Bu şehr-i Stanbul ki bi misl ü behâdır

Bir sengine yek pâre Acem mülkü fedâdır

Bir gevher-i yekpare iki bahr arasında

Hurşîd-i cihan-tâb ile tartılsa sezâdır

Lãf ile peynir gemisi

yőrőmez!

Dőzce

The threat to Istanbul

A different threat

The impossible dream

DŐZCE

DŐZCE

Characteristics of Building Inventory

August 1999

November 1999

Number of Stories

1

4

3

2

5

Distribution of Number of Stories

3 to 3.5 m

3 m

3.5 to 4 m

more than 4 m

Distribution of Story Height

Girder Spans

3.5 m

3.0 m

4.5 m

5 m

4 m

Distribution of Span Lengths

Compressive Strength of Concrete

10 MPa

Reinforcement

Yield Stress 220 MPa

Yield Stress 420 MPa

Tile

0.7 to 0.9 MPa

Shear Strength

Tributary Mass per Column per Story

8 to 12 tons

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6

Column Index, %

0.0

0.1

0.2W

all

In

de

x, %

Collapse

Severe

Moderate

Light

None

Light

Severe

None

Moderate

Collapse (3 %)

ISTANBUL

Major Events

Major Events

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

1927 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1997

Year

Po

pu

lati

on

Columns intentionally (short columns) and unintentionally

(captive columns) shortened by masonry walls.

Low ratios of column cross-sectional area to supported

floor area.

Light transverse reinforcement in columns.

Weak and/or flexible ground stories

Added stories not continuous with rest of structure.

Floor slabs at different levels in adjacent buildings.

Flexible or nonexistent girders.

Inadequate splicing and anchorage of plain reinforcing bars.

Flexible framing.

Poor-quality materials.

Nonengineered construction

Reasoned thinking

about what is to be done

is difficult if not impossible

Lack of available experience

Events of 1999 were distant geographically

The1894 event might as well have been a myth

Building is financed by owner.

Decisions are made for immediate gains.

Insurance ?

Democracy is term-dependent.

Conclusion : There is no drive for safety

vis-à-vis a distant threat.

Built like a rock upon a rock

Earthquake foundations

The antiquities

Bi’ Şey Olmaz,

Abi!

The main principle of the Istanbul Metropolitan

Municipality is to prevent and protect

individuals against the risk rather than to rescue

them from the debris.

AFET KOMĐTESĐNĐN TEMEL ÇALIŞMA ANLAYIŞI –

ÇALIŞMA AKSLARI VE YAPILANMA BĐÇĐMĐ NASIL

OLMALIDIR

· Bilgiye Ulaşılması – Bilgi Birikiminin Oluşturulması ve Bu

Birikimin Yaygınlaştırılması

Basic Approach of The Disaster Committee:

To attain knowledge

To develop a knowledge base

To disseminate the knowledge

Beyond Engineering

Beyond Science

Not Enough Time

Legal Action

Resource Availability

5 Million Istanbul Denizens Exposed to High Risk

Required Space 30 m2 per person

Cost 350 USD /m2

Total Cost ~$50 B

25 years ~$ 2 B /year

How is corruption to be avoided?

How is confusion to be avoided?

Đstanbul’un evsafını mümkün mi beyân hiç

Maksûd heman sadr-ı kerem-kâra senâdır

Kala-yı meârif satılır sûklarında

Bazâr-ı hüner ma’den-i ilm ü ulemâdır

Bi’ Şey Olmaz,

Abi!