Microbial Biofertilizers and theirMicrobial Biofertilizers and theirPotential in sustainable

Agriculture

Dr. Heike Bcking

Outline

1. Overview Plant Microbe Interactions

2. Mycorrhizal interactions

ff f h l

4 I t ti b t h

3. Effect of mycorrhizal interactions on nutrient uptake and pathogen resistance

4. Interactions between exchange processes

5. Nitrogen flux in the symbiosis

6. Mycorrhizal fungi and their application

Ectomycorrhiza Fagus

Overview Plant-Microbe Interactions

BacteriaNitrogen (N2) Fixation Symbiotic bacteria (Rhizobia, Frankia) Associated bacteria (Acetobacter - sugarcane) Free living bacteria (Frankia rhizosphere) Free-living bacteria (Frankia rhizosphere)Plant Growth promoting Bacteria

F i

Abrosimov 2007

FungiMycorrhizal associations Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungiy g Ectomycorrhizal fungi Other root colonizing fungi

Smith and Read 1997Smith and Read 1997

Plant-Growth Promoting Bacteria

Enhanced N supply to the host by N2pp y y 2fixation

Enhanced supply of other plant nutrients ( b l S d h l )(P mobilization, S oxidation, Fe chelation)

Phytochrome production leading to increases in root surface area (IAA,

Siberian soy beans, 1 control, 2 - nodule bacteria; 3 - nodule bacteria and pseudomonads (Dashkevish 2007)

c eases oot su ace a ea ( ,cytokinin, gibberllin)

Enhancement of other beneficical bacterial or fungal symbioses

The significance of mycorrhizal interactions

80-90% of all known plant species

bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and most of the angiospermsangiosperms

simultaneous colonization by various mycorrhizal types and fungal species,

essential for achlorophyllous plants

dependent on environmental conditions

Increasing attention for their role as biofertilizers, bioprotectors and bioregulatorsbioregulators

Smith and Read 1997

The benefits for both partners

Carbohydrates

Nutrients

Stress resistance

modified Egli, Brunner 2002

The life cycle and morphology of anasexual coenocytic obligate symbiont

Germinatingspore

Spores

Appressorium

Spores

Sporulation

H h l b h

Arbuscule

Hyphal branches

Structure of an arbuscular mycorrhizal root

Mycorrhizal root (light microscope) Arbuscule (electron microscope)

How does the fungus-plant interaction work ?

Increase in the nutrient absorbing surface area beyond the depletion zone of the root

Highly efficient nutrient Highly efficient nutrientuptake systems

Better P storage capabilities

Utilization of organic nutrient resources

How does the fungus-plant interaction work ?

Increased nutrient supply

Competition among the microorganisms for limited nutrient resources

Effect on the quantity and quality of root exudatesroot exudates

Selective pressure on the microbial populations in the rhizosphere leading topopulations in the rhizosphere leading toan increase in the number of microorganisms with antagonistic p ope tiesproperties

Activation of defense mechanisms by the mutualistic fungus

Mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal barley plants after colonisation with Cochliobolus sativus (Kogel, Giessen)

mutualistic fungus

Nutrient exchange always includes an apoplastic step

Arbuscular interfaceIntercellular interfaceArbuscular interface

Plant plasma membrane

Intercellular interface

Plant plasma membrane

Interfacial matrix

Plant cell wall

Interfacial matrixInterfacial matrix

Fungal cell wall

Interfacial matrix

Fungal cell wall

Fungal plasma membrane Fungal plasma membrane arbuscular mycorrhizaarbuscular mycorrhiza

Nutrient exchange includes passive and active steps

SoilSoil FungusFungus InterfacialInterfacialApoplastApoplast

PlantPlant

PiH+H+

Pi Pi Pi

ATPH+H+

ATP

ADPH+ H+

Hexoseacid

H+H+

Hexose

SucroseSucroseInvertase

H+ATP

H+ H+

ADP ADP

The C availability affects P uptake and P transfer by arbuscular mycorrhizas

Sucrose Phosphate

CC CC C

PP Growth

Extraradical mycelium (ERM)Daucus root systemPolyP LP, DNA-PPolyP LP, DNA-PPi Cytopl.

Bcking, Shachar-Hill, 2005

P uptake and P transfer is stimulated by the carbohydrate availability

SoilSoil FungusFungus InterfacialInterfacialApoplastApoplast

PlantPlant

PiH+H+

Pi Pi Pi

ATPH+H+

PiH+H+

Pi Pi Pi

ATPH+H+

PiH+H+

Pi Pi SinksPi

ATPH+H+

ATP

ADPH+ H+

ATP

ADPH+ H+

FungalCarbohyd.

Growth

ATP

ADPH+ H+polyP

Hexoseacid

H+H+

HexoseH+H+

Hexose HexoseH+H+

Hexose

Hexose-P

Hexoseacid

SucroseSucroseInvertase

H+ATP

H+H+ATP

H+ H+H+H+ H+ATP Photo-

synthesisSucroseSucrose

Invertase

ADP ADPADP ADPADP ADP

Nitrogen flux in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

Sucrose

SucroseNO3 NH4Hexose

NO3 NH4Hexose

Protein

C

Pool

C

Pool

ERM

Amino

acidsAAAA

IRM ERM

INTERFACIAL

APOPLAST

SOILHOST

Nitrogen flux in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

Sucrose

SucroseNO3 NH4HexoseNO3 NH4

NO3 NH4Hexose

ProteinNO3 NH4

Protein

C

Pool

C

Pool

GS

ERM

Amino

acidsAAAA AAAA Amino

acids

IRM ERM

INTERFACIAL

APOPLAST

SOILHOST

Nitrogen flux in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

Sucrose

SucroseNO3 NH4Hexose

NO3 NH4Hexose

ProteinProtein

C

Pool

C

Pool

ERM

Amino

acidsAAAA AAAA Amino

acids

IRM ERM

INTERFACIAL

APOPLAST Arg-N

SOILHOST

Nitrogen flux in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

Sucrose

SucroseNO3 NH4Hexose

NO3 NH4Hexose

Protein

C

Pool

C

PoolC

Pool

ERM

Amino

acidsAAAA AA Amino

acids

IRM ERM

INTERFACIAL

APOPLAST Arg-C

SOILHOST

Nitrogen flux in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

Sucrose

SucroseNO3 NH4Hexose

NO3 NH4Hexose

Glu

Arg

Gln

C

Pool

NH4NH4 Orn

Urea

NH4

Arg

C

Pool

ERM

PolyP

P

PolyP

Pi PiPi

Arg

IRM ERM

INTERFACIAL

APOPLAST

Pii ii

SOILPiHOST

The dependency of various crop species on mycorrhiza

Mycorrhiza Potential yield loss Cropsdependency without mycorrhizaVery high Greater than 90 % LinseedHigh 60 80 % Sunflower, mungbean,g , g ,

pigeon pea, maize, chickpea

Medium 40 60 % Sorghum, soybeanLow 10 30 % Wheat, barley, triticaleVery low 0 10 % Panicum, canaryNil 0 Canola lupins

The State of Queensland (Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries)

Nil 0 Canola, lupins

Application of mycorrhizal fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can account for 5 50 % of the Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can account for 5 50 % of themicrobial biomass in the soil (Ryan and Graham, 2002)

Efficient mycorrhizal symbiosis can substitute 222 kg P2O5 ha-12 5(Kelly et al., 2001)

In field studies, the growth yield of linseed could be correlated to the mycorrhizal colonization rate (Thompson et al 1991)to the mycorrhizal colonization rate (Thompson et al., 1991)

High P levels in the soil reduce significantly the colonization rate.

Why do we need mycorrhizal research?

We need to better understand:

Regulation of transport processes (beneficial nutrient transport Regulation of transport processes (beneficial nutrient transportin relation to the carbon costs for the plant)

Complex role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in resource allocation

Partner choice in mycorrhizal systems

Effects of mycorrhizal colonization on the nutritional value Effects of mycorrhizal colonization on the nutritional value

Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and root pathogen under field conditionsp g

P management

Studying metabolism and transport in arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal associations

Soilculture

In vivo Sampleanalysis

0

1

10

2 4 8 24 48 96

Moleculartools

Localizationand regulation

Monoxenic culture

ERM ERMAc Plant Ac

AutoradiographyGC/MS

LSM and analyticalMonoxenic culture

Data analysis

LSM and analyticalelectron microscopy

Invitro

Axenic culture

Data analysis

vitroLabelingLabeling with stable with stable or radioactive or radioactive

isotopesisotopesSustainableagriculture

RevegetationRemediation

Research QuestionsNitrogen metabolism and transport in the symbiosis

Sucrose

SucroseNO3 NH4

Hexose

3 33

Gln

C

NO3 NH4Hexose

NH4NH4 Orn

Urea

NH4

Glu

C1

1

3

PolyP

ArgC

Pool

P PP

Urea

Arg

C

Pool

PolyP

1 2

2

IRM ERM

INTERFACIAL

APOPLAST

Pi

P

Pi PiPi

SOILPiHOST

Activity and regulation of the urea cycle in the IRM1

Interactions between the N and P flux in the symbiosis2

Gene expression, in situ hybridization, labeling studies, GC/MS, microautoradiography,

enzymatic assays, Western blots, EDXS

Regulation of plant and fungal N transporters and interactions of C and N flux3

The application of mycorrhizal fungi in sustainable agriculture

Maximal benefit of mycorrhizal fungi by: Inoculation with efficient mycorrhizal fungi Increase of activity by proper cultural y y p p

practices

Cultural practices that increase theCultural practices that increase theactivity

Reduced tillage Crop rotations Cover crops Phosphorus managementp g

Collaborators

Yair Shachar- Hill, Michigan State University

Philip E. Pfeffer, USDA Wyndmoor

Peter Lammers, New Mexico State University

Toby Kiers, University Amsterdam

Arbuscule

Thanks for your attention