buddhist art in india 2
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Buddhist art in IndiaTRANSCRIPT
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Buddhism Buddhism and and
Buddhist Art in IndiaBuddhist Art in India
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Buddhism/Buddhist ArtBuddhism/Buddhist Art
Life of the BuddhaLife of the Buddha
Siddhartha GautamaSiddhartha Gautama
ShakyaShakya ShakyamuniShakyamuni
LumbiniLumbini
KapilavastuKapilavastu
Monastic orderMonastic order
AshokaAshoka
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From Prince to BuddhaFrom Prince to Buddha
His early life recorded in the His early life recorded in the LalitavistaraLalitavistara
ConceptionConception On occasion his life parallels the life of JesusOn occasion his life parallels the life of Jesus Immaculate conception, e.g.Immaculate conception, e.g.
Miraculous birth at Lumbini GardenMiraculous birth at Lumbini Garden Came out of his mother Mayadevi’s right flankCame out of his mother Mayadevi’s right flank
Born in 563 BCEBorn in 563 BCE Died in 483 BCEDied in 483 BCE
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Mayadevi’s DreamMayadevi’s Dream
A white elephant enters Mayadevi’s wombA white elephant enters Mayadevi’s womb
Seen as a sign of divine interventionSeen as a sign of divine intervention
Seen as past Buddha descending from the Tushita HeavenSeen as past Buddha descending from the Tushita Heaven
A few days later, Mayadevi becomes pregnantA few days later, Mayadevi becomes pregnant
Customary of the time, Mayadevi goes to visit her parentsCustomary of the time, Mayadevi goes to visit her parents
But on her way, she goes into laborBut on her way, she goes into labor
Delivers the baby in the Lumbini GardenDelivers the baby in the Lumbini Garden
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SiddharthaSiddhartha
Father SuddhodanaFather Suddhodana King of KapilavastuKing of Kapilavastu Republic (oligarchy)Republic (oligarchy) Northern Gangetic region—non-Vedic beltNorthern Gangetic region—non-Vedic belt
Brahmanic orthodoxy vs. Shakyan heterodoxyBrahmanic orthodoxy vs. Shakyan heterodoxy
Discussion:Discussion: What’s Michael Carrithers’ take on it? What’s Michael Carrithers’ take on it?
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Astrologer’s PredictionAstrologer’s Prediction
Visitation by astrologer Atisa Visitation by astrologer Atisa Visitation by magi ?Visitation by magi ?
Atisa’s predictionAtisa’s prediction Siddhartha will be a great king or a redeemerSiddhartha will be a great king or a redeemer
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SiddharthaSiddhartha
Naming the childNaming the child Siddhartha Gautama (Gotama)—Family nameSiddhartha Gautama (Gotama)—Family name Shakya (Clan name)—ShakyamuniShakya (Clan name)—Shakyamuni
Buddha is a title given only after enlightenmentBuddha is a title given only after enlightenment
Early yearsEarly years Suddhodana builds three palaces for his sonSuddhodana builds three palaces for his son Creates a utopia filled with only happiness & pleasureCreates a utopia filled with only happiness & pleasure Absence of pain, suffering, old age, sickness, diseaseAbsence of pain, suffering, old age, sickness, disease Siddhartha grows up in a deliberately controlled or programmed Siddhartha grows up in a deliberately controlled or programmed
environment environment
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SiddharthaSiddhartha
Siddhartha is being groomed for taking over his Siddhartha is being groomed for taking over his father’s thronefather’s throne
He excels in everything He excels in everything Archery, warfareArchery, warfare SportsSports Reading and writingReading and writing
Siddhartha’s nemesis—cousin Devadutta plots to get Siddhartha’s nemesis—cousin Devadutta plots to get him killed many timeshim killed many times Judas?Judas?
Siddhartha gets marriedSiddhartha gets married With Yosodhara, a young and beautiful woman With Yosodhara, a young and beautiful woman (a distant cousin)(a distant cousin)
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SiddharthaSiddhartha
Siddhartha is not happySiddhartha is not happy His heart is emptyHis heart is empty
He hasn’t seen his own kingdomHe hasn’t seen his own kingdom He’s been held within the confines of his palace as a prisonerHe’s been held within the confines of his palace as a prisoner He begs his father to see his kingdomHe begs his father to see his kingdom
His father agrees, but sends his army in advance His father agrees, but sends his army in advance to stage a picture perfect sceneto stage a picture perfect scene
Chhana—his companionChhana—his companion
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Middle PathMiddle Path Music teacher admonishing a studentMusic teacher admonishing a student
The middle path lies between the two The middle path lies between the two oppositesopposites
In Bodhgaya, he sat under a Bodhi tree to In Bodhgaya, he sat under a Bodhi tree to meditatemeditate
He sat there for 40 days and 40 nights until He sat there for 40 days and 40 nights until he attained enlightenmenthe attained enlightenment
TeachingTeaching
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Mara’s Attack (darkness, ignorance, evil, devil)Mara’s Attack (darkness, ignorance, evil, devil)
On the last day Mara comes to tempt SiddharthaOn the last day Mara comes to tempt Siddhartha
Is Mara the same as Satan who attemptsIs Mara the same as Satan who attempts to tempt Jesus?to tempt Jesus?
Mara uses everything in his arsenal to foil Siddhartha’s Mara uses everything in his arsenal to foil Siddhartha’s concentrationconcentration
Mara’s five daughtersMara’s five daughters 1) Desire, 2) Ego, 3) Pride, 4) Greed, and 5) Fear1) Desire, 2) Ego, 3) Pride, 4) Greed, and 5) Fear
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SiddharthaSiddhartha
Four sightsFour sights An old manAn old man A sick manA sick man A corpseA corpse An asceticAn ascetic
FilmFilm
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Buddha’s teachingBuddha’s teaching
Four Noble TruthsFour Noble Truths1.1. Life is DukkhaLife is Dukkha2.2. There is a cause of DukkhaThere is a cause of Dukkha3.3. There is a way to stop itThere is a way to stop it4.4. By following the 8-fold pathBy following the 8-fold path
The Eight-fold Paths The Eight-fold Paths 1.1. Right intentionRight intention2.2. Right speechRight speech3.3. Right actionRight action4.4. Right livelihoodRight livelihood5.5. Right viewRight view6.6. Right effortRight effort7.7. Right mindfulness Right mindfulness 8.8. Right concentrationRight concentration
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Buddha’s teachingBuddha’s teaching
““Don’t take my word for it. Try it yourself.”Don’t take my word for it. Try it yourself.”
““Be a light onto yourself.”Be a light onto yourself.”
His famous aphorism, “Look within, thou art the His famous aphorism, “Look within, thou art the Buddha.” All this served the lower the resistance Buddha.” All this served the lower the resistance that so often attends the arrival of a new and that so often attends the arrival of a new and unfamiliar faith. (Prateka Buddha)unfamiliar faith. (Prateka Buddha)
Very practical man. He offered no promises of Very practical man. He offered no promises of heaven, just release from the clutches of heaven, just release from the clutches of transmigration of life (samsara). transmigration of life (samsara).
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BuddhaBuddha
What does the word “Buddha” mean?What does the word “Buddha” mean?
The word 'Buddha' means 'awakened one'. He was, by The word 'Buddha' means 'awakened one'. He was, by his own insistence, a man, and he lived and died like his own insistence, a man, and he lived and died like everyone else.everyone else.
Any teacher, the Buddha said, can only point the way. Any teacher, the Buddha said, can only point the way. The rest is up to you. Both the teaching and student The rest is up to you. Both the teaching and student exceed the teacher. exceed the teacher.
As Morpheus in the movie Matrix said, “I can only As Morpheus in the movie Matrix said, “I can only show you the door, you have to walk through it.” show you the door, you have to walk through it.”
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Man of the common peopleMan of the common people
Buddha gave his sermons in Prakrit, or PaliBuddha gave his sermons in Prakrit, or Pali A language spoken by the massesA language spoken by the masses He avoided using Sanskrit, the language of theHe avoided using Sanskrit, the language of the Brahmins, or the elite class of societyBrahmins, or the elite class of societyWhy? DiscussionWhy? Discussion Jesus, too, taught in Aramaic, the language theJesus, too, taught in Aramaic, the language the general masses spoke. general masses spoke.
Was Buddha a reformer?Was Buddha a reformer?
He recognized the existence of an infinite number of He recognized the existence of an infinite number of past and future Buddhaspast and future Buddhas
In light of this, can we call him the founder of In light of this, can we call him the founder of Buddhism?Buddhism?
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Siddhartha's DepartureSiddhartha's Departure
Siddhartha leaves his palace at midnightSiddhartha leaves his palace at midnight In search of freedom from SamsaraIn search of freedom from Samsara
DiscussionDiscussion-How Siddhartha views the world?-How Siddhartha views the world?
Samsara (phenomenal world) is seen as a place of Samsara (phenomenal world) is seen as a place of DukkhaDukkha (suffering) (suffering)
He believes in Karma and transmigration of life He believes in Karma and transmigration of life (birth & rebirth)(birth & rebirth)
He was 29 when he left his palaceHe was 29 when he left his palace
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Understanding lifeUnderstanding life
What’s the turning point in his life?What’s the turning point in his life? The Four SightsThe Four Sights
He could live with oldness and sicknessHe could live with oldness and sickness But he couldn’t accept deathBut he couldn’t accept death He thought death was cruel, b/c rebirth is He thought death was cruel, b/c rebirth is
inevitable after deathinevitable after death Hindu concept of life as a cycle that revolves Hindu concept of life as a cycle that revolves
w/o stoppingw/o stopping
The only way to break the cycle is through The only way to break the cycle is through NirvanaNirvana
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Nelumbo nucifera
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Pipal tree, or the Bodhi tree (ficus religiosa)
Pipal leaf
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Indus figurine, c. 2,000 BCE Roman boy in a toga, c. 1st.c. CEBuddha
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Siddhartha’s Birth MarksSiddhartha’s Birth MarksBorn with 32 auspicious physical signs Born with 32 auspicious physical signs ((lakshanaslakshanas):):1.1. Urna (dot between eyebrows)Urna (dot between eyebrows)2.2. Ushanisha (cranial bump)Ushanisha (cranial bump)3.3. Srivatsa (diamond shaped birth mark in chest)Srivatsa (diamond shaped birth mark in chest)4.4. Long armsLong arms5.5. Long earsLong ears6.6. Long and webbed fingersLong and webbed fingers7.7. Three rings around the neckThree rings around the neck8.8. Smooth skinSmooth skin9.9. Long and perfectly arched eyebrowsLong and perfectly arched eyebrows10.10. Curly hairCurly hair11.11. Full lipsFull lips12.12. Eyelids in the shape of a lotus budEyelids in the shape of a lotus bud13.13. No physical blemishes, and so on…..No physical blemishes, and so on…..
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Buddha’s heads showing urna and ushanisa
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Iconometry of Buddha
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The wheel of Samsara (phenomenal world)
Keeps moving w/o stoppingBeings caught in Samsara aren’t free
Nirvana is the answer
Samsara is the field of:Desire
Desire leads to attachmentSince there is no end to desire, human beings are fettered to
Samsara forever.
The field of Nirvanalies outside of Samsara
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The eight-spoked wheel (chakra—Dharmacakra). The eight spokes represent the Noble Eightfold Path of Buddhism.
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Mahaparinirvana
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Anionic Representationof the Buddha
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Chorten
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Stupa iconography
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Early Buddhist sitesEarly Buddhist sites
Lomas Risi caveLomas Risi cave
BhajaBhaja
BharhutBharhut
SanchiSanchi
AmaravatiAmaravati
Karla caves in KarliKarla caves in Karli
MathuraMathura
Ajanta cavesAjanta caves
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King Ashoka (Maurya)King Ashoka (Maurya)
King Kaniska (Kushan)King Kaniska (Kushan)
Middle PathMiddle Path
Theravada—also Hinayana—(Sri Lanka—former Theravada—also Hinayana—(Sri Lanka—former Ceylon, Thailand—former Siam, Myanmar—former Ceylon, Thailand—former Siam, Myanmar—former Burma)Burma)
Mahayana (Nepal, Tibet, China, South East Asia and Mahayana (Nepal, Tibet, China, South East Asia and Japan)Japan)
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ChaityaChaitya ViharaVihara YakshaYaksha YakshiYakshi ChakraChakra MudraMudra AbhayaAbhaya DhyanaDhyana VaradaVarada Dharmachakra pravartana Dharmachakra pravartana Vyakhyana Vyakhyana PranaPrana Mithuna (amorous couple, often in embrace or in sexual Mithuna (amorous couple, often in embrace or in sexual
position)position) MaraMara Greco-Roman style (Gandhara)Greco-Roman style (Gandhara)
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Yakshi from Sanchi, 1st century CE
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Highly polished columns
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Bharhut stupa, 1st century B.C.E
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Bharhut
Mithuna couple, 1st century B.C.E.
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Bharhut
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Bharhut
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A Greek Warrior
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Karli
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Mithuana couple from Karli cave, 2nd. century CE
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Stupa with Buddha’s relicVaisali, Bihar
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Jataka taleKapi JatakaBharhut stupa1st BCE
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Rock cut cave architecture, Lomas Risi, 3rd. BCE
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Bhaja rock cut caves
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Bhaja
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Bhaja Caves are a group of 221 rock-cut caves dating back to 200 BCE located at Karli in Maharashtra. The location of Bhaja caves is not far from location of Karla Caves and these are stylistically similar to the Karla Caves. These caves are on a major trade route of the past that ran from the Arabian Sea eastward into the Deccan region, the division between North India and South India.
The Bhaja caves share the same set of architectural designs as Karla caves. Visually most impressive monument is large shrine - chaityagriha - with open, horseshoe-arched entrance part. The chaitrya has unique reliefs of Indian mythology. Other caves have a nave and aisle, with an apse containing a solid stupa and the aisle circling round the apse, providing the circumambulation path.Notable part of monument is a group of 14 stupas, five inside and nine outside an irregular excavation. One of the caves has some fine sculptures.
Near the last cave is a waterfall which, during the monsoon season, has water that falls into a small pool at the bottom.
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Bhaja cave, 2nd-1st century BCE
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Bhaja cave, entrance to the inner rooms, 2nd-1st century BCE
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Indra riding an elephant, door relief From Bhaja cave, 2nd. Century BCE
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Bhaja
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Interior of Bhaja Chaitya, 1st century BCE
Questions
Which is the earliest rock cave?Lomas RisiBhajaKarlaNone of the above
Symbolism of the cave
Provides not only shelter from the elements of nature, but also psychological safety, because……..?
Enclosed and deep recesses of the rock is similar to the mother’s womb—
warm, comfortable and safe.
Womb stands for fertility—creation of life.
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Chaitya Hall, Bhaja cave, 1st century BCE
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Bhaja, living quarters
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Bhaja
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Main facade of the Bhaja caves. Horse-shoe shaped façade.
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PillarsRaftersBeams
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Karla/Karle/Karli
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Karle Chaitya Hall, a Buddhist cathedral with a nave and two aisles, 2nd century CE
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Karle cave
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Buddha flanked by Bodhisattvas. 5th century CE
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Karle2nd cent. CE
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Amarous couple (Mithuna) from Karle cave
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The caves were historically associated with the Mahāsāṃghika sect of Buddhism, which had great popularity in this region of India, as well as wealthy patronage.
The caves house a Buddhist monastery dating back to the 2nd century BCE.
The caves at Karla are believed to be some of thousands of similar caves excavated in the Sahyadri Hills in the early 1st millennium CE.
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Amaravati stupa, 2nd century CE
Questions
Which is the earliest rock-cut cave?a. Karleb. Bhajac. Lomas Risid. None of the above
Symbolism of the cave
Provides not only shelter from the elements of nature, but also psychological safety, because……..?
Enclosed and deep recesses of the rock is similar to the mother’s womb—warm, comfortable and safe.
Womb stands for fertility—creation of life.
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Shakyamuni, presented to the shrine at Sarnath by Friar
Bala, 2nd century CE
The Katra Buddha, Buddha seated on a lion throne, C. A.D. 130, Sikri sandstone,
H. 27.75 in.
Parkham Yaksha2nd century BCE
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LACMA
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Ajanta cave, 5th century CE
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Buddha teaching, Ajanta
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Yogic bodyIdealized form
Gandhara=GandharanNaturalRealisticGreco-Roman
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Buddha with two Bodhisattvas
Buddha Triad Grey Schist
Dated 182 CEGandhara
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Maitreya Buddha, Gandhara, 2nd century CE
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Gandhara Maitreya
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Bodhisattva Maitreya, Gandhara3nd century CE
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The EndThe End