btlew lesson 6—groundless beliefs part four enter
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B T L EW
Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
I. Word Study
II. Phrases and Expressions
III. Word Building
IV. Grammar
Language Language StudyStudy
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Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
I.I. Word StudyWord StudyWord list:
1. allowance
2. attribute
3. belittle
4. classify
5. fundamental
6. grudge
7. inherit
8. prohibition
9. originate
10. prestige
11. justify
12. consist
13. keen
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Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
I.I. Word StudyWord Study1. allowance
n.
Examples:a travel allowance that covers hotel and restaurant bills
The dealer gave us an allowance on our old car.
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a. sth., such as money, given at regular intervals or for a specific purpose
b. price reduction, especially one granted in exchange for used merchandise
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Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
一笔~ a sum of allowance 接受~ receive subsidy申请~ apply for a grant of money困难~ hardship grant取暖~ heating subsidy 失业~ unemployment benefit 实物~ subsidy in kind 现金~ cash grant 学生~ student aid/assistance ; scholarship 医疗~ medical benefit
英语中的“补助”
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Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
I.I. Word StudyWord Study2. attribute v. a. to relate to a particular cause or source; attribute st
h. to b. to regard as the work of a specified agent or creator
Examples:
David attributed his company's success to the unity of all the staff and their persevering hard work.
a symphony attributed to Mozart
由莫扎特创作的交响乐
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Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
Examples:
Organizing ability is essential attribute for a good manager.
Lightning bolts are an attribute of Zeus.
闪电是宙斯的象征
n. a. a quality or characteristic inherent in or ascribed to sb. or sth.
b. an object associated with and serving to identify a character, a personage,etc.
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Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
I.I. Word StudyWord Study3. belittlev.a. to represent or speak of as contemptibly
small or unimportant; disparageb. to cause to seem less than another or
little
Examples:
A poor but honest man is not to be belittled.
The size of the office tower belittles the surrounding buildings.
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Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
belittle/minimize/depreciate
belittle 贬低 , 努力使事缩小到被轻视的地步
minimize 使事情降低到最小程度或者作用,使事情尽可能渺小
depreciate 将某人或某事价值表现为低于常有水平
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Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
belittle/minimize/depreciate
Examples:
the habit of minimizing losses in our own forces while maximizing those of the enemy
He depreciates the value of experience.
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Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
v.4. classify
Examples:
Would you classify his novels as a serious literature
or as mere entertainment?
classified advertisements
The papers concerning the negotiations are classified
and will not be declassified for 30 years.
a. to arrange or organize according to class or categoryb. to classify sb./sth. (as) sth.; to place sb./sth. in a particular classc. to designate (sth.) as confidential, secret, or top secret
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I.I. Word StudyWord Study5. fundamental/essential/vital
Fundamental suggests sth. that is a basic thing without which an entire system would collapse. (强调基础或根基是无形事物或抽象事物)
Essential suggests sth. that is the very basic nature of a thing. (必不可少的特点,本质)
Vital suggests sth. that is necessary to a thing’s existence, continuation or well-being.(强调对某物存在、发展极为重要)
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Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
Monarchy had undergone fundamental changes.
To seek truth is one of the fundamental principles of Mao Zedong thought.
Social stability is essential to economic construction.
Transportation and communication are vital to economic development.
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Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
6. grudge
v. a. to be reluctant to give or admit b. to resent for having; to begrudge
The retired official grudged to answer the questions asked by the newsman. The brother grudged his sister her brilliant academic record.
bear (have) a grudge against sb.bear (owe) sb. a grudge
n. a deep-seated feeling of resentment or rancor
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Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
7. inherit
a. to receive (property or a title) from an ancestor by legal succession or will
b. to receive or take over from a predecessorc. to receive (a characteristic) from one's
parents by genetic transmission
Examples:The eldest son will inherit the title. The new administration inherited the economic problems from the previous one.
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v.
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Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
inherit the traditionShe inherited her mother’s good looks and her father’s bad temper.
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I.I. Word StudyWord Study
8. prohibition
The period (1920—1933) during which the 18th Amendment forbidding the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages was in force in the United States.禁酒时期美国第十八条修正案禁止生产和销售烈性酒实施的时期( 1920—1933 年)
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Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
9. originate
a. originate from/in sth. originate from/with sb.: to have sb./sth. as a cause of b
eginningb. to be the creator or author of (sth.) 发明,创造
Examples:All theories originate from/in practice and in turn serve practice.The optic theory originated with Einstein.originate a new style of dancing
v.
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Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
10. prestige
a. a person's high standing among others; widely recognized prominence, distinction, etc.
b. power to impress others, esp. as a result of wealth, distinction, glamour, etc.
Examples:The old universities of Oxford and Cambridge still have a lot of prestige. have/enjoy/earn prestige in the community
n. (attributive) often used to modify another nouna prestige address 富有魅力的演说
n.
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I.I. Word StudyWord Study
11. justify
a. to prove to be just, right or valid b. to be a good reason for sth.
Examples:The course of events fully justifies our views.These recommendations will need to be justified before they can be implemented.The fine quality of the cloth justifies its high price.I cannot really justify taking another day off work.
v.
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Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
I.I. Word StudyWord Study
12. consist
a. to be made up or composed b. have sth. as its chief element or feature c. to be compatible; accord
Examples:New York City consists of five boroughs.The beauty of the artist’s style consists in its simplicity.True charity doesn’t consist in almsgiving.
真正的慈善不在于施舍。The information consists with her account.
v.
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I.I. Word StudyWord Study
13 . keen
a. having a fine, sharp cutting edge or point b. having intellectual quickness and acuity c. sharp; vivid; strong
The end of Word Study.
Examples: A kitchen knife needs a keen blade.A keen north wind blew through the gaps around the door.Even at the age of 95 he still had a keen mind.“His entire body hungered for keen sensation, something exciting.” (Richard Wright)
a.
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Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
II. Phrases and II. Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions
List:
1. as a rule
2. make allowances
3. in fashion
4. in the light of
5. run out
6. on the ground of
7. a shadow of
8. at all costs
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Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
usually; generally; in most cases
Examples:As a rule, I like to be alone and undisturbed.I don’t eat sweets as a rule.
一般说来,经常1. as a rule
II. Phrases and II. Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions
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Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
2. make allowances
You make allowances for sth. or sb. when you take sb.’s special circumstances into consideration before making a judgement.
Examples:I am tired of making allowances for his lack of experiences.Making allowances for bad weather and for my own laziness, I think that the job will be finished before the end of the year.
体谅,考虑
II. Phrases and II. Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions
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Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
3. in fashion
Examples:
Long skirts have come into fashion again.
She paints in the fashion of Picasso.
流行,入时
II. Phrases and II. Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions
come into/ be in fashion: to become popular
go/be out of fashion: to become unpopular as a style
in the fashion of sb.: like sb.; imitating the style of sb.
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4. in the light of sth.
in view of sth.; considering sth.
Example:review the proposals in the light of past experience
鉴于某事
II. Phrases and II. Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions
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Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
5. run out
a. to come to an end; to be used up or finishedb. to expire; to be no longer validc. (run sb. out) to force sb. to leave a place
Examples:The petrol is running out./ We are running out of petrol.His driving license/passport has run out.If he refuses to leave of (stop) his free will, they will run him out.
用光,耗尽
II. Phrases and II. Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions
v.
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Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
6. on the ground of
ground: the foundation for an argument, a belief, or an action; a basis
Examples:Jane was late on the ground of the heavy traffic.Tom left on the ground that he was ill.
II. Phrases and II. Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions
以 为理由,基础
……
= on the ground that
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Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
7. a shadow of
Examples:
There is not a shadow of justification for your behavior.
not a shadow of doubt
Tonight, she knew without any shadow of doubt that he was lying to her.
某事物的痕迹a slight trace of sth.
II. Phrases and II. Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions
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Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
8. at all costs
Something that must happen at all costs is so important that everything possible must be done to make sure it happens.
Examples:
This letter must reach him by this afternoon at all costs.
I must finish the work by tomorrow at all costs.
无论如何
II. Phrases and II. Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions
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Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
III. Wordi BuildingIII. Wordi Building List:
1. Root–cide
2. Root–verse
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Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
infanticideinfanticide
root
cide: to cut
infanticide fratricideinsecticidematricidepatricidesuicide
杀婴杀害兄弟姐妹者杀虫剂杀母者杀父者自杀
III. Word BuildingIII. Word Building
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Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
converseconverse
root
verse: to turn
converseadverseaversediverseinverseobversereverse
相反的事物不利的,敌对的厌恶的,反对的不同的,互异的,种种的逆的,反的正面的,相对的颠倒的,相反的
III. Word BuildingIII. Word Building
The end of Word Building.
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Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
IV.IV. GrammarGrammarRelative Adverbs
When, where and why used in the following ways are called relative adverbs.
When can replace in/at/on which (use of time):the year when (= in which) he was bornBut we should fully face the fact that beliefs which are merely inherited from the past must have originated at a time when(=at which time) men knew much less than they know today. (Para. 5)
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IV.IV. GrammarGrammar
Where can replace in/at which (use of place):This is the place where (= in which) a large dormitory will be built for the families of our teachers.
Why can replace for which:There is no reason why (= for which) I should not accept the offer.
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Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
Abbreviated Adverbial Clause
IV.IV. GrammarGrammar
Rules:A. Only when the subject of the clause and
that of the sentence are one and the same can the clause be shortened.
But if the staunchest Roman Catholic and the staunchest Presbyterian had been exchanged when infants…
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Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
Abbreviated Adverbial ClauseRules:B. Adverbial clauses of time, condition, concession, ma
nner and comparison can be reduced to
a. conj.+participles (both present and past) An assumed or dogmatic proposition which had been
universally accepted as “obvious”; and which, when challenged, was supported by reference to a dogma of Aristotle.
Because of the opportunities he had while attending college, this young man, like many
IV.IV. GrammarGrammar
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Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
Abbreviated Adverbial Clause
other students, experienced a new understanding of the world and of himself.
b. conj.+adjectives Though poor the Smiths are happy.
c. conj.+prepositional phrases or adverbs While in Rome, do as the Romans do.
IV.IV. GrammarGrammar
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Lesson 6—Groundless Beliefs
IV.IV. GrammarGrammar
d. conj.+infinitive phrases (restricted to “as if”) Often he (the wolf) would sit with his nose to
the sky, turning his head this way and that as if to check the wind.
The end of Grammar.