool, prcp c o pl vr porn rol. Dp crnfrnc, or prhp xclbecause o h, prcppng rgr

hrogho h Eo pro oh h B n vrl pr hlv

o h r nl o h n o pr o h Bh c.

9. A Jhn S. Lobreglio n (2005, 39), Kasiwaara Yn (1969, 44345), IkedaEhn (1994, 32) n J Ketelaar (1990, 17791; 22728) p ncnn nnn n h c h n Jpn Bh nz n h n h pc n nn .

10. F n vv n h pcp n Jpn Bh H Matsuo 2006.

11. Fn Howell (1995, 20), Jae n h h zn (mibun seido) n ncnc n h cncn E c


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B n v p hn: h h pcp nh c ch nn hh h p, n n which pcp h v cnn. T vn pcpvv n n n hn.

Fn Ueda Rj, cn z h vn h n cncn n. On h, nnn h pcp n hp vinaya (Jp. shibunritsu ), p v cc cnn Bh pcc h h nn h ; hh cnvv n, nn pc h n ch, vc n h pcp p h pcvcn n (1977, 147. S Ueda 1976). In n c, ch h). In n c, ch hIn n c, ch hhn xc h h p pcp vv pn, h c space h h cnn v cnc. Ah c h cq p ch (n nc ch h) cc Bh, n cn n h cn (h n ) h fn c, hch c v h n n n h nc Bh. Snc nhv h pc pv ccn h q() pcp vv, c cncn n h v nn xp Jn SnjOn (17181804), n h pc

n n n cc. Evn hn, h ch cphnv xh h pc Jn cc cnp Bh n. Wh nn p h h hc vc z p h c pn h pc Mj vnn (pc h cnnc hh n n n c hch c c Bh) n vp cn h Rn, p x Bh n c h E p. In c n cncnc h Jn c, n h Mj p, h

chpn pcn Bh.

H v h n ph n pcp (jzenkai) h n Bh, h c pcpn h h (Ueda 1977, 171). H c n pcc h Shn hv pn nnc n

h h (2001, 1516). In h c Bh c, h chn n h B h nc n h c n h c p vn , n h Jf, h ncv pc Bh cc cc, vn , n, cc , c., h Bh c q h pcp pcc h c n nn pp cc ppnc (Jae 2001, 1617).

12. On h nc nnc Jn h n h n Mj Bh npc Ikeda 1990.

13. On Jn, Watt 1984. F cn n, Sim 2003.


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h chc h c n h c n Bh n h pRn .

Hv nnc h h h Ancn Lnn Sch (Kogaku-ha), Jn n h Dh (shb) hv hh n h hc cnc Shn. F h, Dhnhn c h Bh c, hn h Bh hh(s 14, 331). In n, ch cncpn Jn c h n Sn,n n hch h cn chvn, p h c h n h h n n ch n Jpn. In c, h p n nc ch r hn h Bh clrg. B h ovnonAncn Lrnng School n ohr crrn o Concn, h or r lo

n log, or xpl, h h n N

(17151746), h cq Bh h n (h h n) h n pn n Bh hph.

Jn nn Dh , nn v, c cnnc h nnn Bh pcc Shn n h ccp. T pcc hvn n pc n hn h nncn n fn p, Jn h cn h n h p cnp, vn hnnc h pp nnn Bh. N h n:

n x n n c h n n H. Fnc h n [ c] pn hch n h . A p Bh c n c n . T : O n h nn Bh Bhv! [H] p h vn hvn n h (tenchi no hen), n h chn n Yn n Yn(iny no ka). T pch: n h n p p!, h cvn h n n n. An ch hn h h n, ccn h h Bh, n h cnn Dh v nnc pp. I h ph

nn h Bh Dh, h [Bh ] h Shn . In h h Bh, nn h v c x. (s 14, 223)

T p cc cn chhp n n nJn . A, ch cc n n n n h

14. F cpn n n n Jn, Miyagawa 2004.

15. F n vv n n n ccn h nnc n Bhchhp Ketelaar 1990, 1928.

16. W c c nn h cc:

Bh h (ksei bussha) nhn cp hc Bh n h h c; cpn Dh. T : T Bh


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h c Jn chn, n h vnn n

pcp. Rh, n n hnnc n Bh

h h Bh, Miyagawa n (2004, 1920), n n h , n h n nnn n n h

n c pcp, h Jn ch (ujakenkai).

Fh, Jn cn h n h npc

h Bh h ; v h c h c

h h , Bh, h n pp cncn.

hn n vn hn h pn h h

h n n h nn n pp xpnc f n n h nn n pp xpnc fnn n pp xpnc fn n pp xpnc f n pp xpnc f n pp xpnc f

n. In h h nc Dh h n n h

cnn vn chn. B n n p v h

cp, h c pcc h W nn [ h Bh

c]. Wh h hv h n c n, cc p

h pcp v nn , n h h W n n h

Dh. T nj pn , n, n ch. T hn h n

pn v, n h p (benk) [ qvn

] hvn h n n h chn (tamon). (s 16, 457)

Wh h p n xhv n vn h pc

Jn hh, n nn h h chc, h n

n Mj Bh , ccz h cnp

hvn nn h pcc h W. N , Jn n

ch cc nnn Bh, Nv ch h

hv n. H h, h, nvn h n nn pcv

n h n chn Shn.

Jn xp pc h n nBh ccn

pp h c p n h E p. Envn

h hn cn, n hvn c p n cc Bh, ch n , n, n n

h Mj Rn.

h n h hn n, c v h hch xpn[ vn], n hn c h xcnc h [cn] x.An cn n x xcnc cn n, n n n njh. T , hare n. (s 11, 42223)

Mvn n h h h v c, ch h nn

. Bc h, h n pc [ Bh] v, n n h nn n E (gas o chzu). T [pp hvn] n n h Dh, p n n nv h h. Th h n n h c hv. (s 13, 338)


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he Religious Policy o Early Meiji and Decadent Priests

h nnc h vn n h Mj Rn n h Bh

nn h cn h phz nh. Ahh, hvn, n Bh cc x n pMj , hh vpn n cc c n h cnc nBh n n hn h pn h n n hn h pn h pn h pc h n Mj vnn. Hvn h pnn n pn h h nj hh h p, n c hp ch h Shn n h nc Ch n h nc Ch n h nc Chn, Bh c hn h hn h nstatus quo.

On h nh h h nh h Mj (1868), h

Charter Oath (goseimon ), cn hch pn h c nc h n vnn, . I c n h []h hh h hc v pcc n cn nh pncp nnn (Kyrai no rsh o yaburi tenchi no kd nimotozuku beshi , n n Bree 1996,410). Dp h n p npn, h cnn h c hv n n n h Mj n n. h ccpnc h n Jpn h nnn (h , hUSA n Epn) p n n h n chn cn h

n vnn, Mj pcn h h h hh h vc h cp zn nn f, cn nvnn h n h pv bakuhan n h cpcc n. I cn n cp h hhn n nn pc n n nn , nnv nn, h pnn p n h ph cvpnn h cn (uka 2006, 1314). Nvh, Jhn Bree, []h nn nn h n h hCh Oh p (1996, 419), n h h qn:h n h c n cn h hv n h h n cnn h pncp nnn ccp? (1996, 426).

In c, uka phz h v c n h Ch Oh c n cncpn n nvn h p pnpn (2006, 12). In, h Bn n z hv pn h, Mj h p , hv np h Chnp h Chh Ch n v fn, vn c pp (Bree 1996,424; uka 2006, 37). A Bree , h vn

17. S Bree 1995 v h chhp n h Oh. Bree 1996, nh h hn, c n h pnc h Oh pnc, n ncpn z n v h cnn h Oh .


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v n h h c n n h v c

c (1996, 426). T n c n h h

hv n fn nn n fn h n vnn: h

n h cnx n n h hv n n h

nnn pc, n h cnx f n

fn v. On h c n h nhn

n K n Bh shinbutsu hanzen h n

()c B K Whp (Jingi jimukyoku )

n h pn h Ch Oh. A pn

Ketelaar (1990, 9), h n c h c

h hp c h h p v n n cnx:

F Mj, h nh, vnnh ; h h Rn Ip R, n h pn p v (kyhei go-issen araserare

sr ), n h Shn hn h h cn, pp

h p h ppnc Bh p n c hv bett

shas , q n (ukushoku). Pp h

hn n h v nc. Hv, c h pp

h c n h v p h n n h nj

Bh p (si-skan ). A h [n] n, h

h ncn. F h n, h h h hn p

n h K. Acnn h v, n h czh [] n h B (Murakami, , 1926, 82).

Wh Ketelaar h, K K (18251885) n

F B (18311907), n ch h B K

Whp, h pn n n f ncn v c

ccph h v Bh p, c, n n

Shn hn hh h nn (1990, 9), Bree h ch

n ch n Bh hn n chhp h

cn h hv n (2000). Fh, Bree, h n pn jcv h n h cn, []h

hn Bh, h h vnc , n n

pv n h n c ncn Shn nn (2000, 237).

In n c, h pc pc Mj cnn. T

nh n n h B K Whp , n n h

vnn h. In n h, n h n h

Rn h ncn h n c p ch nv han. T p h c h n K n F h hv nn

h, c n hch pn c ch h v p n fc c n h c n , n

h vn hch c haibutsu kishaku. Fh, h


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n nn h nnn h pp chn

pn pc, n h Bh p

n n ch pc, h h cv n c ch c. In

h, n v cn h Bh c c, n p

v nfn n h h n. Nvh, h p

h c nvv n vcn h pn c, nnn h

n cnvnn ppn p , h n h

c h c n n Bh hh

h Mj p.

T Mj Bh p h h c n nh

pc cn , n h, p h de jure cn vnn,

pn n pp n their h cnv c. S Bh pn pn v cc h

n p Jn h n nncn h hnh cn:

cn n pcpn. Hv, h n cnjnc

nn pv h bakuu c Bh

, hh h pn h h v,

h pcn h n Mj vnn. L n c h

h pn pc. Sh Unh (18271909), h

c n h cv Bh p h Mj p,

n h nh nh 1868:

In h hh, h Rn h n pp. An h Hvn. T h K n h B

h h h n hn, h nn pncp (kki) h n n vn hh hn chn n h v [n

h n]. N, h Cnc S cn p h Kn h Bh. M cn [n h ] h Bh p [n h ] h Bh p h Bh p

h nn h , n hvn n hv n p

f, h pn hv h cpn cn h p

cn. H cn ch h? H cn [p] n h h n h , n n n h n h n h Svn?

In n n h n pc W, hv n c [] n

? Wh I h xpc h [h vnn] cc h n

[ Bh p], nn h W n nn h n pph h h K n Bh n, n h h

n n h n, h c, h cn h n h, n

c n h v chn [ Chn] (jaky

). n h n n n h :

h nc h chn h Ln h Ep (kkoku honky) h h v chn Chn p [n Jpn] n

h nn E ( 15321555) (Kusaagi 1913, 5458)


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T pn h hhhn h v x. F, h shin-

butsu bunri pc pn, n h, c Bh p h nn h . Scn, h p, hh h Mj

Rn, n xpc n h W. T n vn, n xpc n h W. T n vW. T n v. T n vc h c h h pc h Mj vnn,

Unh h p v c, n n h pn h p p, hh h n vnn, cc h n .

Unh nc Bh jn c h Shn, pc h Ln h G n h v chn Chn. In , n h

n h pcv v nBh cc, Bh

phz h ncn cnn cn h Jpn nn,

pcc xp n jnn h Shn n h cn n Chn. I n h pncp h n h h nh h Mj h Sh Unh, n h n n Bh

ch n h L Un Bh Sc (Shosh dtoku kaimei) (Sakurai 1971, 97).

T cn h pcn Bh cn n Jpn. A h pc Dcn (Shingi daimoku ) h nnn h cn Mj :

(1) Inp n c n Bh ; (2) Cq n pcpn h; (3) Cq h cp ch c; (4) Env

n h h [ h K, Cnc, n h Bh]; (5) T pn h p v ch c; (6) T pn n ch; (7)T cn hn c; (8) Mn f p [Bh]

n h pp h cn. (sui 1931, 839)

T nc h h h pc, h pn h p v

ch c (jish kyhei issen no ron ) h h Charter

Oath n h B K Whp c v n . T

v npn h ph pn p v, h p n n n h h L h pc hh B c n n. T Jpn c z h L h

pn h , n p p h , n n pc n h nstatus quo. Fh, c php

h n h L cnn, p h c, cn p v. Wh h n nv n,

c h pv cn hn

vz Bh c vv. In n c, cn n h n

h n, h h h Rn ch n v Bh c p v c h n p c h h .


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T c cn n n h nv h Bhp h p. F xp, h Sh Unh nn v h n ncn Jpn, hn Bh pv h Ipncn Jpn, hn Bh pv h Ipncn Jpn, hn Bh pv h Ip , p p c vnc h pcp, n pch nn. Hv, h h bushi p h Genpei , p nc hv h . N h pc p nc n n h hn h Ep, h p v h, h Bh p c pn h pcp, j h n h . F Unh, h cnc Bh c c h pc p h h bushi vnn,hch h c cn n h pn p v nh bakuu. F Unh, h pc Mj n v ; n h cn, h Rn Ip p v Bh hchnc n n .

On p npn h v c pn F G (18091888), h Unh, cn nh L Un Bh Sc. In h chp Kyhei Isshin hOn Virtue (Dtokuron ; Kai 1899, 279306), cp n h h

18. N h n xcp Unh Pn h Cnc S n pn

h v Bh C (Shei issen no kanpu kenpakusho ):T W [ Bh] pp pp, [h] hh h W hpp cn v [hv ]. Wh Bh p p h pcp [kai] n h c, pc h [k daijin ]) pcn v n h h . Hv, hn h pcp n p n h n, h h nc h pp [shimin ]. T pcp h nn ph. In ncn n h Ln h Ep, pcp c p, n p pn h n cn h nc pcp [gusoku daikai ] n Bh p[M] h hh h, h nn p n h ppn hBh h h h Ep, h hv [Bh p]

pc h nn. B h Genpei , c h pn pcp ,pp Bh h p, n h nc [honshi ] h Bh . Cc h n n cn [shishonin ] nc . [B h ] h Bh h h Sx Pncp Rvn Hn[roku-waky ], h p h pcp, h , n h ch [ h cp]. H p h [ n ] n [h ] h. H n n n c, n n n n c n h . Hp n [ki ] vn hh hn h x, n h [ shiki ] ncn h h [sangai ]. Wh I h xpc h h nppn h Rn, H Mj hn h n ncn

, nn h [p] n hh h c h p h pcpn h n, nn vhn h h vinaya. Bn cn [ch] [kaikaku ] h h j h Bh, n n h pnn, v pc h Tn. (Kusaagi 1914, Kenpakusho 78)


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nh h cn Mj, G h h cnc h B

h c n n v cnqnc h cnn Dh,

n n h Bh hv. G h h

Dh G h n h (honshi nyorai no hmon

) h (meiky ), n h h v (hei )

(jinai ). In h ccn

, h Bh Dh n v, n n h n v, n n h v, n n h

n cn , h Bh Dh. In h

shb ( Dh), Bh v cn, h h

n cc. In h zh (v Dh), Bh

v, h v c h cc, hh h

c hppn . B n, n h mapp, Bh ch (sairy shk), n hch h cc.

In p h ch cn, cn h nnc n pv

n n. Un cn q Mj Bh n

cn h M h Dh. An h ppn, G n h On

Virtue, pv h Mj Rn:

I n p [h v], n cpn n v.

B h v n n p n, h pn v, n n h

h n . W hv z h ppn vn hRn (isshin ), n hv v p h v

. T pc n h h n h n f h h

nc; cnn v n h . I h

hv h n h n cn v n , [h chnc ]

ccphn fc. (Kai 1899, 298)

T h h Bh ph h v n h h Mj

Rn h n ppn cc n n h G

n Unh, cn h c pn h L B

h Sc. I hn h h cnc c Bh

n cncp h c hp n h p, hn

cn h h cncp np h h h

cn Bh n h , n q n.

Inp cc Bh, cq ch h v p

19. E Mj Bh ch G n Unh v h vn p, vnn h mapp. T pcc G mapp hh, ccn I, h

n h h h v n (gojoku

) n v (goun

) h n h shb, n n h cn mapp Cvzn n Enhnn[bunmei kaika, h pn ], G nc n hn , h h phzn vc (Ikeda 1976, 76).


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cc n h vpn pcn n, hch p hn h c n Bh .

Views on Decadence: Modern Scholarship and the Quest or a New Buddhism

Ahh nnc n pc Unh n G, n h pnnc n pc Unh n G, n h p

c H nzn (18191892) n phz n h

ncn , n h c vnc pcp n Bh (n h vc h pn c). Rh, h c c

n Bh n h pn Wn n cnc . On h Jpn Bh phz pc (jissh-shugi )

n xpn (jikken-shugi), n h p cn

S Zn p nzn h Cncn n cn, n h nnc h Bh xn. H n hn

n, c h h nnn Wn phphc n cnc hh, v h v pc npn Bh xp

nc, hch cn v n h Records on Experiencing the Suchness o the

Mind(Shinsh jikken roku, n 1873; akiyama 1909, 10324).nzn v Bh ch h K H (

18361916), h pnnn h Dpn L, Sc

nc, n L h Unv , n n 1879 nzn h Lc n Bh x (bussho kdoku shi ) (Ikeda

1976, 92; Kaamori 1990, 23; Kimura 2001, 53941). An h Unh nG, nzn pc n h Mj N Bh Mvn(Ikeda

1976, 92111), nn v, h v fnc n

h n h p. Dnc , h h h ch cnc c h n Bh hv:

20.nzn n h c h cnc Bh p n h nn pcp, h Unh n G. Accn nzn, h p n xpncn h n (kokoro no jikken ). On c n T Expncn InnPhph (Indo tetsugaku no jikken ) vn n M 1886, h xpn h hn h Bh c n n h qn h h n nc nN n h hnh cn c p xpncn Bh n hn (Akiyama 1909, 4348). In h nn, h cczn h np Bhp n nn ch qn, nzn n n n h nc p Bh c h . Wh phzn h n h h nn (sangaku ) h pcp (kai ) hch h cv h nn, h vc h n (j ). H h h n n p

n pcp hn n c n nn , hh hh n n c p (don yoku), h (shini), n n (guchi), hch n h pn pcp. B chnn h c h cn n Bh n h pcp n, n cn h nzn pn h h phphc


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In v ncn (jko), nn Bh pcc (jit-sugaku ) n v (shinsh), n h n n (keron ). In ncn (chko), ch pc, ch pcc h n cn. [B n] p h n nn cn, [n] h . In h c , n n h cn[ ] . T nhn ncp n Wn nn(ygaku ) n [h h Ancn Bh]! Oh, h hc, h n ? Wh n n? H cn h h ? Wh, n h Bh v,h pn ch n? (Akiyama 1909, 10710)

B h , n Bh n pn h

n Wn phphc . T h h pn cnc h cn h Bh cp hv n c ccn n Wn nn, nzn pn c h Unv n n Jpn.

In En (18581919), h c n cnc h nzn h n h Ip Unv, nnc n cv h n h Bh p h. A phph jIn p nnc En F. Fn (18581908), hhh h c n cnc h n Wn phph ncn

Dc n H (Staggs 1983, 257). L nzn, In phzh n hh h c v Wn phph hBh nn.

In h Te Golden Needle o ruth (Shinri konshin , n 18861887) In En v n n c, nc n(chiryoku no shky ) n v n (kanj no shky ). Wh Chn n h , Bh nh cn h (Ioue 1987, 25097). In cnn phzn

Bh h h In En n Sz D ( n c p h nzn S Zn Bh). Wh h h hJpn n xpnckeiken [] n taiken [] h n ncn n h Mj p[n h] []h p n pn Jpn xc qvn xpnc (Sar 1998, 102), cn hn nzn h jikken n p n h n cncp n hc, nc xpnc p jcv hch ncn cv hh (Sar 1993, 5). Th h1880, nzn pn h n Wn phph n h, h Bh jcv xpnc c n. I nn nc h n, hn nnc h Hn S Oc (18321907), nzn h h

n (rerijon

; shky

) n ppp c Bh, h phph nchn (shinsh testugaku) n q (Akiyama 1909,5455). F n nzn, Ikeda 1976 (pc 92102); Kaamori 1990; Kimura2001 n Yosiaga 2006.


20/42


h ncn cnn Bh n h

Jpn . N h Bh c n n n q

hn Chn, n nc h nn

(kokka ni hieki , Ioue 1987, 141). A h n p n cn

ch, n h Mj h n nv nn

h n (tokky , hky , shshi , shmon ),

h shky h pv (Yamagui 1999 n 2005; Isomae

2003; Simaoo 2004). A Yamagui pn (1999, 2955; 2005, 3040),

h hn h shky nn n hppn

hh v h pc n Jpn nllcl rng h

1880, rvolvng ron h hol Jpn Rlgon n h Fr (Nihon

shrai no shky ikan). T cnr on Bhn Chrn, lo c o nvolv gr ho cll hlv nfrn

o rlgon. Unr h logn Dn h Non n Lov h h (gokoku

airi), n cn np h h Bh (Staggs

1983, 253), In En n h chc h, h Bh ,

pcp cv n h . Hv, In, Bh n

cn n h h n nc, n n

n h c n Jpn, Bh n n.

Hvn vn p h n cn n n, I hv c Bh, n h Rn h Cvz W (kaimei

sekai ). T cn h hnh Mj (1885), h

I n [ ] n Bh. (Ioue 1987, 337)

T , En phz h pn Bh h h

, pv n h h cn. A hv

n , h n n c. Unh, G, n nzn nnc

h Bh h pn n . Bh

phz vc h c pn h shinbutsu bunri pc,

hn n h cnx h n hch h Jpn n. In

p h Bh n h Jpn nn, pn

cnc c h n n hch n h p .

21. T c vn p h h Bh n pc pp h h c nhn h ph v fn n. Tcn n h hn h Mj Cnn, hch pc n h h cn n h h Jpn Rn n h F, h nh p cn Bh. In n h Pv Cnc n 1888, I H (18411909) :

A h n, h n h h Cnn, hv hn O Cn h nc pn. An n h nc pn h


21/42


Fh, En h n pn Bh h h n

phz n h pn h n n h hn ,

hch c pn h nnn h E P. N h n :

Dn h h cn n cn pc p, Bh

pp [ h ], n , nn pcn

c n v p. Bh p h p, n h pv

n, n n nh cnn c. An

n h hn h cnn hv h , vn

h . N cqn n pcc n, n pn n pc. N cqn n pcc n, n pn n pc. N cqn n pcc n, n pn n pc

c cv, h n n f h pvn c, h

nn h Bh c . (Ioue 1987, 197)

Ahh n h p nn Bh ch n

nhn pv h [] , h pp h

n pcn h . Evn hh [Bh] pp

n n h , p n h n. T cc pn

n h hn , h pn pn c

n . (Ioue 1987, 199)

h cn cnc h ccz n hp pv

n c c h h nc h B.

hv cn. In Ep, h ch hn n, hch nc pn, n p p n n h h pp. Hv, nO Cn n , n h nn hch c nc pn h nn. Bh nc nj pp, n cnnc h h pp, n h pn n cn. Shn n h ncn h Fn Jpn (sos ), vn hh cnn h hFh [ h Ep], c nh , n, c h h hpp. In O Cn, n h Ip F h cn nc pn. (skg 1984, 15657)

I c n h v qn v h In En: pn Bh cn, n h cnn n n h n Jpn. Hv, h Enphz h, vz, Bh cn p ch , I ch hn h qn. Hv, n h cncn ch, h h pn Bh cn nnh cn c.

22. M hn c En, Kz Mnh (18631903) pch c n h cnx Bh nn n. In h c Bh,hv n n ccpcn? (Bukkysha nanzo Jich sezaru ka), K, Kz nn:

In h cn v, Bh p p n h h h W Bh

hn ch. A , n n h n v, h c n n n . T n h n pcc n n n . T n h n pcn n n . T n h n pcc (jigy ), n n h pcc nvvn h (keta ), ncn n n [h] n n n p. B pn, h n Bh


22/42


W cn h En n, n cn pn Bhn cczn E Bh n hc cnc c h .

In 1894, h Jpn Bh h h n h Mjcc (Sueki 2004, 93). M Snh (18511929),h h c n Inn Phph h hn Ip Unv, ph h h hp h n Wh Jn (18681941) n Sn K (18711933) Bukky shirin, h Jpn pc c n h H Bh. S , n 1898 n 1899, M ph h v hOutline o the History o Japanese Buddhism (Nihon Bukkyshi k ),n hch h pn h n v Bh:

T, n h h h vn . Bh pn hv n n. An h Genroku (16881703),xn n nn p pp n h h. Hv, hp ch pp hv h pp fc n h n, nn pcn. (Murakami 1899, 149)

p h h n n n h c ch v. W h cnc h hcn Bh h cn h h [Bh]h ccpn. In pnn, Bh h n cp h h hn . (Kiyoawa 2003, 143)

23. T cn n h M Snh h ch n Bh p n cnc. In h cn Bukky Shirin, n h c M hh nchn h H Bh: p (Gos ga bukky no rekishi o kenky suru shis:dai ichi ), Snh h In h pn , h c n hn n Jpn. []h [n] cc (gakujutsuteki), hh n c (dtokuteki ). O n h , n nvv (kshteki ) n h h n cncv (dentatsuteki) (Murakami 1894, 1). Hv, h

pn nn h v: I ch Bh H hh h Bh(bukkyshugi ). In h , I h H Bh hh hn Bh (Murakami 1894, 2). S Fh h M chhp nh h Bh f h j Znn n h n h cnn pc h (jissh shigaku ) (Sueki 2004, 94). In, M n pn hc nv Bh n n cn j (n hpBh vn c), h cn hh p n nc ch. W cn h h v ph M h pn p h n nch J Shnh, cvnv cc hvn h h h Mhn chn n pch h Bh (daij-hibussetsuron). N h n:

T h phph n cn cnn n n h cn h nnn. W hv n cn nnc n . (Murakami 1901, n n Okada 2005, 32)


23/42


T p cnc Bh p h . P nn chn h ccn h p [h n c ], vn h pn nn pp [ n n h pc],

n c h hv h n cc [ h M]. In, h n pn h n h pc, n h c pvn v ncn h h h [S] c. (Murakami 1899, 195)

T qn, hh chcc h nz cnc h Bh c, cc c h S Zn c. T pc nn h n h p h h z Zn p xpnc (Sar 1993, 1) pp. In c, WU p c, xc n h ch ch M

n Wh Jn h h vn n kensh-zen (Zn pccx h h chn kenmitsu Bh) njunsui-zen(P Zn, nc Chn n h Sn n n nx hh chn) c hp hn h cc (Wada2006, 67). A W xpn:

A [n xp] h chvn Bh n h K p,Wh pn cn: P Ln Bh n Zn. H hnphz h P Ln Bh pn h jcv vpn Jpn pp hh, h Zn pn

jcv vpn. (Wada 2006, 7)

W cnn h h h v p v pn n h vpn Sz D (18701966) cnn Zn n h nq chc Jpn c (Wada 2006, 1113). h n pn h h M hc nv n EpBh n pcn h Bh h c, n n hZn h (n n h c, n c h M hn n hn c h c h p Zn p).

In n h haibutsu kishaku, M p h c h cnc h Bh p. Wh h n nBh n nc h p cc c:

A h vpn h shmon aratame [] n h h , h W Cnc n h K c n [hnnc ] Bh. R [c] c, h h pp n n Bh. Wh hn nh n chn, nhvn n h pc h pp, Bh p nhn hncnn , n, n h xpnn n hn h

p. T nn h h n n h chn [ Bh],hch n n. T c hn h hW Cnc n h K, n n n p


24/42


n h pn Bh n h x xpn Bh p, c p h n pcc, hch h np h sei ukko [], n v h haibutsu kishaku

. (Murakami 1899, 245, ph n n)

M n Sn K h h pn n n h nnc pv n n h c Dn h Shn h h c v. h v, n h n, h c h xpnc Bh nh Rn. E Bh cnc n h haibutsu kishaku nc npp n c cn. N h n:

[]h phn hc chn v Bh nh. T,

h vn/c [n nn ] (shuin-kokuin), n Bh p c n hp nn hv n n. T h, ccn h Mj Rn, Bh , p, n . (Sakaio 1907, 300301)

h n hh cn pcv n h n AesakiMh (18731949), h n 1905 c h P R S (shkygaku) Ip Unv. An h h h pnzn chch h h,

[] n n (1907, 33). In ch cnn n cBh p c n cp (1907, 35). Ahh An n nn c h ch h c n hhaibutsu kishaku vn, h nn h []h hn h Shnh h n Bh n pc, h cpn p nn (Aesaki 1907, 40).

T pcc chc cc Bh h E P, nh h hc ch h z qn Bh n , vn c n h hh h vnn

Wh Jn. H cnc h h n h p v pcchc: h nnn h ch p, n h h h n n (php n pn h h h cnh h n n (php n pn h h h cnh n n (php n pn h h h cnphp n pn h h h cn cn h vpn h p Zn). In n Ap 1911 c,Jpn n h ppcv Bh hc (Bukkyshigaku yori mitaru Nihon endai ), Wh :

Bh n h n hc, n n h n n h n hn Bh h n Jpn. Np n [h h ] Jpn Bh , cn h

p. An cnnn ch n, ch cnc h Mj Bh x. I Mj Bh n c cn, h c (ish ) Bh. A p


25/42


h p v, [h] ccz h pn Bh n

E P Bh h n. W cnn hn Bh n

h p h n. I c h, , v hn

n v h Bh c hn, n

hnn n h. I h p

Bh hh h n nh vpn. (Wasio 1911, 5859)

Whn hnn h h pv Bh n h ,

Wh ccz Bh hh. Spn n cnc ,

h hc p h h v h n Bh,

h n h nh n vnnh cn. I

phz h h cn Mj Bh c h

c Bh.F Wh, h n N Bh h h hn h

n Mv Bh. An Mv Bh h v

n kenmitsu Bh, h n c K N

Bh. W h pn h nh h pcn h

vnn Wh c, h Kiosita N (1869

1937) ph h Hnen to Shinran (1973), n n J 1911, H

K (18711924) ph R Rn E n W

(zai no shky kaikaku) (1929). T n Bh (n ch(1929). T n Bh (n ch

Bh) Rn n h Mj h n n h Bh Nchn n Shnn. T h n Jpn B

h h n n n n n

h nc H ch n cpv h, hch c pc

n h nc n J Shnh n Gn Pn.

T, n h p h h c K N Bh

cnv H (Kamakura shinbukky chshin shikan

) h. W h n h j Znn, n

24. On K Bh Jpn Bh, Wh cn :

Rpnn h ncv Jpn Bh, n h nnh, h Bh h K p. , h pn Shnn Shnn, h n h Shn c, hh, n h pn NchnShnn, h n h Nchn c. h pn hh, n hp h pn . I , cn h h h pnh vpn pcc n c chc, hch h ncv Jpn Bh. (Wasio 1911, 56)

25. On h n n n j ch, Miura 2002,pc 5156.

26. T vpn h hc v cn n h N K Bh p h vn Bh n n h Mj , h vpn n Bh (hc) , n Jpn nn. Ahh h n


26/42


n h E p, h Hn p h cn n

Bh. j cc v n Bh n h

h Bh h h ncnn chc h n h h

Bh Rn Shnn, Nchn, n Hnn. U, n

cpn h K N Bh h Bh

cn cn. Un h nn R Rn, K

Bh ncz, n h h n n c h

hn h c n E p Bh cnc.

suji Zennosuke: Empirical Historiography and Buddhist Decadence

j no pr h rrch on crn Bh Hor, nor on h H

or o Bh chng; h rr h r o nlz h hor

o Bh ro cnc n prl prpcv, n n rlon o h

vlopn o Jpn hor (Matsusima 1976, 187). B png ro

h prpcv o Nonl Hor, h c h j no pr nor h, a

priori, n rponl or h Bh non, rl h po

on vr pclr. B vn hogh h rgr hvng nroc rpr

n h rng o h Hor o Jpn Bh, h c plo o h nrrv

pl oo clo o h noncnc, nonprl Bh horn prhorn prorn pr

cor, no r ho v h on o horcl ocn h prno h pon. T, h c h nhr Mr Snh nor Sno

K, j o ho h hor o cnc ol ll rc c,

gh rv o nc ho ch vl lr cholrhp plc on cgor

ch prc n prl, ll h lghl frn, oho

hghr, hor ch o h cpln o Nonl Hor. B l no

n n h n ch hc v, n cn v hv hpc pc. S Sueki 1993 (pc 5055 n 27383); Sueki 1995 (pc

515), Sueki 1998 (523), n Sueki 2006 n 2008 (pc 1321). S Isiuka 1999n Wada 2006, 527.

27. In p Jpn, Nn Hn h pc pn n zn h Ep; n h h h nnnh cn n c hnh cn pc h p vpn (n hn) h pcn v h (kkoku-shikan) hn n c. A MiyaiM , h vn Hc Ecn n h pncp nnp hn Jpn hn (1981, 180). Wh h chn phn (1981, 180). Wh h chn pn (1981, 180). Wh h chn pn n hc pc h Ip p n h q,n h n Jpn hn h h ch v

h, cn h h pn, z h hc cnn h Chnh Tn, p h n pn n hch h n n h p, p h n pn n hch h n n h pp h n pn n hch h n n h pc ch h c n h ppc n pc . Ahh j n n h nhc pp h hc v, n nnn h p cnx


27/42


ovrphz lr: j rproc h c plo, h

o or h ron? In hch pc ng Nonl Horn n

no ng pr o h clrg nnc h or? In orr o nrn h c

polcl nc, n n p o nrn h rol pl h hor o

cnc n j horcl nrrv hol, ll oc on h n

xpcon o Bh rng h Mj pro.

T c h j n p n pc ch n n h n nfn Bh. On v ccn, j nnh h pnn n v Bh nnc h hn Jpn Bh.

F h I n h Dpn Nn H, h p

c ch pp c n Bh H, n hn vnvn n ch ch pc [cnn ] h Hn ch ch pc [cnn ] h H Jpn Bh. Php, h nn , I nnc n p h. A p v Jhnh n h [shinsh no tokushinja ], h nv c chnn h nn[]. F h I c n nn, h p n h chn J Shnh.[S] hn h n h v h p, h p h h [cnn] h pchn n h pc f

h hx chn J Shnh [shinsh anjin

], n xp h cc [ h p]. (sui 1977, 17273)

A c h v n, n Hayasi M h pn (1982, 6769), j p n n nvnn h h cvp, n , cc ppcv h pn hc h c n h n Bh. Sch nc n n n n h cn E p Bh c. A hv n , h pMj c n h cnc nc p Bh hv n nh h Mn

h c ( h c n Jpn hn h ), h nnc hkkoku-shikan cnn v. W n p h n xhv n h n n j chhp h n h kkoku-shikan, hh cnnn j cn h h cn n Bhphp h h h p nn, pc hn hn h h c h nper se. F n n Enh n h pcn v h Mel 1993 n Browlee 1997 (pc 81f ). F cn n Jpn ch, Koo 2008 n Hasegawa 2008.

28. F h xp j pn n n n Bh ( Shnn n J Shnh), sui 1977, 18485, n sui 1977, 12930. S Hayasi1982, 6769, sui 1991, 27172. F n n n h pn J Shnh nj ch h, Fuisima 1956.


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Bh c. B n p pn h c, jcncn fn h h pc. A h ,j hh n n cn p vp n hh n n cn p vp n n n cn p vp n n cn p vp n n cn p vp n n cn p vp n n cn p vp n n hch n (kinsei) n n (kindai ) p n fn in essence. F j, p n h pch n n n, necessary.

In 1900, h n, j ph n h p Shigakuzasshi v O Rn Seiky chsei ron [On h h chch n ]. Hvn n ph n 1899, O h cn h hn v vn pc cnn Bh (bukky knin und), n

h p n h Jpn Bh n Bhn n. T c h h n h p h n ch h Jpn Bh c, n pv n nnx h pv n nnx h nnx h n h nn Bh cnvnn h h Chion-inp n 8 M 1899, h hv j h h ppnpn h h j Bh [c] (sui 1900, 76). B hn h nnnh cn, h c p v h pn chch n , h vn pc cnn B chch n , h vn pc cnn Bchch n , h vn pc cnn Bh vn n h pp cn. I c c h h cnvn n h pp cn. I c c h h cnn h pp cn. I c c h h cn h cncn

n n Bh ch n c chn nh vn fcv n h Jpn nn. T O n h Jpn nn. T On h Jpn nn. T Onn. T On. T O n h pn hc vv h n n n n n Jpn c, hn h h h h nc c n h cnn Bh n c n.

Wh h pn v hc nccc n O nv,j cnz h n h n Jpn Bh p h h n c c n (kokky). Nvh, j hhccz O n h h c h ohng crn n

h p no cn ron o gg h hol n n h pn:In h p, h zn Bh v n, n pp Chn, hch pcv h h h . T c n h n xnc,n vhn n n h. I n h c h h n h n n n n (sui 1900, 78)

T nc n xnc [ v Bh]. I p nc n xnc [ v Bh]. I p nc n xnc [ v Bh]. I p nc n xnc [ v Bh]. I p nc n xnc [ v Bh]. I pxnc [ v Bh]. I p[ v Bh]. I pc v pc Bh, h pcn

, n n phn Chn. Bh

29. F n vv n h vn, Kasiwaara 1990, 14144.


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xpn. Sch pcn h n n p h

nc (sui 1900, 84)

Accn j, O h h n n h f n h Bh, hch ch pn cn f n h Bh, hch ch pn cn

n h c vpn Jpn (ikkoku bunka no hattatsu

); ch p n p cn Bh n n

(suimetsu ni ochiirashimuru). h n n pc

j pn h the state gains by not being involved with the kind o clergy

(shukyka) that becomes decadent when there is no [government] tutelage;

such clergy is already only relying on this tutelage to keep up appearances (sui

1900, 79. Eph n n). j phz h hh Jpn h. Eph n n). j phz h hh Jpn hEph n n). j phz h hh Jpn hEph n n). j phz h hh Jpn hph n n). j phz h hh Jpn h

, n h p h Geist (kokkateki seishin), Jpnzn hnv nc (j v h N K

Bh n xp ch pc). Hv, n h Mj p, h

Bh c n ph cp pp h j

pcv h n Jpn Geist.

I c h, hc, ch h Bh c h j h

nn Geist. Bh cnn n nn h , h n

adaptation. T hch nprogress n h nn hh,

h n p c (ibutsu) pv . T, vn hh[Bh] c h cnn xn hn

hc p, h n v n cv n vn n.

T n n nn h h [O], hch cnn n

hn h n pcn h vnn, c p

c. N h ch pcn vn, n n h

ph hn h c. (sui 1900, 83, ph n n)

S p j n ccz h cnp p h,

pn h vn pc cnn Bh, h

pn h (sui 1900, 87). F j, h E nMj p fn n essence, hnc h ph, hn

30. H h nc h v pcc nn, n cc h nnn j nv. Dn h v hn Ip Unv, h n c nnc L R (18611928), n hh h n h h cnc hc n Lp vn Rn (17951886), cn h h h n cc cpn. T q cnc h pn n h pn ph Rn: h h hn h h p n (wie es eigentlich gewesen). Hv, n h c, PNvc h:

[]h ph h h n n c . Inc, G I h cn pn [1973, xxxx], n h nnnh cn,


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n h Bh, n h cnn n p n h p;

cnn h cnc h cn p h chcz

c. T h, h chnn nc hch h hn n

cp n h nv, pn h nn hh. R, pn h nn hh. R pn h nn hh. R nn hh. R nn hh. Rnn hh. Rn hh. Rhh. Rhh. R

n n h pc c nhn maniestations h n

n ccn h c nc.

S c , n 1936 c n hch j c nn h n hch j c nn h j c nn h

n h K n Mj p, cn h h ph pp

pnn h p h Bh n chn v .

Wh h Hn n h E p h chcz ,

c, n zn c, h c h K n Mj p

c n pc (sui 1936, 1). Whn pn h Kp, j phz h n, , c p pcc (shky

mo kiwamete jissaiteki ni natta ), hch ccn

h xp h h n Bh c n h vn

pcp n hn h n (1936, 3). Nvh, hn pn

h pcc chc Mj c, h n p nn B

h n n n, hch cn h h, j, h n

p n E n Mj p n n, h cn

n. An hv n v, ch nchn, hn hch

j n v phc.I v nn h h h v j opus

magnum, ph n h h h n 1955, c cnp

c n p n p:

I n Bh h, h n n hch h

E P, n h p c n n. Eq n

pp, n [c] c, pvn h cn cpvn h cn cn h cn c

, p h [chvn], h p c c h

eigentlich h n n n h: n n n nh n h Rn chcc . (Noik 1988, 28)

F Rn, v pch h n nc, n h hn pn . Bn, Browlee , h h phz jcv Rn v hh c h n n xp p h ch n nn.T p nn n nv, n cnc. Fh, hc nnn q h, h v h G ch h, n (1997, 74). B Bn p , h Jpn hn p c Rn h, h ch Chn p. N n

G , h cncn h n h pn h c hv: h h n h h comprehendh nn nc h , n hn pp. A , j h Bh c pc nn h cphnn n hn cn ccn h essence n Jpn.


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n c . Kpn h v pc h h n h E p,h p hv, n nn hch. T nn [ch] nc, h n . I hn h

h c p c, n cpn c, 50 60 hn h n, hn [h ] c, p n pc n hc c. Wh hppn h? Inh ccnc cn nhn h p. (sui 1955, 497)

j ppnn h cnp p v h ch h pcv Bh hvn n vn chnc chn. T pc c n h cnn h haibutsu-kishaku. In h ncn hMeiji Ishin shinbutsu bunri shiry [Hc cn n h p

n K n Bh n h Mj Rn], sui hn h n h h shinbutsu bunri c pc xpn h nnc h haibutsu-ron n h cnc Bhp (1926, 7980). An, n 1931 h xpn n vn hcnncn n h pc E Mj n h cn hcn c:

[A] h c h shinbutsu bunri, cn hn n hn [Fxp] h nnc h haibutsu-ron. [An h], c hc cn, h ppcv nn cn. T

nnc h haibutsu-ron n n pn c. W cn nn h cpn h Bh p. (sui 1931, 628)

W n h sui, h haibutsu-ron cnqnc h zn Bh, n h cnc h Bh c(1931, 52831). T h n cc h n h n n h hai-butsu kishaku c nhn h hn h cn h Bhp hv. Cn pp, p h cn h Bhc, c n hp n nn. Whn ch p ch

, pp h haibutsu kishaku. Tn h n h nBh vnc, p n z h n cnc, n f n:

Wh, n n, h shinbutsu bunri h h fc n xn, nnh n h cn n n, hch :Bh p pp p. Dn h 260 n h E P, h p h h n vn n n h pcn pc h , n n h nc n pc , n h c h haibutsu [kishaku]

Bh p cv, h, n p. T h vh pn. Hvn n n hn, h z h h n hv. T h sangha, hn h pn pvn


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Bh p, n, n c j h Mj B

h . (sui 1931, 758)

T v h haibutsu kishaku, Bh n h nc n. B hv n, j, vn hh p

Bh n h n , h h Bh

h h hn . A zn h n nhnn,

Bh n p nn n h chnc h n vn chn.

Th j c, h cc Bh n nchn n

n c cnn. T c pjc nn j h

c nv nv n h v n h Bh c

h c h h n v n essentially diferent h E p.

Ahh cnn cnc ch h xpcn Bh nper se, cn h h v h hp h c

c ccn Jpn nn Geist. In h cnx, j cn

n Bh cn php n nh,

n h p h Bh c h n j

n.

S, hh h n h hv n fn n h nc ch

cc, h c h n nv j pc c h

c pBh n nchn. T c

h j n h , n fn , nn Bh j h

pcv n .

Conclusion

W cn n h n hc nn n h c E P Bc E P B E P BP B B

h cnc: h h Mj Rn, n vc

h c h h ()ncn Chn n h n pc

c, Bh xc mea culpa. Hv, Bh h h

h nc nn pc hv n h c n n. I n Bh h v, Bh p h h n n

cn h h. B h n, Bh xpc Bh

v. F n Bh p, h n n h h

Jpn n, c, Bh. B Bh c

c Jpn n h h n, h n hv n n,

Bh pn h h . S, hn h pc h

31. I hv h v cncp Jp Fotaa, h h n hper se np h pc: pc cn ( hch h nn nnn h pn) n c pjc (hch cn pc pp h ). S Fotaa 1982, pc 913.


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h h Bh, h fn n: E

Bh n K Bh c n. In n c, Bh n c h n hch ppch hn h hch ppch hn hhch ppch hn hppch hn hhn h

. I v, h , n nh: h Bh should not.T c n EP Bh cnc , n nc

cn, nc p Bh c n n, n

xcz h h h cn p.Hv, n qn n: c n Ep Bh c

nc h x hn n c nc h In En,

h c nnc c h j? Wh c n pv nv n h qn, cn n h , n h v

pp h n h cnc Bh p, j h h h ch hc v, h cnc pn n pc, n h pn n Bh S

Sch, n R S Sch, Nn Hn. p, h c n h cnc n Bh p,

h hn n c, h n h

chhp, nn nh nc cnc n. In h cnx n, h c c p, n

c cc ch (h n c p), h

cn cnc n n chn nc, n cpxcnx pn n. j n n Bh

, hv n, c h Bh p (h, n n

c, ch) h p. I phz h pc j , n h n p n n p Unv

P h Dpn Nn H, j, , pc c h c Bh n, h v h nnn

n pc nc n n h. B vn ch pc h

chnc h h, ncnc (n n), nh h

pc pn. W cn php nv v phz h pnc n h pn h x pc cv n h p.

Sch n c vn pn hn p h n chhp (n cn hn ) c n.

reerees

abbreiatioss Jiun Sonja zensh . 19 v. Hase Hh , .

Sh, O: Kj, 19221926.


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