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D Z I E B A N I

The Journal

of the Centre for Archaeological Studies

Georgian Academy of Sciences

Tbilisi 2001

s,bkbcb

63&4 (2Г) 902$904 (479&22)

"531

v s f d f h b h t l f m n j h b % jsfh kjhsmbafyb"t E d i t o r - i n - C h i e f : Otar Lordkipanidze

c f h t l f m w b j c f , z j % d& kbxtkb^ bh& ]fkfqfybf^ u& rdbhrdtkbf^

d& ]fafhb't^ u& yfhbvfybidbkb^ u& vbylbfidbkb^ f& z.jybf^ l& ,fmhf't

E d i t o r i a l c o u n c i l : V. Licheli, I. Jalaghania, G. Kvirkvelia,

V. Japaridze, G. Narimanishvili, G. Mindiashvili,

A. Chqonia, D. Bakradze

c f h t l f m w b j r j k t u b f % l& rfzfhfdf^ u& rdbhrdtkbf^

u& yfhbvfybidbkb^ y& vbobidbkb^ v& rdfzf't

E d i t o r s o f t h e V o l u m e : D. Kacharava, G. Kvirkvelia,

G. Narimanishvili, N. Mitsishvili,

M. Kvachadze

© fhmtjkjubehb rdktdbc wtynhb^ 2001

3

ibyffhcb Contest

c n f n b t , b

A r t i c l e s

v& uf,eybf^ c& afyxekb't& fv[thbcujhbc fitkehb [fybc flubkcfgjdt,tkb ………… 5 M. Gabunia S. Panchulidze. Acheulean Station of Amkherisgora (Summary) ………………… 8 k& mjhmbf& vbythfkehb cfqt,fdt,bc ufvj.tyt,f mdbc [fybc flfvbfysf cf.jafw[jdht,j

cfmvbfyj,fib fabfyxbc vfcfkt,bc vb[tldbs …………………………………

12

L. Korkia. The Use of Mineral Dyes by Palaeolithic Man in his Daily Activities (According to

Apiancha Finds) (Summary) ………………………………………………………

14

u& xbmjdfyb& cjatk ybx,bcbc flhtcfvbofsvjmvtlj reknehbc yfvjcf[kfhb ………… 16 G. Chikovani. Site of Early Husbandry Culture Discovred in the Village of Nichbisi (Summary) 18 k& yt,bthb't& flhtcfvbofsvjmvtlj reknehbc yfvjcf[kfhb jrhb,fib ……………… 23 L. Nebieridze. Site of Early Husbandry Culture in Okriba (Summary) ………………………… 26 k& ]b,kf't& lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc ,hby]fj-flhthrbybc [fybc yfvjcf[kfht,bc

fhmtjkjubehb herf …………………………………………………………

34

L. Jibladze. Archaeological Map of Bronze-Early Iron Age Sites from Western Georgia

(Summary) …………………………………………………………………………...

35

k& afyw[fdf^ ,& vfbcehf't^ u& uj,t]bidbkb& ,hbkbc cfvfhjdfypt 1939 otkc

ufs[hbkb = 12 cfvfh[bc lfsfhbqt,bcfsdbc ………………………………

39

L. Pantskhava, V. Maisuradze, G. Gobejishvili. Toward Dating of Burial = 12 Excavated at

Brili Necopolis in 1939 (Summary) ……………………………………………..

44

t& ubujkfidbkb& dthw[kbc fhb,fkjcb dfyblfy ………………………………………… 49 E. Gigolashvili. Silver Aryballos from Vani (Summary) ………………………………………… 52 m& hfvbidbkb& fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc vsbfytsbc pjjvjhaekb ufvjcf[ekt,fyb

(]b[db^ dth'b) …………………………………………………………………

53

K. Ramishvili. Zoomorphic Representations (Ibex, Ram) from the Eastern Georgian Highland (Summary) ………………………………………………………………………..

62

w& xbrjb't& fynbrehb [fybc mdtdhcfvfh[t,b stkfdblfy ………………………………… 66 Ts. Chikoidze. The Ancient Jar Burials from Telavi (Summary) ………………………………….. 71 y& rbqehf't^ s& sjlef& dthw[kbc cfhrt ,bzdbynbc cfvfhjdyblfy …………………… 76 N. Kighuradze, T. Todua. Silver Mirror from Bichvinta Necropolis (Summary) ……………. 77 d& ]fafhb't& fqvjcfdkts rjk[tsbc upt,bc cfrbs[b …………………………………… 79 V. Japaridze. On the Roads of Eastern Colchis (According to Recent Archaeological Data)

(Summary) ………………………………………………………………………

87 s& xbmjdfyb& zehzkbc cek[fy-cf,f jh,tkbfybctekb rkfcbabrfwbf …………………………… 92 T. Chikovani. Terms Denoting Kitchenware According to Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani’s Classification

(Summary) ………………………………………………………………………… 95

4

f h m t j k j u b b c b c n j h b f

History of Archaeology

s& f,ekfidbkb& ,& f& reanbyb shbfktsbc .jhqfyt,bc vrdktdfhb …………………… 96 T. Abulashvili. B. Kuftin - a Researcher of Trialeti Barrows (Summary) ……………………….. 102 k& vfqhf't& ahtlthbr lbe,ef lt vjygtht (1798-1850) …………………………………… 108

v b k j w d f

C o n g r a t u l a t i o n

kfvfhf (ljlj) cf{fhjdf ………………………………………………………………… 111

jsfh ]fafhb"t 80 okbcff ……………………………………………………………… 111

bhbyt ]fkfqfybf 75 okbcff …………………………………………………………… 112

dthf (wfwf) sjkjhlfdf …………………………………………………………………… 114

m h j y b r f

C h r o n i c l e u& vbylbfidbkb& cfdtkt cfveifjt,b 2000 otkc …………………………………… 115 G. Mindiashvili. Field Work in 2000 …………………………………………………………… 117

5

vfyfyf uf,eybf^ cjabj afyxekb't

FV[THBCUJHBC FITKEHB [FYBC FLUBKCFGJDT,TKB

lqtbcfsdbc cek eahj lf eahj bphlt,f bynthtcb cfv[hts lf cfv[hts-fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc 'dtkb mdbc [fybcflvb& fvbc ths-thsb 'bhbsflb vbptpbf lvfybcbc (mdtvj mfhskb) e'dtktcb cflujvbc fqvjxtyf [8^ ud& 140-159* 12^ ud& 344-349* 25^ ud& 299-305* 21^ ud& 67-116], hjvtkvfw ufycfresht,ekb vybi-dytkj,f itb'byf vfc itvltu^ hfw 1991 otkc fm vjgjdt,ekb b.j 'dtkb fahbrekb Homo

erectus-bc nbgbc flfvbfybc mdtlf .,f [13^ ud& 3-72], [jkj itvlujv (1997^ 1999 oo&) obyf nthabc 'dfkb lf jhb sfdbc mfkf [25^ ud& 299-305* 26^ ud& 163-166]. cfuekbc[vjf^ hjv lvfybcbc flfvbfyc f[kf fresdyt,ty /jvbyb-lt,bc fahbrblfy tdhfpbfib vbuhfwbbc ths-ths e'dtktc nfkqfc [14^ ud& 254* 28^ ud& 1019-1025* 29^ ud& 55-56* 31^ ud& 451-488].

fqybiyek htubjyib ufdhwtkt,ekb mdtlf gfktjkbsehb 'tukt,bc vybidytkjdfyb yf-obkb ]fdf[tsbc ptufyptf vbrdktekb& tctybf% zbmbfyb [17^ ud& 19-26* 18^ ud& 188-193* 19^ ud& 55-63], f[fkmfkfmb +-+| lf lbkbcrf [6^ ud& 5-13* 9^ ud& 5-7* 10^ ud& 3-54]. fv flubkcf-gjdt,tksf rjvgktmct,b ptlfgbhekfl frht-abkb vfcfkbsff ofhvjlutybkb lf chekbfl vjrkt,ekbf .jdtkudfh cnhfnbuhfabek lfcf,est,fc& pjuflfl bcbyb ief fy udbfyb fitkbs sfhbqlt,f [6^ ud& 5-13* 9^ ud& 5-7* 10^ ud& 3-54]. ]fdf[tsbc ptufyptdtf vjgjdt,ekb chekbfl ufhrdtek cnhfnbuhfabek ljytpt vjmwtekb (flhtekb gktbcnjwtybc cek

ptlf yfobkb) fitkbc eflhtcb cfat[ehbc itcfn.dbcb flubkcfgjdt,tkb – fvbhfybcujhf [1^ ud& 5-6* 2^ ud& 15-16* 3^ ud& 14-15* 4^ ud& 5-15* 5^ ud& 77-81* 7^ ud& 5-207* 23^ ud& 237-240* 22^ ud& 1-7* 24^ ud& 130].

bcnjhbekb cfvw[bc nthbnjhbfpt 'bhb-sflfl ofhvjlutybkbf wfkrtekb vjyfgjdht,b& vfufkbsfl% c& athcfib (f[fkwb[bc h-yb) vjgj-dt,ekbf jhb [tkwekb [24^ ud& 130], flbutybc hfbjybc cc& [frib lf eltib (mdtvj o.bcb) vj-gjdt,ekbf ,bafcb lf cfxt[b bfhfqb [3^ ud& 14-15] lf c[d& fv vjyfgjdht,bc rdktdf xdtyc cf-vjvfdkj utuvfc itflutyc^ obyfvlt,fht othbkib rb udbylf .ehflqt,f itdfxthjs flbutybc hf-bjybc fv[thbcujhbc flubkcfgjdt,kt,pt^ hjvtkbw sfdbcb ntmybreh-nbgjkjubehb ybiyt,bs vtnfl sfdbct,ehb xfyc&

fv[thbcujhfc vbfrdkbf 1987 otkc cfvw[t-]fdf[tsbc fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlbwbbc [tk-v'qdfytkvf js& qfv,fib'tv [15^ ud& 54* 16^ ud& 47]. flubkcfgjdt,tkb vlt,fhtj,c flbutybc h-ybc cja& fv[thsfy^ vbc xhlbkj-lfcfdkt-sbs 1 rv-bc lfijht,bs (b[& herf^ ceh& 1)^ theitsbc vsbc xhlbkj rfksfpt& tc erf-yfcrytkb fut,ekbf ptlfvbjwtyeh-mdtlfgkt-bcnjwtyehb itvflutykj,bc kfdt,bsf lf gb-hjrkfcnjkbnt,bs [20^ ud& 5-554].

hjujhw js& qfv,fib't fqybiyfdc^ fv[t-hbcujhf vhfdfkatybfyb 'tukbf& fm ufvjdkt-ybkbf vnrdfh-fhfmcbc rthfvbrekb zehzkbc ahfuvtynt,b [15^ ud& 54], udbfy ,hby]fjc^ fl-ht hrbybc [fybc lf flhtekb ief cfereytt-

ceh& 1& cfv[hts cfmfhsdtkjc dekrfyehb vsbfytsbc htubjybc obyffitkehb lf fitkehb [fybc flubkcfgjdt,kt,b lf wfkrtekb vjyfgjdht,b% 1& lvfybcb* 2& fvbhfybcujhf* 3& f[fkmfkfmb +* 4& f[fkmfkfmb ++* 5& f[fkmfkfmb +++* 6& f[fkmfkfmb +|* 7& lbkbcrf* 8& zbmbfyb* 9& fv[thbcujhf* 10& athcfsb* 11& athcf* 12& [frb* 13& o.bcb&

6

,bc yfist,b [16^ ud& 47], [jkj vsbc s[tvpt itvjhxtybkbf atjlfkehb [fybc fv[thbc wb-[bc vfhsres[f yfut,j,t,bc yfyuhtdt,b&

fv[thbcujhbc athlj,cf lf 'bhib frht-abkbf fyltpbn-,fpfknbc mdbcfufy lfvpflt-,ekb bfhfq-fyfnrtwt,b&1 vskbfyfl rjvgktmcb 49 thstekb yfrtsj,bcfufy itlut,f& fmtlfy 65^3 ~ ofhvjt,bc yfisbf^ [jkj 35 ~ – bfhf-qt,b&

ofhvjt,bc yfist,blfy vybidytkjdfy ]ueac itflutyc yerktect,b – 8 wfkb^ vstkb vf-cfkbc 16^3 ~& ths-thsb vfsufyb ofhvjflutyc cfvres[f vj.dfybkj,bc eybafcbfkeh yerkt-ecc^ lfvpflt,ekc vfcbeh iefpt ufgj,bk rfzfhpt (nf,& +1)& rfzhbc mdtlf cb,hn.t e[tifl fhbc xfvjnt[bkb^ [jkj pehupt tv-xytdf ecbcntvjl ufykfut,ekb fhfqhvf ytuf-nbdt,b& sfdb cojhfl uflfvndhtekb lf sbs-mvbc /jhbpjynfkehb fmdc& yfrtsj,bc ob,j-t,b vrdtshbf^ gfnbyf cecnb& vbcb pjvt,bf% cbvfqkt – 10 cv* cbufyt – 10^4 cv* cbcmt – 5 cv&

ths-thsb yerktecb lbcrjct,ehbf^ lfvpf-lt,ekbf vfcbeh rfzfhpt (nf,& +2)& ptlf cb,hn.tpt lfe.dt,f hflbfkehfl ufykfut-,ekb ytufnbdt,b lf gfnfhf vjyfrdtspt ith-xtybkb fmdc rfzhbc mthmb& bc ghjabkib wfkv[hbdfvjpytmbkbf& jhbdt cb,hn.blfy vstk gthbvtnhpt ufrtst,ekb fmdc ufybth-afwtnbfyb htneib& fv upbs yerktecb uflf-rtst,ekbf cfxt[ bfhfqfl& tvxytdf bynty-cbehb ufvj.tyt,bc ybiyt,b& ob,jt,b vrdtshbf^ gfnbyf fhf fmdc& vbcb pjvt,bf% lbfvtnhb – 9^5 cv* cbcmt – 5^3 cv&

rbltd thsb yerktecbf jdfkehb vj.dfyb-kj,bc^ thsae'bfyb (nf,& +3)^ lfvpflt,ekbf cfiefkj pjvbc cmtk fyfnrtwpt& pehubc v[fhtpt tvxytdf e[tib ecojhvfcojhj ytuf-nbdt,b^ hjvtksfufy pjubthsb itb'kt,f ,e-yt,hbdb fnrtwbc itltub b.jc& mdtlf cb,h-n.bc vfhw[tyf yfobkib vstk cbuh'tpt fw-kbkb fmdc ufybthb^ vjuh'j^ s[tkb abhab-nf& vewkbc lfyfhxtyb yfobkb ecojhvfcoj-hjlff lfveifdt,ekb& lfhn.vbc vjtlfyb ukedb^ ufybthb lf /jhbpjynfkehbf& tc yer-ktecbw^ vstkc gthbvtnhpt ufybthafwtnbfyb cfat[ehjdfyb htneibs jhbdt cb,hn.blfy lfveifdt,bc upbs^ cfxt[ bfhfqflff uflfrtst-,ekb& vfc ob,jt,b vrdtshb fmdc^ gfnbyf fh uffxybf& tvxytdf ufvj.tyt,bc rdfkb& vbcb lbf-vtnhbf 8^3 cv* cbcmt – 3^7 cv&

lfyfhxtyb [esb yerktecb fctdt cfrvfjl vfcbehbf& vfsufy 3 wfkb rfzfhptf lfvpflt-,ekb lf jhbw – fyfnrtwpt& fyfnrtwpt xfvj-.fkb,t,ekb yerktect,b cf[jrbct,eh bfhf-qt,flff uflfrtst,ekb% thsb – jhv[hbdb uf-ybthafwtnbfyb htneibs^ vtjht rb – xfyfnt-[jdfyb htneibs pehubc v[hblfy&

1 fv[thbcujhbc rjktmwbbc yfobkc itflutyc vfcf-kf^ hjvtkbw vjudbfyt,bs lfvfnt,bs frhbaf cfv-

fv[thbcujhbc rjvgktmcib cfxt[ bfhfqt,c ufycfresht,ekb flubkb ezbhfdc& vfsb hb-w[db 10 thstekc itflutyc^ vfuhfv^ se xfd-sdkbs cfxt[ bfhfqt,fl uflfrtst,ek erdt ptvjs fqothbk yerktect,c^ vfsb hbw[db 13 thstekfvlt ufbpfhlt,f^ t&b& cek 26^5 ~-bf& bcbyb 'bhbsflfl lfvpflt,ekbf cmtk vfcbeh fyfnrtwt,pt lf fyfvndhtdt,pt& vfssdbc lfvf-[fcbfst,tkbf xfyfnt[jdfyb lf cfat[ehbct,-hb ufybthb htneib^ egbhfntcfl jhbdt cb,h-n.blfy ufrtst,ekb& vfs ob,jt,b vrdtshb fmds^ gfnbyf rb cecnb& ths-thsb tuptvgkfhb ofhvjflutyc jhvfu xfqfhek-fvjqfhek lf fvjpytmbk cfveifjgbhbfy cfxt[c (nf,& +4)& bc lfvpflt,ekbf ufybd^ lf,fk cmtk fyfnrtwpt& mdtlf cb,hn.tpt tvxytdf lfhn.vbc othnbkb^ cecnb ,ehwj,b lf c[bdbct,hb ,pfht,b& ufyb-dfl ufykfut,ekb pbupfubct,ehb of[yfub pt-lf cb,hn.tc jh yfobkfl .jac& ptlf yfobkc vfhw[tyf itdbohjt,ek v[fhtc fwkbkb fmdc jhb gfnfhf fyfnrtwb& mdtlf yfobkpt tvxytdf ufybthb abhabnbc fnrtwbc rdfkb& vfh]dtyf v[fht fmdc eahj cmtkb lf ufybthb& bfhfqc ptlf cfveifj gbhb jhv[hbdb ufybthafwtnbf-yb lf xfyfnt[jdfyb htneibs jlyfd fvjqfhe-kb fmdc* vtjht cfveifj gbhb ufykfut,ekbf fyfnrtwbc ae'bctek yfobkib& bc cecnfl fvjpytmbkbf lf fctdt jhv[hbdb ufybthafwt-nbfyb xfyfnt[jdfyb htneibsff ufvj.dfybkb& vbcb pjvt,bf% cbvfqkt – 8^5 cv* cbufyt – 13^5 cv lf cbcmt – 4 cv&

rbltd thsb cfxt[b bg.hj,c .ehflqt,fc& bc js[res[f vj.dfybkj,bc vfcbeh fyfnrtw-ptf lfvpflt,ekb (nf,& ++1)& pehubc v[fht vskbfyfl rfzhbc s[tkb mthmbsff lfafhe-kb* vewkbc v[fht fmdc cfrvfjl ecojh-vfcojhj^ xfpytmbk-fvjpytmbkb^ tvxytdf c[b-dbct,ehb ,pfht,b& ae'bctek yfobkib fyfn-rtwb dbohjf^ jlyfd vjvhudfkt,ekb lf lf-xtxmdbkb& jhb vfh]dtyf-itv[dtlhb udthlb hjujhw ptlf^ bct mdtlf cb,hn.blfy ufybth-afwtnbfyb xfyfnt[jdfy-cfat[ehbct,hb htne-ibs fmdc lfveifdt,ekb^ hbc itltuflfw vb-qt,ekbf rjydthutynekb cfxt[-cfzhtkb bfhf-qb^ hjvkbc thsb^ itlfht,bs s[tkb cfveifj gbhb^ fk,fs^ cfzhtkb b.j^ [jkj vtjht^ cmt-kb – cfxt[fl ufvjb.tyt,jlf& vbcb pjvt,bf% cbvfqkt – 11^6 cv^ cbufyt – 9^6 cv^ cbcmt – 3^8 cv&

thsb cfxt[b bfhfqb lfvpflt,ekbf cmtk fyfnrtwpt (nf,& ++2)& vfc fmdc uekbct,hb vj.dfybkj,f^ yfobkj,hbd ,bafcbfkehb ntm-ybrbs xfyc lfveifdt,ekb& pehubc v[fhtpt ae'bctek yfobkib jlyfd ithxtybkb fmdc rfzhbc mthmb& vfh]dtyf v[fhtpt thsb abh-abnff fwkbkb& ufhlf fvbcf^ iefibw tvxytdf obyfvjh,tlb fnrtwbc rdfkb& mdtlf cb,hn.t sbsmjc eahj ueklfcvbsff lfveifdt,ekb^ lf fmdc c[dflfc[df vbvfhsekt,bc hfvltybvt ytufnbdb& vewkbc v[fhtpt of[yfut,b vrdts-hbf lf gfnbyf fh uffxybf& fyfnrtwbc vfh]dt-

7

yf udthlb pehubc v[hblfy ufybthafwtnbfyb htneibsff lfveifdt,ekb lf mvybc cfxt[b-ct,eh cfveifj gbhc& ae't fmdc jdfkehb vj.dfybkj,bc^ ufybthb* sfdbcrty fyfnrtwb itdbohjt,ekbf& vbcb pjvt,bf% cbvfqkt – 9^2 cv* cbufyt – 8^7 cv lf cbcmt – 3^6 cv&

thsb cfzhtkb bfhfqb jdfkehb vj.dfyb-kj,bc s[tk fyfnrtwptf lfvpflt,ekb (nf,& ++3)& fyfnrtwc vfhw[tyf udthlb lf vjvhudf-kt,ekb sfdb jhv[hbdb e[tib^ ecf[j-xfyf-nt[jdfyb htneibs ufs[tkt,ekb fmdc lf mvybc cfveifj gbhc& lfhn.vbc vjtlfyb fmdc vwbht pjvbc^ cojhb lf ukedb& pehubc v[f-ht 'bhbsflfl e[tiflff xfvjnt[bkb^ [jkj mdtlf cb,hn.tpt tvxytdf hfvltybvt abhabnbc fwkbc rdfkb& bfhfqb fhff gfnbybht,ekb& vb-cb pjvt,bf% cbvfqkt – 10^5 cv* cbufyt – 7^7 cv lf cbcmt – 2cv&

fv cfbynthtcj vjyfgjdfhsf ]ueaib ud[dlt,f 4 w& cf[jrb lf 2 w& cf[jrbct,ehb bfhfqb& se vfs vbdfsdkbs 2 yerktecc^ uflfrtst,ekc cf[jrfl – vfsb hbw[db 8 thstekc vbfqotdc^ t&b& 16^3 ~&

cf[jrt,ib ufvjb.jaf itvltub nbgt,b% cojhgbhf^ udthlbc^ xfqfhek-fvjqfhekb lf fvjqfhekb& ufhlf ptvjs fqothbkb (yerkt-ect,pt ufajhvt,ekb) tuptvgkfht,bcf^ .dtkf fyfnrtwt,ptf lfvpflt,ekb& vfsb pjvt,b vth.tj,c% cbvfqkt 11 lf 8^6 cv ijhbc^ cbufyt

– 8^2 lf 3^9 cv ijhbc lf cbcmt – 2^4 lf 1^1 cv ijhbc&

ths-thsb jhvfub cojhgbhf cf[jrb lfv-pflt,ekbf vjuh'j js[of[yfuf fyfvndhtdpt (nf,& ++4)& fyfvndhtdbc ptlf cb,hn.t vfqfkbf^ vfc vfh]dtyf v[fhtpt thsb qhvf ufybthb lf jhbw vwbht pjvbc ytufnbdb tvxytdf& vfh-w[tyf v[fhbc yfobkb rfzhbc mthmbsff lfaf-hekb& wbwf,j cfveifj gbht,b fyfvndhtdbc cfgbhbcgbhj v[fhtt,ptf (sfdcf lf ,jkjib) vjsfdct,ekb& bcbyb ufvj.dfybkbf ufybthaf-wtnbfyb^ vtn-yfrkt,fl cfat[ehjdfyb htne-ibs^ hjvtkbw ptlf cb,hn.blfyff ufrtst,e-kb& cf[jrbc pjvt,bf% cbvfqkt – 9^5 cv* cbuf-yt – 7 cv* cbcmt – 4^4 cv&

ufhlf xfvjsdkbkbcf^ fv[thbcujhbc rjv-gktmcib ud[dlt,f 12 fyfnrtwb^ hjvtksfufy 5 wfkb sbsmjc ufvj.tyt,ekbf – pjub cf[jrfl lf pjubw cfxt[ lf cfzhtk bfhfqt,fl& vfsb pjvt,b vth.tj,c% cbvfqkt – 17^1 cv lf 6^5 cv-c ijhbc* cbufyt – 10 cv lf 4 cv-c ijhbc^ cbcmt

– 3^9-1^8 cv-c ijhbc& lfyfhxtyb 7 fyfnrtwblfy 3 wfkc ithxt-

ybkb fmdc cecnfl ufvjcf[ekb ,ehwj,b& jhc tvxytdf vwbht pjvbc ukedb^ /jhb-pjynfkehb lfhn.vbc vjtlyt,b& .dtkfpt lb-lb fyfnrtwbc pjvt,bf% cbuh't – 10^3 cv* cb-ufyt – 8^7 cv* cbcmt – 3 cv^ [jkj .dtkfpt gfnfhbc cbuh't rb – 4^3 cv^ cbufyt – 8^1 cv lf cbcmt – 2^5 cv&

rjktmwbfib fctdt 3 wfkb e[tib fyfv-ndhtdb lf 9 wfkb vfcbehb vhudfkb rfzfhb vjbgjdt,f&

hjujhw lfdbyf[ts^ fv[thbcujhbc flubk-cfgjdt,kbc rjktmwbf vbe[tlfdfl sfdbcb cbv-wbhbcf erdt firfhfl fdktyc sfdbct,eh lf-vf[fcbfst,tk ybiyt,c^ hfw 'bhbsflfl ufvj-b[fnt,f ,eyt,hbd rfzht,cf lf vfcbeh fyfn-rtwt,pt lfvpflt,ekb cfxt[b lf cfxt[-cfz-htkb bfhfqt,bc ufycfresht,ek cbzfh,tib& [ibhbf itvs[dtdt,b vtjhflb lfveifdt,bc it-ltufl yerktect,bc cfxt[t,fl lf cf[jrt,fl uflfrtst,bcf& cf[jrt,b hfjltyj,hbdfl itlf-ht,bs yfrkt,bf cfxt[t,sfy^ vfuhfv vfbyw bfhfqbc ofv.dfy ajhvfc ofhvjfltuyc&

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8

M. Gabunia S. Panchulidze

ACHEULEAN STATION OF AMKHERIS-GORA (Summary) The site is situated on the territory of the

historical province of Samtskhe, 1km north-westward of the village of Amkheri, Adigeni district, on the northern slope of Erusheti mountains consisting of the Upper Meocene-Lower Pleistocene sediments – volcanic andesite-dacites and pyroclastolithes [20, 1971, p. 5-554].

The site of Amkherisgora was discovered by the archaeologist O. Ghambashidze in 1987 [15, 1995, p. 54]. The Director of the Historical-Ethno-graphic Museum of Samtskhe Ts. Lapachi, O. Ghambashidze and I. Ghambashidze have contributed to the creation of the collection of artifacts obtained from Amkherisgora. It is a multilayered site: fragments of Kura-Araxes pottery, remains of the Late Bronze Age, along with relics of the Middle Ages have been brought to light [16, 1997, p. 47].

49 hand-made andesite-basalt articles were collected on the slopes and foothills of Amkherisgora.

The station reveals typological uniformity. Its main characteristics are as follows: plenitude of chopping and sharp-hack tools (26.5 %) made on natural cores and massive flakes. Nuclei are often turned into chopping tools through secondary processing. A large part of the worked flakes must have been used as choppers and scrapers.

Scrapers constitute 16.3% of the collection. Only two items of double tools – a double scraper and double chopper are found.

The same amount of nuclei (16.3 %) are principally made on natural cores and massive flakes. Unifacial triangular, unifacial disk-shaped and single-plane oval nuclei should be noted.

The rest of the complex is represented by flakes of average and large size, fragments and massive cores.

Secondary treatment is dominated by broad faceted gradual retouch at the two sides of the tools, while treatment of a tool only at one side occurs rarely. Judging by its typological-technical characteristics, Amkherisgora seems to be more primitive than the Middle and Lower Acheulean sites of the southern Georgian plateau – Diliska, Akhalkalaki I-IV and Amiranisgora (Upper Acheulean period).

The above features and general archaic appearance of Amkherisgora allow the authors to suggest a preliminary and approximate attribution

– Upper Acheulean period (end of the Lower Pleistocene and beginning of the Middle Pleistocene), though it not ruled out that the cited characteristics may not account for the chronological divergence within the Acheulean period, but for its regional peculiarity.

kbnthfnehf 1& uf,eybf v& ]fdf[tsbc e'dtktcb mdbc

[fyf lf vbcb ufhtcfv.fhj& – cfvtwybthj ctcbf% @vcjakbj reknehek-bcnjhbekb ghjwtcb lf cfmfhsdtkj# (fhmtjkjubehb vjyfwtvt,bc vb[tldbs)^ vj[ctyt,fsf stpbct,b^ s,&^ 1993^ ud& 5-6&

2& uf,eybf v& ]fdf[tsbc fvbhfybcujhbc 'dtkb mdbc [fybc yf,byfhb& – rfdrfcbbc fh-mtjkjubf% ef[ktcb fqvjxtyt,b lf gthcgtmnb-dt,b& cfthsfijhbcj cfvtwybthj ctcbbc vj[ct-yt,fsf vjrkt ibyffhct,b^ s,&^ 1997^ ud& 15-16&

3& uf,eybf v& cfv[hts cfmfhsdtkjc vsb-fytsbc fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlbwbbc erfyfcrytkb okt,bc (1992-1997 oo&) fyufhbib& – rfdrfcbbc fhmtjkjubehb rjyathtywbf +^ vj[ctyt,fsf vjrkt ibyffhct,b^ s,&^ 1998^ ud& 14-15&

4& uf,eybf v& ]fdf[tsbc fvbhfybcujhf& – @'bt,fyb#^ = 2^ 1998^ ud& 5-15&

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6& uhbujkbf u& ]fdf[tsbc mdtlf gfktj-

kbsehb 'tukt,b& – vcrf^ n& +|^ s,&^ 1965^ ud& 5-13&

7& dtref f& f[fkmfkfmbc mdtlfgktbcnj-wtyehb 'e'evojdht,bc afeyf& s,&^ 1962&

8& ybjhf't v&^ becnecb f& mdbc bfhfqt,b

lvfybcbc flhtgfktjkbsehb 'tukblfy& – lvfybcb^ +& s,&^ 1998^ ud& 149-159&

9. Габуния М. К., Каландадзе К. С., Бу-гианишвили Т. В. Археологическая экспе-диция Южно-Грузинского нагорья. – ПАИ, 1980, (1981), с. 5-7.

10. Габуния М. К. Древнекаменый век Южно-Грузинского вулканического нагорья. Автореферат дис. на соиск. уч. степени док-тора исторических наук. Тб., 1994.

11. Габуния М. К. Человек древнекамен-ного века на Джавахетском плоскогорье и среда его обитания. – Всероссийское сове-щание "Главнейшие итоги в изучении четвер-тичного периода и основные направления исследований в XXI веке", тезисы докладов. СПб., 1998, с. 254.

12. Габуния Л. К., Векуа А. К., Бу-гианишвили Т. В. Среда обитания древней-ших ископаемых людей Кавказа. – Известия

9

АН ГССР, серия Биологическая, т. 14, № 5, 1998, с. 344-349.

13. Габуния Л. К., Векуа А. К. Дманисский ископаемый человек и сопутствующая ему фауна позвоночных. Тб., 1993, с. 3-72.

14. Габуния Л. К., Векуа А. К., Лорд-кипанидзе Д. О. Расселение ранних гоминид на территории Закавказья. – Всероссийское совещание "Главнейшие итоги в изучении чет-вертичного периода и основные направления исследований в XXI веке", тезисы докладов. СПб, 1994, с. 253-254.

15. Гамбашидзе О. С., Гамбашидзе И. О. Работы Месхет-Джавахетской экспедиции. – ПАИ, 1987 (1995), с. 54.

16. Гамбашидзе О. С., Гамбашидзе И. О. Работы Месхет-Джавахетской экспедиции, – ПАИ, 1988, (1997), с. 47.

17. Кикодзе З. К., Коридзе И. Д. Краткий отчет о работах проведенных Параванской ра-зведовательной археологической экспедицией в 1977. – АЭГМГ, т. 6, 1978, с. 19-26.

18. Кикодзе З. К. К методике изучения нижнепалеолитических бифасов. – СА, № 3, 1983, с. 188-193.

19. Кикодзе З. К. Бифас-колун в ашеле Кавказа. – ВГМГ, т. 38-В, 1986, с. 55-63.

20. Маруашвили Л. И. Южно-Грузинское вулканическое нагорье. Геоморфология Гру-зии, Тб., 1971.

21. Bosinski G., Bugianischwili T., Mgeladze N. et al. Steinarte Acte. In: der Altpaläolithische Fundplatz Dmanisi in Georgien (Kaukasus). – JRGZ, 3b, 1989, S. 67-116.

22. Gabunia M. On Ancient Man in the Volcanic Mountainous Region of South Georgia. Les premiers hommes aux portes de l'Europe. – ERLAUL, 92. Liége, 2000, p. 43-47.

23. Gabunia M., Vekua A., Tvalčrelidze M. Der altpaläolithische Fundplatz Achalkalaki am Amiranis-Berg im Dzavacheti-Gebiet (Süd-Geor-gien). – Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt, RGZM, 24, Mainz, 1994, S. 237-240.

24. Gabunia M., Nioradzé M., Tushabramishvili N. Les industries du Paléolithique inférieur dans le Caucase du Sud. – Les premiers habitants de l'Europe. Résumés des communications, Tautavel, 2000, p. 130.

25. Gabunia L., Vekua A., Lordkipanidze D., Justus A. Ein neuentdeckten Hominiden-Rest vom Fundplatz Dmanisi (Ostgeorgie). – Archä-ologisches Korrespondenzblatt, 29/3, 1999, S. 299-305.

26. Gabunia L., Vekua A., Lordkipanidze D. The hominid remains from Dmanisi. – Anthropologie, XXVII/II, Paris, 1999, p. 163-166.

27. Gabunia L., Vekua A. et al. Early Pleistocene Hominid Cranial Remains from

Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia: Taxonomy, Geological Setting and Age. – Science, 288, New York, 2000, p. 1019-1025.

28. Gabunia L., Vekua A., Lordkipanidze D. Taxonomy of the Dmanisi Crania. – Science, 289, New York, 2000, p. 55-56.

29. Gabunia L., Joris O., Justus A., Lordkipanidze D. et al. Neue Hominidenfunde des Altpaläolithischen Fundplatzes Dmanisi (Georgien, Kaukasus) im Kontext aktueller Grabungsergebnisse. – Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt, 29. 1999, helft 4. RGZM, Mainz, S. 451-488.

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Description of the plates and figure Fig. 1. Map showing the spread of the proto-

Acheulian and Acheulian sites on the territory of the southern Georgian volcanic plateau.

Pl. I – 1. Unifacial triangular nucleus; 2. Disk-shaped nucleus; 3. Single-plane oval nucleus; 4. Double chopper with convex-concave and convex working parts, made by transverse flaking.

Pl. II – 1. Chopping tool made of a quadrangular massive flake; 2. Chopping tool made of a thick flake by bifacial technique; 3. Chopping tool made of a thin flake; 4. Double scraper with straight working edges made of tetrahedral fragment.

10

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13

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b& vjywtkb'bc vjyfwtvt,bs [3^ ud& 665], cf-mfhsdtkjc nthbnjhbfpt^ sbsmvbc .dtkf ht-ubjyib^ fqvjxtybkbf vhfdfkhbw[jdfyb hrb-ybc itvwdtkb cfqt,fdt,bc cf,fljt,b& lfcfd-kts cfmfhsdtkjib – wfhwekb rbhmdt,bc ufdhwtkt,bc pjkib jmhbc fhfcfofhvjj vybidytkj,bc @cf,fljt,b# 'bhbsflfl lfrfd-ibht,ekbf fhct,ek yfghfkt,sfy^ ]b,tt,sfy^ ,eltt,sfy lf c[d& [ibhfl yfghfkt,ib vfsb lfyfuhjdb 4-5 v cbv'kfdhbcff& fcts fl-ubkt,ib jmhf [ibhfl ceasff^ pju]th rb – rfkwbpbht,ekb& fa[fptsib jmhbc flubk-cfgjdytkt,b wyj,bkbf ufkbc^ ufuhbc^ cj-[evbcf lf jxfvxbhbc vblfvjt,ib^ xdtysdbc fctdt cfbynthtcj rjljhbc [tj,fib& fmdt eylf fqdybiyjs^ hjv fa[fptsbc nthbnjhbf-pt ufdhwtkt,ekbf fuhtsdt obstkb ;fyuvbof (yfhtdb)^ hjvtkbw^ itcf'kt,tkbf^ bctdt hj-ujhw jmhf^ ufvjb.tyt,jlf cfqt,fdt,bc lfcfv-pflt,kfl&

cgtwbfkbcnsf fphbs^ fctsb ybflfut,bc ofhvjmvybc ghjwtcb erfdibhlt,jlf fqybi-yek nthbnjhbfpt s,bk rkbvfnc^ hjvtkbw ufdhwtklf vbyltk-hbcbc ufv.bydfht,fsf gt-hbjlib&

wyj,bkbf^ hjv sbsmvbc .dtkf vbythfkb (ufvzdbhdfkt vbythfkt,bc ufhlf)^ odhbkfl lfyf.bkb^ fvf se bv [fhbc[bs ufvjb.tyt,jlf cfqt,fdt,bc ofhvjt,fib^ vfuhfv vbythfkeh cfqt,fdt,fl bojlt,f v[jkjl bc cfqt,fdt,b^ hjvkt,bw ,eyt,hbdfl^ fylf vtmfybrehb se sthvekb lfveifdt,bc itltufl fv;qfdyt,lyty fv sdbct,t,c&

vbythfkehb cfqt,fdt,b ufyc[dfdlt,f at-hbs& fct vfufkbsfl% stshbf wfhwb^ ,fhbnb lf c[d&^ athflbf vbobct,hb ybdsbtht,t,b^ hjvkt,bw 'bhbsflfl sb[bcfufy itlut,f lf itqt,bkbf hrbybc ;fyutekt,bs^ hjujhbwff^ vfufkbsfl^ jmhf& jmhbc itvflutykj,fib hrbybc ;fyutekb eylf b.jc fhfyfrkt, 12~-cf^ rfkwbevbc vfhbkt,b – 2~^ [jkj uf-e[cytkb yfisb – 75~& ,eyt,hbd cfqt,fdt,ib 'bhbsflb .ehflqt,f tmwtdf hrbybc ;fyut-ekt,c (fy vfs /blhfnt,c)^ hjujhw 'bhbsfl vqt,fd gbuvtynt,c& athbc byntycbdj,f rb lfvjrblt,ekbf fhf vfhnj gbuvtynbc hfjlt-yj,fpt^ fhfvtl lbcgthcbbc – odhbkfl lfyf-obkt,bc [fhbc[ptw& b& ijdrjgkbfcbcf [8^ ud& 113-114] lf c[df vrdktdfht,bc fphbs^ jmhfc ehtdlyty w[bvc^ w[jdtkbc ndbyc^ hbc itv-ltufw b.tyt,lyty ybdst,bc itcfqt,fl^ c[te-kbc vjcf[fnfdfl^ t&o& nfnebht,bcfsdbc^ hfw njntvehb otc-xdtekt,t,bc itchekt,fc tv-cf[eht,jlf lf c[d& w[jdtkbc ndbyb mdbc [fybc flfvbfybcfsdbc fhf vfhnj cfcbfvjdyj cfrdt,b^ fhfvtl vybidytkjdfyb ntmybrehb vf-cfkfw b.j& hjujhw erdt fqdybiyts^ 'dkbc

ndbysfy thsfl jmhbc ufhlf^ chtclyty c[df vbythfkeh cfqt,fdt,cfw&

jmhbs itqt,bkb c[tekb sfdbcb njyfkj-,bs (c[df cfvrfekt,sfy thsfl) ufvj[fnfdlf bylbdblefkeh vblujvfc^ [jkj jhbubyfke-hb vj[fnekj,f c[tekpt cfobyffqvltuj cmtcbc .ehflqt,fc bmwtdlf& ufhlf fqybiye-kbcf^ c[tekbc itqt,df mdbc [fybc flfvbfyt,c ufyfo.j,lf c[dflfc[df hbnefkt,bcfsdbc lf vybidytkjdyfl ufyfgbhj,t,lf ofhvfnt,fc yf-lbhj,bcf lf cfjvfhb vjmvtlt,t,bc lhjc&

cfbynthtcjf byajhvfwbf vbwdfkt,ekbc lfvfh[dbc hbnefkbc itcf[t,^ hjvkbc ths-thsb otcb ufhlfwdkbkbc c[tekbc itqt,df b.j& cfahfyutsib flubk kfijgtkj-ctybc vecnbtehb tgjmbc itcfn.dbc ths-ths cfvfh[ib fqvjfxbytc vbwdfkt,ekbc obstkb jmhbs itqt,bkb c[tekb^ hjvtkcfw f[klf vidbklodtnt,b^ cf[jrt,b lf jmhbc yfnt[t,b [7^ ud& 81-85]. mdbc [fyfib vbwdfkt,ekbc c[tekbc itqt,df fewbkt,tkb gbhj,f b.j ufvjxtybkb flfvbfybc lfvfh[dbcfc& hjujhw xfyc^ fvbs gfnbdc vbfut,lyty vbwdfkt,ekc lf vjbgjdt,lyty cekbth cbvidbltc&

mdbc [fybc flfvbfybc w[jdht,bc ths-ths vybidytkjdfy fcgtmnc fcf[fdc cfqt,fdt,bs itchekt,ekb rtlkbc v[fndhj,f& \+\ cfe-reybc 80-bfyb okt,blfy vj.jkt,ekb lqtvlt ltlfvbobc c[dflfc[df res[tib fhfthsb 'tu-kbf fqvjxtybkb lf fqothbkb& rtlkbc v[fn-dhj,bc itcfybiyfdb ybveit,b ud[dlt,f tdhj-gbc c[dflfc[df mdt.yt,ib^ fuhtsdt fahbrfib^ wbv,bhib^ cfv[hts rfdrfcbfib^ cf[tklj,h^ cjv[tsib^ fpth,fb]fycf lf fqvjcfdkts cf-mfhsdtkjib – t&o& gfnfhf [hfvbc [tj,fib& yf[fnt,b 'bhbsflfl w[jdtksf cfv.fhjc fcf-[fdlf – fm d[dlt,bs w[tyt,c^ ,bpjyt,c^ qj-ht,c^ ]b[dt,c^ bhvt,c^ kjvt,c^ stdpt,c^ ahbydtkt,c^ vwtyfhtt,cf lf mdbc [fybc flfvbfybc yflbhj,bc wfkrtek tgbpjlt,c&

hjujhw fhct,ekb vhfdfkathjdfyb bkec-nhfwbt,blfy xfyc^ yf[fnt,bc [fhbc[b erdt bvlhjbltkb @v[fndhbc# fvf se bv j,btmnb-cflvb bylbdblefkeh vblujvfpt^ c[dflfc[df vbythfkehb cfqt,fdt,bc ufvj.tyt,fcf lf jc-nfnj,fpt b.j lfvjrblt,ekb& v& uf,eybfc fphbs [1^ ud& 73^ 74], thsyfbh ufhtvjcf lf trjyjvbreh gbhj,t,ib .fkb,lt,jlf vcufdcb cekbthb cfv.fhj^ [jkj fmtlfy ufvjvlbyfht – vcufdcb [tkjdyt,fw&

w[flbf^ hjv gbhdtk.jabkb flfvbfybc v[fndhj,f vzblhjl b.j lfrfdibht,ekb vbc .jdtklqbeh w[jdht,fcsfy lf ghfmnbrek cfmvbfyj,fcsfy& vfs yf[fnt,ib^ itcf'kjf^ fbcf[t,jlf vfsb vhofvcbw&

fabfyxbc vqdbvtib rtlkbc v[fndhj,bc ybiyt,b fh fqvjudbxtybf& vqdbvbc rtlkt,b cfrvfjl cmtkb atybc rfkwbnbc yfqdtyst,bs fhbc lfafhekb& dabmhj,s^ rtlkbc v[fn-

14

dhj,f itcf'kt,tkbf b.jc rbltw^ vfuhfv cgt-wbfkehb ajnjuhfabht,bcf lf ufvovtylb cf-iefkt,t,bc ufhtit vbcb fqvjxtyf ite'kt-,tkb uf[lf&

fvhbufl^ xdty vbth vjrdktek fhmtjkj-ubeh vfcfkt,pt lf.hlyj,bs itb'kt,f lf-dfcrdyfs^ hjv fa[fptsbc nthbnjhbfpt [tk-cf.htk ,eyt,hbd gbhj,t,ib vw[jdht,vf flf-vbfyvf flhtdt vbfmwbf .ehflqt,f ,eyt,hbd cfqt,fdc – jmhfc& bub vjbgjdt,lf vfc^ fve-ifdt,lf lf tatmnbfyfl b.tyt,lf cf.jafw[jd-ht,j cfmvbfyj,fib& ptlfgfktjkbseh tgjmf-ib erdt itbmvyf cgtwbfkehb bfhfqt,b jmhbc lfcfyf.fl lf ufcfktcfl& xdtyb fphbs^ fqot-hbkb ybdst,b cf.jafw[jdht,j bfhfqbc fl-htek ybveit,fl itb'kt,f xfdsdfkjs lf gbhdtk.jabkb cfpjufljt,bc ghjuhtcekb ufydbsfht,bc ybiyflfw vbdbxybjs&

L. Korkia

THE USE OF MINERAL DYES BY

PALAEOLITHIC MAN IN HIS DAILY

ACTIVITIES (ACCORDING TO APIANCHA

FINDS) (Summary)

Apiancha is situated in the basin of the river

Kodori, in the vicinity of the village of Tsebelda.

9 lithological horizons comprising 5 cultural and 2

sterile layers can be identified in the cave.

All the cultural layers reveal pieces or powder

of red ochre. A stone curved bowl with a hollow

preserving ochre powder was found in the final

layer dated to the Upper Palaeolithic period (the

fourth and fifth horizons). In the Middle

Palaeolithic layer a device was found designed for

grinding dyes - it represented a part of bear bone

with its natural hollow suiting neatly the purpose

of rubbing.

A stone (shale) article of rectangular shape

with 6 and 9 perpendicular incisions (slits) on

each of its longitudinal sides is of special interest.

The item was painted with ochre. It is to be noted

that this find is unique on the territory of Georgia.

Ochre mixed with grease was apparently used

for dying certain articles and besides, for making

tattooes during totemistic rites or religious

performances of the cited age, etc.

kbnthfnehf

1& uf,eybf v&^ dtref f& gfnfhf [hfvbc gtnhjukbat,b& s,&^ 1980&

2& uf,eybf v&^ othtstkb k& vtpjkbsb&

– cfmfhsdtkjc fhmtjkjubf& s,&^ 1991& 3& vjywtkb't b& cfmfhsdtkjc vbythf-

kehb htcehct,b& s,&^ 1933& 4& ybjhf't u& mdbc [fybc flfvbfyt,b& pt-

lfgfktjkbsb& s,&^ 1948& 5& mjhmbf k& fabfyxfc vqdbvehb yfcf[-

kfhbc gfktjtrjkjubehb bynthghtnfwbf& – 'bt,fyb^ = 1^ s,&^ 1998^ ud& 9-14&

6. Ефременко П. Первобытное общество.

М., 1938.

7. Лолвик Г. Человек в ряду живых су-

ществ. Киев, 1924.

8. Шовкопляс И. Мезинская стоянка. Киев,

1965.

nf,ekbc fqothbkj,f nf,& + – fgbfyxfc vqdbvbc vjyfgjdfhb& Description of the plate Tab. I – Finds from Apiancha cave.

15

nf,& +

16

uehfv xbmjdfyb

CJATK YBX,BCBC FLHTCFVBOFSVJMVTLJ REKNEHBC YFVJCF[KFHB

flhtcfvbofsvjmvtlj reknehbc yfvjcf[-kfhb vlt,fhtj,c vw[tsbc hfbjyib^ cjatk ybx,bcbc xhlbkjtsbs^ vnrdhbc vfh]dtyf v[fhtc^ itvfqkt,ek nthfcfpt^ cf,fq-,jcn-ytl ufvj.jabk yfrdtst,pt& fm udbfy,hby]fjc [fybc cfvfhjdybc itcofdkbcfc ufvjdkbylf flhtcfvbofsvjmvtlj reknehbc vfcfkt,bc itvwdtkb atyf [4^ ud& 69-70].

fhmtjkjubehb ufs[ht,b xfnfhlf 1988 otkc = 116 cf,fq-,jcnyt yfrdtsib^ cf[kbc cfcf'bhrdkt mdf,ekib& cek ufbs[fhf 70 v2 afhsj,b lf lflubylf^ hjv reknehekb at-yf^ hjvkbc cbcmt itflutylf 0^70 v^ uflbc mdf,ekbc ufhts lfcfdktsbc^ xhlbkjtsbc lf fqvjcfdktsbc vbvfhsekt,bs&

reknehek atyfib fhmtjkjubeh vfcf-kt,sfy thsfl ghtgfhfwbbcfc xylt,jlf ecbc-ntvjl ufykfut,ekb vwbht lf cfiefkj pj-vbc hb.bc mdt,b& s[hbkbc cfv[hts res[tib ufbovbylf ofuh'tkt,ekb ajhvbc rthf-yf-

wtw[kehb pjvbs 1 v 0^70 vtnhpt& rthbc bhudkbd xylt,jlf sb[bc zehzkbc yfnt[t,b^ j,cblbfybcf lf rf;bc fyfnrtwt,b lf w[j-dtksf 'dkt,bc ahfuvtynt,b&

rthbc xhlbkjtsbs 4 vtnhbc lfijht,bs ufbovbylf vhudfkb ajhvbc jhvj (lbfvtnhb 0^70 v)^ hjvtkbw itdct,ekb b.j obskfl uf-vjvodfhb yfwfhvbyfhtdbfyb sb[bs& jhvjc cbqhvt itflutylf 0^30 vtnhc&

yfvjcf[kfhpt reknehekb atybc c[dflf-c[df ljytpt xylt,jlf sb[bc zehzkbc yfnt-[t,b^ j,cblbfybcf lf rf;bc kfvtkf-fyfnrtwt-,b^ ,fpfknbc mdbc lblb pjvbc gbh,fchb fyf-nrtwt,b& w[jdtksf 'dkt,bc ahfuvtynt,b rb fqvjxylf evybidytkj hfjltyj,bs& bfhfqt,b-lfy fqcfybiyfdbf hmbcufy lfvpflt,ekb sj-[bct,hb bfhfqb^ hmbc sfdufvj.dfybkb lf vhudfkajcjbfyb yfrtsj,f^ athflb mdbcfufy lfvpflt,ekb vbybfnehekb cfnt[bct,hb bfhf-qb lf kekjdfyb^ yfgj,b 'dkbc cf[dhtnb (nf,& ++3)& sb[bc zehzkbc yfnt[t,bc evhfd-ktcj,f ahfuvtynekbf lf ofhvjlutybkbf gbh-udthlbc^ 'bh-udthlbcf lf ecf[ehb yfnt-[t,bs& bcbyb yf'thobf [tkbs^ rtwib fhfjh-ufyekb vbyfhtdt,bs lf ufvjvodfhbf vj.fdbc-ahj-vjxfkbcahjl& ud[dlt,f vjifdj lf vj-dfhlbcahj yfnt[t,bw&

zehzkbc yfnt[t,b 'bhbsflfl ceahbcf lf cfvpfhtekj lfybiyekt,bcff& bcbyb eylf tresdyjlyty cfcvbct,c^ ]fvt,c^ mbkt,cf lf mjsyt,c& ajhvbc vb[tldbs ufybhxtdf cojhb^ jlyfd gbhuflfikbkb lf gbhvj.hbkb zehz-kbc yfnt[t,b& gbh-udthlbc yfnt[t,c gbhb

vjvhudfkt,ekb^ vjcojht,ekb fy jlyfd uf-vj.jabkb fmds^ yfobkc rb – its[tkt,ekb&

ybx,bcbc cfvtseytj yfofhvblfy fqcfybi-yfdbf jlyfd gbhuflfikbkb (nf,& +1-2^6^9^25)^ fuhtsdt gbhvj.hbkb vwbht pjvbc zehzkbc yfnt[t,b (nf,& +4^8^10^11-12^15^21-22^26)^ hjvtksf rtwbc cbcmt – 0^6-0^8 cv-c itflutyc&

gbhudthlbc jh yfnt[c,frj jlyfd ufvj.j-abkb fmdc (nf,& +2-3)& cf.ehflqt,jf gbhudth-lbc jhb yfnt[b& gbhdtkb (nf,& +9) ofhvj-flutyc cfcvbcbct,hb zehzkbc vwbht ahfu-vtync& sb[f ovbylfl ufyktmbkb^ rfhufl yfg-hbfkt,b ufht lf iblf gbhbs^ vjdfhlbcahjl ufvjvodfhb& fctsb vfqfkb ntmybrbs lfvpflt-,ekb lf ufvjvodfhb zehztkb fh fhbc lf-vf[fcbfst,tkb iblf mfhskbc fv ohbc yfvj-cf[kfht,bcfsdbc lf itcf,fvbcfl @bvgjh-nek# yfofhvfl eylf vbdbxybjs&

gbh-udthlbc vtjht vwbht yfnt[c rb gbhb nfkqbct,hb jhyfvtynbs fmdc itvrekb lf fv v[hbd thsflthsbf yfvjcf[kfhbc cfvtseytj yfofhvblfy (nf,& +6)&

gbh-udthlbc pjubths cojh se cathek-nfybfy yfnt[c gbhc mdtvjs fmdc thsb fy jhb ufvzjkb yfcdhtnb (nf,& +1^ 5^ 7^ 8^ 10^ 11^ 15)&

'bh-udthlbc yfnt[b rb cek tmdcb thst-ekbf& vfsufy [esb vewkbfy zehztkc tres-dybc^ thsb rb – itlfht,bs cojhnfybfyc& [esc ufvj.jabkb meckb fmdc (nf,& +13-19)^ vfsufy jhc rb – ufypblekb meckb^ itpytmbkb 'bhb fmdc (nf,& +14 1̂9)& meckbc cbvfqkt thsb cv-bf^ thsb rb emeckj ,hn.tk'bhff (nf,& +20)&

j,cblbfybcf lf rf;bc fyfnrtwb vfcfkf it-lfht,bs vhfdfkhbw[jdfybf& vfsb cfthsj hf-jltyj,f 522 thstekc itflutyc& vfsufy lf-eveifdt,tkbf 385^ [jkj 137 c[dflfc[df bfhfqc ofhvjflutyc (25~)& bcbyb sbsmvbc vskbfyfl lfvpflt,ekbf j,cblbfybcfufy lf ofhvjflutyty vwbht lf cfiefkj fyfnrtwt,c& kfvtkfpt lfvpflt,ekbf v[jkjl 17 bfhfqb& fyfnrtwt,b 'bhbsflfl fhfcojhb^ jdfkehb^ vjvhudfkt,ekb^ cfvres[f lf js[res[f ajhvbcff^ [jkj fvjhaekb – yfrkt,bf& db-ohj lf afhsj kfvtkt,bc hfjltyj,f sfyf-,fhbf^ 'bhbsflfl fhfcojhb ajhvbc^ ghj-abkib jlyfd vj[hbkb& dbohj kfvtkt,blfy ud[dlt,f cojhb ajhvbcf lf ghjabkbc kfvtkt,b&

uekuekt,c tn.j,f cojhb yfveitdhbc rdfkb& bcbyb 'bhbsflfl fvjhaekbf^ vfuhfv ud[dlt,f rjyecehb lf ghbpvekb ajhvbcfw&

vtjhflb lfveifdt,bc ntmybrblfy ofv.dfybf lblb lfvf,kfudt,tkb^ [jkj yfrkt,bf vwbht^

17

yf[tdhfl wbwf,j htneib& ufvfa[bfyt,tkb htneiblfy rb eahj zfh,j,c – vwbht&

bfhfqsf vtjhflb lfveifdt,bcfc afhsjl ufvjb.tyt,f ,jkjt,bc ,hn.kfl fskf^ [jkj itlfht,bs yfrkt,fl – cfcfzhbct xfvjyfnt[b& rjyecehb uekuefkf v[jkjl thsb wfkbf (nf,& +|21)&

ihjvbc bfhfqt,blfy ofv.dfybf [jot,b – 58 thstekb& vfsufy 43 thsb cfveifj udthlbs^ [jkj 15 rb – jhbs (nf,& +|4^7)& ghfmnbrekfl .dtkf lfvpflt,ekbf fyfnrtwpt&

htneibht,ekb fyfnrtwb 27 thstekbf& vfsufy 19 lfvf,kfudt,tkb lf 8 ufvfa[bfyt,t-kb htneibs (nf,& +++6^13-14^16-17* nf,& +|1-2^11^16^18-19)&

htneibht,ekb kfvtkf rb 9 thstekbf& .dtkf lfveifdt,ekbf ufvfa[bfyt,tkb htne-ibs (nf,& +++1-3* nf,& +|15^17^20)&

fvjqfhekb fyfnrtwb 12 thstekbf^ fctsb-dt kfvtkf rb – v[jkjl 3 (nf,& +++15* nf,& +|3)&

,jkjhtneibfyb cfa[trb lf kfvtkf itcf-,fvbcfl 5 lf 2 thstekbf (nf,& +++4-5^7* nf,& +|10)&

fyfnrtwpt lfvpflt,ekb cfzhbcb 9 thst-ekbf^ vfsufy 3 lfvpflt,ekbf fyfnrtwbc res[tpt^ 2 – kfvtkfpt^ 1 rb – uflfyfnt[bc res[tpt& 2 udthlbsf cfzhbcbf^ 1 rb – iefkf (nf,& +++8^10-11)&

fyfnrtwpt lfvpflt,ekb ,ehqb 1 wfkbf& cf[dhtnb 9 thstekbf^ jlyfd ufvj.jabkb odthbs (nf,& +++12^18-20)&

fctdt ofhvjlutybkbf rjv,bybht,ekb bfhf-qt,b (nf,& +++6* nf,& +|8-9^12^14)& w[jdtksf 'dkt,b bvltyfl vwbht lf ahfu-

vtynekb b.j^ hjv ite'kt,tkbf bylbdbl-sf vbybvfkehb hfjltyj,bc lflutyf& db-pefkehb lfrdbhdt,bs sbsmjc zfh,j,lf odhbkat[f cfmjykbc 'dkt,b&

sb[bc zehzkbc yfnt[t,b rtwbcf lf ajh-vbc vb[tldbs vcufdct,fc fv;qfdyt,ty fqvjcfd-kts cfmfhsdtkjib ufvjdktybk^ iekfdth-ijve statc reknehbcfufy ufyc[dfdt,ek yf-vjcf[kfht,bc vfcfkt,sfy^ [jkj yfnrtwb mdbc vfcfkf eahj iblf mfhskbcf lf fkfp-ybc dtkbc vfcfkt,sfy& pjuflfl ybx,bcbc fl-htcfvbofsvjmvtlj yfvjcf[kfhb lfcf[kt,bc nbgbsf lf vjgjdt,ekb vfcfkt,bs vbtresdyt-,f xdty vbth ufvj.jabk t&o& ojab-ubyxbc ohbc 'tukt,c [9^ ud& 84-86]^ hjvkbc 'bhb-sfl utjuhfabek fhtfkfl vbudfxybf fqvj-cfdkts cfmfhsdtkj lf xhlbkj-fqvjcfdkts rfdrfcbf [3^ ud& 6].

fvfcsfyfdt ybx,bcbc flhtcfvbofsvjmvtlj yfvjcf[kfhpt vjgjdt,ekb sb[bc zehzkbc yfnt[t,b pjubthsb sfdbct,eht,bsfw ufvjbh-xtdf& rth'jl^ fm v[jkjl ths yfnt[c fmdc fv ohbc 'tukt,bcfsdbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb gbhpt ufajhvt,ekb zltekb jhyfvtynb^ lfyfhxtyb rb ejhyfvtynjf lf fv ybiybs bcbyb vcufdcbf

,jljhybc sb[bc zehzkbc yfnt[t,bcf& fvfcsfyfdt fm yfrkt,bf vfqfkb^ wb-kbylhek.tkbfyb sb[bc zehzkbc yfnt[t,bw lf tctw yfvjcf[kfhbc ths-ths sfdbct,eht-,fc ofhvjflutyc&

bhvbc hmbcfufy lfvpflt,ekb bfhfqt,b eahj lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf iekfdth-ijve st-atc reknehbcfsdbc [1^ ud& 122-123], vfuhfv ud[dlt,f fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc ojab-ubyxbc ohbc yfvjcf[kfht,ibw [3^ ud& 28]. sevwf ybx,bcbc sj[bct,hb bfhfqbc sfdbct-,eht,ff ufvzjkb cfnfht yf[dhtnbc yfwdkfl vhudfkb ajcjc fhct,j,f& lff[kjt,bs vcufd-cb ajcjt,bfyb hmbc cfxbxmyb bfhfqt,b wyj-,bkbf fhe[kj +-lfy [7^ ud& 97-100].

xdtysdbc ewyj,bf gfhfktkb hmbc sfdaj-cjbfyb yfrtsj,bcf& cfdfhfeljf^ bc hfqfw bfhfqbc cfvfuhb nfhb b.jc&

[jkj kekjdfy^ yfgj, 'dfkpt lfvpflt,e-kb^ sfdvjnt[bkb cf[dhtnb ofhvjflutyc eybdthcfkeh bfhfqc lf lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf c[dflfc[df reknehbc flhtekb lf vjudbfyj [fybc yfvjcf[kfhbcfsdbc&

hfw itt[t,f vbybfnehek cfnt[bct,h bfhfqc^ vbcb fyfkjub fqvjxtybkbf fhfudbc [tj,fib^ f,fyjc[tdib @vobseht,bc vfvekpt# [3^ ud& 28]. vbc gfhfktkfl fctdt itb'kt,f lfdfcf[tkjs cfsktkt,b fyfctekb ++ [2^ nf,& \++6-8], iekfdthbc ujhbc c[dflfc[df /jhbpjynt,blfy [1^ ud& 61], bvbhbc ujhblfy [1^ nf,& \|+++3], rdbhbfco.fkpt [6^ nf,& \\\+\4^ 7]. ijhtek gfhfktkfl itb'kt,f lfdfcf[tkjs eyuhtsib ,berbc ief ytj-kbsehb reknehbc @wekt,bc# thsb ]ueab^ hjvkt,bw lfvpflt,ekbf vjvodfyj fy vjifdj fvab,jkbnbcfufy [5^ nf,& CXXXIII3,4], hjv-kt,bw pjvbs (4-6 cv) ef[kjdlt,f ybx,bcbcf lf @vobseht,bc vfvekbc# wfkt,c& fctdt fq-cfybiyfdbf bfhbv stat + fqvjxtybkb vjvodf-yj lf vjifdj mdt,pt lfvpflt,ekb fctsbdt bfhfqt,b^ hjvkbc atcdt,c eahj flhtek bthbmjybc vfcfkt,ib [tlfdty [8^ ud& 123].

ybx,bcbc flhtcfvbofsvjmvtlj yfvjcf[kf-hbc sfhbqbc itcf[t, xdty erdt udfmdc vjcfp-ht,f ufvjsmvekb^ hjv bc vbtresdyt,f ojab-ubyxbc ohbc vjudbfyj ]ueabc 'tukt,c [3^ ud& 37]. vfhskfw^ hjujhw fqdybiyts^ fm sbsmvbc ufvmhfkbf fv ohbc yfvjcf[kfht,b-cfsdbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb zehzkbc itvrj,f zltekb jhyfvtynbs^ vfuhfv ufcfsdfkbcobyt-,tkbf bcbw^ hjv vfc fh f[fcbfst,c vjudbfyj xbysbc yfvjcf[kfhbc cfvtseytj yfofhvbc itvrj,f c[dflfc[df htkbtaehb jhyfvtynbs lf vwbht pjvbc .eht,bs& sevwf fm vfqfk[f-hbc[jdfyb^ @bvgjhnekb# vwbht pjvbc sb[bc cfcvbcbct,hb zehzkbc yfnt[bc ufvjxtyf vfc ff[kjt,c bcts vjudbfyj 'tuksfy^ hjujhbw ojabc yfvjcf[kfhbf lf itcf,fvbcfl ybx,bcbc

18

flhtcfvbofsvjmvtlj reknehbc yfvjcf[kf-hb itb'kt,f lfsfhbqltc 'd&o& +| fsfcokte-kbc gbhdtkb yf[tdhbc vtjht vtjs[tlbs&

G. Chikovani

SITE OF EARLY HUSBANDRY

CULTURE DISCOVRED IN THE

VILLAGE OF NICHBISI (Summary)

The site is located on a high terrace of the right

bank of the river Mtkvari, northward of the village

of Nichbisi (Mtskheta district). It was brought to

light during excavations of the Late Bronze Age

burials. A 0.70 m. thick cultural layer was disco-

vered during the excavations carried out in 1988,

covering an area of some 70 m2. No constructional

remains were attested, though an elongated hearth

(1-0.70 m) was found.

Tools shaped on stone, antler, bone, obsidian

and flint lamellae, fragments of pottery were

discovered at different levels of the cultural layer.

“Imported” whitish-pink drinking cups are worth

noting among the fragments of pottery. The bulk

of clayware is lacking any decoration, though the

stamped-mouthed and shaft fragments characte-

ristic of the so-called “Tsopi-Ginchi” culture sites

are attested. Stone industry artifacts are mainly

worked on average-sized and small flakes. The

site is datable to the second quarter of the 4th

millennium B.C.

kbnthfnehf 1& rbqehf't s& fqvjcfdkts fvbthrfdrfcb-

bc flhtcfvbofsvjmvtlj reknehbc gthbjlb-pfwbf& s,&^ 1976&

2& yt,bthb't k& lfcfdkts fvbthrfdrfcbbc ytjkbsb& s,&^ 1972&

3& xbmjdfyb u& iblf mfhskb 'd&o& |-+| fsfcoktekt,ib (fhmtjkjubehb vfcfkt,bc vb[tldbs)& fdnjhtathfnb bcnjhbbc vtwybt-ht,fsf rfylblfnbc cfvtwybthj [fhbc[bc vj-cfgjdt,kfl& s,&^ 1999&

4. Апакидзе А.М., Николайшвили В. В.,

Нариманишвили Г. К., Давлианидзе Р. В.,

Садрадзе В. Г., Иремашвили Ш. А., Абу-

тидзе А. В., Мурванидзе Б. М., Гиунашвили

Г. Д., Дзнеладзе М. С., Гавашели Э. И.,

Чиковани Г. Ч., Мцхетская экспедиция. –

ПАИ, 1988 (1997), с. 65-70.

5. Археология Венгрии. Каменный век. М.,

1980.

6. Варазашвили В. В. Раннеземледельчес-

кая культура Иоро-Алазанского бассейна. Тб.,

1992.

7. Коробкова Г. Ф. Древнейшие землекоп-

ные орудия из Арухло +& – vcrf^ |++^ 1979^ ud& 97-100&

8. Мунчаев Р. М., Мерперт Н. Я. Раннезе-

мледельческие поселения Северной Месопо-

тамии. М., 1981.

9. Чиковани Г. Ч. Новые памятники ранне-

земледельческой культуры Арагвского уще-

лья. – Кавказ и цивилизации Древнего Восто-

ка, тезисы докладов, Орджоникидзе, 1989, с.

84-86.

nf,ekt,bc fqothbkj,f nf,& +& – sb[bc zehzkbc yfnt[t,b

ybx,bcbc flhtcfvbofsvjmvtlj reknehbc yfvjcf[kfhblfy&

nf,& ++& – 1& vjkeh]j mdbcfufy lfvpflt,e-kb cfnt[bct,hb bfhfqb* 2^ 3^ 4 – 'dkbcf lf hmbc bfhfqt,b&

nf,& +++& – 4& vjdfhlbcahj rf;bcfufy lfv-pflt,ekb bfhfqb* 1-3^ 5-20& j,cblbfybcufy lfvpflt,ekb bfhfqt,b&

nf,& +|& – 1-20& j,cblbfybcfufy lfvpflt,e-kb bfhfqt,b& 21& j,cblbfybc rjyecehb uek-uekf&

Description of the Plates

Pl. I. – fragments of pottery from the

Nichbisi site of early husbandry culture.

Pl. II. – 1. chisel-like tools made of bluish

stone. 2, 3, 4. bone and antler tools.

Pl. III. – 4. tool made of whitish-pink flint.

1-3, 5-20. tools made of obsidian

Pl. IV. – 1-20. obsidian tools, 21. conic

flake made of obsidian.

19

nf,& +

20

nf,& ++

21

nf,& +++

22

nf,& +|

23

kfvfhf yt,bthb't

FLHTCFVBOFSVJMVTLJ REKNEHBC YFVJCF{KFHB JRHB<FIB

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fqybiyekb gthbjlbc qbf yfvjcf[kfht,bc vwbht hfjltyj,bc ufvj ufycfresht,ekb vybi-dytkj,f tybzt,f erfyfcrytk [fyt,ib bcnjhb-ekb jrhb,bc nthbnjhbfpt fqvjxtybkb f[fkcjakbc (n.b,ekbc h-yb) yfvjcf[kfhbc tytjkbsehb rjvgktmcbc vfcfkbc ufvjmdt.yt-,fcf lf vbc vtwybthek vbvjmwtdfib afhsjl it.dfyfc^ hfw etzdtkfl iteo.j,c [tkc fv reknehbc itcofdkfc& vbsevtntc^ hjv vbc itcf[t, fhmtjkjubeh kbnthfnehfib cfl-qtbcjl vtnfl vobhb wyj,t,b vjudtgjdt,f [6^ ud& 145* 9^ ud& 258]&

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rf;bc bfhfqt,b ofhvjlutybkbf yfvukbcgb-ht,bs^ ie,bcgbht,bs^ bchbcgbht,bs^ lfyt,bs^ cfa[tr-cfzhbct,bs^ cf[dhtnt,bs^ htneijht-,bs* mdbc vfcfkf – wekt,bs^ cfnt[-cfskt-kt,bs^ txjct,ehb bfhfqt,bs^ cf[t[-cfchtct-,bs^ cf,tudtk-cfyf.t,bs^ [tkcfamdfdt,bc mdt-,bs^ uf[dhtnbkb ,jh,kbct,ehb mdt,bs (fd-ufhjpt,b)^ cfvf]ehbc ahfuvtynt,bs&

f[fkcjakbc vstkb rjktmwbf lfveifdt-,bc vjvtynbcfsdbc itlut,jlf mdbc vfcfkbc 764 thstekbcfufy& vfsufy 642 thstekb rf-;bcff^ 83 – mdbc c[dflfc[df mfybcf lf 39 – j,cblbfybc& rf;bc 642 thstekblfy 159 bfhf-qbf^ 483 – ofhvjt,bc yfhxtyt,b (yerktect,b^

2 fqvjxtybc flubkb lf vfcfkf itvjovt,ek bmyf fhmtjkju u& a[frf'bc^ [jkj itvltu rb xdty vb-th& 3 n.b,ekbc veptevbc vstkb rjktmwbf xdty vbth b.j lfveifdt,ekb^ rkfcbabwbht,ekb lf cfbydty-nfhj lfdsfhib ufnfht,ekb& 4 gfktjkbseh rjktmwbfc itbcofdkbc fv gthbjl-ib vjveifdt cgtwbfkbcnb&

24

yfvpflt,b^ fyfnrtw-fyfvndhtdt,b)& fmdt eylf fqbybiyjc^ hjv tc fh fhbc rjktmwbbc che-kb hfjltyj,f^ hflufy bub vfnekj,c f[fk-f[fkb itdct,bc [fh]pt^ sevwf^ hjujhw lfr-dbhdt,f udbxdtyt,c^ sdbcj,hbdfl f[fkb yfi-st,bc itvjvfnt,f sbsmjc fh [lt,f& fvbnjv dabmhj,s^ hjv erdt itcf'kt,tkbf fv rjvg-ktmcbc lf[fcbfst,f lf vbcsdbc ufhrdtekb flubkbc vbxtyf&

ufydb[bkfds tytjkbsehb rjvgktmcbc nb-gbeh rjvgjytynt,c&

yfvukbcgbht,b (37 ths&)& ytjkbsehb cfv-rtkb lfyt,bcufy ufyc[dfdt,bs^ hjvkt,bw cojhof[yfuf kfvtkt,bcufyff yfrtst,b^ f[fk-cjakbc yfvukbcgbht,b ofhvjflutylyty vj[-hbkb yfvukbc xfcfhst,c^ lfvpflt,ekc fyfn-rtwt,bcfufy jhv[hbdb^ vc[dbkafwtnf oytdb-sb htneibc vtidtj,bs& yfvukt,bc vj[hbkj-,fv lf cfveifj gbhbc ufphlfv ufyfgbhj,f cojhres[f^ cfvres[f lf jdfkehb ajhvbc xfcfhst,bc ufxtyf (nf,& +)& 37 yfvukbcgbhb-lfy 11 js[res[ff (nf,& +2-4)* 9 – cfvres[f (nf,& +1^5^9)* 6 – jdfkehb (nf,& +3)^ lfyfhxtyb ahfuvtynt,bf lf zbhc vfsb sfdlfgbhdtkb ajhvbc lflutyf& vfsufy 22 wfkb lfer,bkf-dbf^ 14 wfkc rb tvxytdf cecnfl ufvj[fnekb r,bkfyt,b& hjujhw d[tlfds^ rjktmwbfib czfh,j,c js[res[f vj.dfybkj,bc lf lfer-,bkfdb wfkt,b& xfcfhst,bc lfr,bkdf lfo.t-,ekbf^ vfuhfv vfs ]th fh vbeqotdbfs bctsb lf[dtobkb ajhvbcfsdbc lf cbzfh,bcfsdbc^ hjujhw tc stshfvbobc yfvjcf[kfhptf [2^ ud& 286]& bm sbsmvbc .dtkf yfvukbcgbhb lfr-,bkekbf^ lfveifdt,bc ntmybrf rb eahj lf-[dtobkb& ajhvt,bs lf lfveifdt,bc ntmybrbs f[fkcjakbc yfvukbcgbht,b f[kjc lufyfy xb[jhbc yfvjcf[kfhbc xfcfhst,sfy [5^ ud& 146^ nf,& \|++]& bcbyb pju]th ptlvbotd-ybsfw rb bvtjht,ty vfs ajhvt,c&

ie,bcgbht,b (17 wfkb) ofhvjlutybkbf c[dflfc[df ajhvt,bs& cfthsj ybifyb^ hfw vfs fthsbfyt,c^ fhbc lblb pjvt,b lf jh-v[hbdb lfveifdt,f vc[dbkafwtnf vwjwfdb htneibs& vfs ijhbc fhbc jdfkehb^ ajs-kbct,hb vj.dfybkj,bc e.eyoj wfkt,b (nf,& ++1* +++10)* .eyobfyb ahsfvjhrfkekt,b (nf,& ++2-5)* .eyobfyb^ cojhahsbfyb cfvres[f vj.df-ybkj,bc (nf,& ++8)* lfidt,ek-fvjqfhek-ahsbfyb (nf,& +++1) lf ae'tfvjqfhek-ahsf-lfidt,ekt,b (nf,& +++2^12)& f[fkcjakbc ie-,bcgbht,bc ahst,bc fvjqfhdf jlyfd itcfv-xytdbf^ fvfcsfyfdt tc wfkt,b lfe[dtofdb ajhvbcff^ xb[jhib rb erdt udfmdc ahst,-fvjqfhekb lf ahst,lfidt,ekb lf[dtobkb ajhvbc odhbkafwtnf htneibs itchekt,e-kb ie,bcgbht,b lf bchbcgbht,b [5^ ud& 146^ nf,& \|++]& cfvfubthjl vfssfy thsfl fqfh ud[dlt,f hb.bcmdbc bfhfqt,b& ie,bcgbht,bc

eahj vjudbfyj ajhvf eylf b.jc ae'tfvj-qfhek-ahsflfidt,ekb wfkt,b (nf,& +++2^12)&

bchbcgbht,b (9 w) ufvjbhxtdf vwbht pjvt-,bs& vfsb evtntcj,f rf;bc s[tk kfvtkfptf lfvpflt,ekb& vfs ijhbc fhbc .eyobfyb^ ahst,vjvhudfkt,ekb wfkt,b (nf,& +++4-6)^ hjvtksf pehubc lblb yfobkb lfveifdt,e-kbf^ vewkbc v[fht rb [tke[kt,tkb lf v[jkjl bhudkbd fmdc htneib& pjubths wfkc tn.j,f jlyfdb fvjqfhdf (nf,& +++3^7-8)&

cfa[trt,b (5 wfkb) yfrtst,bf vfcbeh fyfn-rtwt,pt^ vjvhudfkj cfveifj gbhb ufvj.df-ybkbf vc[dbkafwtnbfyb htneibs (nf,& +|5)&

cfzhbct,ib (4 wfkb) fhbc fyfnrtwt,pt uf-ajhvt,ekb [bodbfyb lf bhb,b wfkt,b& vfs ijhbc thsb jhv[hbd bhb,b cfzhbcb kfvt-kfptf lfvpflt,ekb (nf,& +|7)&

cf[dhtnt,bc evhfdktcj,f (8 wfkb) fyfn-rtwt,ptf xfvj.fkb,t,ekb jhv[hbd ufvj.dfyb-kb cfveifj gbhbs (nf,& +|4)&

rjv,bybht,ekb bfhfqb – cfa[tr-cfzhbcb cmtk^ vjuh'j kfvtkfptf lfvpflt,ekb (nf,& +|3)&

rjktmwbfib fhbc rf;bc jhb ufehrdtdtkb lfybiyekt,bc bfhfqb^ hjvtksfufy thsbc odthb ufvj.dfybkbf vc[dbkafwtnbfyb vfqfkb htneibs (bfhfqb lfpbfyt,ekbf) (nf,& +|6)^ vtjht xfvj.fkb,t,ekbf jhathlf kfvtkfpt^ hjvkbc wfkb athlb lfveifdt,ekbf vfqfkb vwjwfdb oytdbsb htneibs^ vtjht athlpt rb fmdc ufvj.tyt,bc rdfkb (nf,& +|8)&

htneijhb ofhvjflutyc rf;bc vjuh'j vfr-hjkbsc^ ths ,jkjpt ufvj.tyt,bc rdfkbs (nf,& +|2)&

vbobc lfcfveifdt,tk bfhfqt,fl ufvj.tyt-,ekb eylf .jabkb.j mdbc vjuh'j ajhvbc^ nhfgtwbbc vj.dfybkj,bc txjct,hb bfhfqt,b^ hjvkt,bw [t[df-ufghbfkt,bc cfiefkt,bsff lfvpflt,ekb^ fmds jhv[hbd yf[t[b cfveifj gbhb& vfs cfsktkt,bc vcufdcb ajhvf fmds^ vfuhfv eahj lblb pjvbcfyb fhbfy (nf,& |2-3* |++1^4)& fqybiyekb bfhfqt,bc nhfcjkjubehb fyfkbpb ufrtst,ekb fh fhbc^ vfuhfv eylf dbabmhjs^ hjv vfsb yfobkb vbobc lfcfveif-dt,kfl – ufcfa[dbtht,kfl ufvjb.tyt,jlf& bvthtsib lqtcfw ybflfubc ufcfa[dbtht,kfl vcufdcb ajhvbc kbsjybc bfhfqc [vfhj,ty^ hjvkt,cfw xtrbt,c eojlt,ty& fctsb bfhfqt,b itcf'kjf hfvltybvt aeymwbbc vfnfht,tkb .jabkb.j& fyfkjubehb bfhfqt,b lblb hfj-ltyj,bsff fqvjxtybkb stshfvbobc yfvjcf[-kfhpt [2^ ud& 284-285]&

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25

qt,b yf[t[-yfghbfkt,bf& fhbc fuhtsdt cfvre-s[fufybdrdtsbfyb^ jdfkehgbhbfyb wfkt,b&

cfnt[-cfsktkt,b cbvhfdkbsf lf vwbht pjvt,bs ufvjbhxtdf (nf,& |+)& vfs nhfgtwbbc ajhvf lf ufybdrdtsb fmds&

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f[fkcjakbc yfvjcf[kfhpt yfgjdyb hb-.bcf lf mdbifmdbc vhudfk-,hn.tk uf[dht-nbk mdt,c fdufhjpt,bc lfybiyekt,f eylf /mjyjlf (nf,& +|9-11)& fvudfhb ybdst,b ud[dlt,f vqdbvehb lf qbf yfvjcf[kfht,bc tytjkbs-flht,hby]fjc [fybc atyt,ib&

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hmbcf lf 'dkbc bfhfqt,b yfvjcf[kfhvf fh itvjudbyf[f vfcpt fhct,ekb gbhj,t,bc ufvj&

'tukbc vlt,fhtj,f ufvjhbw[fdc vfcfkbc cfblfyvt xfvjhtw[dbc itcf'kt,kj,fc& vfcf-kfc fh uffxybf uflfflubkt,bc ([t[dbc) rdf-kb& fvfcsfyfdt f[kjc fh fhbc vfqfkb oth-nbkt,b^ cfblfyfw dbdfhfelt,lbs vbc xfvjht-w[dfc&

f[fkcjakbc rf;bc bylecnhbfc (yfvukbc-gbht,b^ ie,bcgbht,b^ bchbcgbht,b) ef[kjtcb gfhfktkt,b uffxybf bvthtsbc qbf tytjkbse-hb yfvjcf[kfht,bc (stshfvbof^ xb[jhb) bub-dt cf[tj,bc mdbc yfofhvsfy& vbc wfkrtek tktvtynt,c (ie,bcgbht,b^ bchbcgbht,b) rb fyfkjubt,b vqdbveh tytjkbseh 'tukt,ib (cfudfh]bkt^ lfhrdtsb) vjtgjdt,f& hfw itt[t,f yfvukbcgbht,c^ bfhfqsf tc cf[tj,f vqdbveh 'tukt,c fh f[fcbfst,c& f[fkcja-kbc hb.bcmdbc uf[t[bk-yfghbfkt, bfhfqt,c (wekt,b^ cfnt[-cfsktkt,b lf c[d&) pecnb itcfn.dbct,b t't,yt,f stshfvbobcf lf cfu-dfh]bkbc rjvgktmct,ib& xb[jhbc yfvjcf[-kfhc hb.bc mdbc uf[t[bk-yfghbfkt,b bfhf-qt,b fh f[fcbfst,c&

bvthtsbc qbf tytjkbseh yfvjcf[kfht,pt cnhfnbuhfabbc emjykj,bc gbhj,t,ib^ fhct-,bsb vybidytkj,f tybzt,f fv 'tukt,bc wfk-rtekb rjvgjytynt,bc it]tht,f-itgbhbcgbht-,fc lf ufvjhbw[dbc vtsjlbc ufvj.tyt,fc^ hfw ufhrdtek cfae'dtkc udf'ktdc mhjyj-kjubbcfsdbc lf vtehytj,bc ofv.dfyb lfhubc ufycfpqdhbcfsdbc&

f[fkcjakbc^ stshfvbobcf lf xb[jhbc mdbc bylecnhbbc fyfkbpb udbxdtyt,c^ hjv fv bfhfqsf ajhvt,bcf lf lfveifdt,bc ntmybrbc cfae'dtkpt f[fkcjakbc tytjkbsehb rjvg-ktmcb stshfvbobcf lf xb[jhbc yfvjcf[kfh-sfy itlfht,bs tytjkbsbc iblf mhjyjkj-ubeh xfhxjib eahj flhtekfl ufvjb.eht,f&

f[fkcjakbc mdbc yfofhvb vjovj,c^ hjv ufydbsfht,bc ufhrdtek cfat[ehpt bluf vb-ofsvjmvtlt,f^ hfptlfw vbudfybiyt,c yfvjcf[-kfhpt fqvjxtybkb vbofsvjmvtlt,fcsfy lf-rfdibht,ekb bfhfqt,b – yfvukbcgbht,b^ [tk-cfamdfdbc mdt,b^ cf[t[-cf,tudtkt,b lf hb.bc mdbc vstkb hbub bfhfqt,b^ hjvkt,bw vbobc lfveifdt,fc eylf erfdibhlt,jltc&

f[fkcjakbc yfvukbcgbht,bc nhfcjkjub-ehb fyfkbpb fh ufrtst,ekf^ vfuhfv fvudfhb ufvjrdktdf u& rjhj,rjdfv lf m& tcfrbfv ths-vfytsbcfufy lfvjerblt,kfl xffnfhtc f[fk-cjakbc fyfkjubeh lf nthbnjhbfkehfl vfcsfy f[kj vlujvb xb[jhbc yfvjcf[kfhbc yfvukbcgbht,pt [3^ ud& 13-15]^ hbc itltuflfw lflubylf^ hjv tc yfvukbcgbht,b yf[vfhbf reknbdbht,ekb vfhwdktekbc fcfqt,fl& fvfcsfyfdt fv 'tukpt y& hecbidbkbc vbth lflutybkb b.j h,bkb [jh,kbc (Triticum aes-

tivum) lf ibidtkvfhwdfkf mthbc (Hordeum

vulgare v. nudum) cf[tj,t,b [3^ ud& 13-15]& fvb-njv fv 'tukt,bc nthbnjhbekb cbf[kjdt lf sbsmvbc bltynehb cfvrtkb bfhfqt,b udf-abmht,byt,c^ hjv f[fkcjakbc yfvukbcgbht,bw fyfkjubehb lfybiyekt,bs ufvjb.tyt,jlf&

ptvjsmvekb vjovj,c^ hjv f[fkcjakbc vw[jdht,sf vtehytj,bc ofv.dfyb lfhub vb-ofsvjmvtlt,f b.j^ sevwf ufvjhbw[ekb fh eylf b.jc vtcfmjyktj,bc fhct,j,fw^ hflufy vbc cbymhjyek vqdbveh lf qbf yfvjcf[kf-ht,pt yfgjdybf vtcfmjyktj,bc lfvflfcneht-,tkb ibyfeh w[jdtksf 'dkt,b& fvfcsfyfdt tsyjuhfabekb vjyfwtvt,bc ufsdfkbcobyt,bc cfae'dtkpt vbudfxybf^ hjv f[fkcjakbc rj-ktmwbbc uf[dhtnbkb vhudfk-,hn.tkb mdt,b (fdufhjpt,b) vbudfybiyt,c fv yfvjcf[kfhpt ibyfehb cfmjykbc fhct,j,fpt [1^ ud& 8-19* 8^ ud& 9-10]& ufhrdtekb vybidytkj,f eylf /mj-yjlf yflbhj,fcfw^ hfptw eylf vbesbst,ltc ie,bcgbht,bcf lf bchbcgbht,bc cbvhfdkt^ sevwf vfs^ hf smvf eylf^ sfdlfwdbc aey-mwbfw eylf /mjyjlf&

kbnthfnehf 1& ,fhlfdtkb't d& mfhsdtksf e'dtktcb

cfhoveyjt,bc bcnjhbblfy& s,&^ 1941& 2& ,th'tybidbkb (rbkf't) y& gbhdtk.j-

abkb vbofsvjmvtlt,bc bcnjhbcfsdbc cfmfhs-dtkjib& – bd& ]fdf[bidbkbc cf[& bcnjhbbc bycnbnenbc ihjvt,b^ ++^ 1956^ ud& 257-297&

26

3& tcfrbf m&^ hecbidbkb y& xb[jhbc yf-vjcf[kfhb gfktjtsyj,jnfybrehb lf nhfcj-kjubehb vjyfwtvt,bs& – 'bt,fyb^ = 6^ 2000^ ud& 13-15&

4& rfkfylf't r& stshb vqdbvt& s,&^ 1994& 5& rbkf't (,th'tybidbkb) y& f[fkmdbc

[fybc 'tukt,b stshfvboblfy& – vcrb^ yfrd& 29^ 1951^ ud& 237-262&

6& yt,bthb't k& lfcfdkts fvbthrfrfcbbc flhtcfvbofsvjmvtlj reknehbc ufydbsfht-,bc flhtekb cfat[eht,b& s,&^ 1986&

7& yt,bthb't k& lfhrdtsbc vhfdfkatybf-yb t[b& s,&^ 1978&

8& yt,bthb't k& cfreknj hbnefkt,b

(vqdbvt cfudfh]bktc vfcfkt,bc vb[tldbs)& – 'bt,fyb^ = 3^ 1999^ ud& 5-18&

9& a[frf't u& tytjkbsbcf lf flht,hby-]fjc [fybc 'tukt,b lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkj-ib& – cfmfhsdtkjc fhmtjkjubf^ n& ++^ s,&^ 1992^ ud& 216-280&

10& ]fdf[bidbkb u& lfcfdkts fvbthrfd-rfcbbc flhtcfvbofsvjmvtlj reknehbc bcnj-hbbcfsdbc& cfrfylblfnj lbcthnfwbf& s,&^ 1972&

L. Nebieridze

SITE OF EARLY HUSBANDRY CULTURE

IN OKRIBA

(Summary)

The paper is actually a publication of the

archaeological material obtained from the site of

early husbandry (Aeneolith) culture in Western

Georgia. The site was discovered in the village of

Akhalsopeli (Tqibuli district). At present the

territory is under a water storage reservoir. The

stratigraphy is damaged, artifacts collected on the

surface are stored in the museum of local lore,

history and economy of Tqibuli. Archaeological

material is mainly represented by flint and stone

tools, pottery is so fragmented that it seems

impossible to reconstruct the shape and design of

the vessels. The closest analogies of the above

settlement are Tetramitsa (Kutaisi), Sagvarjile and

Chikhori (Terjola district). nf,ekt,bcf lf cehfsbc fqothbkj,f ceh& 1& – f[fkcjakbc yfvjcf[kfhbc

cbnefwbehb utuvf& nf,& + – f[fkcjakbc yfvjcf[kfhbc rf;bc

yfvukbcgbht,b& nf,& ++ – ie,bcgbht,b& nf,& +++ – ie,bcgbht,b lf bchbcgbht,b& nf,& +| – rf;bc vfcfkf lf vhudfk-

,hn.tkb uf[dhtnbkb mdt,b&

nf,& | – 1^ 4& mdbc wekt,b* 2-3& txjt,b& nf,& |+ – mdbc cfnt[-cfsktkt,b& nf,& |++ – 1^ 3& wekt,b* 2& cfyf.b* 4& txj& Description of the Plates and Figures:

Fig. 1 – site plan of Akhalsopeli settlement.

Pl. I – flint insets of sickles from Akhalsopeli

settlement.

Pl. II – spearheads.

Pl. III – spearheads and arrowheads.

Pl. IV – 1-8. flint artifacts; 9-11. shaft stone

disks

Pl. V – 1,4. stone axes, 2-3. adzes.

Pl. VI – stone chisels and adzes.

Pl. VII – 1,3. axes, 2. pestle, 4. adze.

27

nf,& +

28

nf,& ++

29

nf,& +++

30

nf,& +|

31

nf,& |

32

nf,& |+

33

nf,& |++

34

kthb ]b,kf't

LFCFDKTS CFMFHSDTKJC ,HBY}FJ-FLHTHRBYBC {FYBC YFVJCF[KFHT<BC FHMTJKJUBEHB HERF

lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc nthbnjhbfpt

,hby]fj-flhthrbybc [fybc yfvjcf[kfht,b ufvjdktybkbf cnfwbjyfhekb fhmtjkjubehb ufs[ht,bs^ cflfpdthdj s[hbkt,bsf lf ptlfgbhekfl frhtabkb vfcfkt,bc vb[tldbs (nf,& +)&5 fv gthbjlib ths-ths 'bhbsfl cf-vjcf[kjl ufvjb.tyt,f [tkjdyehb ,jhwdt,b (@pehuf#^ @peuf#^ @yfrfhqfkb#^ @yfvztlehb#^ @ujhbrf#^ @yfvfhye#^ @yfj[dfve#^ @lb[f-ue'e-,f#lf c[d&)^ hjvkbsfw fhbc vjatybkb rjk-[tsbc lf,kj,bc hjujhw pqdbcgbhf^ fctdt iblf v[fht [5^ ud& 111^ 114^ 115^ 117^ 450^ 452^ 522* 6^ ud& 53-55* 7^ ud& 13-14* 8* 9^ ud& 17-38* 26^ ud& 52-59* 33^ ud& 109-110* 35^ ud& 297]& [t-kjdyehb ,jhwdt,bc rjywtynhfwbf itbybiyt-,f vlbyfhtt,bc hbjy-abxjhbc^ f,fif-yjqtkfc^ tyueh-rjljhbc^ wbdb-[j,bc^ xjkjm-jx[fvehb-cf lf .jhfysfo.kbc-vexbfc fept,ib [3^ ud& 8-9* 10^ ud& 4-8* 14^ ud& 48-51* 15^ ud& 21-23* 16^ ud& 21-22* 17^ ud& 51-53* 19^ ud& 2-3* 20^ ud& 9-11* 21^ ud& 13* 24^ ud& 56-61* 25^ ud& 61-67]& xhlb-kjtsbs vfsb ufdhwtkt,bc erblehtcb geym-nbf jxfvxbhbc yfvjcf[kfhb lf^ hjujhw fq-ybiyfdty^ nfvbib [20^ ud& 10* 34^ ud& 264-274]& fv vbvfhsekt,bs eahj cbqhvtib zfj,bfy pjyfc tyfwdkt,f rkbvfnehfl itlfht,bs vihfkb^ ,eyt,hbdfl itvfqkt,ekb flubkt,b^ cflfw cfzbhjt,fc fqfh ofhvjflutyc [tkjd-yehb ,jhwdt,bc ufvfhsdf& cfv[hts-lfcfdkt-sbs vbcb fhtfkb bafhukt,f yfvztlehbcf lf xjkjmbc yfvjcf[kfht,bs [19^ ud& 3-30* 36]&6 [tkjdyehb ,jhwdt,bc hfvltybvt nbgc uf-vj.jaty& ud[dlt,f lb[f-ue'e,t,b^ hjvkt,bw

5 herfpt lfdbnfyts ghjnjrjk[ehb lf 'dtk-rjk[ehb yfvjcf[kfht,b (vfs ijhbc lbeyehb cflujvt,b)^ ghjnjrjk[ehb lf vnrdfh-fhfmcekb (fhudtsf^ lf,kfujvb) rekneht,bc sfy[dtlhbc 'tukt,b* xhlbkj-lfcfdkts rjk[tsbc nthbnj-hbfpt (fa[fptsb) lqtvlt wyj,bkb .dtkf yfvj-cf[kfhb^ cflfw hfvltyflvt ufyc[dfdt,ek vfcf-kt,sfy thsfl ud[dlt,f ghjnjrjk[ehb rekne-hbc v'kfdhb tktvtynt,b (vfzfhf^ uefylhf^ ue-vbcsf^ fzfylfhf^ rfvfy + lf c[d&)& herfpt fctdt lfdbnfyts .dtkf bc [tkjdyehb ,jhwdb^ cflfw ,hby]fj-flhthrbybc [fyfpt eahj vjudbfyj gthb-jlbf ofhvjlutybkb& fuhtsdt fv nbgbc bc 'tu-kt,bw^ hjvkt,bw fh ufs[hbkf^ vfuhfv vfspt vj-cfkjlytkbf ,hby]fj-flhthrbybc [fybc atyt,bc fhct,j,f& s& sjlefc wyj,bs^ [tkjdyehb ,jhw-dt,b wyj,bkbf peulblbc h-ybc cja& f[fk rf[fs-ib^ lfhxtkib lf wfw[dib& 6 ,hby]fj-flhthrbybc [fybc yfvjcf[kfht,b ufvjd-ktybkbf uehbbc nthbnjhbfptw [18^ ud& 218^ 220^ 221^ 223]&

ofhvjbmvyf reknehek atyfsf sfylfsfyj,b-sb lfatyt,bc itltufl [37^ ud& 16-17* 38^ ud& 67]& reknehekb atyt,b [ibhfl thsvfytsb-cfufy ufvb]yekbf vjyfpdbyb cnthbkehb vb-obs& fcts cfvjcf[kj ,jhwdt,c ufytresdyt,f yjcbhb +++^ abxjhbc wtynhfkehb ,jhwdb lf c[d& vtjht nbgbc ,jhwdt,bw [tkjdyehb ofhvjij,bcff^ vfuhfv fhfdbsfhb rfdibhb fhf fmds vfs mdti fqvjxtybk yfvjcf[kfhsfy& bcbyb xylt,f yfvjcf[kfht,pt w[jdht,bc it-o.dtnbc itvltu& fctsb nbgbc ,jhwdt,c tres-dybc cbvfuht^ fyfrkbf ++ [38^ ud& 67]& eahj bidbfsfl ud[dlt,f lb[f-ue'e,t,bc thsb ]ue-ab^ cflfw reknehekb atyt,b cfthsjl fh lfcnehlt,f& vfs hbw[dc ufytresdyt,f ;jh-;bc^ ufyve[ehbc (= 2 ,jhwdb)^ tcfhsbfc [24^ ud& 30* 25^ ud& 168]^ ititktsbc^ htabcf lf o.tvbc (== 2^ 3) ,jhwdt,b [3^ ud& 6]& bcbyb ptlf jhbcfufy ufyc[dfdt,bs itcf'kjf ofhvjflutylyty cfvtehytj vjtlyt,c [24^ ud& 30]& fylf cfw[jdht,kfl fqvfhsdbc itvltu^ f[fkpqdehb nhfycuhtcbekb vjdktyt,bc uf-vj vfspt lfcf[kt,f dth vjtcohj [3^ ud& 6]&

'd&o& +++-++ fsfcoktekt,ib rjk[tsbc lf,-kj,bc vsbcobyf ,jhwdt,bfy pjkib lfcneh-lt,f yfvjcf[kfht,bc ufvfhsdf ,eyt,hbd ,jh-wdt,pt^ vsbc athlj,t,pt^ pqdbcgbhf lf vlb-yfhbcgbhf nthfct,pt (cfrbht^ yfcf.lhtdb^ cj[evbc vsf^ dthtixfubybc vsf^ uefylhf^ vf-zfhf lf c[d&)&

'd&o& + fsfcoktekbc gbhdtk yf[tdfhib xylt,f f[fkb nbgbc 'tukt,b^ vl& nt[ehbc-gbhf + lf ++ cflfpdthdj vjtlyt,b^ cja& zf-kflblbc cf,f;jc +^ ++ e,yt,b^ pqdbcgbhf pjkib ufykfut,ekb lbeyehb cflujvt,b [39^ ud& 36-44* 40^ ud& 265-286] lf cfofhvjj yfvj-cf[kfht,b (jx[fvehb^ cja& ve[ehxfc yfobc-mdbkfhb) [1^ ud& 60-68* 27^ ud& 14-15]&7

rjk[tsbc vsbfytsib (hfzf-ktx[evb^ cdf-ytsb)^ bidbfsb ufvjyfrkbcbc ufhlf^ lqtvlt fh fhbc ufvjdktybkb ghjnjrjk[ehb lf 'dtkrjk[ehb yfvjcf[kfht,b& vbe[tlfdfl fvbcf fm fqvjxtybkb rjk[tsbc lf,kj,bcfs-dbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb nbgbehb vfcfkt,b (.ef-vbkbfy-.eflfmfyt,ekb^ ,hn.tkb lf rjk[ehb wekt,bc c[dflfc[df cf[tj,f^ ,juhtibc^ ,hb-kbc^ cfvfh[t,bc wfkrtekb ybdst,b lf c[d&) udfabmht,byt,c^ hjv tc v[fht lfcf[kt,ekb

7 ,hby]fj-flhthrbybc [fyfib^ rjk[eh reknehf-ib ufvj.jaty js[b nbgbc yfvjcf[kfhc [2^ ud& 343-344]&

35

b.j ghjnjrjk[ehb lf 'dtkrjk[ehb rek-nehbc vfnfht,tkb njvt,bs&8

xhlbkj-lfcfdkts rjk[tsbc (fa[fptsbc) nthbnjhbfpt ghjnjrjk[ehb (flht lf ief-,hby]fjc [fyf) yfvjcf[kfht,b lf fv rek-nehbcfsdbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb v'kfdhb tkt-vtynt,b ufvjdktybkbf vstk hbu 'tukt,pt% jxfvxbht^ uevbcsf +^ vfzfhf^ uefylhf lf c[d& fv reknehbc tktvtynt,b^ hjvtkcfw pj-ubthsb vrdktdfhb eojlt,c jxfvxbhekc fy cfv[hts ljkvtyehc [29^ ud& 112* 31^ ud& 17-20* 41^ ud& 15* 42^ ud& 1]. ud[dlt,f hfvltyflvt ufyc[dfdt,ekb njgjuhfabbc vmjyt 'tukt,pt – vqdbvt-yfvjcf[kfht,pt [29^ ud& 67-71* 30^ ud& 33-34* 32^ ud& 17]& itcf'kjf^ xhlbkj-lfcfdkts rjk[tsbc nthbnjhbfpt ('bhbsf-lfl v[tldtkj,fib udfmdc m& cj[evbc xhlb-kjtsbs vlt,fht v[fht) flht lf ief,hby-]fjc [fyfib hfvltyflvt ufyc[dfdt,ekb vfcf-kt,bc fhct,j,f ufvjodtekb b.jc kjrfkehb sfdbct,eht,t,bs [4^ ud& 27-31]& sevwf fh eylf ufvjdhbw[js vbcb lfrfdibht,f hfvlt-yflvt ufyc[dfdt,ekb (ljkvtyehb`) rekne-hbc ohtcsfy [24^ ud& 118* 25^ ud& 118]&

xhlbkj-lfcfdkts rjk[tsbc nthbnjhbfpt vhfdkfl fhbc ofhvjlutybkb 'dtkrjk[ehb reknehbc^ ufycfresht,bs vbcb vtjht tnf-gbc yfvjcf[kfht,b% vjmdb^ nfvbib^ cj[evbc vsf^ dthtixfubybc vsf^ ,jv,jhf^ rbcnhbrb lf c[d& [3^ ud& 7* 11* 24^ ud& 35-36* 25^ ud& 17-41* 28^ ud& 11-17* 43^ ud& 5-23]&

fvhbufl^ 'fkpt vjrktl lf pjuflfl lfdf-[fcbfsts lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc ,hby]fj-flhthrbybc [fybc yfvjcf[kfht,b& xdtyc [tks fhct,ekb vjyfwtvt,bc vb[tldbs herfpt lf-dbnfyts .dtkf bc geymnb^ cflfw fqvjxtykbf fv gthbjlbc yfvjcf[kfht,b&

L. Jibladze

ARCHAEOLOGICAL MAP OF BRONZE-

EARLY IRON AGE SITES FROM

WESTERN GEORGIA

(Summary)

Proto-Colchian sites, discovered on the te-

rritory of Western Georgia and representing

mainly artificial hills are concentrated in Kolkheti

lowland. They are clustered in basins of the rivers

Rioni-Pichori, Abasha-Noghela, Enguri-Kodori,

Tsivi-Khobi, Choloki-Ochkhamuri and Qoranta

Tsqali-Muchia.

8 'dtkrjk[eh ++ tnfgpt ('d&o& \-|++ cc&) by-ntycbehfl xfyc lfcf[kt,ekb cfv[hts-fqvjcfd-ktsb rjk[tsbc nthbnjhbf (vl& .dbhbkfc [tj,f) [12^ ud& 9-26* 13^ ud& 17-32* 22^ ud& 82-92* 23^ ud& 63-65^ 90^ 117-128]&

By the 3rd

millennium B.C. settlements of the

Kolkheti lowland were situated at foothills and

hills, mountain slopes, along the coastal line and

river banks.

A new type of settlement emerged by the first

half of the 1st millennium B.C. It is represented by

open unfortified sites located in river basins, dune

stations situated along the coastal line and

settlement-manufactories. kbnthfnehf 1& fafmb't ]& udbfy,hby]fj-flhthrbybc

[fybc f[fkb 'tukb wtynhfkehb rjk[tsblfy (cfofhvjj yfvjcf[kfhbc ufs[ht,b x[jhj-o.ec hfbjybc cja& jx[fvehib)& – 'v^ = 70^ 1985^ ud& 60-68&

2& fafmb't ]& rjk[ehb ,hby]fjcf lf flhtekb hrbybc [fybc yfvjcf[kfhsf itc-ofdkbcfsdbc& – cvfv^ n& 149^ = 2^ 1994^ ud& 341-345&

3& ,fhfvb't v& fqvjcfdkts ifdbpqdbcgb-htsb 'd&o& ++-+ fsfcoktekbc gbhdtk yf[t-dfhib ('bhbsflb ghj,ktvt,b)& fdnjhtathfnb bcnjhbbc vtwybtht,fsf ljmnjhbc cfvtwyb-thj [fhbc[bc vjcfgjdt,kfl& s,&^ 1991&

4& ,fhfvb't v& 'd&o& +++ fsfcoktekbc fh-mtjkjubehb rekneht,b lf vfsb tsybrehb fnhb,ewbf (fa[fptsbc vfcfkt,bc vb[tldbs)& – fa[fptsbc vjfv,t^ = 2-3^ 1999^ ud& 23-27&

5& ,th'tybidbkb y& cfmfhsdtkjc bcnj-hbbc cfrbs[t,b^ n& |+++& s,&^ 1975&

6& ufv.htkb't u& wtynhfkehb rjk[tsbc 'dtkb yfvjcf[kfht,b& s,&^ 1982&

7& ufv.htkb't u& ajsb-afpbcbc njgjfh-mtjkjubbcfsdbc& s,&^ 1998&

8& ujuf't t& rjk[tsbc ,hby]fjcf lf flhtekb hrbybc [fybc yfvjcf[kfhsf rek-nehf& s,&^ 1982&

9& uhbujkbf u&^ a[frf't u&^ ,fhfvb't v&^ kjhsmbafyb't u& lfcfdkts cfmfhsdt-kjc cf'bt,j fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlbwbbc 1966 o& veifj,bc itltut,b& – vcrf^ |^ 1979^ ud& 17-38&

10& uhbujkbf u& tuhbc-kfpbrbc cfbcnj-hbj utjuhfabbc ghj,ktvt,b& s,&^ 1994&

11& rdbhrdtkbf u& xhlbkj-lfcfdkts rjk[tsbc vfnthbfkehb reknehf 'd&o& |+++-| cc-ib& cfrfylblfnj lbcthnfwbf^ s,&^ 1981&

12& vf[fhf't u&^ kjvsf't u& rjk[ehb

reknehbc ufdhwtkt,f .dbhbkbc [tj,fib& – c[cvy^ ++^ 1997^ ud& 9-26&

13& vf[fhf't u& .dbhbkfc [tj,bc yfvjcf[-kfht,bc mhjyjkjubf ('d&o& + fsfcoktekbc gbhdtkb yf[tdfhb)& – c[cvy^ |+^ 2000^ ud& 17-32&

36

14& vbmtkf't s& ajsbc fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlbwbbc 1964 otkc xfnfht,ekb cfve-ifjt,bc itcf[t,& – \+| cfvtwybthj ctcbf^ vb'qdybkb 1964 okbc cfdtkt fhmtjkjubehb rdktdf-'bt,bc itltut,bcflvb^ s,&^ 1965^ ud& 48-51&

15& vbmtkf't s& ajsbc fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlbwbbc 1965 okbc cfdtkt veifj,bc it-ltut,b& – \| cfvtwybthj ctcbf^ vb'qdybkb 1965 okbc cfdtkt fhmtjkjubehb rdktdf-'bt,bc itltut,bcflvb^ s,&^ 1966^ ud& 21-23&

16& vbmtkf't s& fhmtjkjubehb rdktdf-'bt,f hbjybc mdtvj otkpt& s,&^ 1978&

17& gfgefidbkb h& fhmtjkjubehb ufs[-ht,b lf lfpdthdt,b rjk[tsbc lf,kj,pt (1983-1986)& – 'v^ 4^ 1987^ ud& 51-53&

18& cflhf't d&^ ujuef't t&^ 'ytkf't v&^ lfdkbfyb't h&^ vehdfyb't ,&^ zfybidbkb s&^ cflhf't m& uehbbc v[fhbc bcnjhbek-fhmbntmnehekb lf fhmtjkjubehb 'tukt,b& – uehbf^ +& s,&^ 1996^ ud& 217-225&

19& xfdktbidbkb b& udbfy,hby]fj-flht-hrbybc [fybc yfvjcf[kfht,b cfv[hts-lfcfd-kts cfmfhsdtkjlfy& fdnjhtathfnb bcnj-hbbc vtwybtht,fsf rfylblfnbc cfvtwybthj [fhbc[bc vjcfgjdt,kfl^ s,&^ 1999&

20& xbujidbkb s& tyueh-rjljhbc fepbc udbfy,hby]fj-flhthrbybc [fybc yfvjcf[kf-ht,b& fdnjhtathfnb bcnjhbbc vtwybtht,fsf rfylblfnbc cfvtwybthj [fhbc[bc vjcfgjdt,-kfl^ s,&^ 1999&

21& [f[enfbidbkb l& mj,ektsbc mdt.fyf& ,fsevb^ 1995&

22& ]fafhb't d&^ rfkfylf't r&^ udbyxb't u& fhmtjkjubehb cfveifjt,b yfdsj,cfltybc

nhfcfpt fqvjcfdkts rjk[tsib& – vbkcf-ltybc fhmtjkjubf^ +^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 82-92&

23& ]fafhb't d& tuhbcbc vfnthbfkehb reknehf f[&o& +-|+ cc& cfljmnjhj lbcth-nfwbf^ s,&^ 1999&

24& ]b,kf't k& rjk[tsbc lf,kj,bc ,hby]fjc [fybc yfvjcf[kfhsf cnhfnbuhf-abf^ mhjyjkjubf lf gthbjlbpfwbf (abxjhbc wtynhfkehb ,jhwdbc vb[tldbs)& s,&^ 1997&

25& ]b,kf't k& rjk[tsbc lf,kj,bc 'd&o& +++-++ fsfcoktekt,bc yfvjcf[kfht,b^ [tkyfothb&

26& ]bmbf k& mesfbcbcf lf vbcb vblf-vjt,bc fhmtjkjubehb 'tukt,b& s,&^ 1993&

27. Апакидзе Д. Б. Центральная Колхида в

эпоху поздней бронзы – раннего железа. Тб.,

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изучения археологии Абхазии. Тб., 1982.

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культуры в горах Абхазии. – Кавказ и Восточ-

ная Европа в древности, М., 1973, с. 65-71.

30. Воронов Ю. Н. Археологическая карта

Абхазии. Сухуми, 1969.

31. Воронов Ю. Н. История Абхазии с

древнейших времен до раннего средневековья.

Автореферат канд. дисс., М., 1971.

32. Воронов Ю. Н. Древности Азантской

долины. Тб., 1982.

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ности. – Бюллетень комиссии по изучению

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110.

34. Куфтин Б. А. Материалы к археологии

Колхиды, II, Тб., 1950.

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36. Микеладзе Т. К., Хахутайшвили Д. А. Древнеколхидское поселение Намчедури. Тб.,

1985.

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43. Шамба Г. К. Раскопки древних

памятников Абхазии. Сухуми, 1984.

nf,ekbc fqothbkj,f nf,& + – rjk[tsbc ,hby]fj-flhthrbybc

yfvjcf[kfht,bc fhmtjkjubehb herf herbc ufyvfhnt,f% 1& rjk[blf^ 2& ,bzdbysf

(k'ff)^ 3& begcb^ 4& rbcnhbrb^ 5& ,jv,jhf^ 6& ffmcnf^ 7& .ekfyeh[df^ 8& js[fhf^ 9& ghb-vjhcrjt^ 10& fyfrjabbc wb[t^ 11& fye[df f,[fp-crfbf^ 12& f[fkb fsjyb (jhb lbeyehb cfl-

37

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9 thutnfc vblfvjt,ib ufvjdktybkbf 30-pt vtnb [tkjdyehb ,jhwdb [17^ ud& 5]&

jc pehuf^ 112& f,tlfsb^ 113& ve[ehxfc yfvj-cf[kfht,b (@yfzdbc peuf#^ @rtrtkehbc pe-uf#)^ 114& ve[ehxfc cfofhvjj yfvjcf[kfhb^ 115& dtlblrfhb (@yf]b[e#)^ 116& cfk[byj (kt-wfdfc vsf)^ 117& ,fy'bc yfvjcf[kfht,b (nf,f-rehb +^ nf,frehb ++^ lb[f-ue'e,f + @,fqle-hf#)^ 118& kt[fbylhfj (jhb yfvjcf[kfhb – ujubfi yfj[dfve +^ ujubfi yfj[dfve ++)^ 119& [tkjdyehb ,jhwdt,b vl& [j,bc o.kbcf lf zehbbc jhvlbyfhtsib (2-3 ,jhwdb)^ 120& yf-[fht,fj^ 121& o.tvb (cfvb ,jhwdb)^ 122& mj-kj,fyb^ 123& gbhdtkb vfbcb^ 124& yftcfrfdj (@jzbyrt#)^ 125& pfyfsb (jhb ,jhwdb – yfvfyw-[dfhb^ lbjyb)^ 126& rjljhb (@j,thuekt#)^ 127& lf,kfujvb^ 128& ,f'uyfhb^ 129& bfytsb^ 130& ]b[fbib (hfvltybvt ujhbrf)^ 131& ,fib^ 132& toth-,fhb (jhb-cfvb ujhbrf)^ 133& rj-gbnyfhb^ 134& cf.ekbf^ 135& gfnhbrtsb (jhb-cfvb ,jhwdb)^ 136& ,hjotekf^ 137& mdtlf vt-c[tsb^ 138& afhw[fyf.fyt,b (js[b ujhbrf – @rbhbt,b#^ @ihjifyt,b#^ @fyfhbf#^ ecf[tkj ,jhwdb)^ 139& vfqkfrb^ 140& mdbnbhb^ 141^ dfyb (@f[dktlbfyt,bc ujhf#)^ 142& zjuyfhb (cfvb yfvjcf[kfhb – @yfcf]dfhtdb#^ afhyfkbcf lf ,fhjybc ujhf)^ 143& lfstib'tt,bc ujhf^ 144& uf,fidbkt,bc ujhf^ 145& lbvb^ 146& ,fyj]f^ 147& lqyjhbcf^ 148& w[tsf^ 149& ehtrb^ 150& uhbujktsb^ 151& zjkbgf^ 152& abzdyfhb (lbeyf)^ 153& abzdyfhb^ 154& [ewe,fyb^ 155& yfvztlehb^ 156& xjkjmb^ 157& bcgfyb^ 158& ,j-,j.dfsb^ 159& itvjmvtlb^ 160& dfrb]dfhb (@mj-hbc ,elt#)^ 161& dfrb]dfhb (jsbudfybc ufvj-mdf,ekb)^ 162& itrdtsbkb^ 163& ie[esb^ 164& ,fbktsb^ 165& kfbsehb^ 166& ,erbcwb[t^ 167& ktcf-]evfsb^ 168& mdtyj,fyb (@rj;jhf#)^ 169& wb[bc'bhb (lbeyf)^ 170& wb[bc'bhb^ 171& xfmdb +^ 172& xfmdb ++^ 173& ujybj^ 174& vf[j^ 175& ,fsevbc wb[t^ 176& mdtvj cfpfyj^ 177& cdbhb (@wb[ehf#)^ 178& bktvb^ 179& w[tysfhj^ 180& ]btsb^ 181& cdthbc wb[t^ 182& ybujptsb^ 183& rfw[bc wb[t^ 184& yfhf'tsb^ 185^ cfbh[bc yf-vjcf[kfht,b (dtifgb'tt,bc ujhf^ crjvbtsbc ujhf^ cf,flehbc ujhf^ o.fhjcsfdbc ujhf^ rjlbco.fkb^ qtkbgbhf ujhf^ sjlf'bc wb[t^ cf[jdtkf^ zbzbyf'tt,bc ujhf)^ 186& bs[dbcb^ 187& fhudtsb^ 188& rjh,jekb^ 189& hufyb^ 190& vjlbyf[t^ 191& rfkdfsf (elth'bc ujhf)&

38

nf,& +

39

ktbkf afyw[fdf^ ,tcfhbjy vfbcehf't^ utkf uj,t]bidbkb

,HBKBC CFVFHJDFYPT 1939 OTKC UFS[HBKB = 12 CFVFH[BC LFSFHBQT,BCFSDBC

,hbkbc cfvfhjdfyb vlt,fhtj,c cja& qt-,blfy xhlbkj-lfcfdktsbs 11 rv-pt& cfvfhj-dfypt c[dflfc[df lhjbc% ,hby]fjc [fyblfy dblht f[fkb otksfqhbw[dbc +| cfereytvlt 200-pt vtnb jhvjcfvfh[b^ mdf.esb lf cfrht-vfwbj vjtlfyb ufbs[fhf^ vfuhfv fvfsufy uf-vjbhxtdf = 12 mdf.esb lf = 31f jhvjcfvfh-[b^10 hjvtksf bydtynfhb thsvfytsbc vcufdcbf& fv;fvfl xdtyb rdktdbc cfufybf = 12 mdf.esb^11 hjvtkbw lfsfhbqt,ekbf ief,hby]fjc [fybs [2^ ud& 114* 4a^ ud& 232]. fv cfvfh[bc fqvjxtyblfy 60 otkpt vtnb ufdblf& fv [ybc ufyvfdkj,fib lfuhjdbkvf vfcfkfv cfiefkt,f vjudwf uflfudtcby]f = 12 cfvfh[bcfsdbc vbqt,ekb sfhbqb&

mdf.esb = 12 vlt,fhtj,lf 2 v cbqhvtpt sb[yfhib& bub uflf[ehekb b.j 5 abkbcfufy itvlufhb cf[ehfdbs* lfv[hj,bkb cfv[htsb-lfy xhlbkjtsbcfrty& cfvfh[b mdbc abkbs ufnb[hekb b.j jh cfhsekfl& ptlf cfhse-kbc cbvfqkt 30 cv-bf* mdtlfcb rb – 65 cv&

mdf.esbc iblf pjvt,bf% 1^240,651,0 v& ufo-vtylbc itvltu fqvjxylf^ hjv abkfpt blj ief[ybc fy f[fkufphlf bylbdblbc rbleht, vj[hbkb xjyx[b^ vfhw[tyf udthlpt^ sfdbs cfv[htsbcfrty& [tkt,b cf[tcsfy /mjylf vb-nfybkb& xjyx[b rfhufl b.j ityf[ekb& vbwdf-kt,eksfy blj hrbybc sfdxf[dtekb cfrby'bc ahfuvtynb lf c[dflfc[df cfrby'bc qthjc ahfuvtynt,b (nf,& +++34-36)&

ufvnb[dhtkb abkbc xhlbkjtsb ,jkjcf lf mdf.esbc rtltkc ijhbc fvjxhbkb b.j nb[hbc mdti vjsfdct,ekb vbwdfkt,ekbc welfl ityf[ekb lblb odbdbc 'dfkb^ hjvt-kbw ,jkjsb t.hlyj,jlf vfh]dtyf kj.fpt vlt,fht lfikbk sfdbc mfkfc& fvfdt ljytpt fy jlyfd mdtvjs vstk cfvfh[ib b.j xfifdt-,ekb 'dkt,bc yfist,b& tc bylbdblbw lfrh'f-kekb .jabkf rbleht,vj[hbk gjpfib^ vfh-]dtyf udthlpt^ sfdbs cfv[htsbcfrty& sfdbc mfkbc mdti blj% ifdb athbc rthfvbrbc yfnt-[b^ ,hby]fjc 2 mby'bcsfdb lf 2 v'bdb&

nb[hbc mdtvjs^ 20 cv-bc cbqhvtpt^ cfvfh-[bc cfv[hts lf xhlbkjts rtlkt,sfy f[-kjc ufvjxylf jhb bylbdblbc sfdbc mfkbc yfist,b^ hjvkbc yfnt[t,b eahj qhvfl xylt-,jlf^ sdbs bfnfrfvltw& vstk cfvfh[ib (mdt-lf cfhsekb) vbvj,ytekb b.j efvhfdb wbc-athb gfcnbc bjnt,b^ hjvtksfufy bcf[t,jlf

10

vfcfkf byf[t,f ccv fhmtjkjubbc ufy.jabkt,bc @vwbht tmcgtlbwbt,bc# + ajylib^ rjk& = 5-993%32-103& 11

= 31f jhvjcfvfh[bc ufvjwtvf ufvbpyekb udfmdc ef[kjtc vjvfdfkib&

cgbhfkehb cf[t^ vfuhfv ghtgfhfwbbc ghj-wtcib jhyfvtynb dth itbyfhxeytc^ bmdt b.j ,hby]fjc ufehrddtdtkb lfybiyekt,bc ybdsb&

cfvfh[bc cfv[hts lf xhlbkjts rtlkbc ufcodhbd blj ,hby]fjc cfrby't,b^ wekt,b lf cfntdht,b& lfyfhxtyb ybdst,b rb ud[dlt-,jlf cfvfh[bc yt,bcvbth flubkpt% ief yf-obkib blj 3 o.dbkb ,hby]fjc cfvf]ehb^ 2 cfcfatsmkt hujkb^ dthw[kbc abhabnt,bc 2 yfnt[b^ ubihbc hfvltybvt v'bdb& vstk cfvfh[ib vbvjafynekb b.j c[dflfc[df pj-vbc ,hby]fjc dth'bc sfdt,b lf dth'bc sf-dt,bs itvrekb cfrblt,b& fmdt fqvjxylf ,hby-]fjc ie,bcgbht,b^ cfntdht,b lf .efvbkbfyb wekt,b&

fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv cfvfh[ib fqvjxtybkb pjubthsb wekb sfdblfydt infylfhnt,fl lf gfhflek bfhfqfl vjb[ctybt,jlf [29^ ud& 274* 1^ ud& 58* 4a^ ud& 213], vfuhfv wekt,bc nbgjkjubehfl itcofdkbc lhjc vfs .jdtk-sdbc wekt,fl ufyb[bkfdty [14^ ud& 28^ 29* 11^ nf,++18]. js& kjhsmbafyb'bc fphbs^ xylt,f chekbfl f[fkb ajhvf .efvbkbfyb wekbcf^ hjvtkbw vtat-mehevsf bycbuybt,fl vbfxybf& vfy gbhdtkvf itybiyf^ hjv fv bycbuybbc cf-[bs^ ufxylf wekbc f[fkb cf[t [4^ ud& 140-141^ 124 itybidyf* 25^ ud& 208] lf vfs obyfvjh-,tlb ajhvt,b fh uffxybfs& bcbyb hjv infy-lfhnt,bf lf gfhflekb [fcbfsbc fhbfy^ etz-dtkbf& fvbnjv^ vfsb wekt,fl vbxytdf vbpfy-itojybkb fh eylf b.jc^ lf xdty vfs ufydb-[bkfds^ hjujhw gfhflek ybdst,c&

vfcfkbc ufy[bkdfc lfdbo.t,s ,hby]fjc infylfhnt,bs lf wekt,bs& vfs .dtkfc gf-hfktkb lbujhbfib (xhl& jctsb) t't,yt,f^ vfuhfv fmdt eylf cfufyut,jl fqdybiyjs^ hjv bcbyb .dtkf rjvgktmcbc ufhtitf fqvjxtybkb& gbhdtk hbuib ufydb[bkfds bv infylfhnt,c^ hjvtkcfw uh'tkvbkbfyb .ef fmdc lf gbhb jhb yfobkbcfufy itlut,f (nf,& +1)&

c& rjhtytdcrbc rkfcbabrfwbbs bcbyb sfdc-lt,bfy 2^16 ]ueaib lf ufvj.jabkbf^ hj-ujhw afcrfe 6& fyfkjubehb ybdst,b sjs[-vtnb wfkbf& fmtlfy fsb wfkb yfgjdybf afc-rfec cfvfhjdfypt^ thsb vfsufyb wyj,bkbf .j,fyblfy^ thsb xhlbkjts jctsblfy^ hjv-kbc fqvjxtybc pecnb flubkb ewyj,bf [18^ ud& 28^ 29^ ceh& 7^ 14^ 21]. vbcb fphbs^ 'ytkb cfsmvtkbf se hfc ofhvjflutyty fvudfhb we-kt,b^ hjvkt,cfw lfybct,ehb gbhb fmds^ se tc fhbc bfhfqb^ nhflbwbekb ajhvbcfufy ufyc[dfdt,ekb [18^ ud& 30]. lf fvltyfl vfsb lfsfhbqt,f fhwse bct cfbvtljf& sevwf^ pj-uflfl sfhbqbc ufycfpqdhf vfbywff itcf'kt-

40

,tkb% bcbyb ud[dlt,bfy vfbrjgbc reknehbc itvlujv [fyfib lf .j,fybc reknehbc gt-hbjlfvlt lf sfhbqlt,bfy 'd&o& ++ fsfco& ief[fyt,bs lf vtjht yf[tdhbs^ 'd&o& \++ cf-ereytvlt [18^ ud& 36^ 37]. vfuhfv fm ths e[th[ekj,fc dfo.lt,bs^ lqtbcfsdbc ]th rbltd lfpecnt,ekb fh fhbc .j,fybc rek-nehbc mdtlf mhjyjkjubehb sfhbqb& xdtyb qhvf hovtybs^ .j,fybc reknehbc cfo.bcb 'd&o& \++-\ cc& flhtekb fh eylf b.jc& fq-cfybiyfdbf^ hjv b& vjwty,trthb fv infylfh-nt,c fresdyt,c cfx[thek nbgc lf ufvj-.jac^ hjujhw ajhvf A3 [33^ ud& 56^ 57].

cfthsjl wekt,bc flhtekj,bc ufyvcfpq-dhtkb ybifybf vhudfkb cfnfht [dhtkb^ vfu-hfv^ hflufyfw infylfhnt,b fvrj,ty lhjibc nfhc [1^ ud& 58], fvltyfl cfnfht [dhtkbc cbvhudfktc flhtekj,bc ybiyfl dth vb-dbxytds&

t& ujuf't infylfhnt,c fsfhbqt,c 'd&o& ++ fsfcok& gbhdtkb yf[tdhbs lf ief [fyt,bs [11^ nf,& ++21^ 80^ 82]. t& rhegyjdb rb – 'd&o& ++ fsfcok& vtjht yf[tdhbs [19^ yf[& 27^ 31].

dabmhj,s^ hjv fv nbgbc infylfhnt,bcf-sdbc eahj vbcfqt,b eylf b.jc 'd&o& \+| cfereybc ,jkj lf 'd&o& \++ cfereybc gbh-dtkb yf[tdfhb&

vtjht cf[bc infylfhnc S-,ehb ajhvbc nfyb fmdc^ hjvkt,bw w[dhbc sfdt,bc crekg-nehekb ufvjcf[ekt,bs fhbfy itvrekb^ [j-kj cfnfht [dhtkbc rtlkt,b – cfvres[f yfzltdt,bs lf vjrkt [fpt,bcfufy itlutybkb cf[bs& fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv vbkbc lfcfuh't-kt,kfl cfnfht [dhtkib^ thsb v[hblfy ertslt,f cfvres[f yfzltdt,bs itvrekb of-rdtsbkb rjyecbc ajhvbc yfrdsb (nf,& +2^ 3)&

fyfkjubehb infylfhnt,b wyj,bkbf afc-rfec cfvfhjdyblfy [29^ ud& 275^ ceh& 210* 33^ nf,& 2^ 3^ 4]. c& rjhtytdcrbc rkfcbabrfwbbs bcbyb sfdclt,f 2^17 ]ueaib lf ufvj.jabkbf^ hjujhw afcrfe 7 [18^ ud& 30^ ceh& |+++1-3].

fv nbgbc infylfhnt,c^ d& rjptyrjdf fsf-hbqt,c 'd&o& \+| c-bc lfcfo.bcbsf lf 'd&o& \++ c-bc gbhdtkb yf[tdhbs [16^ ud& 91^ ceh& 34^ 37], t& ujuf't^ rb – 'd&o& ++ fsfco& ief [fyt,bs lf vtjht yf[tdhbs [11^ nf,& ++22^ 23].

fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv ,hby]fjc wekt,bcf lf cfntdht,bc crekgnehekb ufvjcf[ekt,t,bs itvrj,f lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf .j,fybc rekne-hbc udbfyltkb 'tukt,bcfsdbc& cfbynthtcjf^ hjv ,hbkbc cfvfhjdfypt fqvjxtybkb thsb cfntdfhb^ hjvkbc sfdb itvrekbf xdtysdbc cfbynthtcj infylfhnt,pt lfnfybkb w[dhbc sfdt,bc ufvjcf[ekt,t,bc vcufdcb abuehbs^ sfhbqlt,f 'd&o& |+ c-bs& dabmhj,s^ 7-8 cfereybc ufyvfdkj,fib cnbkbcnehfl ths-yfbhb ufvjcf[ekt,t,bc fhct,j,f ite'kt,-

kbf lf bcbyb eahj udbfyltkb [fybcf eylf b.dyty&

fmdt eylf ufydb[bkjs rbltd thsb infylfh-nb^ hjvtkcfw vskbfyflc[vekb cfnfht vbkb fmdc^ vfuhfv bvbs fhbc cfbynthtcj^ hjv vbkbc vfh]dtyf v[fht^ ptvjs fqothbkb infylfhnt-,bc lfvfnt,bsb yfrdsbc ajhvbcff lf bctdtf itvrekb zltekb cfvres[tlt,bs hjujhw wfk-rt lfvfnt,bsb yfrdst,b (nf,& +4)&

,hbkbc cfvfh[ib fqvjxtybkb wekt,b js-[b cf[bcff& gbhdtkb cf[bc wekt,b (nf,& +5^ 6) vjhajkjubehfl vcufdcbf ptvjfqothbkb infylfhnbcf^ vfuhfv vfs fhf fmds lfvfnt-,bsb yfrdst,b^ w[dhbc sfdt,bc crekgnehe-kb ufvjcf[ekt,t,b^ t&b& .dtkf bc ybifyb^ hb-sfw bcbyb ufy[bkekb eylf b.dyty hjujhw cf,h'jkj bfhfqb& vcufdcb wekt,b gfhfkt-kt,c bctd afcrfec cfvfhjdfypt [29^ nf,& XCIV6; 33^ nf,& 1^ 5^ 8* 2^ 1^ 5* 3^ 1* 4a^ 1] gjekj,c& .e,fybcgbhtsib fqvjxtybkb fv cf[bc wekt,b vbesbst,ty vtnfkehubbcf lf kbsjylfveifdt,bc rfdibht,pt lbujhbf-hfzbc v[fhtcsfy& fm fqvjxtybkb tc ybdst,b lfsfhbqt,ekbf udbfy,hby]fjc [fybs [13^ ud& 84^ 85^ yf[& 8]. fqybiyek wekt,c c& rjhtytdcrb fsfhbqt,c 'd&o& ++ fsfco& ief[fyt,bs lf vtjht yf[tdhbs [18^ ud& 37], t& ujuf't rb – 'd&o& ++ fsfco& ief[fyt,bs [11^ nf,& ++14].

vtjht cf[bc wekt,b (nf,& +7) fctdt wyj-,bkbf lbujhbblfy lf .j,fyblfy [18^ ud& 30* 11^ nf,& ++13^ 72^ 73]. fv wekt,bc sfhbqbc itcf[t, g& edfhjdf ufhrdtdbs fhfathc fv,j,c^ t& rhegyjdb rb vfs 'd&o& ++ fsfco& ief[fyt,bs fsfhbqt,c [20^ yf[& 27]. fyfkjubehb itvs[dtdbs fqvjxtybkb wekb wyj,bkbf vtcnbblfy [30^ nf,& \|++3].

vtcfvt cf[bc wekbc (nf,& +8) [2^ nf,& \9] fyfkjubf cdfytsib itvs[dtdbs fqvjxtybkb wekbf [30^ nf,& \|+++1]. fv nbgbc wekt,c t& ujuf't fsfhbqt,c 'd&o& ++ fsfco& gbhdtkb yf-[tdhbs lf ief [fyt,bs [11^ nf,& ++6]. t& rjht-ytdcrb fthsbfyt,c afcrfe 8 nbgib^ ]ueab 2^ 18 [18^ ud& 31^ ceh& 8], vbfresdyt,c udbfyltkb wekt,bc ]ueac lf fsfhbqt,c 'd&o& ++ fsfco& ief[fyt,bs lf vtjht yf[tdhbs^ sdbs 'd&o& \++ cfereytvlt [18^ ud& 37].

vtjs[t cf[bc wekb (nf,& +9) [2^ nf,& \7]

tmwtdf t& rjhtytdcrbc vbth ufvj.jabk afcrfe 3 nbgib^ ]ueab 2^11 [18^ ud& 27^ ceh& 6]. fv wekbc fyfkjufl itb'kt,f ufvjlutc skbfc cfvfhjdybc = 46 cfvfh[ib fqvjxtybkb wekb^ hjvtkbw sfhbqlt,f 'd&o& \|+-\| cc&^ ief-,hby]fjc lfcfchekbs [28^ ud& 6^ 9^ nf,& \|++1]. ,& nt[jdc skbfc wekbc .dtkfpt f[kj fyfkjufl vbfxybf stshbo.fhjib fqvjxtybkb wekb [27^ ud& 17]. xdtyb fphbs^ bc itb'kt,f

41

gbhj,bsfl b.jc vbqt,ekb fyfkjufl^ hfluf-yfw vfc vrdtshfl ufvjcf[ekb nhfgtwbbc ajhvbc nfyb fmdc^ fvbnjv skbfc lf stshbo.fhjc wekb v[jkjl ijhtek gf-hfktkfl itb'kt,f b.jc vj.dfybkb ,hbkbc wekbcfsdbc& ,hbkbc wekbc vcufdcb wekt,b wyj,bkbf afcrfec cfvfhjdyblfy^ hjvtksfw cfnfht [dhtkbc yfgbhb @ujhujkfzbfyb# fmds& cfvoe[fhjl^ ,hbkbc wekc .ef lfpbfyt,ekb fmdc& t& ujuf't ,hbkbc wekc fsfhbqt,c 'd&o& ++ fsfco& gbhdtkb yf[tdhbs [11^ nf,& ++10]&

u& uj,t]bidbkvf ie,bcgbht,b (nf,& ++1-14) lf-fsfhbqf 'd&o& ++ fsfco& lfcfchekbs lf + fsfco& gbhdtkb cfereytt,bs [1^ ud& 132], itv-ltu rb ,hbkbc cfvfhjdybc e'dtktcb atyf – 'd&o& ++ fsfco& ief[fyt,bs [2^ ud& 56]. fv atybc cfvfh[t,bf = 12 lf = 31f^ hjvtksf itvwdtkb ybdst,b vhfdfkhbw[jdfybf& vbcb fphbs^ tc vjdktyf 'd&o& ++ fsfco& erfyfcrytkb cfereyt-t,bcfsdbc fhbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb [2^ ud& 57]^ vjudbfyt,bs rb vbc vbth lfpecnt,ekb bmyf cf-mfhsdtkjib ief,hby]fjc [fybc fhct,j,bc lhj – 'd&o& \|++-\+++ cc-bs [4a^ ud& 107].

,hbkbc pjubthsb ie,bcgbhb vcufdcbf mdf-cfsfkbc = 1 rjktmnbeh cfvfh[ib lf = 3 jhvjcfvfh[ib12 fqvjxtybkb ie,bcgbht,bcf^ hjvkt,bw udbfy,hby]fjc [fybc flhtekb tnfgbs fhbc lfsfhbqt,ekb [12^ ud& 30].

js& ]fafhb't ,hbkbc cfvfhjdybc = 12 lf = 31f cfvfh[t,c 'd&o& ++ fsfco& gbhdtk yf[tdfhc fresdyt,c lf abmhj,c^ hjv vl& hbjybc cfsf-dtt,ib ufvjdktybkb reknehf eylf vbtres-dyt,jltc ief,hby]fjc [fybc udbfyltk cfat-[ehc fy ief,hby]fjlfy udbfy,hby]fjc [fyfpt ufhlfvfdfk tnfgc [5^ ud& 193* 6^ ud& 233]&

t& ujuf't shbfktsbc \| .jhqfyc (+++ ]ueab) fsfhbqt,c 1600-1450 oo& fqcfybiyf-dbf^ hjv .jhqfyib fqvjxtybkb ie,bcgbhbc fyfkjufl vj.dfybkb fmdc yekbc^ mdfcfsf-kbc^ ,hbkbc lf skbfc cfvfhjdyt,pt fqvj-xtybkb ie,bcgbht,b& vfuhfv fvfdt lhjc t& ujuf'bc fphbs^ vjcfkjlytkbf fv mhjyj-kjubehb cfpqdht,bc^ ufycfresht,bs rb^ pt-lf pqdfhbc hfvltyflvt uflfflubklt,f^ fm fewbkt,tkbf udbfy,hby]fjc cfo.bcb sfhb-qt,bc ufsdfkbcobyt,f [3^ ud& 69].

skbfc13 = 1 lf = 2 cfvfh[t,ib14 fqvjxt-ybkb ie,bcgbht,bc fyfkjut,fl ,hbkbc ie-

12

vfcfkf byf[t,f ccv fhmtjkjubbc ufy.jabkt,bc @vwbht tmcgtlbwbt,bc# + ajylib^ rjk& = 9-61%155-157& 13

fhmtjkjubeh cfvtwybthj kbnthfnehfib g& edfhjdfc vbth lfvrdblht,ekb cf[tkojlt,f @skb#^ hjvtkbw hecekb nhfycrhbgwbbs fhbc vjwtvekb^ eylf itcojhltc lf tojljc mfhsekb cf[tkb @skbf&#

,bcgbht,bf vbxytekb& ,& nt[jdbc fphbs^ bcb-yb eahj ief,hby]fjc [fybcfrty b[ht,bfy dblht udbfy,hby]fjc [fybcfrty^ sevwf cfvfh-[t,b udbfy,hby]fjc [fybs fhbc lfsfhbqt,e-kb [26^ ud& 74]. dabmhj,s^ hjv skbfc cfvf-hjdybc = 1 lf = 2 cfvfh[t,bc sfhbqt,b^ hjujhw .jdtksdbc^ lfcfpecnt,tkbf& skbfc = 1 cfvfh[b 'kbth fhtekbf^ fm ths rjktm-nbeh rb fhf^ fhfvtl hfvltybvt cfvfh[sfy eylf udmjyltc cfmvt^ .jdtk itvs[dtdfib jh cfvfh[sfy vfbyw& hfw itt[t,f = 2 cfvfh[c^ vbcb fqothbkj,blfy ufhrdtdbs fh xfyc^ hjvtk vbwdfkt,ekc tresdybc hrbybc jhb lfyf (thsb vj[hbkbf)& fm fqvjxtybkb ,hby-]fjcf lf hrbybc ybdst,b c[dflfc[df gt-hbjlbcff [26^ ud& 42^ 43^ nf,& +|]. skbfc ie,bcgbht,b ufdhwtkt,ekbf wtynhfkeh rfdrfcbfib lf cfv[hts rfdrfcbfib& ,& nt[jdc vbfxybf^ hjv vfchfuf[cybkb ie,bcgbht,b fl-htekbf [26^ ud& 69], sevwf tc vjcfpht,f ,hbkbc cfvfh[bc vfufkbspt fh lfcnehlt,f^ fm vfchfuf[cybk ie,bcgbhsfy thsfl ud[dlt-,f vskbfyvfchbfyb ie,bcgbht,bw&

xdtyb fphbs^ skbfc = 1 cfvfh[ib ufvjb-.jaf jhb rjvgktmcb^ hjvkt,bw eylf lfsf-hbqlyty 'd&o& \++-\+ cc& lf 'd&o& |++-|+ cc& lf = 2 cfvfh[b 'd&o& |+++-|++ cc&

.jdtkbdt ptvjsmvekbc itvltu itcf'kt,-kfl vbudfxybf^ hjv ,hbkbc ie,bcgbht,b lf-sfhbqt,ek bmyfc 'd&o& \+++-\++ cc&

cfvfh[ib ,hby]fjc hdf cfntdhbc gbhb fqvjxylf (nf,& ++15-21)& u& uj,t]bidbkbc fp-hbs^ tc cfntdht,b eahj jhgbhbfy lfyt,c /udfyfy^ dblht cfntdht,c lf pjubths vfs-ufyc erdt cfrvfjl rfhufl fmds ufvjcf[ekb ief mtlb [2^ ud& 58^ 59]. js& ]fafhb't ,hb-kbc cfntdht,bc itcf[t, othc^ hjv bcbyb it-lfht,bs vjvwhj pjvbcfyb^ egbhfntcfl ajs-kbct,ehb vj.dfybkj,bcff^ jlyfd itcfvxytdb mtlbs^ sevwf ud[dlt,f bctsb wfkt,bw^ hjv-kt,cfw erdt rfhufl ufvjcf[ekb mtlb fmdc [6^ ud& 232]. vbcb fphbs^ afhsj gbhbfyb bfhfqb f[kjc lufc rfnfrjv,eh reknehfib ufdhwtkt,ek cfntdht,sfy& d[dlt,bs vfs fu-htsdt xhlbkjts rfdrfcbfibw& itlfht,bs dbohj lf vjuh'j gbhbfyb bfhfqb^ hjvkt,-cfw gbhpt jhb vrdtshb mtlb lfe.dt,fs lf .eyopt yf[dhtnb fh uffxybfs^ rfhuflff wyj-,bkb xhlbkjts rfdrfcbfib& js& ]fafhb'tc vbfxybf^ hjv jhbdt lfybcgbhb xdtyib xhlb-kjts rfdrfcbbc upbs eylf ufdhwtkt,ekb.j [9^ ud& 156^ 157]. dabmhj,s^ hjv vfs fhfdbsf-hb cfthsj fh eylf uffxylts ,hbkbc cfvfh-[bc cfntdht,sfy^ bcbyb flhtekb gthbjlbcf-sdbc eylf b.jc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb&

14

1956 otkc ufs[hbkb skbfc cfvfhjdybc == 1-8 cfvfh[t,b skbfc cfvfhjdyt,bc rfnfkjuib itnfybkb fh fhbc [28].

42

xdtysdbc cfbynthtcj cfntdht,b vcufdcbf ptlf hes[fcf lf afcrfec cfvfhjdyt,pt fq-vjxtybk cfntdht,bc [29^ ud& 227^ 271^ nf,& XCV, ceh& 5^ XCVI, ceh& 3-5]. g& edfhjdfc afcrfec cfvfhjdfyb lfsfhbqt,ekb fmdc hrb-ybc ufvjxtybc tgjmbs [29^ ud& 376]. afcrfec^ rev,eksbc^ ljybafhcbc cfvfhjdyt,blfy wyj-,bkbf ,hby]fjc lfyt,b se gfnfhf cfntdht-,b^ hjvtksf ijhbc ud[dlt,f^ hjujhw ajs-kbct,ehb bct ofuh'tkt,ekb ajhvbc cfntd-ht,b& t& rhegyjdc vbfxybf^ hjv pjubthsb vfsufyb^ gfnfhf odtnbfyb cfnfht .eyobc uf-vj^ itb'kt,f vbxytekb b.jc ie,bcgbht,fl lf fhf lfyt,fl fy cfntdht,fl [19^ ud& 48]. fqybiyekb cfvfhjdyt,b lfsfhbqt,ekbf 'd&o& ++ fsfco& vtjht yf[tdhbs [19^ ud& 43]. ,hbkbc = 12 cfvfh[ib fqvjxtybkb thsb cfntdfhb (nf,& ++16) ijhtek fyfkjuc gjekj,c t&g& gxtkbyfc vbth ufs[hbk yekbc = 5 rjktm-nbeh cfvfh[ib fqvjxtybk cfntdfhsfy [23^ nf,& \|+++8], hjvtkbw pjuflfl ief,hby]f-jc [fybsff lfsfhbqt,ekb [23^ ud& 31^ 34].

dabmhj,s^ hjv = 12 cfvfh[bc cfntdhbc-gbht,bc fhct,j,bc sfhbqb fh eylf tobyffqvlt-ut,jltc ie,bcgbht,bc fhct,j,bc sfhbqc&

cfvfh[ib fqvjxtybkb lbcrjct,ehsfdbfyb cfrby't,b itvrekbf geymnbhbs (nf,& +++1^ 4) lf uhfdbht,bs lfnfybkb utjvtnhbekb cf[tt-,bs (nf,& +++9)* evtntc itvs[dtdfib rb cflff (nf,& +++2^ 3^ 5-12)& vfs pecnb fyfkjub fh t't,-yt,fs& ,hbkbc cfrby't,c jhyfvtynbc lfnfybc ntmybrbs tvcufdct,f rev,eksfib fqvjxtybkb jhb [29^ nf,& LXXVII5, 6] lf ptlf hes[bc cf-vfhjdybc = 10 rjvgktmcbc jhb cfrby'b [19^ ceh& 14^ 8^ 9]. rjcybthcrbc rjktmwbfib itvf-dfkb afcrfecf lf ptlf hes[bc cfvfhjdyt,-pt fqvjxtybkb cfrby't,b vwbht pjvbcff^ vfu-hfv lbcrjpt lfnfybkb ltrjhbs lf yfxdht-nbs tvcufdct,f ,hbkbc cfrby't,c [33^ nf,& 421-4* 583^ 4]. cfrby'bc sfdbc ajhvbs vcufdcb cfrby't,b wyj,bkbf mdfcfsfkbc = 1 cfvfh-[blfy [12^ ceh& 3^ 1-4], skbfc = 1 [26^ nf,& ++20-22], == 29^ 42^ 56 cfvfh[t,blfy [28^ nf,& \1* \+|2^ 5* \\+2] lf c[df& .j,fyehb cfrby't,b itb'kt,f ijhtek fyfkjut,fl xf-bsdfkjc [29^ nf,& \\|+3* \\|+++3]. .j,fy-ib lf rev,eksfib fqvjxtybkb cfrby't,b lf-sfhbqt,ekbf hrbybc ufvjxtybc [fybs [29^ ud& 361], ptlf hes[bc – 'd&o& ++ fsfco& vtjht yf[tdhbs [19^ ud& 43], mdfcfsfkbc = 1 cfvfh-[b – udbfy,hby]fjc flhtekb cnflbbs [12^ ud& 30], skbfc = 1 cfvfh[b – udbfy,hby]fjc [fybs^ sevwf vbc ufvs[htkc vbfxybf^ hjv fm fqvjxtybkb pjubthsb ybdsb% ie,bcgbht,b^ cfntdht,b lf lbcrjct,ehsfdbfyb cfrby't,b sfhbqlt,f ief,hby]fjc [fybs& fv vjdktyfc bc [cybc ief lf udbfy,hby]fjc [fyt,bc vj-

yfwdktj,bs [26^ ud& 130^ 131]. = 29 lf = 42 cfvfh[b ief,hby]fjc [fybc lfcfchekbs^ [jkj = 56 cfvfh[b rb 'd&o& \+|-\+++ cc& sfhbqlt,f [28^ ud& 6]. d& rjptyrjdf vcufdc cfrby't,c fsfhbqt,c 'd&o& \+| c-bc lfcfo-.bcbs lf 'd&o& \++ c& [16^ ud& 91].

lbcrjct,ehsfdbfyb cfrby't,b fqvjxtybkbf cfvw[tibw^ hjvtkbw vfsb ofhvjt,bc cfdfhf-elj rthflff vbxytekb lf lfsfhbqt,ekbf 'd&o& \|-\+| cc& [7^ ud& 10]. .jdtkbdt pt-vjsmvekbc itvltu dabmhj,s^ hjv ,hbkbc cfvfhjdybc cfrby't,bw eylf lfsfhbqltc 'd&o& \+|-\++ cc&

,hby]fjc cfvf]eht,b lfvpflt,ekbf cfv-res[fufybdrdtsbfyb itcmtkt,ekb qthjcfufy (nf,& +++13-23)& bcbyb \|+ nbgfl fhbfy ufvj.j-abkb [15^ nf,& \\|+++17]. vcufdcb cfvf]eht,b ud[dlt,f mdfcfsfkbcf lf yekbc cfvfhjdyt,pt^ fuhtsdt xhlbkj rfdrfcbfib^ cflfw bcbyb fl-ubkj,hbd yfofhvfl fh fhbc vbxytekb [17, ud& 54]: afcrfecf lf ptlf hes[bc [33^ nf,& 46^ 14^ 16* 47^ 2* 72^ 10-12^ 15^ 19^ 21* 73^ 9^ 15], xvbc (,tf[yb-regbc) cfvfhjdyt,pt (.j,fybc reknehbc wtynhfkehb dfhbfynb) lf sfhbq-lt,f 'd&o& \+++-\ cc& [16, nf,& +^ ceh& 34^ 52]. fctsb cfvf]eht,b lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf .j,fybc reknehbc lfcfdkehb dfhbfynbcfsdbc lf 'd&o& \+-| cc& fhbc lfsfhbqt,ekb& cfvf]e-ht,b ufyfuh'j,ty itvlujv fhct,j,fc 'd&o& + fsfco& lfcfo.bcibw& fct vfu&^ nthtptc cfvf-hjdybc = 2 lf tirfrjybc cfvfhjdybc = 1 frk-lfvt,b sfhbqlt,f 'd&o& \++-| cc& [16^ nf,& ++]. fv nbgbc cfvf]eht,bc itvwdtkb ptlf ,fm-cfybc ufy'b sfhbqlt,f 'd&o& \ c& [16^ nf,& ++].

cfbynthtcjf^ hjv .j,fybc reknehbc lf-cfdkehb dfhbfynbc 'tukt,pt cfvf]eht,b cek 24 wfkbf fqvjxtybkb^ fqvjcfdkehb dfhbfynbc 'tukt,pt rb – 16 wfkb^ hjvkt,bw eahj vjudbfyj [fybcfyb fhbfy [15^ ud& 49^ nf,& \\|+++17], vfiby^ hjltcfw ,hbkbc = 12 cfvfh[ib bcbyb 11 lf = 31f cfvfh[ib rb – 17 wfkbf& fm fqfhfathc dfv,j,s bv wfkt,pt^ hjvkt,bw ,hbkbc cfvfhjdybc nthbnjhbfpt itvs[dtdbs fhbc fqvjxtybkb&

.jdtkbdt ptvjfqybiyekblfy ufvjvlbyfht^ cfvf]eht,b eylf lfsfhbqltc 'd&o& \++-\ cc&

cfvfh[ib fqvjxtybkb cfrblt,b [esb cf[b-cff%

gbhdtkb cf[bc ,hby]fjc cfrblb (nf,& +++24) lfvpflt,ekbf ,hby]fjc cmtkb cfvres[f aehwkbcfufy^ hjvkbc ptlf res[t ofhvjfl-utyc hmt,xf[dtekb w[dhbc crekgnehek uf-vjcf[ekt,fc& vcufdcb cfrby't,b 'fkpt vwb-hthbw[jdfybf^ bcbyb ud[dlt,f ,hbkbc = 31f cfvfh[ib15 lf cdfytsib [30^ ud& 181^ nf,&

15

rjktmwbbc = 5-993%300

43

\\\6]. cfbynthtcjf^ hjv bcbyb lbujhbbc 'tukt,bcfsdbc ewyj,bf&

vtjht cf[bc cfrblb .ebcsfdt,bs itthst-,ekb jhvfub wekbc vfhnbdb ajhvbcff (nf,& +++25)& vfsb pecnb fyfkjubf fqvjxtybkbf afcrfecf [33^ nf,& 436-8] lf ptlf hes[bc [33^ nf,& 641-4] cfvfhjdyt,pt& cfrblt,b sfhbqlt,f ghjnj.j,fyehb [fybs [16^ yf[& 43].

vtcfvt cf[bc cfrblb 'bhbsflfl bvtjht,c ptvjs fqothbkb cfrblbc ajhvfc^ vfuhfv lf-vfnt,bsb yfrdst,bs – dth'bcsfdbc crekgne-hekb ufvjcf[ekt,bs lf lbcrjct,ehb lf js[res[f utjvtnhbekb cf[bc yfrdsbs^ hj-vtkbw vjsfdct,ekbf dth'bc sfdbc cfgbhbc-gbhj v[fhtc^ fdct,c wekbct,eh yfrdst,c ijhbc fhtc& w[jdtkbc crekgnehekb ufvj-cf[ekt,bc sfdb itvrekbf bhb,b yfzltdt,bs^ [jkj ybdspt lfnfybkbf cfvres[f yfzltdt-,bs itmvybkb utjvtnhbekb cf[t (nf,& +++37)& fctsb cfrblt,b wyj,bkbf afcrfec cfvfhjdyb-lfy [29^ ud& 279* 33^ nf,& 132-4* 435], lbujhb-blfy [20^ nf,& LXXV1] lf rev,eksblfy [29^ nf,& XCIII1]. g& edfhjdf vfs fsfhbqt,c hrb-ybc ufvjxtybc [fybs [29^ ud& 279], d& rjpty-rjdf rb ghjnj.j,fyehb tgjmbs [16^ yf[& 43].

vcufdcb cfrblbc cfbynthtcj wfkb^ hjvt-kbw itlut,f jhvfub fctsb cfrblbcfufy fq-vjxtybkb eylf b.jc afcrfeib fy rev,eksf-ib [33^ nf,& 379].

vtjs[t cf[bc ,hby]fjc cfrblb ofhvjfl-utyc wtynhfkeh-fvbthrfdrfcbehb wekbc ajh-vbc yfrdsc^ hjvtkbw itvrekbf w[dhbc sfdbc crekgnehekb ufvjcf[ekt,bs^ [jkj ptlf-gbhb cfvres[f yfzltdt,bcf lf pjkt,bc hb-ubs (nf,& +++38)& vbcb pecnb fyfkjubf wyj,b-kbf afcrfelfy [33^ nf,& 131].

vhfdfkathjdyt,bs ufvjbhxtdf cfrblt,bc rbltd thsb ]ueab^ hjvtkbw ofhvjflutyc ufypt ufpblekb^ cgbhfkehfl xf[dtekhmt,b-fy dth'bc sfdbc crekgnehek ufvjcf[ekt-,fc& bcbyb thsvfytsbcfufy ufyc[dfdlt,bfy hmt,bc [dbt,bc hbw[dbs (thsyf[tdfhb^ jhyf-[tdfhb lf cfvyf[tdfhb) lf vfsb ufikbkj,bc vb[tldbs (nf,& +++39-42)& vcufdcb ybdst,b ud[dlt,f ,hbkbc 31f cfvfh[blfy^ afcrfecf lf ptvj hes[bc cfvfhjdyt,blfy [33^ nf,& 4311-25* 441-4* 6416-23* 651-4^ 9^ 11]. ,hbkbc cfrblt,b lfsf-hbqt,ekbf 'd&o& \|+++-\|+ cc& [31^ ud& 243* 32^ ud& 152]. cfrblb w[dhbcsfdbc crekgne-hekb ufvjcf[ekt,bs wyj,bkbf ptvj hes-[bc 'd&o& +\-|+++ cc& lfsfhbqt,ekb == 1^ 5^ 18 rjvgktmct,blfy [20^ ud& 236], skbfc cfvfhjdybc == 56^ 17^ 23a^ 86^ 105^ 156^ 217 cfvfh[t,blfy^ hjvkt,bw lfsfhbqt,ekbf 'd&o& \+|-\+++ cc& – cfvfh[b = 56^ [jkj

lfyfhxtyb rb – 'd&o& \++-\ cc& [28^ ud& 14]. xdtyb fphbs rb^ skbfc cfvfh[t,b eylf lfsf-hbqltc 'd&o& +\-|+++ cc&

fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv dth'bcsfdbfyb cfrblt,b fqvjxtybkbf ptlf .j,fybc == 9^ = 12 lf 15 cfvfh[t,ib (t& ifynhbc ufs[ht,b)& = 12 cfvfh[b sfhbqlt,f 'd&o& |+++ cfereybs [14^ ud& 146], == 9 lf 15 cfvfh[t,b rb – 'd&o& \+-+\ cc-bs [16^ ud& 85]. dabmhj,s^ hjv f& btctybctekb sfhbqb – 'd&o& |+++ cfereyt^ cfdct,bs itcfathbcb eylf b.jc t& ifynhbc vbth ufs[hbkb lfyfhxtyb cfvfh[t,bcfsdbc&

ptvj hes[bc (t& rhegyjdb)^ skbfc lf .j-,fybc (t& ifynhb) cfrblt,b cnbkbcnehb ybi-yt,bs ufyc[dfdt,ekbf ,hbkbcf lf vbcb fyf-kjubehb cfrblt,bcfufy^ hfw vfsb mhjyjkj-ubehb c[dfj,bs eylf fb[cyfc& ,hbkbc cf-rblt,b^ xdtyb fphbs^ eahj flhtekt,b eylf b.jc lf vfsb sfhbqb fh eylf ufybcfpqdhjc 'd&o& \++ cfereytpt flht&

dthw[kbc svbc cfvfuht,bc (nf,& +++28-32) fyfkjut,b ud[dlt,f ptvj hes[fc cfvfhjdfy-pt [33^ ud& 127^ nf,& 49^ 25] lf sfhbqlt,f 'd&o& ++ fsfco& ,jkjsb [25a^ ud& 78].

,hby]fjc thsyf[tdfhb [dbt,b (nf,& +++26^27) lblb [ybc ufyvfdkj,fib b[vfht,jlf^ lfo.t-,ekb 'd&o& ++ fsfco& ief[fyt,blfy dblht 'd&o& + fsfco& ief[fyt,fvlt& ,eyt,hbdbf^ hjv vfs fv [ybc ufyvfdkj,fib ufydbsfht,bc ufhr-dtekb upf ufbfhtc^ hfw ajhvbc wdfkt,flj-,fib fbcf[f& fvbnjv dabmhj,s^ hjv ,hbkbc tc cfvrfekb sfdbcb ajhvbs (qthjpt mtlbs) 'd&o& + fsfco& lfcfo.bcbs eylf lfsfhbqltc&

,brjyecehb ubihbc v'bdt,b (nf,& +++33) lf-vf[fcbfst,tkbf fv gthbjlbc cfvfh[t,bcfsdbc (mdfcfsfkb^ yekb^ ,hbkb)&

wbcathb gfcnbc bjnt,b^16 hjujhw wyj,b-kbf^ ufvj.tyt,ekb b.j lhjbc [fyuh'kbs vjyfrdtsib^ fvbnjv xdty vfspt fqfh itdxth-lt,bs&

fvbs dfvsfdht,s ,hbkbc = 12 cfvfh[bc bydtynfhbc ufy[bkdfc&

.jdtkbdt ptvjsmvekbc itltufl dabmhj,s^ hjv ,hbkbc = 12 cfvfh[b eylf lfsfhbqltc 'd&o& \+| cfereybc lfcfchekbs lf \++ cfe-reybs& hfcfrdbhdtkbf^ xdty vbth vbqt,ekb sfhbqb itcf'kt,tkbf itvlujvib rbltdfw lf-pecnltc^ vfuhfv thsb rb w[flbf^ ,hbkbc = 12 cfvfh[b ief,hby]fjc [fyfc fh eylf vbt-resdyt,jltc& cfdct,bs cojhtl vbudfxybf ,& reanbybc vjcfpht,f^ hjvkbc vb[tldbsfw lb-ujhbekb 'tukt,b mhjyjkjubehfl oby eco-ht,ty .j,fybc cfvfhjdfyc [22^ ud& 12].

,hbkbc = 12 cfvfh[b sfdbcb [fcbfsbs lbl vcufdct,fc bxtyc xhlbkj rfdrfcbbc itv-

16

ufvjatybkbf bd& ]fdf[bidbkbc cf[tkj,bc sce fhmtjkjubbc rfstlhbc ufvjatyfpt& byf[t,f ccvfu @vwbht tmcg&# + ajylib^ rjk& = 5-993%103&

44

ltu 'tukt,sfy% rev,eksfib – ptvj hes[bc cfvfhjdfyb^ ufkbfsib – afcrfec cfvfhjdfyb^ hjvkt,bw udbfy,hby]fjc [fybc lfcfo.bcbcf-sdbc ufthsbfyt,ekyb fhbfy ths reknehek rthfl^ ufyc[dfdlt,bfy rfdrfcbbc c[df cbymhj-yekb rekneht,bcfufy lf vfs @lbujhbbc# reknehfl ufvj.jaty [19^ ud& 17].

@lbujhbbc# reknehbc fhtfkb lblb fh fhbc& fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv fv reknehbcfsdbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb 'tukt,b xhlbkjts rfdrfcb-bc c[df htubjyt,ib fh dhwtklt,f lf^ hj-ujhw ptvjs lfdbyf[ts^ bub cfv[htsbs v[j-kjl ptvj hfzfcf lf cdfytsfvlt fqotdc& gbhdtkb fqvjxtybc vb[tldbs ufvj.jabkb fv reknehbc cf[tkb lfcfpecnt,ekb uf[lf vfc itvltu^ hfw vcufdcb 'tukt,b fqvjxylf hfzfcf lf cdfytsib^ hfvfw cfiefkt,f vbcwf b& vjwty,trthc fv reknehbcfsdbc tojlt,byf @hfzf-lbujhbbc# reknehf [33^ ud& 17]. xdty cfdct,bs dbpbfht,s fv vjcfpht,fc^ v[jkjl bv ufyc[dfdt,bs^ hjv @hfzf-lbujhbbc# rek-nehbc fhtfkib cdfytsbc xhlbkj htubjybw eylf dbuekbc[vjs&

@hfzf-lbujhbbc# reknehf^ hjvtkbw mhj-yjkjubehfl oby ecoht,c .j,fybc rekne-hfc^ fqvjwtyt,ekb fh xfyc obyfvjh,tlb reknehbc nhflbwbt,pt^ vfuhfv tc erdt wfkrt rdktdbc cfufybf&

L. Pantskhava, V. Maisuradze,

G. Gobejishvili

TOWARD DATING BURIAL = 12 EXCA-

VATED AT BRILI NECOPOLIS IN 1939 (Summary)

Brili necropolis is situated 2 km north-west-

ward of the village of Ghebi, Highland Racha.

More than 200 burials have been excavated here,

though cist = 12 and pit burial = 31 differ

somewhat from the others. Despite the const-

ructional distinctions of the above burials, grave

goods found there are almost homogeneous.

Burial = 12 is actually a two-tiered cist con-

taining a quantity of bronze weapons, standards

and jewellery.The burial has been dated to the

Middle Bronze Age.

The analysis carried out, involving archaeolo-

gical parallels, suggests a rather different chro-

nology allowing to date it to the end of the 14th

and beginning of the 12th centuries B.C.

kbnthfnehf 1& uj,t]bidbkb u& ,hby]fjc mfhsekb

e'dtktcb ,fkst,b^ bcnjhbbc vtwy& rfyl& cf-

vtwybthj [fhbc[bc vjcfgjdt,kfl ofhlutyb-kb yfihjvb^ s,&^ 1942&

2& uj,t]bidbkb u& fhmtjkjubehb ufs[-ht,b cf,zjsf cfmfhsdtkjib& s,&^ 1952&

3& ujuf't tk& shbfktsbc .jhqfyekb reknehbc gthbjlbpfwbf lf utytpbcb& s,&^ 1972&

4& kjhsmbafyb't js& fhujyfdnbrf lf 'dtkb rjk[tsb& s,&^ 1986&

4a& cfmfhsdtkjc fhmtjkjubf^ s,&^ 1959&

5& cfmfhsdtkjc fhmtjkjubf^ s,&^ 1991& 6& cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbbc yfhrdtdt,b^

+^ cfmfhsdtkj e'dtktcb lhjblfy f[fkb otksfqhbw[dbc +| cfereytvlt& s,&^ 1970^ ud& 201-242&

7& qfv,fib't bh& cfvw[t 'd&o& ++ fsfco-ktekbc ief [fyt,ib^ fdnjhtathfnb bcnj-hbbc vtwy& rfyl& cfvtwybthj [fhbc[bc vjcf-gjdt,kfl^ s,&^ 1999&

8& xe,bybidbkb n& vw[tsbc e'dtktcb fhmtjkjubehb 'tukt,b& s,&^ 1957&

9& ]fafhb't js& fhmtjkjubehb ufs[ht-,b shbfktsib& s,&^ 1969&

10. Алексеева Е. М. Античные бусы Север-

ного Причерноморья. – САИ, Г 1-12, М., 1978.

11. Гогадзе Э. М., Панцхава Л. Н. Кол-

хидская культура эпохи бронзы и раннего же-

леза. – ВГМГ, XLII-B, 1989, с. 35-40.

12. Джапаридзе О. М. Квасатальский мо-

гильник эпохи бронзы в Юго-Осетии. –

КСИИМК, 60, 1955, с. 23-30.

13. Иессен А. А. Прикубанский очаг метал-

лургии и металлообработки в конце медно-

бронзового века. – МИА, 23, М.-Л., 1951, с. 75-

124.

14. Иессен А. А. Археологические памят-

ники Кабардино-Балкарии. – МИА, 3, 1941, с.

7–50.

15. Козенкова В. И. Типология и хроноло-

гическая классификация предметов кобанской

культуры. – САИ, Вып. 2-5, М., 1982.

16. Козенкова В. И. Культурно-историчес-

кие процессы на Северном Кавказе в эпоху

поздней бронзы и в ранннем железном веке,

М., 1996.

17. Козенкова В. И. Материальная основа

быта кобанских племен, Западный вариант. –

САИ, Вып. 2-5, М., 1998, с. 5–114.

18. Кореневский С. И. Втульчатые топоры

оружие ближнего боя эпохи средней бронзы

Северного Кавказа. – Кавказ и Средняя Азия в

древности и средневековье, М., 1985, с. 20-41.

19. Крупнов Е. И. Материалы по археоло-

гии Северной Осетии докобанского периода. –

МИА, 23, 1951, с. 17–74.

45

20. Крупнов Е. И. Древняя история Север-

ного Кавказа. М., 1960.

21. Куфтин Б. А. К вопросу о ранних ста-

диях бронзовой культуры на территории Гру-

зии. – КСИИМК, VIII, 1940, с. 5–35.

22. Куфтин Б. А. Археологические раскоп-

ки в Триалети. Тб., 1941.

23. Куфтин Б. А. Археологическая марш-

рутная экспедиция в Юго-Осетию и Имере-

тию. Тб., 1949.

24. Куфтин Б. А. Материалы к археологии

Колхиды. I, Тб., 1949.

25. Лордкипанидзе О. Д. Наследие древ-

ней Грузии. Тб., 1989.

25а. Марковин В. И. Культура племен Се-

верного Кавказа в эпоху бронзы (II тыс. до

н.э.). – МИА, 3, 1960.

26. Техов Б. В. Позднебронзовая культура

Лиахвского бассейна. Сталинир, 1957.

27. Техов Б. В. Центральный Кавказ в XVI-

X вв. до н.э. М., 1977.

28. Техов Б. В. Тлийский могильник, I, Тб.,

1980.

29. Уварова П. С. Могильники Северного

Кавказа. МАК, VIII, М., 1900.

30. Чартолани Ш. Г. К истории нагорья За-

падной Грузии доклассовой эпохи. Тб., 1989.

31. Gagoschidze I. in: Unterwegs zum

Goldenen Vlies. Archäologische funde aus

Georgien, Saarbrücken, 1995.

32. Koridze I. in: National Treusures of

Georgia, Catalog, Philip Wilson Publisehers,

London, 1999.

33. Motzenbäcker I. Sammlung Kossnierska,

B. 3. Berlin, 1996.

nf,ekt,bc fqothbkj,f nf,& + – 1-4& ,hby]fjc infylfhnt,b (5-

993%37^ 32^ 33^ 34)* 5-9& ,hby]fjc wekt,b (5-993%35^ 34^ 38^ 36^ 39)&

nf,& ++ – 1-14& ,hby]fjc ie,bcgbht,b (5-993%40-51)* 15-21& ,hby]fjc cfntdht,b (5-993%54-60)&

nf,& +++ – 1-12& ,hby]fjc lbcrjct,ehsf-dbfyb cfrby't,b (5-993%74^ 76^ 79^ 73^ 77^ 81^ 80^ 83^ 75^ 84^ 78^ 82)* 13-23& ,hby]fjc cf-vf]eht,b (5-993%70^ 71^ 63^ 67^ 62^ 64^ 65^ 72^ 69^ 68^ 66)* 24^ 25^ 37-42& ,hby]fjc cf-rblt,b (5-993%86^ 85^ 90^ 91^ 96^ 98-100)*17 28-32& dthw[kbc svbc cfvfuht,b (5-993%101)* 26-27& ,hby]fjc thsyf[tdfhb [dbt,b (5-993%93^

17

cfrblt,b dth'bcsfdbc ufvjcf[ekt,bs rjk& = 5-993%94^ 95^ 97 ufvjatybkbf sce fhmtjkjubbc rfstlhbc ufvjatyfpt&

92)* 33& ubihbc v'bdt,b (5-993%102)* 34-36& hrbybc cfrby'bc sfdbcf lf qthjc yfnt[t,b&

Description of the Plates

Pl. I – 1-4. bronze standards (5-993:37, 32, 33,

34); 5-9. bronze axes (5-993:35, 34, 38,

36, 39).

Pl. II – 1-14. bronze spearheads (5-993:40-51);

15-21. bronze daggers (5-993:54-60).

Pl. III – 1-12. bronze disk-head pins (5-993:74,

76,79, 73, 77, 81, 80, 83, 75, 84, 78, 82);

13-23. bronze bracelets (5-993:70, 71, 63,

67, 62, 64, 65, 72, 69, 68, 66); 24,25, 37-

42. bronze pendants (5-993:86, 85, 90, 91,

96, 98-100); 28-32. bronze hair pins (5-

993:93, 92); 26-27. bronze one and a half

volutes (5-993:101); 33. jet beads (5-

993:102); 34-36. fragments of head and

stem of an iron pin.

46

nf,& +

47

nf,& ++

48

nf,& +++

49

tktyt ubujkfidbkb

DTHW[KBC FHB,FKJCB DFYBLFY yfihjvib18 itcofdkbkbf dfybc 'd&o& | c&

= 11 vlblhekb cfvfh[bc ths-thsb vtnfl cfbynthtcj vjyfgjdfhb – dthw[kbc fhb,f-kjcb (ceh& 1)& vfc vhudfkb nfyb fmdc* nfybc ptlf lf mdtlf yfobkt,b itvrekbf t&o& @tyt-,bc# jhyfvtynbs (fy kjnjcbc ufikbkb .df-dbkbc aehwkt,bs)& fv aehwkt,c ijhbc itmvybk ahbppt^ uhfdbht,bs itchekt,ekb cabymct,bc vcdktkj,bc cehfsbf ofhvjlut-ybkb& fhb,fkjcb ktrbsjcbct,ehgbhbfybf^ .eht,bc flubkpt ahbydtkt,bc ufvjcf[ekt-,t,bf vjsfdct,ekb& zehzkbc 'bhc mdtvjlfy ufjs[vfut,ekb kjnjcbc ufvjcf[ekt,f fv-rj,c& cfvfh[ib fhb,fkjcb yfgjdyb b.j [ea-sfy thsfl^ hjvtkbw sfdbc lhjpt .ehpt vb-vfuht,ekb .jabkf 'tordbs& zehzkbc cbvfq-kt 9 cv-bf^ gbhbc lbfvtnhb – 3^5 cv^ nfybc lbfvtnhb – 7^5-8 cv [2^ ud& 24^ ceh& 210* 3^ ud& 90^ ceh& 404* 4^ ud& 94^ ceh& 11].

ceh& 1 wyj,bkbf^ hjv fhb,fkjcb ptsbc itcfyf-

[fl ufyresdybkb zehztkbf^ cathjct,ehb fy yf[tdfhcathjct,ehb ajhvbc^ hjvtkcfw pj-yfhpt xfvjrblt,ekc [vfhj,lyty& bub afh-sjl ufdhwtklf cf,th'ytsib 'd&o& |++ cfe-reyblfy& fhb,fkjcb jhb 'bhbsflb nbgbcff% eahj flhtekb – hjvtkcfw afhsj^ lbcrjc ajhvbc gbhb fmdc^ lf udbfyltkb – eahj dbo-hj^ yf[tdfhcathjct,ehgbhbfyb^ vfc ktrbsj-cbct,ehc eojlt,ty& gbhdtkb – rjhbysekb

18

cnfnbf jlyfd itvjrkt,ekb cf[bs lfb,tzlf byukbceh tyfpt% Ancient Greeks West and East,

Brill, Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999, ud& 605-613&

nbgbc fhb,fkjcbf^ vtjht – fnbrehb nbgbcf [16^ ud& 194].

rjhbysekb nbgbc fhb,fkjcbc ufdhwtkt-,f v[jkjl rjhbysjsb fh bafhukt,f& bub ud[dlt,f hjujhw rjhbysekb nbgbc tnhec-rek vbyf,f't,ib^ fctdt kfrjybbc^ ,tjnbbc^ fuhtsdt fqvjcfdkts-,th'yek yfofhvibw& rj-hbysekb nbgbc ,hby]fjc fhb,fkjct,b yf-gjdybf ltkajib^ cgfhnfib^ cbwbkbfpt& rj-hbysekb fhb,fkjcb fnbrfibw uf/mjylfs& 'd&o& |+ cfereybc ief [fyt,blfy bcbyb vj[f-nek fnbreh zehzkt,ptf ofhvjlutybkb – ]th ifdabuehek^ [jkj itvltu flhtek ob-stkabuehek dfpt,pt& 'd&o& |+ c& ,jkjc-sdbc rjhbysekb nbgbc fhb,fkjcb fnbrehb zehzkbc vj[fnekj,blfy mht,f lf flubkc esvj,c fnbreh nbgc [1^ ud& 123-124* 16^ ud& 195-197].

hjujhw ptvjs fqbybiyf^ dfybc fhb,fkjcb cojhtl fnbrehb nbgbc ktrbsjcbct,ehgbhb-fyb zehztkbf lf js& kjhsmbafyb't vfc fnbrehb cf[tkjcyjc yfofhvfl vbbxytdc& vbcb fphbs^ @cabymct,bc sfdb (vjrktl itzhbkb lf ie,kpt fmjxhbkb svf) lf ufjhvfut,ekb vjvhudfkt,ekb ahst,b sbsmjc bvtjht,ty fnbreh nbgc^ hjvtkbw ofhvjlutybkbf ,hb-nfytsbc veptevbc jh obstkabuehek hb-njyib^ cabymcc hjv ofhvjcf[fdc& vfsufy th-sb – 'd&o& | c& vtjht vtjs[tlib vjqdfot wyj,bkb fnbrtkb jcnfnbc – cjnflbc yf[t-kfdbf^ [jkj vtjht – gbcnjmctybc& cabymct,c obyf sfsb ptfotekb fmds lf flfvbfybc [t-kbcf lf sbst,bc cf[bsff ufajhvt,ekb^ hfw chekbfl exdtekjf fnbrehb lf cfthsjl ,th'yekb nbgbc cabymcbc ufvjcf[ekt,t,bcf-sdbc& flfvbfybc[tkbfyb (ptfotekb) cabymcb ufvjcf[ekbf sbsmjc ths-ths td,teh ifdab-uehek ktrbsjcpt# [2^ ud& 24].

r& vfxf,tkb^ sevwf rb dfybc fhb,fkjcbc cnbkbcneh fyfkbpc fh b'ktdf^ vfuhfv vbc vbth ufvjwtvek dthw[kbc c[dflfc[df ybve-it,bc rfnfkjuib vjrktl fqybiyfdc^ hjv zehzkbc (t&b& fhb,fkjcbc) @uhfabrek cfv-rfekib fqvjcfdkehb ghjnjnbgt,bc ptufd-ktyf buh'yj,f# [4^ ud& 94].

fqcfybiyfdbf ]& ,jhlvfybc vjcfpht,f^ uf-vjsmvekb vbc vj[ctyt,fib dfybc 1987 okbc cbvgjpbevpt – @vt vtxdtyt,f^ – othc bub^ hjv wyj,bk jhyfvtynbht,ek fhb,fkjcc dfyblfy^ ,tdhfl vtnb fmdc cfthsj fyfnjkbeh^ itcf'-kjf kblbeh^ ,th'yek-cgfhcek dthw[kbc yfofhvsfy^ dblht vfnthbrekb cf,th'ytsbc ybveit,sfy& bub itb'kt,f itdflfhjs jhyf-vtynbht,ek dthw[kbcf lf vjjmhek dthw[-kbc ybdst,c ifdb pqdbc xhlbkjts hfbjyt-

50

,blfy^ – bctsc^ hjujhbwff vfufkbsfl rtkth-vtcbc hbnjyb# [17^ ud& 197].

fctsbf lqtclqtj,bs^ cfvtwybthj kbnt-hfnehfib fhct,ekb^ thsvfytsbcufy ufyc[df-dt,ekb fphb dfybc fhb,fkjcbc itcf[t,& bvbcsdbc^ hjv xtvb lfvjrblt,ekt,f ufvjd[f-nj fv cfrbs[bcflvb^ fhb,fkjcbc fyfkbpc vbde,heylt,b& gbhdtk hbuib rb cabymct,bc ufvjcf[ekt,t,c itdt[t,b& bcbyb uhfdbht,bsff itchekt,ekb& w[dbhb lblb pjvbcf fmds& sfd-pt svf othnbkt,bsff fqybiyekb& nfyb lf rbcthb lfafhekbf odhbkb^ /jhbpjynfkehb vjrkt [fpt,bc vorhbdt,bs& ahst,b ,ev,e-kbc fqvybidytkb jhhbuf [fpt,bcufyff itv-lufhb^ vjvhudfkt,ekbf^ cabymct,bc sfdbcrty uflf[hbkb lf jlyfd ofodtnt,ekb& .jdtk cabymcc vfh]dtyf obyf sfsb fotekb fmdc& relbw fotekbf lf kfsbyehb fcj S-bc vcufdcb ajhvf fmdc vbqt,ekb& at[t,b jhvfub [fpt,bs jh yfobkflff uf.jabkb& cabymct,bc nfyb sbsmjc jlyfd lfv'bvt,ekbf^ e[tifl vj.dfybkb& lfhqdtekbf yf[fnbc ghjgjhwb-t,b& thsyfbhb ajhvbc fh fhbc cabymcbc .eht,bw – pjubc eahj lblbf^ pjubc gfnfhf& relb pjub cabymcbc itvs[dtdfib ahsfc t[t-,f^ pjufy rb ahsfcf lf relc ijhbc cfrvfj vfy'bkbf lfnjdt,ekb& fctdtf ahsfw^ pjub-ths itvs[dtdfib bub cabymcbc sfdc sbsmvbc t[t,f sfdbcb odtnbfyb ,jkjsb& thsyfbhb fh fhbc cabymct,bc nfybc rjynehb^ fhw fote-kb [tkbc vj.dfybkj,f& relbc ,jkjt,bw cabymct,c thsyfbhfl fhf fmds itcmtkt,ekb&

cabymct,bc ahbpb ptvjlfy lf mdtvjlfy itvjcfpqdhekbf @tyt,bc# jhyfvtynbs& vfsb cabymct,bcrty vbvfhsekb v[fhtt,b vjvhudf-kt,ekbf lf jhvfub rjynehbs itchekt,e-kb& @tyt,c# ijhbc [esaehwkbfyb gfkvtnt-,bf xfcvekb& fctsb @tyt,b# (fy aehwkt,b) ths-thsb cfrvfjl ufdhwtkt,ekb ,th'yekb jhyfvtynbf [13^ ud& 223]. 'fkpt [ibhfl uf-vjb.tyt,f bub hjljcek-bjybehb rthfvbrbc vj-[fnekj,fib^ ufycfresht,bs rb @jhbtynfkbpt-,ekb# ]ueabc rthfvbrbc^ hjvtkbw fthsbf-yt,c vwbht fpbbc cfyfgbhjc c[dflfc[df wty-nht,bc cf[tkjcyjt,c^ 'bhbsflfl rb xhlb-kjts bjybbcfc [9^ ud& 25]. bm (hjljcek-bjybeh rthfvbrfib) @tyt,c# ijhbc gfkvtnt,b rb fh fhbc^ hjujhw dfybc fhb,fkjcpt^ fhf-vtl cfvres[f ajhvbc t&o& @bchbct,ehb# ab-ueht,bf& tc ntmybrehb [th[b ufvj.tyt,ekbf rtkthvtcbc dthw[kbc cfhrbcf lf dthw[kbc hbnjybc itvrekj,fib [12^ ud& 287* 13^ ud& 223]. dfybc fhb,fkjcpt @tyt,c# ijhbc xf[f-nekbf gfkvtnt,b^ lf se @tyt,bc# rjynehb vtn-yfrkt,b cbpecnbsff lfnfybkb^ bubdtc dth dbn.dbs gfkvtnt,pt& bcbyb c[dflfc[df pjvbcff^ c[dflfc[df ajhvbc^ thsyfbhb cbpec-nbs fh fhbfy @tyt,c# ijhbc vjsfdct,ekb& ufycfresht,bs tc t[t,f mdtlf hbubc gfk-vtnt,c& ptlf gfkvtnt,b cfthsjl eahj lb-lbwff& dbyfblfy [esaehwkbfy gfkvtnib ief

aehwtkb cfrvfjl uh'tkbf c[dt,sfy itlf-ht,bs^ xtvb fphbs^ fm sbsmjc lfwekbf utj-vtnhbpvbc ghbywbgb – gfkvtnt,c itcf'kjf cfvres[f ajhvf fmdc vbwtvekb (ceh& 2)&

ceh& 2 fhb,fkjcbc 'bhb^ hjujhw erdt fqbybiyf^

itvrekbf ufjs[vfut,ekb kjnjcbc .dfdbkbc ufvjcf[ekt,bs& tc 'fkpt 'dtkb jhyfvtyne-kb vjnbdbf^ fcbhbekb [tkjdyt,blfy uflvj-qt,ekb [9^ ud& 9]. ufjs[vfut,ekb kjnjcb^ hjujhw sdkbc /& gtbyb – tc fhbc kjnjcbc .dfdbkt,bcf lf rjrht,bcufy itvlufhb ufvjcf-[ekt,bc uflfveifdt,f js[res[f cbdhwbc it-cfdct,fl [19^ ud& 147]. fyfkjubehb jhyfvtyne-kb vjnbdt,b ud[dlt,f hjljcek-bjybeh zehztkptw^ cflfw bcbyb fvrj,ty stait,c^ eahj bidbfsfl rb jbyj[jbfc vcufdcb zehz-kbc 'bht,cfw [9^ ud& 9-10]. tc jhyfvtynb ud[dlt,f fuhtsdt vjcfhsfdfl ufyresdybk fh-mbntmnehek ltnfkt,pt^ vfufkbsfl gthf[j-hfib* fqvjxylf bub cfhlbc ufs[ht,bc lhj-cfw lf c[d& [20^ ud& 146* 21^ ud& 18^ 36].

dfybc fhb,fkjcbc 'bhpt vjsfdct,ekb uf-js[vfut,ekb kjnjcbc .dfdbkbc ufvjcf[e-kt,fw lfeltdhfl fhbc itchekt,ekb& .dfdb-kt,c ijhbc vjmwtekb rjrht,b fhfsfyf,fhb pjvbcff^ sdbs kjnjcbc .dfdbkbc aehwkt-,bc hfjltyj,fw c[dflfc[dff^ thsb – wfvtn-aehwkbfybf^ thsb – sthsvtnaehwkbfyb^ jhbw – fsaehwkbfyb (ceh& 3)&

dfybc fhb,fkjcbc fctsb fyfkbpbc cfae'-dtkpt itcf'kt,kfl vbvfxybf^ hjv zehzkbc itvrekj,f fqvjcfdkehb ohbc [tkjdyt,bc nhflbwbt,pt fqphlbk [tkjcfyc vbdfothj& gbhdtk hbuib fvfc vfabmht,byt,c cojhtl yf[fnbc lfeltdhfl itchekt,ekb^ fhfsfyf-,fhb pjvbc ltnfkt,b^ fuhtsdt cabymct,bc fhfghjgjhwbekb ufvjcf[ekt,t,b& vcufdcb hfv^ hjujhw wyj,bkbf^ exdtekjf ,th'yekb [tkjdyt,bcsdbc& ,th'tyb v[fndht,bcsdbc lf-vf[fcbfst,tkbf yfstkb^ vrfabj lf vo.j,hb rjvgjpbwbt,b [12^ ud& 284]. ,th'tyb jcnfnb yf[fnc vtnfl uekvjlubytl fchekt,lf^ uf-

51

vjcf[ekt,fsf gjpt,c^ hfrehccf lf wfkrt-ek odhbkvfy ltnfkt,c^ bmyt,jlf tc sdfkb^ sfsb se ,ev,ekb^ ptlvbotdybs pecnfl fve-ifdt,lf [6^ ud& 102]. rfyjybrehb yjhvt,blfy uflf[hf fnbrehb crjkbcsdbc xdtekt,hbd fh b.j lfvf[fcbfst,tkb&

ceh& 3 vtjht^ hfptlfw .ehflqt,fc itdfxtht,^

jhyfvtynbc lfnfybc ntmybrff& fvudfhb ntmyb-rbs itchekt,ekb yf[fnb^ hjujhbwff odhb-kb zltt,bs (fy inhb[t,bs) ,todbc fqybidyf^ fnbrehb [tkjdyt,bc ybveit,pt fh ud[dlt,f^ vfuhfv bub nbgbehbf fqvjcfdkehb ohbc 'tu-kt,bcsdbc& /fcfykec wb[t-cbvfuhbc ufs[hb-cfc (ehvbbc n,fcsfy) fqvjxtybkb b.j jmhjc sfcb^ hjvtkptlfw w[jdtkt,bc ,todb odhb-kb^ o.dtnbkb [fpt,bs b.j ufvjcf[ekb& ufvs[htkt,bc fphbs^ fv sfcbc lfvpflt,bc ntmybrf lf cnbkb vjovj,ty fm f[fkb^ flub-kj,hbdb njhtdnbrekb crjkbcf lf vc[dbkb v[fndhekb wtynhbc fhct,j,fc 'd&o& + fsfco-ktekbc lfcfo.bcib [7^ ud& 69].

vcufdcb ntmybrehb [th[bs jhyfvtynbht-,ekb jmhjcf lf dthw[kbc c[dflfc[dfudfhb zehztkb^ cfrvfj hfjltyj,bs fqvjxylf vfh-kbrbc cfvfhjdfypt bhfyib& /fcfykec sfcsfy itlfht,bs bcbyb hfvltyflvt udbfyltkbf [11^ ud& 66-67]. sbsmvbc .dtkf zehzkbcsdbc lfvf-[fcbfst,tkbf jhyfvtynbc cfthsj ntmybrehb [th[t,b% vfqfkb fy lf,fkb htkbtab^ o.dt-nbkb [fpt,bc-zltt,bc ufycfresht,ekb nhf-cbht,f ,todbcf lf afahbc fqcfybiyfdfl^ jh-yfvtynekb vjnbdt,b (hsekb dfhlekt,b^ hjvkt,bw zehzkbc 'bht,c fvrj,ty^ @oyekb# jhyfvtynb lf c[d&) [7^ ud& 62]. vfhkbrbc 'tu-kt,c cgtwbfkeh cfvtwybthj kbnthfnehfib vfyfc cfvtajc reknehfc erfdibht,ty [2^ ud& 20]. |-+| gthbjlbc /fcfykew ufy[bkekbf^ hjujhw vfyfc cf[tkvobajc ths-thsb wtyn-hb [7^ ud& 63]. fmtlfy (t&b& vfyfc cfvtajlfy)^ lff[kjt,bs 'd&o& |+++ cfereybcsdbc cfvrfe-kbcf lf kbsjybc zehzkbc lfveifdt,bc tc

f[fkb [th[b dhwtklt,f vf[kj,tk fqvjcfd-ktsib^ rfdrfcbfib^ itvltu rb vstkc [vtksf-iefpqdbcgbhtsib [2^ ud& 20].

fvhbufl dabmhj,^ hjv dfybc fhb,fkjcb fnbrehb cf[tkjcyjc yfofhvb fh eylf b.jc& fh fhbc ufvjhbw[ekb^ hjv bub bjybehb cf-,th'ytsbc cfofhvjj wtynhibf lfvpflt,ekb^ cflfw fv lhjc f[kj-fqvjcfdkehb [tkjdyt-,bc 'kbthb ptufdktyf buh'yj,f& fhb,fkjcbc itvrekj,f^ vbcb jhyfvtynb^ 'fkpt offufdc hjljcek-bjybehb rthfvbrbc @jhbtynfkbpt-,ekb# ]ueabc zehzkbc vj[fnekj,fc% fct-sbdt^ jhvfub rjynehbs lfnfybkb @tyt,b^# vjemytkb abueht,b& hjljcek-bjybeh zeh-ztkpt w[jdtkbc abueht,bc uflvjwtvbcfc^ v[fndfhb vfs at[t,pt ,todc jhvfub bhb,b [fpt,bs ufvj.jalf [12^ ud& 287]. bubdt [th-[bf ufvj.tyt,ekb fhb,fkjcbc vjv[fndtkb [tkjcybc vbthfw – cabymct,bc at[t,ptw ,to-db jhvfub [fpbsff ufvj.jabkb& lfvf[fcbfst-,tkbf fuhtsdt ahst,bc lfveifdt,fw – bcbyb cabymct,c ,tzt,pt rb fhf fmds lfvfuht,ekb (sbsmjc ,tzt,blfy fvjphlbkb)^ hjujhw tc fnbrehb nbgbc cabymcc f[fcbfst,c^ fhfvtl sfdbcb ,ev,ekbs afhfdty cabymct,bc vrthl-cfw – hfw fctdt [ibhfl ud[dlt,f ahst,bc uflvjwtvbcfc fqvjcfdkeh-,th'yekb [tkjd-yt,bc 'tukt,pt [12^ ud& 288^ ilh& 22^ ud& 249], vfuhfv fhb,fkjcbc cabymct,c ahst,b ,ev,ekbc fqvybidytkb jh-hbuf [fpt,bcufy fmds itlutybkb^ vfiby hjltcfw^ hjljcek-bjybeh dfpt,pt ahst,bc ,ev,ekb 'bhbsf-lfl thsb hbubsff vjwtvekb& fhb,fkjcbc cabymct,bc ahst,bc vj[fpekj,f^ ,ev,ekbc jh hbufl lfnfyf^ ahst,bc yfvukbct,ehb ajhvf – 'fkpt nbgbehbf ahbydtkt,bc^ caby-mct,bc lf c[df afynfcnbreh fhct,fsf uf-vjcf[ekt,t,bcsdbc fmtvtybleh tgjmfib& ahst-,bc fvudfhb ufvj[fndf fmtvtybleh [tkjdyt-,fc ufyfc[dfdt,c fcbhbbc^ kehbcnfybc^ vfh-kbrbc 'tukt,bc eahj flhtekb [tkjdyt-,bcfufy^ cflfw ahsf 'bhbsflfl fy cojhflff uflvjwtvekb fy^ hfw eahj bidbfsbf^ re-s[tc mvybc [10^ ud& 17* 15^ ud& 196]. xdtyb fhb,fkjcbc cabymct,bc ahst,bc brjyjuhf-abekb cmtvf^ dabmhj, cojhtl fmtvtyblehb [tkjdyt,bc cnbkbcneh sfdbct,eht,fc ofh-vjflutyc [5^ ud& 44].

fqcfybiyfdbf fhb,fkjcbc rbltd thsb lt-nfkb – ahbydtkbcufvjcf[ekt,bfyb .eht,b& cfthsjl ahbydtkbc ufvjcf[ekt,t,b cfrvf-jl rfhufl fhbc wyj,bkb lf [ibhfl ud[dlt-,f hjujhw ,th'yek cfv.fhjib^ bct fqvjcfd-kehb ohbc [tkjdyt,bc 'tukt,ptw& vfuhfv fv itvs[dtdfib vt vtxdtyt,f^ hjv dfybc fhb,f-kjcbc b[dbc (`) ufvjcf[ekt,fc eahj fmtvt-yblehb [tkjdyt,bcsdbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb bthb fmdc – nfyb ghjabkibf^ sfdb rb erfy^ pehubcrty fmdc vb,heyt,ekb^ gjpf^ hjvtkbw fqvjcfdkehb v[fndhekb htgthnefhblfy

52

fhbc uflvjqt,ekb [8^ ud& 118* 14^ ud& 70* 15^ ud& 194* 18^ ud& 29].

cf,jkjjl vbylf fqdybiyj^ hjv^ xtvb fp-hbs^ dfybc dthw[kbc fhb,fkjcb ofhvjfl-utyc [tkjdyt,bc itcfybiyfd ybveic^ hjvtk-ibw itho.vekbf hjujhw fnbrehb (buekbc-[vt,f ajhvbc 'bhbsflb ghbywbgb)^ fctdt bjybehb^ @jhbtynfkbpt,ekb# cnbkbc vjnb-dt,b^ [jkj pjubths ltnfkib firfhfl bxtyc sfdc fmtvtyblehb [tkjdyt,bcsdbc lfvf[fcbf-st,tkb ybiyt,b&

E. Gigolashvili SILVER ARYBALLOS FROM VANI (Summary) The paper deals with a silver aryballos found at

Vani city site in a richly furnished burial = 11

dated to the mid-5th

cent. B.C. Its spherical body is decorated with “tongue pattern”. The central band bears the representation of a chain of marching sphinxes. A quadruple lotus is depicted on the bottom, while the handles are elaborated in the shape of birds. All ornaments are incised. Due to the lekythoid rim of the aryballos, it can be attributed to the so-called “Attic style”.

The Attic origin of the above aryballos has already been suggested by O. Lordkipanidze, while J. Boardman attributes it to Lydian “Grae-co-Persian” specimens. According to the author, the Vani aryballos must have been manufactured in Ionian Greece, revealing strong influences of the Near Eastern art of the moment. The Vani aryballos represents a kind of combination of the attic shape, Ionian “orientalizing” style and some elements characteristic of Achaemenid art.

kbnthfnehf 1& kjhsmbafyb't js& fynbrehb fhmtj-

kjubf& s,&^ 1971& 2& kjhsmbafyb't js& dfybc yfmfkfmfhb&

– dfyb +^ s,&^ 1972^ ud& 7-42& 3& kjhsmbafyb't js& njhtdnbrf& – dfyb

|++^ s,&^ 1983^ ud& 89-91& 4& vfxf,tkb r& 'dtkb cfmfhsdtkjc dthw-

[kb^ s,& 1983& 5& z.jybf f& jmhjc cfvrfekt,b dfybc yf-

mfkfmfhblfy& – dfyb |+^ s,&^ 1981& 6& Грач Н. Л. Круглодонные серебряные

сосуды из Кургана Куль-Оба. – ТГЭ, XXIV, 1984, с. 100-109.

7. Дандамаев М. А., Луконин В. Г. Куль-тура и экономика древнего Ирана. М., 1980.

8. Кисель В. А. Стилистическая и техноло-гическая атрибуция серебряного зеркала из Ке-лермеса. – ВДИ, № 1, 1993, с. 111-125.

9. Копейкина Л. В. Родосско-ионийская ке-рамика VII в. до н.э. с острова Березань и ее значение для изучения раннего этапа сущест-вования поселения. – Художественные изделия античных мастеров, Л., 1982, с. 6-35.

10. Кузьмина Е. Е. Золотая пластина с пти-цами из Амударьинского клада. – КСИА, 159, 1979, с. 16-21.

11. Луконин В. Г. Древний и раннесредне-вековый Иран. М., 1987.

12. Максимова А. И. Серебряное зеркало из Келермеса. – СА, XXI, 1954, с. 281-305.

13. Максимова А. И. Ритон из Келермеса. – СА, XXV, 1956, с. 215-235.

14. Тирацян Г. А. Некоторые черты мате-риальной культуры Армении Закавказья V-IV вв. до н.э. – СА, № 3, 1964, с. 64-68.

15. Тирацян Г. А. Золотая пектораль из

Армавира. – СА, № 4, 1968, с. 190-198. 16. Beazly J. D. Aryballos. – ABSA, XXIX,

1927-1928, p. 187-223. 17. Boardman J. Perceptions of Colchis. –

Причерноморье VII–V вв. до н.э. Письменные источники и археология. Материалы V международного симпозиума по древней истории Причерноморья. Вани – 1987. Тб., 1990, p. 195-197.

18. Negahban E. O. A preliminary report on Marlik excavation. Teheran, 1964.

19. Payne H. Necrocorinthia, Oxford, 1931. 20. Payne H. et al. Perachora I, Oxford, 1940. 21. Shear Th. L. Architectural Terracottas

(Sardis Terracottas), vol. X, Cambridge MCMXXVI.

22. Wright J. C. A poros Sphinx from Corinth. – Hesperia, vol. 46, N 3, 1977, p. 245-254.

cehfst,bc fqothf ceh& 1& dthw[kbc fhb,fkjcb& ceh& 2& dthw[kbc fhb,fkjcbc nfybc

ahfuvtynb* @tyt,c# ijhbc vjsfdct,ekbf cabymct,bc ufvjcf[ekt,t,b&

ceh& 3& fhb,fkjcbc 'bhb^ jhyfvtynbht-,ekbf ufjs[vfut,ekb kjnjcbc .dfdbkbc ufvjcf[ekt,bs&

Description of the Figures Fig. 1 – silver aryballos. Fig. 2– fragment of the body of the silver

aryballos: sphinxes are represented among “ton-gues”.

Fig. 3 – the bottom of the aryballos decorated with a quadruple lotus ornament.

53

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vwbht gkfcnbrbc bv 'tukt,c ijhbc^ hjv-

kt,bw vjgjdt,ekbf fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdt-kjc vsbcobytsbcf lf vsbc cfvfhjdyt,pt lf hjvkt,bw cfvfh[tekb rjvgktmct,bc vb[tl-dbs sfhbqlt,f f[&o& ++-+| cc-bs^ cf.ehfl-qt,j flubkb ezbhfdc ]b[dbcf lf dth'bc uf-vjcf[ekt,t,c& bctdt^ hjujhw flht ufy[b-kek w[tybcf lf bhvbc ufvjcf[ekt,fsf ]ueaib [15^ ud& 67-71* 13^ ud& 71-75* 14^ ud& 60-65]^ fmfw udfmdc itcf,ytdfl ufvj.tyt,ekb ]b[dbc jhb abuehf& ufhlf fvbcf^ cfrvfjl vhfdkflff ]b[dbc sfdt,bc ufvjcf[ekt,t,b^ fuhtsdt ]b[dt,bc vhudfkb vbybfnehekb mfy-lfrt,t,b^ hjvkt,bw cfvrfekt,fl (cfrblt,fl) .jabkf ufvj.tyt,ekb& hfw itt[t,f dth'bc ufvjcf[ekt,t,c^ fv ]ueaib ufthsbfyt,ekbf vbybfnehekb abueht,b^ pehupt cfrblb huj-kt,bs& ufhlf fvbcf^ vfsb ufvjcf[ekt,t,b ud[dlt,f c[dflfc[df cfuyt,pt – cfvf]eht,pt^ vtlfkbjypt&

hjujhw ibyffhcj,hbdb^ bct v[fndhek-cnbkbcnehb sfdbct,eht,t,bs^ vwbht gkfc-nbrbc fm ufycf[bkdtkb ]ueab cfrvfjl lbl bynthtcc bodtdc lf vfsb ufvjmdt.yt,f^ dabm-hj,s^ ufhrdtek odkbkc itbnfyc mfhsekb gkfcnbrehb [tkjdyt,bcf lf vfnthbfkehb reknehbc rdktdfib^ vfuhfv^ dblht ufydb[b-kfdlts bv cfrbs[t,c^ hjvtksf ofvjzhfcf lf gfce[bc ufwtvbc cfiefkt,fc b'ktdf fq-ybiyekb vfcfkf^ ofhvjublutys ufvjrdktdbc rfnfkjueh yfobkc^ xdtysdbc cfbynthtcj ybdst,bc vjrkt fqothbkj,bs&

1& @itcf,ytdb# ]b[dbc ufvjcf[ekt,bs (09-XLVII-81-42)19 fqvjxylf vt-5 cfvfh[ib& ofh-vjflutyc vfh]dtyf ghjabkib vlufh ]b[dbc /jhtkbtaeh ufvjcf[ekt,fc^ afmnj,hbdfl^ vhudfkb mfylfrt,bc yf[tdfhc& njhcb erfyf v[hblfy itqhvfdt,ekbf^ sfdb rb vhudfk mfy-lfrt,fc ofhvjflutyc lf vfh]dybd (vf.eht,-kbcrty) ¾-bs fmdc vj,heyt,ekb& ]b[dbc vfh-]dtyf^ cfafcflj v[fht cfrvfjl htfkbcnehf-

19

byltmcib 09-XLVII-81-42^ 09 fqybiyfdc ;bydfkbc fhmtjkjubeh tmcgtlbwbfc^ vjvltdyj hjvfekb wbaht,b e,ybc yjvthc& fv itvs[dtdfib XLVII fqybiyfdc obahfybc'bhbc cfvfhjdfyc& vjvltdyj wbahb ufs[hbc otkbf^ ,jkj wbahb – ybdsbc cfdtkt yjvthb& LXI fqybiyfdc yt'b[bc^ [jkj XXV – ;bydfkbc cfvfhjdfyc& byltmcib 31-XXII-89-40^ 31 fqybiyfdc fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc vsbfytsbc fhmtjkjubeh tmcgtlbwbfc^ XXII – ,flhbfyt,bc cfvfhjdfyc^ 89 – ufs[hbc otkbf^ 40 – ybdsbc cfdtkt yjvthb&

lff uflvjwtvekb& njhcbc fvjpblekb (vrth-lb^ ufdf) lf itlfht,bs xfotekb (otkb) gkfcnbrehb vfct,bc vjyfwdktj,bs vbqote-kbf vjwekj,bsb tatmnb& abuehbc ufvjvcf[-dtkj,fc f'kbtht,c ytcnjt,lf,thbkb oby uf-vjotekb lheyxb lf fvf.fl fpblekb ijhts-ib vfwmthfkb^ hmt,bs lfvidtyt,ekb sfdb& vbc lblt,ekt,fc rbltd eahj fvrdtsht,c uf[dhtnbk .eht,ib xf,vekb vhudfkabhab-njdfyb cf.ehtt,b& erfyf (fhf[bkek) v[fhtpt ,hby]fjc qthjt,bs gbhj,bsfl ufvjcf[ekb at[t,b ufvj.tyt,ekb .jabkf hrbybc ytvcbfyb itcf,ytdbc vjcfo.j,fl& at[t,bc obyf lf erf-yf o.dbkt,b thsbvtjhtcsfy ,hby]fjc vjrkt ufvbht,bsff itthst,ekb^ hfptw cfrblt,bfyb 'tordt,b eylf .jabkb.j xfvj,vekb& pjvt,b% cbuh't – 5 cv^ cbvfqkt – 6^2 cv^ sfdbc cbuh-'t – 1^1 cv (nf,& +2)&

2& @itcf,ytdb# ]b[dbc ufvjcf[ekt,bs^ dth-w[kbc (09-XLVII-83-180(4))& fqvjxylf lfyuht-ek vt-20 cfvfh[ib& ofhvjflutyc vfh]dtyf ghjabkib ufvjcf[ek vfqfk htkbtaib itc-hekt,ek abuehfc^ hjvtkcfw sfdb vfh]dybd (vyf[dtkbcrty) fmdc vj,heyt,ekb lf cf[bs fyafcibf& abuehbc njhcb cfafcflj v[fhtc cfrvfjl htfkbcnehfl fhbc lfveifdt,ekb^ erfyf v[hblfy itqhvfdt,ekbf^ sfdb rb vhudfk mfylfrt,fc ofhvjflutyc& dthw[kbc ]b[db vidbl cnfnbreh gjpfibf ofhvjlutyb-kb& ltnfkehflff lfveifdt,ekb ]b[dbc sf-db^ hjvtkbw dthnbrfkehfl fpblekb^ uht-[bkb hmt,bs ,jkjdlt,f& cf[tpt sdfkt,b ht-kbtaehb ,ehsekt,bsff ufvjcf[ekb& ajs-kbct,ehb vj.dfybkj,bc cnbkbpt,ek uf[-dhtnbk .eht,ib uf.hbkb fmdc ,hby]fjc ,hn.tkufybdrdtsbfyb sbsj hujkb& fctsbdt hujkt,b fmdc lheyxcf lf relbc 'bhpt^ hjvkt,ibw ,hby]fjc 'tordt,bc yfo.dtnt,bf xfvj,vekb& at[t,bc obyf lf erfyf o.dbkt,b thsvfytssfy vjrkt ufvbht,bsff ufthsbfyt-,ekb& erfyf o.dbkbc ufvbhpt xfvjrblt,ekbf fctdt ,hby]fjc 'tordb^ itlutybkb 35 huj-kbcfufy^ hjvtkbw ,jkjdlt,f jlyfd udth-lt,itpytmbkb^ ,hn.tkb^ vfhsres[f cfrblbs& fctsbdt 'tordb (25 hujkbs) xfvjrblt,ekbf fuhtsdt obyf at[t,bc itvfthst,tk ufvbhpt&

]b[dbc erfyf (fhf[bkekb) itqhvfdt,ekb v[fht lfveifdt,ekbf cmtvfnehfl lf vjcfo-.j,flff ufvj.tyt,ekb& erfyf at[bc fqvybi-dytk qthjpt lf[dtekb .jabkf hrbybc tybc ae't^ hjvkbc yfisbw ptldtf itvjyf[ekb^ tybc odthb rb obyf at[pt ufvj.dfybk rfezib bmyt,jlf fvjlt,ekb& fv;fvfl obyf at[bc yf-obkb rfezbsehs vjnt[bkbf&

54

ufvjcf[ekt,f lfvpflt,ekbf .fkb,ib xfvj-c[vbc otcbs^ lfyfhxtyb fnhb,ent,b (ytvcb^ 't-ordt,b^ cfrblt,b lf c[d&) itvltu fhbc lfvpf-lt,ekb& pjvt,b% abuehbc cbuh't – 4^8 cv^ cb-vfqkt – 6^8 cv^ sfdbc cbuh't – 1^6 cv (nf,& +1)&

3& ]b[dbc sfdb^ dthw[kbc^ yfrkekb (09-LXI-86-520)& fqvjxylf 164-t cfvfh[ib^ hjvt-kbw ptvjlfy tlj 163-t cfvfh[c& ybdsb vj-sfdct,ekb b.j 163-t cfvfh[bc ptlfgbhpt& uf-vjcf[ekt,fc fmdc cmtvfnehb cf[t^ hjvtkbw dthw[kbc cmtkb abhabnbc ztldbsff lfvpf-lt,ekb& sdfkt,b lf lheyxb htkbtaehb huj-kt,bsff itchekt,ekb& mdtlf nexpt vbhxb-kekb fmdc vwbht hujkb^ hjvtkibw vjvwhj vj'hfdb hujkb fmdc ufvjlt,ekb& sfdpt /mjybf yfnehfkbcnehfl ufvjcf[ekb o.db-kb uht[bkb hmf& ufvjcf[ekt,fc frkbf thsb hmf lf .ehb& pjvf% sfdbc cbuh't – 2^6 cv (nf,& +8)&

4& ]b[dbc sfdb^ dthw[kb (09-LXI-88-95)& fqvjxylf 247-t mdbc cfvfh[ib^ lfrh'fkekbc otkbc fhtib& ofhvjflutyc vskbfyflc[vek ]b[dbc sfdc^ cmtvfnehfl lfveifdt,ekb cf-[bs^ cflfw sdfkt,b vwbht ,ehsekt,bsff uf-vjcf[ekb& fmdc erfy uflfo.j,bkb^ ,hn.tkb^ uht[bkb hmt,b& odhbkb vfdsekbs itche-kt,ekb vhudfkb .eht,b rb hmt,bc 'bht,pt fhbc vbthst,ekb& .tkbc fhtib fmdc vfcbehb cfrblb .eyob se hujkb& pjvt,b% sfdbc cbuh't – 2^1 cv^ hmt,bc cbufyt odthib – 4^4 cv (nf,& +5)&

5& ]b[dbc sfdb^ dthw[kbc (09-LXI-88-435)& fqvjxylf cfvfhjdybc afhsj,pt^ reknehek atyfib& ofhvjflutyc vskbfyflc[vekb vf-qfkhmt,bfyb sfdbc cnbkbpt,ek ufvjcf[e-kt,fc& vjvwhj cf[tpt sdfkt,b htkbtaehb ,ehsekt,bsff ufvjcf[ekb^ hjvkt,bw fcb-vtnhbekflff ufykfut,ekb& .eht,c gbhj,b-sfl ufvjcf[fdc uh'tkb qthjt,b^ hjvkt,bw odthbs hmt,bc ptlf yfobkptf vbthst,ekb& ie,kpt fpbc htkbtaehb ,ehsekf^ hjvt-kbw sdfkt,bc ufvjvcf[dtk ,ehsekt,sfy thsfl mvybc ufhrdtek hbsvc& sfd-hmbc uf-vjcf[ekt,f pjuflfl cfvres[tlbc ghbywbg-ptf fut,ekb& .eht,bc qthjt,cf lf hmt,c ij-hbc wfhbtkb cbdhwtt,b fuhtsdt cfvres[t-lbc ajhvbcff& .tkbc fhtib vbhxbkekb fmdc cfrblb hujkb (.eyob)& pjvf% sfdbc cbuh't 3^8 cv^ hmt,bc cbufyt – 6^5 cv (nf,& +9)&

6& ]b[dbc sfdb^ dthw[kbc (09-LXI-88-436)& fqvjxylf ufyfs[fh atyfib& ofhvjflutyc cf-rbl-cfvrfekfl ufvj.tyt,ek ]b[dbc sfd-hmbc cnbkbpt,ek ufvjcf[ekt,fc& sdfkt,b ufvjcf-[ekbf vwbht htkbtaehb ,ehsekt,bs^ hjv-kt,bw ie,kpt lfcvek fctsbdt ,ehsekfcsfy lf hmt,bc ptlf ob,jpt ufykfut,ek sths-vtn-sthsvtn vwbht ,ehwj,t,sfy thsfl mvybc ufhrdtek hbsvc& ajskbct,ehb vj.dfybkj,bc

ufybdfl uflfikbkb .eht,b^ hjvkt,bw cbvtn-hbekfl fvjphlbk^ ,ehwj,t,bfy^ uht[bk hmt,ptf vbrhekb^ itvc[dbkt,ek lheyxsfy thsfl abuehfc vtnfl ufvjvcf[dtkc [lbc& .tkbc fhtib vbvfuht,ekb fmdc vhudfkb vwb-ht hujkb cfrblbcfsdbc& pjvf% sfdbc cbuh't – 3^8 cv&

7& ]b[dbc sfdb^ ,hby]fjcb (09-LXI-88-466)& fqvjxylf cfvfhjdybc fqvjcfdkts yf-obkib^ reknehek atyfib^ vbobc ptlfgbhb-lfy 0^6 v cbqhvtpt& ofhvjflutyc vskb-fyflc[vek ]b[dbc sfd-hmbc cmtvfneh^ cfv-res[tlbct,eh ufvjcf[ekt,fc& sdfkt,b vwb-ht othnbkt,bsff ufvjcf[ekb& .eht,b cec-nflff vbybiyt,ekb^ hjvtksf ijhbc ie,-kblfy fvjphlbkbf uht[bkb^ cbvtnhbekb^ ahjynfkehfl ufikbkb hmt,b& vfsb mdtlf yfobkb it,hn.tkt,ekbf& rbchbc fhtib ufvj-cf[ekt,fc vbvfuht,ekb fmdc cfrblb hujkb& pjvf% sfdbc cbuh't – 2^5 cv&

8& ]b[dbc mfylfrt,f^ ,hby]fjcb (09-LXI-87-195)& itvs[dtdbsb vjyfgjdfhb^ fqvjxylf cfvfhjdybc fqvjcfdktsbs^ cf[kbc cf'bhrd-kbcfsdbc yfs[fh vbofib& ofhvjflutyc vskb-fyflc[vekb ]b[dbc vjyjkbseh abuehfc& njhcb^ uh'tk rbcthsfy thsfl^ cmtvfnehf-lff lfveifdt,ekb& vjuh'j cf[tpt sdfkt,b othnbkt,bsff fqybiyekb& vjvwhj .eht,c ijhbc cbvtnhbekflff fqvfhsekb o.dbkb uht[bkb hmf& relb vwbht idthbkbsff ufl-vjwtvekb& fctdt cmtvfnehfl ufvjcf[ekb at[t,bc obyf lf erfyf o.dbkt,b xkbmbc lj-ytpt thsvfytssfyff vbthst,ekb& abuehbc vewtkb mdtdblfy itqhet,ekbf& pehupt lf-vfuht,ekb fmdc cfrblb .eyob& pjvt,b% cbuh't – 6 cv^ cbvfqkt – 5 cv (nf,& +4)&

9& ]b[dbc mfylfrt,f^ ,hby]fjcb (31-XXII-89-91)& fqvjxtybkbf vt-9 jhvjcfvfh[ib& ofh-vjflutyc xfvjc[vbc otcbs lfvpflt,ek^ sf-dbs ghjabkib ufvjcf[ek ]b[dbc vhudfk^ cnfnbreh mfylfrt,fc& cnbkbpt,ekb cf[t lfuh-'tkt,ekb^ itvc[dbkt,ekb lheyxbsf lf .e-ht,sfy vbthst,ekb^ fpblekb hmt,bsff ofh-vjlutybkb& at[t,bc obyf lf erfyf o.dbkt,b^ xkbmbc ljytpt^ thsvfytssfyff itthst,ekb& abuehf vewkbc v[hblfy itqhet,ekbf& vjph-lbkb cfrblb .eyob ethslt,f uh'tk rbcthcf lf pehuc& pjvt,b% cbuh't – 6^21 cv^ cbvfqkt – 4^8 cv&

10& ]b[dbc mfylfrt,f^ jhb sfdbsf lf cf-thsj njhcbs^ ,hby]fjcb (09-LXI-87-198)& itvs[dtdbsb vjyfgjdfhb& fqvjxylf cfvfhjd-ybc cfv[hts athlj,pt^ ityj,t,bcfsdbc yf-s[fh vbofib& ofhvjflutyc vskbfyflc[vek mfylfrt,fc^ hjvtkptw ufvjcf[ekbf ghjabk-ib sfditmwtdbs vlujvb ]b[dbc jhb ,becnb cfthsj njhcbsf lf rbleht,bs& vjyjkbse-hb c[tekb jhb rbchbsf lf sfdbs fhfghj-

55

gjhwbekfl lblbf qthjct,eh^ vj[hbk^ s[tk at[t,sfy itlfht,bs& cf[tt,b cnbkb-pt,ekbf& htkbtaehb ,ehsekt,bsff ufvjcf-[ekb sdfkt,b^ hmt,b rb yf[tdfhvsdfhbct,e-hflff vj[hbkb& vfh]dtyf ]b[dbc sfdb eahj vfcbehbf lf vbe[tlfdfl thsudfhb lbcghj-gjhwbekj,bcf^ abuehf vtnfl ufvjvcf[dt-kbf^ hfw cbketnbc ufhitvjvothb [fpbc eo-.dtnb vlbyfht,bsff vbqotekb& pjvt,b% cbuh-'t – 4^7 cv^ cbvfqkt – 3^7 cv (nf,& +3)&

11& dth'bc vbybfnehekb mfylfrt,f^ ,hby]f-jcb (09-LXI-86-703)& fqvjxylf 187-t cfvfh[ib lfrh'fkekbc otkbc fhtib& ofhvjflutyc xf-vjc[vbc otcbs lfvpflt,ek cnbkbpt,ek crekgnehfc^ hjvkbc njhcb lf rbleht,b cmtvfnehflff lfveifdt,ekb& fctdt gbhj,b-sbf w[jdtkbc cf[t& itlfht,bs htfkbcnehfl vjltkbht,ek sfdpt flufc cbvtnhbekb^ ahjynfkehfl ufikbkb uht[bkb hmt,b& peh-upt vbhxbkekb fmdc .eyob& pjvt,b% cbuh't – 3 cv^ cbvfqkt .eyosfy thsfl – 1^3 cv&

12& dth'bc sfdbc ufvjcf[ekt,f^ ,hby]fjcb (09-LXI-85-711)& fqvjxylf cf[kbc mdf,ekib^ vbobc ptlfgbhblfy 0^6 v-bc cbqhvtpt& ofh-vjflutyc ,hby]fjc cfrblc dth'bc sfdbc cnb-kbpt,ekb ufvjcf[ekt,bs^ hjvkbc sdfkt,b lf ytcnjt,b uflvjwtvekbf htkbtaehb ,eh-sekt,bs^ uht[bkb hmt,b rb odhbkb qthj-t,bsff ufvjcf[ekb& erfyf v[fhtc^ rbchbc fhtib^ cfrblb .eyob fmdc vbhxbkekb& pjvf% cbuh't – 2^7 cv&

13& dth'bc sfdbc ufvjcf[ekt,f^ ,hby]fjcb (09-LXI-85-712)& fqvjxylf cf[kbc mdf,ekib^ vbobc ptlfgbhblfy 0^7 v-bc cbqhvtpt& ofh-vjflutyc xfvjc[vbc otcbs lfvpflt,ek cf-rblc^ dth'bc sfdbc cnbkbpt,ekb ufvjcf-[ekt,bs& cf[t cmtvfnehbf^ ie,kpt fmdc jhb htkbtaehb ,ehsekf se vtztzb^ cbvtnhbe-kb uht[bkb hmt,b rb ptvjlfy sbsj fctsbdt ,ehsekbsff itvrekb& erfyf v[fhtc vjo.j,b-kb fmdc cfrblb .eyob& pjvf% cbuh't – 2^1 cv&

14& dth'bc sfdbc ufvjcf[ekt,f^ ,hby]fjcb (09-XXI-81-138)& fqvjxylf 375-t vlblhek cf-vfh[ib& lfvpflt,ekbf xfvjc[vbc otcbs& ofh-vjflutyc dth'bc sfdbc vhudfk mfylfrt,fc^ yfnehfkbcnehb cbpecnbs ufvjcf[ekb xfu-ht[bkb hmt,bsf lf cf[bs&

15& dth'bc sfdb^ ,hby]fjcb (09-LXI-88-437)& fqvjxylf cfvfhjdybc afhsj,pt^ atyfib& ofhvjflutyc dth'bc sfdbc vskbfyflc[vek cnbkbpt,ek aufvjcf[ekt,fc^ jlyfd ofuh't-kt,ekb lheyxbs^ hjvtkptw lf,fkb ,ehse-kt,bs ytcnjt,bf fqybiyekb& .,t,bc ufcod-hbd ufvjcf[ekb fmdc /jhbpjynfkehfl uf-ojkbkb ajskbct,hb .eht,b (iefib sbsj qfhbs)^ hjvkbc odtht,b mdtvjs xfuht[bkb vfcbehb hmt,bc ,jkjt,ptf uflfatybkb& hmt,c ijhbc fpbc htkbtaehb rjgb& erfyf

v[hblfy xfuht[bkb hmt,bc ufhtsf ob,j kbsjybc jlyfd vj[hbkb qthfrbs thsbvtj-htcsfyff ufthsbfyt,ekb& pjvf% cbvfqkt – 2^1 cv (nf,& ++4)&

16& dth'bc sfdt,bc ufvjcf[ekt,t,b^ ,hby-]fjc cfvf]ehpt (09-LXI-85-64)& cfvf]ehb fqvjxylf vt-8 jhvjcfvfh[ib^ vbwdfkt,ekbc vf]fpt& cfvf]ehbc jhyfvtynbht,ekb qthj ,hn.tkbf lf jdfkehflff vjhrfkekb^ cfvf-lff uflfnt[bkb& cfvf]ehbc uf[cybkb sfdt,b itvrekbf dth'bc ltrjhfnbekb sfdt,bs^ hjvkt,bw wfkrtf xfvjc[vekb lf itvltuff vbhxbkekb ,hn.tk qthjpt& dth'bc sdfkt,b lf lheyxb othnbkt,bsff fqybiyekb& .eht,b rb xfuht[bk hmt,ptf uflfatybkb& pjvt,b% cfvf]ehbc lbfvtnhb – 7^5 cv* hrfkbc qthjc cbufyt – 1^5 cv (nf,& ++2)&

17& dth'bc sfdt,bc ufvjcf[ekt,t,b^ ,hby-]fjc cfvf]ehpt (09-LXI-86-619)& cfvf]ehb fqvjxylf 172-t cfvfh[ib^ lfrh'fkekbc vfh]dtyf [tkbc vf]fpt& cfvf]ehbc uf[cybkb sfdt,b itvrekbf dth'bc sfdt,bc cnbkbpt,e-kb ufvjcf[ekt,t,bs& sbsjtek vfsufyc fmdc jhvfufl uht[bkb hmf& sdfkt,b lf ytcnjt,b vwbht ,ehsekt,bsff ufvjcf[ekb& ie,kptw sbsj fctsbdt ,ehsekff^ hfw vyfsj,bc cbv-,jkjc eylf ofhvjflutyltc& dth'bc sfdt,b wfkrtf xfvjc[vekb lf itvltu cfvf]ehpt vbthst,ekb& itcf'kjf^ sdbs cfvrfekbc hrf-kbw xfvjc[vbc otcbs b.jc lfvpflt,ekb& hrfkbc lbfvtnhb 5^5 cv&

18& dth'bc sfdt,bc ufvjcf[ekt,t,b dthw[-kbc cfvf]ehpt (09-LXI-86-515)& cfvf]ehb fqvjxylf 164-t cfvfh[ib& ofhvjflutyc jdf-kehfl vjhrfkek^ ,hn.tkqthjbfy^ yfzltdb [fpt,bs itvrek^ sfduf[cybk cfvf]ehc^ hj-vtkptw dth'bc sfdt,bf vbthst,ekb& yfnehf-kbcnehb cbpecnbsff uflvjwtvekb dth'bc cf[t^ cbvtnhbekb^ uht[bkb hmt,bsf lf ,eh-sekbct,ehb sdfkt,bs& ltnfkehflff ofhvjl-utybkb lheyxb^ ufvj.dfybkb w[dbhbsf lf lf,thbkb ytcnjt,bs& dth'bc sfdt,b ltrjhf-nbekb [fcbfsbcff& lfvpflt,ekbf xfvjc[vbc otcbs lf itvltuff vbhxbkekb cfvf]ehpt& pjvt,b% cfvf]ehbc lbfvtnhb – 5^9 cv^ hrf-kbc qthjc cbufyt – 1^3 cv (nf,& ++1)&

19& dth'bc sfdbc ufvjcf[ekt,f ,hby]fjc vt-lfkbjypt (09-XXV-79-395)& vtlfkbjyb fq-vjxylf 277-t cfvfh[ib^ cflfw lfrh'fkekb b.j it'kt,ekb v[tlfhb& ofhvjflutyc zdb-hek hujkc^ iefib afhfrbct,hb ,ehwj,bs^ hjvtkbw dth'bc sfdbc cfvb ufvjcf[ekt,bsff itvrekb& dth'bc sfdt,b vtlfkbjybc ohtptf ufykfut,ekb^ lheyxbs ufht yfgbhbcfrty^ lf cfrvfjl htfkbcnehflff vjltkbht,ekb& cf-[bc yfrdst,b% sdfkt,b^ lheyxb^ htkbtaehb uht[bkb hmt,b^ mvybc vjwekj,bs isf,tzlb-kt,fc& cfvb ufvjcf[ekt,blfy jhc^ ufybdfl

56

vlt,fhtc^ mdtlf v[hblfy vbhxbkekb fmdc vwbht hujkt,b^ hjvtkptw ufvj,vekb .j-abkf ,hn.tkqthjbfyb hujkt,bcfufy itlut-ybkb 'tordt,b^ erfyf v[hblfy vtlfkbjyc vbvfuht,ekb /mjylf itcf,ytdfl ufyresdybkb hrbybc tyf^ hjvtkbw lfikbkbf& itvjhxtyb-kbf v[jkjl vbcb ae'bc yfisb& cfvrfekb xf-vjc[vbc otcbsff lfvpflt,ekb& vtlfkbjybc lbfvtnhb – 3^7 cv* itvjhxtybkb 'tordbc cbuh't – 34 cv* 'tordbc thsb hujkbc cbuh't – 1^1 cv (nf,& ++3)&

hjujhw fhmtjkjubehb vfcfkbc fqothb-kj,blfy xfyc^ ]b[dbcf lf dth'bc ufvjcf[e-kt,t,bc fhtfkb^ fv rjyrhtnek itvs[dtdfib^ itvjbafhukt,f aifdbc fhfudbc [tj,bc mdtvj otkbsf lf ;bydfkbs& pjjvjhaek abuehfsf cbe[dbs ufycfresht,bs ufvjbhxtdf yt'b[bc^ ,flhbfyt,bc (ufvs[htkb w& hj,fmb't) lf obayfhbc'bhbc (ufvs[htkb y& ve[buekfidb-kb) cfvfhjdyt,b&

sfhbqbc itcf[t, itcfdfkibw udmjylf fq-ybiyekb (++-+| cc&)^ hfw lfv.fht,ekbf vhf-dfkhbw[jdfyb cfvfh[tekb sfyv[kt,b vfcf-kbc fyfkbppt [33* 34* 15]&

fhfudbc fepib fqvjxtybkb ]b[dbc ufvjcf-[ekt,fsf ijhbc ufhtuyekb ybiyt,bc^ lfybi-yekt,bcf lf lfvpflt,bc ntmybrbc vb[tldbs ufvjb.jaf cfvb 'bhbsflb ]ueab%

1& vidbklcfrby'bc aeymwbbc vmjyt @itcf,-ytdt,b# (09-XLVII-81-42* 09-XLVII-89-180$4)&

2& ]b[dbc sfd-rbchbc abueht,b^ hjvkt,bw cfrblt,fl .jabkf ufvj.tyt,ekb (09-LXI-88-95^ 435^ 436^ 466* 09-LXI-86-520)&

3& ]b[dbc vjvwhj^ vskbfyb abueht,b^ pehupt 'tordbc ufcf.htkb hujkbs fy yf[-dhtnbs (09-LXI-87-195* 09-LXI-88-198* 31-XXII-89-91)&

hfw itt[t,f dth'bc ufvjcf[ekt,t,c^ fmfw uf-vjb.jaf cfvb ]ueab%

1& vjvwhj vskbfyflc[vekb abuehf (vhudf-kb mfylfrt,f)^ pehupt 'tordbc ufcf.htkb huj-kbs (09-LXI-85-703)&

2& dth'bc sfd-rbchbc abueht,b^ hjvkt,bw cfrblt,fl .jabkf ufvj.tyt,ekb (09-LXI-85-711^ 712* 09-LXI-88-437* 09-XXV-81-138)&

3& c[dflfc[df ybdst,pt – (cfvf]ehbc uf[-cybk sfdt,pt (09-LXI-85-64* 09-LXI-86-515^ 619* 31-XXII-89-40) lf ,hby]fjc vtlfkbjypt (09-XXV-79-395) ufysfdct,ekb dth'bc sfdt,b&

pjjvjhaekb ufvjcf[ekt,t,b^ jhbjl uf-vjyfrkbcbc ufhlf^ lfvpflt,ekbf .fkb,ib xfvjc[vbc otcbs& vfcfkfl ufvj.tyt,ekbf ,hby-]fj lf dthw[kb& @itcf,ytdfl# ufvj.tyt,ek abueht,c^ lfvfnt,bs^ ufrtst,ekb fmds hrb-ybc itcf,ytdb^ ytvcbct,hb tyf lf tybc fvjcf-lt,b rfezb&

xdtyc ufycfresht,s .ehflqt,fc bvcf[e-ht,c @itcf,ytdfl# ufvj.tyt,ekb ]b[dbc jhb abuehf^ hjvkt,bw gbhdtk ]ueaibf ufthsb-fyt,ekb^ vcufdcfl flht ufy[bkekb w[tybcf lf bhvbc @itcf,ytdfl# ufvj.tyt,ekb ufvjcf-[ekt,t,bcf [14^ ud& 68-77]& ]b[dbc jhbdt ab-uehf cnfnbrehbf lf pjuflfl^ htfkbcneh-ltrjhfnbek vfythfibf uflvjwtvekb& fvfc-sfy^ pjvbthflff itho.vekb cnbkbpfwbbc tktvtynt,b^ ufycfresht,bs cf[bcf lf hmt,bc vjltkbht,fib& eahj vfqfk htkbtaib itc-hekt,ek ,hby]fjc ]b[dbc njhcbc wfkrt-ekb yfrdst,bc (ufdf^ vrthlb) vjwekj,bsb ajhvt,bc vjyfwdktj,bs vbqotekbf abuehbc gkfcnbrehj,f&

,hby]fjc ]b[dbc abuehbc ajhvf ghjgjh-wbekb^ yfnbab lf lf[dtobkbf^ hfw cbke-tnbc ufhitvjvothb [fpbc gkfcnbrehb ltyf-lj,bsf lf lbyfvbpvbsff ufygbhj,t,ekb& njhc-sfy thsfl^ rbleht,bw htfkbcnehflff ofh-vjlutybkb& vrdtshfl fhbc ghjabkbht,ekb cf[cht,b lf xkbmt,b& vtnfl ufvjvcf[dtkbf ]b[dbc fvf.fl fotekb^ oby^ ecfchekj,fib vfwmthfkb sfdb^ hjvtkcfw yfnehfkbcnehb cbpecnbs ufvjcf[ekb uht[bkb hmt,b evidt-yt,c& vfcbehb hmt,b^ .eht,pt xfvjrblt,ek^ vhudfk abhabnt,sfy thsfl^ rjvgjpbwbfc lfchekt,ekc [lbc& ajhvbc ufypjufljt,b-cfc^ ltnfkt,b rb fh fhbc vbdbo.t,ekb^ fhf-vtl gbhbmbs^ bcbyb vfh]dtl fhbc ufvj.tyt-,ekb yfveitdhbc vskbfyj,bc ofhvjcfxtyfl&

]b[dbc dthw[kbc abuehbc njhcbc vjlt-kbht,bcfc^ sevwf ufdf lf vrthlb vjwekj-,bsb ajhvt,bs fhbc fmwtynbht,ekb^ vfuhfv ufwbkt,bs eahj cecnfl^ dblht ,hby]fjc tuptvgkfht,pt& yfnehfkbcnehb cbpecnbsff yfxdtyt,b^ vfh]dybd vb,heyt,ekb sfdbc ufvj obyfv[fhpt lf rbchbc mdtlf yfobkib ofh-vjmvybkb yfjzt,b& njhcsfy itlfht,bs^ lbc-ghjgjhwbekfl odhbkb^ cmtvfnehfl ufvjcf-[ekb^ qthjct,hb at[t,b f'kbtht,c abuehbc cnfnbrehj,fc& cfvfubthjl^ ufyc[dfdt,bs ,hby-]fjc ]b[dbc abuehbc ufy.tyt,ekb vpthbcf-ufy^ dthw[kbc ]b[dbc abuehbc vtn.dtkb vpthf eiefkjl vf.eht,kbcrty fhbc vbvfhsekb^ hfw vtnfl wjw[fkcf lf ufvjvcf[dtkc [lbc abue-hfc lf itvc[dbkt,ek lheyxsfy lf lf,thbk ytcnjt,sfy thsfl tmcghtcbek [fcbfsc fyb-zt,c vfc&

,hby]fjc itcf,ytdpt^ ]b[dbc sfdb ¾-bsff vfh]dybd itvj,heyt,ekb lf vwbht ,ehse-kt,bs lf,jkjt,ekb 'kbthb hmt,b ahjynf-kehfl bikt,f& dthw[kbc @itcf,ytdpt# rb^ ]b[dbc sfdb fyafcibf vjwtvekb^ [jkj ,j-kjt,xf[dtekb hmt,b dthnbrfkehflff fpb-lekb& jhbdt ufvjcf[ekt,fc uf[dhtnbkb .e-ht,b hmt,pt fmdc vb,]tybkb& se ,hby]fjc ]b[db v[jkjl ,hn.tkb lbcrjct,ehb cf.e-htt,bsff vjhsekb^ dthw[kbc ]b[db itvre-

57

kbf^ cek wjnf^ tmdcb c[bdbct,ehfl xfidt,e-kb ,hby]fjc 'tordbs^ hjvkt,bw xfvj,vekb eylf .jabkb.j .eht,pt^ lheyxpt lf relsfy vbvfuht,ek hujkt,pt^ fuhtsdt at[t,bc it-vfthst,tk ufvbht,pt&

vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf^ hjv ]b[dbc fv jh ab-uehfc thsvfytsbcfufy ufyvfc[dfdt,tkb vhf-dfkb ltnfkb f[fcbfst,c^ pjuflb cnbkbs^ aeymwbehb lf ctvfynbrehb lfndbhsdbs^ w[t-ybcf lf bhvbc @itcf,ytdt,sfy# thsfl^ bcbyb mfhsekb gkfcnbrehb [tkjdyt,bc thsb vskb-fyb ]ueabc brjyjuhfabekfl ufyc[dfdt,ek dfhbfynt,c ofhvjflutyty&

@itcf,ytdfl# ufvj.tyt,ek ]b[dbc w[jdtk-cf[jdfy abueht,sfy cfrvfjl sdfkcfxbyj cb-f[kjdtc fv;qfdyt,c cfrblt,fl ufvj.tyt,ekb ]b[dbc sfd-rbchbc xdty vbth fqothbkb lf ++ ]ueaib ufthsbfyt,ekb .eyobfyb abueht,b& bcbyb^ vcufdcfl itcf,ytdbc sfdt,bcf^ ofh-vjflutyty vhudfk mfylfrt,t,c^ cnbkbpt,ekb cf[tt,bsf lf vfcbehb uht[bkb hmt,bs& etz-dtkbf^ hjv cfthsj fqyfuj,bs lf^ hfw vsf-dfhbf^ ibyffhcj,hbdb lfndbhsdbs^ ]b[dbcsf-dbfyb cfrblt,bw @itcf,ytdt,bc# ]ueaibf ufcf-thsbfyt,tkb& vfsb fhtfkbw sbsmvbc tvs[-dtdf thsbvtjhtc& fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv yt'b[bc cfvfhjdfypt vjgjdt,ekb ]b[dt,bc sfd-hmbc ufvjcf[ekt,bfyb cfrblt,bc sbsmvbc pecnb itcfn.dbct,b vjgjdt,ekbf ptcnfajybc hfbj-ybc cja& rklttsib (nf,& ++7) bvfdt cfvfhj-dfypt^ cflfw fqvjxtybkbf @itcf,ytdb# w[ty-rfwbc ufvjcf[ekt,bs [7^ ud& 88-90^ ceh& 19^ nf,& |+++2]& fqybiyekb cfvfhjdfyb lfsfhbqt-,ekbf f[&o& ++ cfereybs&

cfvtwybthj kbnthfnehfib lqtbcfsdbc cfrvfjl lfvf]tht,kflff yfxdtyt,b^ hjv ]b[-db lf bhtvb ofhvjflutylf w[jdtksf vafhdt-kb qdsft,bc ufvj[fnekt,fc [25* 26* 4* 19* 20* 3 lf c[d&]& ]b[dbcf lf bhvbc cf[tc cf-mfhsdtkjcf lf rfdrfcbbc [fk[sf e'dtktc ht-kbubfib ufvjhxtekb flubkb tzbhf& tc vnrbw-lt,f fhf vfhnj vhfdfkhbw[jdfyb fhmtjkjube-hb vfcfkbs^ fhfvtl mfhsdtkb lf rfdrfcbtkb [fk[t,bc tsyjuhfabekb lf ajkrkjhekb vjyfwtvt,bsfw&

rfdrfcbbc e'dtktc [fk[sf ofhvjlutyfib w[jdtkcf[jdfyb qdsft,f^ jmhjchmbfyb^ sts-hb^ fy ie,kpt qdsft,hbdybiybfyb ]b[db fy bhtvb lfhf]j,lf lf vo.tvcfdlf yflbhsf ]juc& se vjyflbht lferdbhdt,kj,bs vjr-kfdlf fv hxtek w[jdtkc^ bub lfcfqegfdfl b.j ufyobhekb& vjudbfyt,bs^ udbfyb ,hby-]fjcf lf hrbybc afhsj fsdbct,bc [fyfib^ qdsft,f-w[jdtkc wdkbc qdsft,f-flfvbfyb^ [jkj w[jdtkb qdsft,t,b flfvbfyb-qdsft,bc fnhb,ent,fl bmwtdbfy& cfmfhsdtkjc sbsmvbc .dtkf res[tib itvjhxtybkb [fk[ehb ufl-vjwtvbs^ w[jdtksf vafhdtk qdsft,fc ofh-vjflutylf ekfvfptcb n.bc ,byflfhb^ yflbhs

gfnhjyb mfkb^ hjvtkcfw cfzbhjt,bc itv-s[dtdfib itt'kj vbtqj ]b[dbc fy bhvbc cf[t lf bct ufvjw[flt,jlf vjyflbhtc& fv smvekt,t,blfy xdtyc .ehflqt,fc bvcf[eht,c lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc^ ufycfresht,bs^ vsb-fyb cdfytsbc tsyjuhfabekb vfcfkt,b& cdfye-hb smvekt,bs^ vsbc yflbhbc (]b[dbc^ bhvbc^ fhxdbc) ]jut,c vafhdtkj,c mfk-qdsft,f lf-kb – jmhjcsvbfyb kfvfpb fhct,f^ hjvtkcfw cfcf[kt stsh rkltib fmdc lf bmblfy vo.tv-cfdc sfdbc mdtitdhljvt,c& lfkbc itt'kj vbtqj bhvbc fy ]b[dbc cf[t^ ufvjw[flt,jlf vjyflbhtc lf ittn.et,byf sfdbc cf,h'fyt-,tkib& ]b[dt,pt yflbhj,f lqtvlt ghtcnb-;ek cfmvtl bsdkt,f cdfytsib& cdfybc ofh-vjlutybs^ yflbhj,f vfhw[bcsdbc b.j ufyob-hekb^ se vjyflbhtc n.bc v,h'fyt,kbc rt-sbkufyo.j,f fh tmyt,jlf [19^ ud& 55]&

cdfyehb lfkbc cf[tc[dfj,fc ofhvjflutyc vtuhekb @n.fib vfaf#^ fye n.bc vteat^ ekfvfptcb mfkb [32^ ud& 820]^ hjvtkcfw tvjhxbkt,f yflbhsf ]jut,b&

fm rbltd fhfthsb smvekt,bc vjnfyf it-b'kt,jlf cfmfhsdtkjc c[dflfc[df res[b-lfy^ vfuhfv xdtyc ufycfresht,ek .ehflqt,fc bmwtdc [tdcehekb cfvjyflbhtj gjtpbf [3]^ cflfw yfskfl xfyc^ hjv [tdcehsf hovtyf-ofhvjlutyt,ib qdsft,f lfkbc ths-thsb cf-gfnbj flubkb trfdf& fvbc vtn.dtkb lflfc-neht,ff [tdcehtsib lfvjovt,ekb [fn-cf-kjwfdt,b @jxblffkb#^ @lfkb [f]b#^ @cfbveh lfkb# lf c[d&^ cflfw [tdcehb vjyflbhtt,b obhfdlyty ]b[dbc hmt,c [3^ ud& 146-149]& vf-ifcflfvt^ lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc vsbfytsb-cfsdbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb lfkbc reknb^ hj-ujhw xfyc^ [tdcehtsibw .jabkf ufdhwtkt-,ekb& vbc pjjvjhaek jhtekc fmfw ]b[db ofhvjflutyc^ hfw^ fk,fs^ eylf udf'ktdltc bv dfhfelbc lfidt,bc itcf'kt,kj,fc^ hjv bcnjhbekb ufydbsfht,bc hjvtkbqfw cfat-[ehpt^ cdfyeh-cfyeh-ofyeh njvt,sfy fqvj-cfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc vjcf[ktj,fc /mjybf it[t,f^ vbsevtntc^ hjv [fk[ehb ptgbhcbn.-dbtht,bc vrdktdfhsf vbth lfvf]tht,kflff lfcf,est,ekb^ hjv [tdcehekb cfath[ekj cbvqtht,b lf vbcb itchekt,bc hbnefkb f[kj yfstcfj,fc fv;qfdyt,c cdfyeh lf hf-zek gjtpbfib lfwek vfcfkt,sfy& fv ajypt efqhtcfl cf.ehflqt,jf^ hjv uelfvf.htkt-,bc hovtybs^ yflbhs gfnhjyb^ vidtybthb gf-nfhf mfkb^ ]b[dbc cf[bs ufvjtw[flt,f [jk-vt vjyflbhtc [3]& vsbekts-uelfvf.fhib fv-udfhb nhflbwbbc fhct,j,f^ itcf'kjf vbesb-st,ltc bv ths-ths upfptw^ hjvkbsfw [tdib vw[jdht,b cfyfhek-ofyfhekb njvt,b (hjv-kt,cfw vrdktdfhsf lblb yfobkb cdfyt,sfy fbubdt,c) [tdcehtsbcf lf aifdbc ufdkbs vj'hfj,lyty bcnjhbekb rf[tsbcfrty& fvlt-yfl itvs[dtdbsb fh eylf b.jc^ hjv mbcnt,b

58

'dtkfl fyfnjhbc vsfdfhfyutkjpbc trktcbfc @jxb lfkbc# cfkjwfdc eojlt,ty^ hfw itcf'-kt,tkbf bvfptw vbesbst,ltc^ hjv bm trkt-cbbc fut,fvlt w[jdtksf ]jut,bc vafhdtkb mfk-qdsft,f lfkbc cfvkjwdtkj b.j vjsfd-ct,ekb&

ufhlf cfmfhsdtkjcb^ rfdrfcbtk [fk[t,-ib^ w[jdtksf vafhdtkb qdsft,bc pjjvjh-aek byrfhyfwbt,c ]b[db lf bhtvb ofhvjfl-utylf& ]b[dbc cf[bs cbv,jkbpbht,ekb mfk-qdsft,f lfkb^ hjvkbc ufypjufljt,tkb vto-.dbkt mfhsdtkeh cfv.fhjib fvbhfybf^ vrdkt-dfhsf fphbs^ fcnhfkehb fhct,ff^ ,eyt,bc yf.jabtht,bc ths-thsb 'fkff (vcufdcfl byf-yfcb lf levepbcf^ sfvepbcf lf bisfhbcf^ fljybcbcf lf fahjlbntcb)^ hjvtkcfw ite'-kbf vbcbdt yt,fhsdbs vjrkekb ]b[dbc 'dkt-,bc bctd fqlutyf-ufwjw[kt,f& fcts dbsfht-,fib chekbfl ufcfut,bf^ fhmtjkjubehb 'b-t,bcfc^ se hfnjv xylt,f cfmfhsdtkjc nthb-njhbfpt fct vhfdkfl ]b[dbc^ bhvbc^ ybfvj-hbc se c[df w[jdtksf ufvjcf[ekt,t,b^ ufy-cfresht,bs vsbcobytscf lf vsfib^ hjujhw hovtyf-ofhvjlutyt,bc vfnthbfkehb ufvjd-kbyt,f&

w[jdtksf ufvjcf[ekt,t,b lf vfs ijhbc^ vwbht gkfcnbrbc xdtyc vbth itcofdkbkb yb-veit,b hjv vfhskfw 'dtk hovtyf-ofhvjl-utyt,sfy b.j lfrfdibht,ekb^ vbesbst,c bc ybiyt,b lf fnhb,ent,b^ hjvkt,bsfw tc ab-ueht,bf itvrekb& fv ybifysf lfybiyekt,f b.j ufvjcf[ekt,t,bc qdsft,hbj,bc [fpufcvf^ vfs aeymwbfsf lfrjyrhtnt,f& fvudfh ybiyt,-cf lf fnhb,ent,pt flhtw udmjylf cfe,fhb^ hjwf w[tybcf lf bhvbc c[tekt,pt ufvjcf-[ek fcnhfkeh ybiyt,c dt[t,jlbs [14]& fv-]thfl .ehflqt,fc ufdfvf[dbkt,s ,hby]fjc ]b[dbc .eht,pt it,vek jh vhudfk (ohbek) abhabnfpt^ cfrblt,bfy 'tordt,pt^ hjvkt,b-sfw itvrekbf dthw[kbc ]b[dbc ufvjcf[e-kt,f^ fuhtsdt ]b[dbcf lf dth'bc sfdt,pt uf-vjcf[ek htkbtaeh vhudfk vtztzt,pt (rj-gt,pt)&

hjujhw 'dtkb fqvjcfdktsbc vfcfkt,blfy xfyc^ lbcrj fye oht^ e'dtktcb lhjblfy ofhvjflutylf .dtkfpt eahj afhsjl ufdh-wtkt,ek utjvtnhbek cbv,jkjc^ hjvtkbw ufvj[fnfdc wfc fye wfhudfkc [5^ ud& 213-214]& vfibyltk flfvbfysf hovtybs^ ohtc fhw lfcfo.bcb fmdc lf fhw ,jkj lf fhw vbvfh-sekt,f& 'dtkb tudbgntkt,bc ofhvjlutybs^ oht fye lbcrj vfhflbcj,bc cbv,jkj b.j& fvfcsfyfdt^ bub vstkb hbub [fk[t,bc hovtyf-ofhvjlutyt,ib ufvjcf[fdlf eptyftc qdsft,f-qvthsc& tudbgnehb bthjukbab – ohbekfl lf[dtekb udtkb^ hjvtkcfw relb gbhib ezb-hfdc^ lhjbcf lf cbdhwbc ecfchekj,bc yb-ifybf& cf.ehflqt,jf^ hjv flhtmhbcnbfyek cbv,jkbrfib oht ufvjcf[fdlf vfhflbcj,fc^

erdlfdt,fc [35^ ud& 42-43]& hjujhw ovbylf rkbvtynb fktmcfylhbtkb othlf% @'t qvhsbcf fhbc ecfchekj oht^ hjvtkibw sfdc b.hbc .dtkf 'fkf#& elfdjf^ hjv fv itvs[dtdfib e'-dtktcb cbv,jkj itbdcj f[fkb mhbcnbfyekb ibyffhcbs&

mfhsek [fk[eh cbyfvldbktib eybdthcf-keh ohtc ittcfn.dbct,f ,jh]qfkb^ hjvt-kbw efqhtcfl afhsjl b.j ufdhwtkt,ekb cfmfhsdtkjc vsfcf lf ,fhib& fv sfdbct,eh ohtc bvbnjv dfmwtds .ehflqt,fc^ hjv fhfu-dbc [tj,fib fqvjxtybkb vwbht gkfcnbrbc 'tukt,b^ rth'jl w[tybcf lf bhvbc abueht,b^ pju]th itvrekbf ,jh]qfkbs& cfvtwybthj kbnthfnehfib [16* 17] fqbfht,ekbf^ hjv tc lbyfvbrehb abuehf ufvj[fnfdlf cbwjw[kbc^ wtw[kbc^ vpbc^ vfhflbekj,bc^ vfhflb ufyf[-kt,bc cbv,jkjc lf vzblhjl b.j lfrfdibht-,ekb e'dtktc hovtyf-ofhvjlutyt,sfy& ohbc lf ,jh]qfkbc sfdbct,eh cf[tc[dfj,fc ofh-vjflutyc ,jh,fkb^ hjvtkbw rf,fljypt vj'-hfdb vpbc cbv,jkjlff vbxytekb [5^ ud& 214]& fvltyfl^ itb'kt,f dbabmhjs^ hjv ohbekb abhabnt,b (lbcrjt,b) lf vhudfkb htkbt-aehb rjgt,b se vtztzt,b^ xdtyc rjyrhtnek itvs[dtdfib [fpc ecdfvc ]b[dt,bcf lf dth-'t,bc qdsft,hbj,fc^ @yfobkbyj,fc# lf vfs rfdibhc vpbc reknsfy&

cbv,jkehb lfndbhsdf uffxybf 'tordt,c lf vfcpt xfvj,vek cfrblt,c^ hjvkbsfw fhfth-sb pjjvjhaekb abuehff itvrekb& 'tordt-,bc ,jkjt,pt .dtkfpt [ibhfl vbvfuht,ekbf vjvwhj pfhfrt,b^ ajskbct,ehb abhabnt,b^ leuvbct,ehb cfrblt,b lf c[d& dthw[kbc ]b[dpt xfvj,vek 'tordt,pt^ hjvkt,bw xdtyb dfhfelbs vpbc c[bdt,bc ufycf[btht,f eylf .jabkb.j^ v[jkjl thsb cfrblb b.j itvjh-xtybkb (nf,& +1)& tc cfrblb ofhvjflutyc jl-yfd udthlt,itpytmbk vfhsres[f abhabnfc& fvudfhb cfrblt,b c[df abueht,cfw eylf /mj-yjlfs^ hflufy 'tordt,bc vhfdfkb yfo.dtnb b.j fqvjxtybkb yt'b[bc cfvfhjdfypt (nf,& ++5-9)& vfhsres[tlb^ hjujhw rdflhfnbc cf[t-c[dfj,f^ ofhvjflutylf ohbc cfgbhbcgbhj cbv-,jkjc& 'dtk cfv.fhjib rdflhfnb (cojhre-s[tlb) vbxytekb b.j ltlfvbobc cbv,jkeh ufvjcf[ekt,fl^ [jkj ohtib xfcvekb vfhs-res[tlb ufvj[fnfdc wbcf lf vbobc thsbf-yj,fc [5^ ud& 215]& fvltyfl^ fv rjyrhtnek itvs[dtdfib^ yflbhsvafhdtkb mfkqdsft,bc ths-thsb byrfhyfwbbc – ]b[dbc itvrj,f vfhsres[f cfrblbs^ itb'kt,f vbesbst,ltc yf.jabtht,bc vafhdtkbc aeymwbfptw&

fhfudbc [tj,fib fqvjxtybkb vwbht gkfc-nbrbc cfrvfjl vjphlbkb ]ueabc brjyjuhf-abbcf lf ctvfynbrbc ufcfhrdtdfl lblb vybi-dytkj,f fmdc bvfc^ se ufvjcf[ekt,fsf fv ct-hbfc hf rfdibhb fmdc obyfvjh,tlb gthbj-lt,bc vfcfkt,sfy& fv v[hbd ufycfresht,ek

59

bynthtcc bodtdc xdtyb ufvjcf[ekt,t,bc it-lfht,f ,hby]fjc mfhsek zdbhekufvjcf[e-kt,bfy f,pbylt,sfy& fv sdfkcfphbcbs^ ufycf-resht,ek .ehflqt,fc bmwtdc zdbhekb f,-pbylt,bc v& [blfitkbctekb rkfcbabrfwbbc +| ]ueab^ cflfw ptyehb [dbt,bs vjxemehs-vt,ek xfhxjib vjmwtek w[jdtksf vhfdfk-abuehbfy rjvgjpbwbfib wtynhfkehb tkt-vtynbf ]b[dbc ufvjcf[ekt,f& ]b[dbc abuehf vjwtvekbf vfh]dtyf ghjabkib^ [jkj vfh-]dybd vj,heyt,ekb sfdb ofhvjlutybkbf vf-cbehb uht[bkb hmt,bsf lf fwmdtnbkb .e-ht,bs& sdfkt,b htkbtaehb vtztzt,bsff vb-ybiyt,ekb& ]b[dc fmdc dbohj otkb^ hjvt-kbw c[tekc jh yfobkfl .jac& pjuflfl^ fm cfmvt udfmdc w[jdtkt,bc cnbkbpt,ek ufvj-cf[ekt,t,sfy& ]b[dt,bc ufvjcf[ekt,fsf evtnt-cj,fc st'jcf lf obyfv[fhpt ufvjcf[ekb fmds rjywtynhekb ohtt,b^ hfw^ hjujhw fqdybiyts^ e'dtktcb vjnbdbf lf hjujhw cfvtwybthj kbnthfnehfibf vbsbst,ekb^ bub vpbc reknc erfdibhlt,f [29^ ud& 222]& sevwf^ hjujhw v& [blfitkb fqybiyfdc^ rjywtynhekb ohtt,b sfdbcb utytpbcbs^ egbh-dtktcfl vsdfhbc reknsfy eylf .jabkb.j lfrfdibht,ekb [25^ ud& 79-85]&

zdbhek f,pbylfpt ufvjcf[ek ]b[dc hjv xfvjdfijhjs xfhxj lf sfyv[kt,b w[jdtkt-,b^ vbdbqt,s abuehfc^ hjvtkbw pjuflb fq-yfuj,bs^ gjpbs^ cfthsj cnbkbs^ f[kjcff obahfybc'bhbc ]b[dbc ufvjcf[ekt,bfy it-cf,ytdt,sfy& vfsb utytnbrehb rfdibhb tzdc fh eylf bodtdltc& fmdt cf.ehflqt,jf^ hjv f,pbylt,ib xfothbkb ]b[dbc sfd-hmf wfkrt fqt,ekb^ sbsmvbc bltynehbf yt'b[bc cfvf-hjdfypt vjgjdt,ekb cfrblt,bcf^ hjvkt,bw fuhtsdt ]b[dbc sfd-hmt,c ufvj[fnfdty (++ ]ueab)& fmdt eylf fqbybiyjc^ hjv yt'b[bc cfvfhjdybc ]b[dbc sfdt,bc ufvjcf[ekt,t,c rbltd eahj 'dtk 'tukt,pt vjtgjdt,fs gf-hfktkt,b& v[tldtkj,fib udfmdc t&o& .fp,t-ubc ufy'ib lflfcneht,ekb thsabuehbfyb cfreknj infylfhnt,bc yfobkt,b [21]^ cflfw ]b[dt,bc sfdt,bf thsvfytspt lfityt,ekb js[ cfhsekfl lf lfchekt,ekbf [tkib rdths[bc vmjyt qdsft,bc ufvjcf[ekt,bs& mdtlf bfhecbc ]b[dt,c gbhib ufvj,vekb fmds udthlt,itzhb-kb pfhfrt,b& cfvtwybthj kbnthfnehfib uf-vjsmvekbf vjcfpht,f^ hjv hjujhw zdbhe-kb f,pbylt,b [25^ ud& 49]^ bct .fp,tubc pjj-vjhaekb gkfcnbrbc 'tukt,b [21]^ sfdbcb ctvfynbrehb lf cnbkbcnbrehb vf[fcbfst,-kt,bs ufytresdyt,f rjk[ehb reknehbc ohtc lf hjv f,pbylt,cf lf .fp,tubc @ufy'-ib# ufthsbfyt,ekb abueht,bc cfo.bcb cf't,-ybf rfdrfcbehb udbfy,hby]fjcf lf hrbybc afhsjl fsdbct,bc gthbjlbc flubkj,hbd rekneht,ib^ hjwf cfmfhsdtkjcf lf rfdrf-

cbfib xfvj.fkb,lf w[jdtkehb cnbkb lf itcf,fvbcb [tkjdyt,f&

]b[dbc brjyjuhfabbc lf vbcb flubkbc uf-cfhrdtdfl mfhsek (rjk[eh) v[fndhek fp-hjdyt,fcf lf htkbubeh cbcntvfib^ evlbl-htc vfcfkfc b'ktdf dfybc yfmfkfmfhpt vj-gjdt,ekb cfvfh[tekb rjvgktmct,b^ cflfw c[dflfc[df ufvjcf[ekt,t,sfy thsfl ofh-vjlutybkbf ]b[dbcf lf dth'bc abueht,bw [8^ ud& 111-113^ ceh& 44* 22^ ud& 34^ ceh& 11]& vfu& .tkcf,fvb = 6 cfvfh[blfy itlut,f ]b[dbc 56 wfkb ufvjcf[ekt,bcfufy& sbsjt-ekb abuehf vbqt,ekbf jhb ufvjndbahekb yf[tdhbc vbhxbkdbc itltufl& w[jdtkb at[-vjrtwbkbf^ .eht,b odtht,bs hmt,ptf vbthst-,ekb^ sfd-hmf cfrvfjl htfkbcnehfl fhbc vjltkbht,ekb [22^ ud& 104^ ceh& 11^ rfn& = 18]& cfvfh[b sfhbqlt,f 'd&o& +| c-bc gbhdtkb yf[tdhbs& hfw itt[t,f lbfltvfpt ufvjcf[ek ]b[dc^ hjvtkcfw kjvt,b tc[vbfy sfdc^ bub vjgjdt,ekbf 'd&o& | c-bs lfsfhbqt,ek df-ybc = 11 cfvfh[ib^ cflfw dth't,bcsfdt,bfyb .tkcf,fvbwff fqvjxtybkb& dfybc .tkcf,fvbc itvrekj,bc [fcbfsb lf lfvpflt,bc ntmyb-rehb [th[t,b lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf rjk[ehb jmhjvztlkj,bcfsdbc& vrdktdfhsf fphbs^ fv ufvjcf[ekt,fsf cbv,jkbpvb rjk[ehb hovt-yf-ofhvjlutyt,bc ybflfuptf fqvjwtyt,ekb& ufycfresht,bs tc eylf bsmdfc ]b[dbc ab-ueht,pt^ hflufyfw ]b[db cojhtl lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc vsbcobytscf lf vsfib bsdkt-,jlf yf.jabtht,bc^ ufvhfdkt,bc^ yflbhj,bc lf w[jdtksf vafhdtkb qdsft,bc ths-ths cbv,jkjl& ]b[dbc hmt,c^ hjujhw lfcfdkts^ bct fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib 'qdyfl vb-fhsvtdlyty vfibyltk cfkjwfdt,c& fvbnjv ,eyt,hbdflff vbcfxytdb bc fhmtjkjubehb afmnb^ hjv dfybc yfmfkfmfhbc mdtlf nt-hfcfpt^ 'd&o& +++-+ cc-bc cfreknj rjvgktmcbc ufs[hbcfc^ itobhekj,fsf ijhbc^ ]b[dbc hmt,bw fqvjxylf [37, ud& 37]&

rjk[eh vfcfkfib fuhtsdt .ehflqt,fc bmwtdc .tkcf,fvb dth'bc sfdt,bc abueht,bs^ hjvtkbw gbhlfgbh t[vfeht,f vbsc rjk[ehb jmhjc cfovbcbc itcf[t, [22^ ud& 37]& cf.e-hflqt,jf dfybc fv ufvjcf[ekt,fsf rfdibhb wyj,bkb .fp,tubc ufy'bc itcf,fvbc abueht,-sfy^ hfw vbesbst,c fv jhb ohbc vfcfkfsf utytnbreh ehsbthsrfdibhpt& fv sdfkcfp-hbcbs^ efqhtcfl cf.ehflqt,jf dfybc = 11 cfvfh[ib fqvjxtybkb dthw[kbc cfho.ekb^ hjvkbc .ehbc 'bht,b ofhvjflutyty dth'bc sfdt,bc cfrvfjl htfkbcneh ufvjcf[ekt-,t,c^ [jkj ,hby]fjc thsb cfho.ekbc (se cbnekfc) [eapt w[jdtksf exdtekj ufht-vjwdfib ]b[dbc cfrvfjl htfkbcnehb ufvj-cf[ekt,ff vjwtvekb [9^ ud& 238^ ceh& 224-225]&

60

]b[dbc ufvjcf[ekt,fsf itcf[t, vc]tkj-,bcfc cfufyut,j .ehflqt,fc bmwtdc xdtyb rkfcbabrfwbbc +++ ]ueab^ t&o& vhudfkb crekgnehf^ hjvtkbw pjuflfl eahj vhf-dfkathjdfybf lf eahj lbl nthbnjhbfptf ufyatybkb^ dblht @itcf,ytdt,bc# ]ueab& ]b[-dbc crekgnehbc 'bhbsflb lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf bc^ hjv ufhlf hbnefkehb cfrblt,bcf lf reknsfy lfrfdibht,ekb abueht,bcf^ pjub-thsb mfylfrt,f .jabsb [fcbfsbcf xfyc^ hfw itb'kt,f fqvjwtyt,ekb.j v[fndhekb fp-hjdyt,bc itlfht,bs ufydbsfht,ek cfat[eh-pt& 'tordpt xfvj,vekb lf reknsfy lfrfd-ibht,ekb vjvwhj abueht,b rb^ itcf'kjf^ infylfhnt,pt^ cfvkjwdtkjsf lhjit,pt fy cfrehs[tdtksf (,jvjysf) cbf[kjdtc b.j xfvjrblt,ekb&

]b[dbc abuehfsf ijhbc cfufyut,j .ehfl-qt,fc bmwtdc jhsfdbfyb ]b[dbc ufvjcf[ekt-,f (b[& fqothbkj,f^ nf,& +3)^ hjvtkcfw cfmfhsdtkjc ufhlf^ vhfdfkhbw[jdfyb nbgj-kjubehb itcfn.dbct,b vjtgjdt,f vwbht fpb-fib^ bhfybc fhmfek [tkjdyt,fib^ crdbseh-cfhvfnek cfv.fhjib [25^ ud& 52-56]& jhsf-dbfyb ufvjcf[ekt,t,b lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf ke-hbcnfybc ptufypt ufdhwtkt,ekb ,hby]fjc reknehbcfsdbc^ fuhtsdt wyj,bkbf eahj flhbyltk tkfveh fhmfek cf,tzlfdt,pt^ iefvlbyfhtsbc rbltd eahj flhbyltk 'tu-kt,pt lf c[d& thsb zdbhekb f,pbylf jhsf-dbfy bhtvpt itvjv]lfhb mfkqdsft,bc ufvj-cf[ekt,bs vjgjdt,ekbf jybc hfbjybc cja& qt,ib \+\ cfereytib lf byf[t,f vjcrjdbc bcnjhbek veptevib [36^ nf,& CXXXIV4* 2^ nf,& \\+++3* 25^ ud& 101^ nf,& |++^ f,pbylf = 86]& fqybiyekb vjnbdb cfrvfjl 'dtkbf lf^ hjujhw xfyc^ cfrvfjl cbwjw[kbceyfhbfyb .jabkf^ hflufy vfy cfmfhsdtkjib sbsmvbc mhbcnbfyj,bc cf[tkvobaj htkbubfl ufvj-w[flt,fvlt itvjbyf[f sfdb (yt'b[bc jhsf-dbfyb ]b[dbc crekgnehf sfhbqlt,f +++-+| cc& vb]ybs)& cf.ehflqt,jf^ hjv xhlbkjts rfdrfcbfib ahbydtkbcf lf dth'bc ghjnjvt,b |++-+\ cfereytt,ibw fhct,j,lf [28^ ud& 176-177^ ceh& 21-22]&

fhmtjkjubehb vfcfkt,bc vb[tldbs^ dth-'bc ufvjcf[ekt,t,bc hfjltyj,f fhfudbc [t-j,fib itlfht,bs vjrh'fkt,ekbf& fvfsufy xdtyc vbth ++ ]ueaib ufthsbfyt,ekb ab-ueht,b^ hjvkt,bw fv w[jdtkt,bc sfdt,c uf-yfcf[btht,c^ cnbkbcf lf lfvpflt,bc ntmyb-rbc vb[tldbs^ sbsmvbc fh ufyc[dfdlt,f ]b[-dt,bc sfdt,bc ufvjcf[ekt,bcfufy& etzdtkbf^ hjv dth'bc tc cfrblb – sfdbc mfylfrt,t,b bubdt ctvfynbrehb fhcbc vfnfht,tkbf^ hj-ujhw ]b[dbc sfdbc cfrblt,b (nf,& ++4)&

dth'bc reknbc fhct,j,f cfmfhsdtkjcf lf rfdrfcbfib^ hjujhw abmhj,ty^ vzblhjl erfdibhlt,f cfvtehytj .jafib cfvjvsf,fhj

vtw[dfhtj,bc ufydbsfht,fc lf^ ,eyt,hbdbf^ hjv fv w[jdtksf ufvjcf[ekt,t,bc vjvhfd-kt,f bo.t,f 'd&o& ++ fsfcoktekblfy^ vfuhfv ufycfresht,bs e[dfl 'd&o& ++-+ fsfcoktekt-,bc vb]yblfy lf + fsfcoktekbc gbhdtkb yf[tdhblfy bxtyc sfdc& cojhtl fv gthbjlb-lfy^ w[dhbc afhbc vtsfehb – dth'b eylf itcekb.j qdsft,bc bv sfyv[kt, w[jdtksf hbuib^ hjvkt,bw cfhut,kj,lyty ,eyt,bc fqjh'byt,bc^ ufyf[kt,bc^ ibyfeh lf ufhtek w[jdtksf ufvhfdkt,bc mfkqdsft,bc vafhdt-kj,bs&

wyj,bkb fhmtjkjubehb vfcfkt,blfy efq-htcfl cfbynthtcjf [jdktujhbc |+ atyfib^ ths-ths cfsfdcjib (hjvtkcfw ufvs[htkt,vf dth'bcsfdt,bfyb cfsfdcj eojltc) fqvjxt-ybkb nthfrjnekb dth'bcsfdt,b^ hjvkt,bw sfyv[kt, vfcfkfcsfy thsfl 'd&o& \+++ cfe-reybsff lfsfhbqt,ekb [10^ ud& 31^ nf,& \\+|^ = 23831$4]& eahj 'dtkbf [jdktc |+++ atyfib fqvjxtybkb e[tib sb[bcfufy yf-'thob w[dhbc sfdb^ hjvtkbw ths-thsb cf-sfdcjc cfrehs[tdtkpt b.j itvjlt,ekb [10^ ud& 10]& firfhff^ hjv tc b.j cfvkjwdtkj^ hflufy bmdt vlt,fht jhjsf[bfyb yfut,j,bc ths jsf[ib^ bfnfrpt^ lf'thobkb b.j vpbc cmtvfnehb ufvjcf[ekt,f& [jdktc .dtkfpt mdtlf^ |+++ /jhbpjynb sfhbqlt,f 'd&o& \| cfereybs [10^ ud& 19]& ufvjsmvekbf vjcfpht,f^ hjv [jdktujhbc cfvkjwdtkjib sf.dfyc cwtvlyty fuhfhek qdsft,fc^ hjvtkbw vtcf-mjykt lf vbofsvjmvtl njvt,c vafhdtkj,lf [23^ ud& 33]&

mfhsdtkehb njvt,bc qdsft,fsf gfystj-ybcf lf vbcb byrfhyfwbt,bc itcf[t, cf.ehfl-qt,j vfcfkt,bf vjgjdt,ekb sfyfvtlhjdt cjv[tsbc nthbnjhbfpt^ obyfehfhnekb [f-ybc 'tukpt^ m& ldbyib^ cflfw + fsfcoktekbc lfcfo.bcbc js[b nf'fhbf fqvjxtybkb& fv nf'ht,bc cfrehs[tdkt,b itvrekb b.j w[dhbc lf [fhbc sfdt,bs [31^ ud& 50-61]&

vybidytkjdfy vfcfkfc itbwfdc vtkb-qtkt +-bc cfvkjwdtkj^ cflfw cfhbnefkj zeh-ztksfy thsfl fvjxtybkbf bhvbc^ w[dhbc lf udtkbc ufvjcf[ekt,t,b& fv cfvkjwdtkjc nthbnjhbfpt vjgjdt,ek vfcfkt,c ijhbc ufycfresht,ek .ehflqt,fc bmwtdc ,hby-]fjcf lf sb[bcfufy yfrtst,b ibidtkb mfkbc abueht,b& ths-ths mfylfrt,fc^ hjvtkbw vb-'thobkbf zehztkpt^ flfvbfybc sfdbc vfubd-hfl ufvjcf[ekb fmdc w[dhbc (dth'bc) sfdb& cfvkjwdtkj sfhbqlt,f 'd&o& ++-+ fsfcokt-ekt,bc vb]ybs [18^ ud& 113-115]& vtkb-qtkt +-bc nf'fhb lfrfdibht,ekbf yf.jabtht,bcf lf w[jdtksf vafhdtkb mfkqdsft,bc reknsfy& .dtkf ybiybs^ tc mfkqdsft,f eylf .jabkb.j yflbhj,bcf lf vjyflbhtsf qdsft,bc lfkbc jhtekb^ hfptw vtn.dtkt,c bm abmcbht,ekb yflbhj,bc fhfthsb cwtyf lf ufhtek w[j-

61

dtksf vhfdfkb ufvjcf[ekt,f [18^ ud& 115-120]& se dbvc]tkt,s yf.jabtht,bc fv mfkqdsf-t,bc byrfhyfwbt,bc vb[tldbs (bhtvb^ ]b[db^ dth'b^ 'fqkb^ stdpb^ udtkb^ ahbydtkb^ nf[b^ ybfvjhb)^ bub lfrfdibht,ekb xfyc cfv.fhjc cfvbdt crytksfy&

rfdrfcbbc vbofsvjmvtl lf vjyflbht njvsf obfqib ofhvjij,bkb tc vbsjkjubehb rjvg-ktmcb^ hjvtkbw utytpbcbs @fvbhfybc tgj-cbc# e'dtktc ,bhsdsfyff lfrfdibht,ekb^ cf-ae'dkfl eltdc udbfyb ,hby]fjc vstk ht-kbubeh fphjdyt,fc^ hbc cfae'dtkptw xfvj-.fkb,lf ufvjcf[ekt,fsf bc rjvgktmcb^ v[fn-dhekb fphjdyt,bc bc vbvlbyfhtj,t,b^ hjvt-kbw cfvtwybthj kbnthfnehfib rfdrfcbehb w[jdtkehb cnbkbc cf[tkbsff wyj,bkb& fv v[fndhekb atyjvtybc .dtkfpt vrfabj uf-vjdkbyt,ff rjk[eh-.j,fyeh wekt,cf lf ,hby]fjc cfhn.kt,pt itvjyf[ekb uhfabre-kb [tkjdyt,f lf .jdtkbdt fvfcsfy utytnb-rehfl lfrfdibht,ekb zdbhekb ,fkst,b^ hjvtksfw rfdrfcbehb w[jdtkehb cnbkb 'dtkb lf f[fkb otksfqhbw[dt,bc vb]yfvlt itvjfmds&

dth'bc ufvjcf[ekt,fsf bc ]ueab^ hjvt-kbw cfrblt,bc^ vwbht abueht,bcf se cfvf-]ehbc uf[cybk sfdt,pt ufysfdct,ekb sf-dt,bc cf[bsff ofhvjlutybkb (nf,& ++1-2)^ vbe-sbst,c^ hjv f[&o& +++-+| cc-ib vtw[dfhtj,fc fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc vsbcobytsbc lf vsbc vjcf[ktj,bc vtehytj,fib rdkfd vybi-dytkjdfyb flubkb tzbhf^ fvfcsfydt dth'b ofhvjflutylf ,eyt,bc ufyf[kt,flb qdsft,bc ths-ths sfyv[kt, fhct,fc&

rfdrfcbbc vtpj,tk mdt.yt,ib^ ufycfresht-,bs bhfyib^ dth'b bsdkt,jlf qdsft,f /dfh-yfc ufycf[btht,fl [27^ ud& 37] lf lfrfdib-ht,ekb b.j bhfybc qdsft,fsf evfqktc ofh-vjvflutykt,sfy& cf.ehflqt,jf^ hjv dth'b vzblhjlff lfrfdibht,ekb cfcfybfysf lbyfc-nbbc ofhvjij,bc vbssfy& cojhtl fvbnjv /dfhyf bmwf cfcfytksf cfvtaj lblt,bc cbv-,jkjl lf dth'b cfvtaj bycbuybt,pt ufvjb-cf[t,jlf cfvtaj ,fast,bsf lf ahst,bs itv-rekb [27^ ud& 37]& fv sdfkcfphbcbs^ cf.e-hflqt,jf 1941 otkc fhvfpbc[tdbc = 23 mdbccfvfh[ib fqvjxtybkb tkbacbct,hb vj.-dfybkj,bc cfhlbjybc cf,tzlfdb^ pjyfhbc uf-cf.htkb [dhtkbs& cf,tzlfdbc ofrdtsbk cb,-hn.tpt ufvjcf[ekbf dth'b^ sfdbs vfh]dybd& vfqfk rbcthpt w[jdtkc itvjdkt,ekb fmdc ,fasf& cf[bc vjgbhlfgbht v[fhtc rb yf[tdfh-vsdfhbc vcufdcb ybifybf ufvj[fnekb& ufvj-cf[ekt,f cnbkbc^ cf,tzlfdbc ajhvbcf lf itcflfht,tkb vfcfkbc vb[tldbs sfhbqlt,f |-|+ cc-bs [12^ ud& 33-34^ 97^ ceh& 46]&

fhfudbc [tj,fib vjgjdt,ekb dth'bc ufvj-cf[ekt,fsf ijhbc .ehflqt,fc bmwtdc +++ ]ueaib ufthsbfyt,ekb ,hby]fjc ,hn.tkqt-hjbfyb cfvf]eht,b^ hjvtksf uf[cybk sfdt,-pt vbhxbkekbf dth'bc sfd-hmbc wfkrt xf-vjc[vekb vbybfnehekb abueht,b (nf,& ++1-2)& vfs eahj .jabsb lfybiyekt,f eylf /mjyj-

lfs^ dblht htkbubehb^ sevwf 'dtkb hovt-ybc tktvtynt,b fv cfvrfekibw bmyt,jlf it-vjyf[ekb& vfu&^ ths-thsb cfvf]ehbc uf[c-ybk sfdpt ufvjcf[ekb dth'bc jhvfulf[dt-ekb hmt,b thsb it[tldbs sbsmjc jh cfh-sekfl fhbc ufykfut,ekb^ hfw 'kbth vj-udfujyt,c .fp,tubc ufy'bc infylfhnt,pt js[ cfhsekfl ufykfut,ek ]b[dbc sfd-hmfc^ sevwf vfs ijhbc epfhvfpfhb mhjyj-kjubehb c[dfj,ff& itcf'kt,tkbf^ ufvjcf[e-kt,fsf fvudfh ufykfut,fc sfdbcb cbv,jkehb vybidytkj,f uffxylf& .fp,tubc ufy'bc itv-s[dtdfib yfdfhfelt,bf^ hjv vhfdfkcfhse-kfl ufykfut,ekb hmt,b b.j thsudfhb @rb-,t# iefcrytkbc lf wbc^ fye ptcrytkbc lf-cfrfdibht,kfl& | cfereyblfy dth'bc sfdt,bs itvrekb cfvf]eht,b^ xfyc^ ufvjlbc [vfht,b-lfy^ sevwf fvudfhb ,hn.tkqthjbfyb lf uf-htlfy utjvtnhbekb jhyfvtynbs itvrekb wfkt,b vsbcobytsib rbltd rfhuf [fyc b.j itvjhxtybkb&

hfw itt[t,f dth'bc crekgnehek vbybf-nbehek ufvjcf[ekt,fc^ vcufdcfl c[df brj-yjuhfabbc vmjyt abueht,bcf^ cfrblfl .jab-kf ufvj.tyt,ekb lf vbcb hbnefkehb lf-ybiyekt,f tzdc fh eylf bodtdltc&

fvhbufl^ fhfudbc [tj,fib vjgjdt,ekb ]b[-dbcf lf dth'bc abueht,b^ c[df lfyfhxty w[j-dtkcf[jdfy ufvjcf[ekt,t,sfy thsfl (buekbc-[vt,f xdty vbth flht ufy[bkekb bhvbc^ w[tybc lf c[df abueht,b)^ vbe[tlfdfl brj-yjuhfabekb vhfdfkathjdyt,bcf^ sfdbcb cnb-kbcnehb sfdbct,eht,t,bs^ lfvpflt,bc ntm-ybrbsf lf ctvfynbrehb fhcbs^ ofhvjflutyc ths vskbfy v[fndhek vjdktyfc^ hjvtkbw fqvjwtyt,ekb b.j vtehytj,hbdb .jabcf lf hovtyf-ofhvjlutyt,bc thsbfyb cbcntvbc cf-ae'dtkpt lf sfdbcb utytpbcbs lfrfdibht-,ekbf cfrvfjl ijhtek tgjmt,sfy& vbe[tlf-dfl fhfthsb cbf[kbcf lf sfdbct,eht,bcf^ hbsfw vwbht gkfcnbrbc xdty vbth ofh-vjlutybkb 'tukt,b ufvjbhxtdf flhtekb vf-cfkt,bcfufy (vfu& htfkbpvbcrty cohfadf^ cf-sfyfljl cnbkbpfwbbc lf'ktdbc wlt,b^ vfsb ghfmnbrekb vybidytkj,bc oby ofvjotdf lf pjubthsb abuehbc itcf,ytdfl ufvj.tyt,f^ fu-htsdt bltehb cfo.bcbc udthlbs^ vfssdbc cfvrfekbc aeymwbbc vbybzt,f^ ltrjhfnbekb fvjwfyt,bc oby ofvjotdf lf c[d&)^ xdtyb ufvjcf[ekt,t,b gbhlfgbhb vtvrdblhtf eahj flhbyltkb gthbjlbc bv atyjvtybcf^ hjvtk-cfw rfdrfcbehb w[jdtkehb cnbkb tojlt,f& itb'kt,f bsmdfc^ hjv vwbht gkfcnbrbc xdty vbth itcofdkbkb vfcfkf ofhvjflutyc rfdrf-cbehb w[jdtkehb cnbkbc abyfkc^ vbc lf-cfchekc^ hfw mhjyjkjubehfl mhbcnbfye-kb bltjkjubbcf lf reknehbc lfvrdbl-ht,bc [fyfc tvs[dtdf& mhbcnbfyj,bc jabwbf-kehfl fqbfht,bc itvltu^ 'dtkb bltjkjubbc tc erfyfcrytkb ufvjcf[ekt,t,b lfdbo.t,fc t'ktdf^ sevwf pjubthsb vfsufyb^ vfu& bhtvb lf w[dfhb^ mhbcnbfyek cbyfvldbktibw ufyfuh'j,c fhct,j,fc&

62

xdtyb vfcfkbc ufy[bkdf rbltd ths[tk udbxdtyt,c^ hjv rfdrfcbehvf w[jdtkehvf cnbkvf sdbsv.jaflb [fcbfsb ,jkjvlt itb-yfhxeyf lf sfdbcb sfdb fvjoehf v[jkjl f[fkb bltjkjubbc ufdhwtkt,bc itvltu^ hj-vtkvfw mfhsek v[fndhek fphjdyt,fc f[f-kb fvjwfyt,b lfecf[f&

K. Ramishvili ZOOMORPHIC REPRESENTATIONS

(IBEX, RAM) FROM THE EASTERN GEORGIAN HIGHLAND

(Summary)

The paper deals with representations of ibex and ram – a part of a numerous group of minor art specimens obtained from the Aragvi basin. These interesting artifacts come from the Pshavi Aragvi gorge and Zhinvali necropolis and are dated in general to the 2

nd-4

th cent. A.D. It should be noted,

however, that the most interesting group of this archaeological material – figures serving as “buckles” – are datable mainly to the 3

rd-4

th cent.

A.D. These specimens of zoomorphic art were

manufactured by applying the casting and moulding technique and mostly are made of bronze, though silver also occurs.

The figurines coming from the Aragvi gorge, along with representations of deer and horse already dealt with in the preceding paper, despite their iconographic variety, judging by their stylistic features, manufacturing technique, functional purpose and semantics, represent a unique artistic phenomenon shaped on the grounds of a unified system of economic structure and religious beliefs. The above phenomenon in turn, is linked with most ancient periods, clearly marked by the dominant cultural elements of the Colchian world, the Colchian artistic thought pattern. Notwithstanding novelties and peculiarities that distinguish the specimens analysed in the present paper, it seems reasonable to regard them as a product of cultural continuity of the so-called “Caucasian animal style”. According to the author’s conjecture, the group of minor art specimens from the Eastern Georgian highland represents the final stage of the “Caucasian animal style”, its ending. Chronologically it coincides with the strength-ening of Christian culture and ideology in Georgia.

After the adoption of Christianity these last symbols of pagan ideology were lost - the figurines of ibex and ram among them, though some of them, e.g. representation of deer, survives into Christian culture as a symbol of a true believer’s spirit.

kbnthfnehf 1& fvbhfyfidbkb i& mfhsekb [tkjdyt,bc

bcnjhbf& s,&^ 1961& 2& uj,t]bidbkb u& ,hby]fjc mfhsekb

e'dtktcb ,fkst,b& cfrfylblfnj lbcthnfwbf& s,&^ 1942&

3& ujujzehb l& vtktmctj,f [tdcehtsib& s,&^ 1974&

4& dbhcfkf't t& mfhsekb cfvjyflbhtj tgjcb& s,&^ 1964&

5& rbryf't p&^ njybf y& vbsjkjubf& s,&^ 2000&

6& kjvsfsb't u& cfmfhsdtkjc vjcf[kt-j,bc cjwbfkehb lf reknehekb lf[fcbfst-,bcfsdbc f[fkb otksfqhbw[dbc +-+++ cfere-ytt,ib& – bcnjhbbc bycnbnenbc ihjvt,b^ +^ 1955^ ud& 349-374&

7& kjvsfsb't u& rklttsbc cfvfhjdfyb& s,&^ 1957&

8& kjhsmbafyb't js&^ aesehb't h&^ shkjhlfdf d&^ z.jybf f& fhmtjkjubehb ufs[ht,b dfyib 1969 otkc& – dfyb^ +& s,&^ 1972^ ud& 198-239&

9& kjhsmbafyb't js&^ aesehb't h& fhmtjkjubehb ufs[ht,b dfybc yfmfkfmfhpt 1968 otkc& – dfyb^ +& s,&^ 1972^ ud& 186-196&

10& vec[tkbidbkb l& [jdktc yfvjcf[-kfhbc fhmtjkjubehb vfcfkf& s,&^ 1978&

11& yflbhf't t& vtvjhbfkeh 'tuksf cbv-,jkbrf& s,&^ 1998&

12& hfvbidbkb m& b& cfcfyehb utvt,b cf-mfhsdtkjib& s,&^ 1979&

13& hfvbidbkb m& h& yflbhj,bc cwtyt,b fhfudbcgbhbc dthw[kbc ceht,pt& – 'bt,fyb^ = 4^ 1999^ ud& 71-75&

14& hfvbidbkb m& h& fqvjcfdkts cfmfh-sdtkjc vsbfytsbc f[&o& + fsfcoktekbc gbh-dtkb yf[tdhbc vwbht gkfcnbrbc 'tukt,b (w[tyb)& – 'bt,fyb^ = 6^ 2000^ ud& 68-77&

15& hj,fmb't w& yt'b[bc cfvfhjdfypt vj-gjdt,ekb vwbht gkfcnbrbc ybveit,b& – 'v^ = 1^ 1990^ ud& 67-71&

16& cehuekf't b& mfhsekb [fk[ehb jh-yfvtynbc cbv,jkbrf& cfljmnjhj lbcthnfwb-bc vfwyt^ s,&^ 1994^ ud& 3-67&

17& cehuekf't b& mfhsekb [fk[ehb jh-yfvtynbc cbv,jkbrf& s,&^ 1994&

18& abw[tkfehb r& fqvjcfdkts cfmfhs-dtkjc njvsf e'dtktcb bcnjhbbc 'bhbsflb cfrbs[t,b& s,&^ 1973&

19& xbmjdfyb v& mfhsekb tgjcb^ +& s,&^ 1959&

20& wfyfdf f& mfhsekb ptgbhcbn.dbtht-,bc vfcfkt,b& s,&^ 1970&

21& obskfyf't k& [tdbc fhmtjkjubehb 'tukt,b (.fp,tubc hfbjyb)& s,&^ 1976&

22& z.jybf f& jmhjc cfvrfekb dfybc yfmfkfmfhblfy (dfyb^ |+)& s,&^ 1981&

63

23& [f[enfbidbkb l& eakbcwb[t^ +& s,&^ 1964&

24& [blfitkb v& cfreknj htkbubehb gfhfktkt,b rfdrfcbfcf lf kehbcnfyc ij-hbc& – rfr^ +++^ 1970&

25& [blfitkb v& ,hby]fjc v[fndhekb lfveifdt,bc bcnjhbbcfsdbc fynbreh cfmfhs-dtkjib (,hby]fjc mfhsekb zdbhekufvjcf-[ekt,bfyb ,fkst,b)& ufvjrdktdf lf rfnfkj-ub& s,&^ 1973&

26& [blfitkb v& wtynhfkehb fvbthrfdrf-cbbc uhfabrekb [tkjdyt,f flhtekb hrbybc [fyfib (,hby]fjc uhfdbht,ekb cfhn.kt,b)& s,&^ 1982&

27. Борисов А. Я., Луконин В. Г. Сасанид-ские геммы. Ленинград, 1963.

28. Ковалевская В. Б. Хронология древно-стей северокавказских алан. – Аланы: история и культура, III, Дзауджикау, 1995, с. 123-183.

29. Куфтин Б. А. Археологические раскоп-ки в Триалети. Тб., 1943.

30. Куфтин Б. А. Археологическая марш-рутная экспедиция 1945 года в Юго-Осетию и Имеретию. Тб., 1949.

31. Кушнарева К. Х. Дренвнейшие памят-ники Двина. Ереван, 1977.

32. Марр Н. Я. Фрако-армянский Sabadios и сванское божество охоты. – Известия Императорской Академии Наук, СПб., 1812.

33. Рамишвили Р. М., Джорбенадзе В. А., Глонти М. Г., Мухигулашвили Н. З., Ро-бакидзе Ц. В., Чихладзе В. В., Циклаури Д. К., Маргвелашвили М. Г., Рчеулишвили Г. М., Ломидзе Ц. Ш., Циклаури И. Д., Це-ретели К. Б. Работы Жинвальской комплек-сной археологической экспедиции. – ПАИ, 1981 (1984), с. 59-68, табл. LXXXIII-XCIV.

34. Рамишвили Р. М., Джорбенадзе В. А., Чиковани Г. Г., Глонти М. Г., Гогадзе Э. М., Панцхава Л. Н., Мухигулашвили Н. З., Чих-ладзе В. В., Робакидзе Ц. В., Рчеулишвили Г. М., Маргвелашвили М. Г., Каландадзе З. А., Циклаури И. Д., Ломидзе Ц. Ш., Бучукури А. И., Алудаури Б. Г. Археологические иссле-дования в Арагвском ущелье. – ПАИ, 1983 (1986), с. 48-53, табл. LXXXIX-CI.

35. Уваров А. С. Христианская символика. Часть первая: Символика древне-христиан-ского периода. М., 1908.

36. Уварова П. С. Могильники Северного Кавказа. – МАК, VIII, с. 139-155.

37. Лордкипанидзе О. Д., Путуридзе Р. В., Матиашвили Н. Н., Толордава В. А., Лордкипанидзе Г. А., Кигурадзе Н. Ш., Гиголашвили Е. Г. Итоги работ Ванской экспедиции. – ПАИ, 1973 (1974), с. 35–41.

nf,ekt,bc fqothbkj,f nf,& + – 1& ]b[dbc ufvjcf[ekt,f vidbkl-

cfrby'bc aeymwbbs^ dthw[kb^ obahfybc'bhbc cfvfhjdfyb (09-XLVIII-83-180, reknehekb atyblfy); 2& ]b[dbc ufvjcf[ekt,f vidbklcf-rby'bc aeymwbbs^ ,hby]fj (09-XLVIII-81-42,

cfvfh[b = 5); 3. ]b[dbc jhsfdbfyb abuehf^ ,hby]fj^ yt'b[bc cfvfhjdfyb (09-LXI-87-198, cf[kbc vityt,kj,bc lhjc lfyuhtekb cf-vfh[blfy); 4. ]b[dbc abuehf cfrblbs^ ,hby-]fj (09-LXI-87-195, lfyuhtekb cfvfh[blfy); 5& ]b[dbc sfdbc ufvjcf[ekt,f^ ,hby]fj (09-

LXI-88-95, cfvfh[b = 247); 6. ]b[dbc sfdbc ufvjcf[ekt,f^ ,hby]fj (09-LXI-88-69, cfvfh-[b = 242); 7. ]b[dbc sfdbc ufvjcf[ekt,f^ dthw[kb^ rklttsbc cfvfhjdfyb (09-LXI-88-

436, lfyuhtekb cfvfh[blfy); 8. ]b[dbc sfdbc ufvjcf[ekt,f (09-LXI-88-520, cfvfh[b = 164); 9. ]b[dbc sfdbc ufvjcf[ekt,f^ dthw[kb (09-LXI-88-435^ reknehekb atyblfy).

nf,& ++ – 1. dth'bc sfdt,bc ufvjcf[ekt,f dthw[kbc cfvf]ehpt (09-LXI-88-515, cfvfh[b = 164)* 2& dth'bc sfdt,bc ufvjcf[ekt,f ,hby-]fjc cfvf]ehpt (09-LXI-85-64, cfvfh[b = 8);

3. vtlfkbjyb dth'bcsfdt,bs^ ,hby]fj^ ;bydf-kb (09-XXV-79-395, cfvfh[b = 277); 4. dth'bc sfdbc ufvjcf[ekt,f^ ,hby]fj (09-LXI-85-412,

reknehek atyfib); 5-9. ,hby]fjc 'tordt,b c[dflfc[df vj.dfybkj,bc cfrblt,bs^ yt'b[bc cfvfhjdfyb (09-LXI-85-128,126,123,123,543).

Description of the Plates Pl.I. – 1. representation of ibex, silver, Tsipra-

nisdziri (09-LVIII-83-180, cultural layer); 2. re-presentation of ibex, bronze, Tsipranisdziri (09-XLVIII-81-42, burial = 5); 3. representation of double-headed ibex, bronze, Nedzikhi (09-LXI- 87-198, cultural layer); 4. representation of ibex, bronze (09-LXI-87-195, cultural layer); 5 repre-sentation of the head of ibex, bronze (09-LXI-88-95, burial = 247); 6. representation of the head of

ibex, bronze, (09-LXI-88-69, burial = 242); 7. re-presentation of the head of ibex, silver, Kldeeti (09-LXI-88-436, cultural layer); 8. representation of the head of ibex, silver (09-LXI-88-520, burial = 164); 9. representation of the head of ibex, silver (09-LXI-88-435, cultural layer).

Pl. II. – 1. representations of the heads of ram on silver bracelet (09-LXI-88-515, burial = 164); 2. representation of the heads of ram on bronze bracelet (09-LXI-85-64, burial = 8); 3. heads of ram on bronze medallion, Zhinvali (09-XXV-79-395, burial = 277); 4. bronze representation of the head of ram (09-LXI-85-412, cultural layer); 5-9. pendants on bronze chains, Nedzikhi (09-LXI-85-128, 126, 123, 123, 543).

64

nf,& +

65

nf,& ++

66

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20

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fhbc ufsdfkbcobyt,ekb rf[tsib fqvjxtybkb 'tukt,b^ hflufy bcbyb vrdktdfhbc vbth itlf-ht,bs udbfyb gthbjlbcf lf c[df tsyjrek-nehekb cfv.fhjc resdybkt,flff vbxytekb [1^ ud& 5^ 178]&

fvfdt fdnjhbc eahj flhtek yfihjvib ufy[bkekbf rf[tsbc vstk hbu geymnt,ib itvs[dtdbs fqvjxtybkb mdtdhcfvfh[t,b^ hj-vtksf itcf[t, vc]tkj,f fdnjhc ezbhc vfcfkbc cbvwbhbc ufvj [2^ ud& 156]&

rf[tsib wyj,bkbf mdtdhcfvfh[t,bc fqvj-xtybc hfvltybvt flubkb% e]fhvf^ cflfw by-dtynfhbc itcf[t, fhfdbsfhb wyj,f fh fhbc* cja& .jqjsj^ cflfw c& vtystifidbkvf ufs[f-hf 7 mdtdhcfvfh[b^ vbofib /jhbpjynfkehfl xfakekb^ vbwdfkt,ekt,b tcdtyf [tkat[vj[-hbkb& cfvfh[tekb bydtynfhb itlut,f sb[bc zehzkbcf lf vwbhtjltyb cfvrfekbcfufy^ lf-sfhbqt,ekbf 'd&o& vboehekbs* cjatkb cf-ybjht^ cflfw mdtdht,b xfakekb b.j /jhb-pjynfkehfl^ vbwdfkt,ekbcfsdbc xfenfyt,b-fs jhb jmhjc cf.eht .eh'ybc vntdybc ajhvbcf^ ,hby]fjc cfvf]ehb lf pfhfrb& cf-vfh[b lfsfhbqt,ekbf 'dtk lf f[fk otk-sfqhbw[dfsf vb]ybs [2^ ud& 157]&

mdtdhcfvfh[flff vbxytekb u& ybjhf'bc vb-th cja& fh[bkjcrfkjcsfy ufs[hbkb ,fd-idbc cfvfh[b^ cflfw xjyx[b lfcdtyt,ekb .j-abkf mdtdhbc yfnt[pt lf ufhitvjkfut,ekb /mjybf sb[bc zehztkb& lfsfhbqt,ekbf 'd&o& + cfereybs [5^ ud& 89]&

fctsbf rf[tsbc nthbnjhbfpt mdtdhcfvfh-[sf fqvjxtybc cehfsb& fv [fybc itcf,fvbcb yfvjcf[kfht,bc rdfkb rb fqybiyek v[fhtib ]th]thj,bs fhcfl fh fhbc vbrdktekb&

stkfdbc cfvfhjdfypt lblb vjwekj,bc fhmtjkjubehb cfveifjc xfnfht,f dth vj-[th[lf ntmybrehb vbptpt,bc ufvj& ufbs[fhf v[jkjl 15 v cbuh'bcf lf 8 v cbufybc s[hbkb^ cek 120 v2 afhsj,b^ cflfw cfvfh[b mdtdht,b sfdvj.hbkbf ths ,eltl s[hbkbc lfcfdkts yfobkib& fqvjxylf cek 10 mdtdh-cfvfh[b lf thsb jhvjcfvfh[b (ceh& 1)& 7 mdtdhcfvfh[b thsvfytsbcfufy lfwbkt,ekbf 1-1^5 vtnhbs& vfs udthlbsff jhvjcfvfh[b^ jhb mdtdhcfvfh[b rb (== 1 lf 6) cfvfh[sf fv ,e-lbcfufy vjwbkt,ekb fqvjxylf 2^60 lf 4^50 vtnhbs&

cfvfh[b mdtdht,b xfakekbf 70 cv-bc cbqhvtpt vbobc ptlfgbhblfy& cfvfh[fl ufvj-.tyt,ekbf xdtekt,hbdb cfqdbyt mdtdhb^ hj-vtkbw obyfcofh uflfe[th[fds vewtksfy .dtkfpt afhsj yfobkib lf xfeakfds vbof-ib dthnbrfkehfl 'bhbs& mdtdht,b fvjedcbfs vjphlbkb hb.bc mdt,bs lf vfcpt lferh'f-

67

kfds vbwdfkt,ekb& ptvjlfy lfeafht,bfs mdtdhbc gbhbcf lf rtlkbc yfnt[t,b&

10 mdtdhcfvfh[blfy cfvib (== 1^ 2^ 9) lferh'fkfds flfvbfyb^ js[ib (== 3^ 4^ 5^ 8) – w[jdtkt,b^ cfvb rb (== 6^ 7^ 10) wf-hbtkb fqvjxylf&

mdtdhcfvfh[t,bc cfv[htsbs^ bvfdt ,eltib^ fqvjxylf thsb jhvjcfvfh[b flfvbfybc xjy-x[bsf lf bydtynfhbs&

cfvfh[tekb rjvgktmct,b jhvjcfvfh[b = 1& fqvjxylf s[hbkbc

cfv[hts rtltksfy^ sb[yfh atyfib^ mdtdh-cfvfh[sf ljytpt& xjyx[b lfv[hj,bkbf fqvjcfdktsblfy lfcfdktsbcfrty (sfdbs fqvjcfdktsbs)& vbwdfkt,ekb bodf vfhw[tyf udthlpt^ jlyfd vj[hbkb^ [tkbc vntdyt,b cf[tcsfy /mjylf vbnfybkb& fyshjgjkjusf ufycfpqdhbs xjyx[b mfkbcf fqvjxylf&21

vbwdfkt,ekc cf[bc oby tluf jhb zeh-ztkb% vj.fdbcahjl ufvjvodfhb sb[bc mjsfyb lf vjobsfkjl ufvjvodfhb sb[bc cfvnexf ljmb& sfdbc erfy blj hrbybc lfybcgbhb lf /mjylf ,hby]fjc jhb cf.eht hujkb& cf-vfh[ib t.fhf sb[bc ]fvbc gbh-rtlkbcf lf c[dflfc[df zehzkbc yfnt[t,b (nf,& +1-6)&

mdtdhcfvfh[b = 1& fqvjxylf cfvfh[sf ,elblfy 4^5 v vjijht,bs& mdtdhb ufvjvodf- 21

jhvjc pjvt,b% 1^60 1^20 v^ xjyx[bc cbuh't – 1^17 v^ ,fh'f.bc 'dkbc cbuh't – 0^33 v&

hbf vjobsfkjl^ vc[dbkvfhwdkjdfyb sb[b-cfufy^ fmdc uflfikbkb mj,fufvc[dbkt,ekb gbhb^ vfqfkb .tkb^ ufvj,thbkb vewtkb^ mdtvjs vrdtshfl lfmfyt,ekb^ ,hn.tkb dbo-hj 'bhb& ptlfgbhb itvrekbf htkbtaehb ob-,jt,bs^ hjvtkbw lfqfhekbf vjrkt [fpt-

,bs& mdtdhb iefptf uflf[th[bkb lf dthnb-rfkehflff xfluvekb vbofib 'bhbs& mdtdhib fqvjxylf flfvbfybc fhtekb 'dkt,b&

bydtynfhb% hrbybc ie,bcgbhb^ sb[bc ]fvb-cf lf ljmbc gbht,b^ rtlkbc yfnt[t,b (nf,& +7-12)&

mdtdhcfvfh[b = 2& mdtdhb ufvjvodfhbf vjdfhlbcahjl^ odhbkvfhwdkjdfyb sb[bcf-ufy& fmdc uflvjrtwbkb^ mj,fitcmtkt,ekb gb-hb^ lf,fkb .tkb^ ufybthb vewtkb lf ,hn.tkb dbohj 'bhb& ptlfgbhb itvrekbf htkbtaehb cfhn.kbs^ hjvtkptlfw lfqf-hekbf vjrkt bhb,b [fpt,b& mdtdhb uflf[th-[bkbf vewtksfy lf dthnbrfkehflff xfa-kekb vbofib 'bhbs (vewkbc lv – 0^9 v^ gbhbc lv – 42^5 cv^ rtwbc cbcmt – 1^5 cv)& mdtdhb vewkfvlt fvjdct,ekbf vjphlbkb hb.bc mdt,bs^ hjvtkptlfw tcdtyf flfvbfybc xjyx[b& cfvfh[b uflf[ehekbf mdtdhbc gbhbcf lf rtlkbc yfnt[t,bs& xjyx[b lfv[hj,bkbf cfv[htsblfy xhlbkjtsbcfrty (sfdbs cfv[ht-sbs)^ bodf vfh]dtyf udthlpt 'kbth vj[hb-kb^ [tkt,b cf[tcsfy /mjylf fnfybkb^ ve[-kt,b rb – vrthlfvlt& sfdb tcdtyf hb.bc mdf-

ceh& 1

68

pt^ nfysfy itlfht,bs eahj itvfqkt,ekfl (,fh'f.bc 'dkbc cbuh't – 27 cv)&

bydtynfhb% sb[bc ]fvbc 'bhbc^ [tkflbc gbh-.ehbcf lf zehzkbc 'bhbcf lf rtlkbc yfnt[t,b (nf,& +13-19)&

mdthcfvfh[b = 3& mdtdhb ufvjvodfhbf vjobsfkjl^ vc[dbkvfhwdkjdfyb sb[bcfufy& fmdc mj,fufvc[dbkt,ekb gbhb^ vfqfkb .tkb^ ufybthb vewtkb^ mdtvjs vrdtshfl lfmfyt,e-kb rtlkt,b lf dbohj ,hn.tkb 'bhb& ptlf-gbhb itvrekbf htkbtaehb cfhn.kbs^ hj-vtkptlfw lfqfhekbf vjrkt bhb,b [fpt,b& mdtdhbc gbhpt ufvjodfvlt fvjndbahekbf [tkjcybc ybifyb – jhb vfh.e;b& mdtdhb uflf[th[bkbf vewtksfy lf xfakekbf vbof-ib 'bhbs dthnbrfkehfl (mdtdhbc lv – 0^76 v vewtksfy^ gbhbc lv – 0^44 v^ rtwbc cbmt – 1^7 cv^ 'bhbc lv – 0^12 v)& mdtdhb vewkfvlt fvjdct,ekbf vbobs lf ibu xfvfh[ekbf odhbkat[f hmjcfyb cfmjykbc 'dkt,b& uflf[ehekbf mdtdhbc gbhbcf lf rtlkbc yfnt[t,bs&

bydtynfhb% sb[bc ]fvbc gbh-rtlkbcf lf zehzkbc .tkbcf lf rtlkbc yfnt[t,b&

mdtdhcfvfh[b = 4& mdtdhb ufvjvodfhbf vjdfhlbcahjl^ odhbkvfhwdkjdfyb sb[bcf-ufy& fmdc mj,fufvc[dbkt,ekb gbhb^ lf,fkb .tkb^ ufybthb vewtkb^ mdtvjs lfmfyt,ekb rfksf lf dbohj ,hn.tkb 'bhb& ptlfgbhb itvrekbf htkbtaehb cfhn.kbs^ hjvtkpt-lfw xfvje.dt,f fvjx[dktnbkb othnbkt,b-cfufy itvlufhb vjrkt [fpt,b& gbhpt ufvj-odfvlt fmdc lfndbahekb gfnfhf ohtt,b& mdtdhb uflf[th[bkbf vewtksfy lf xfake-kbf vbofib dthnbrfkehfl^ 'bhbs (lv ve-wtksfy – 0^94 v^ gbhbc lv – 0^4 v^ rtwbc cbcmt – 1^7 cv^ 'bhbc lv – 0^13 v)& mdtdhb fvjdct,ekbf vewkfvlt hb.bc mdt,bs^ hjvtk-ptlfw lfcdtyt,ekbf bhvbc jhb vjphlbkb hmf& cfvfh[b uflf[ehekbf mdtdhbc gbhbcf lf rtlkbc yfnt[t,bs&

bydtynfhb% sb[bc vbk-ybcrfhnbfyb zehz-kbc^ [tkflbc .ehbcf lf ]fvt,bc gbhbcf lf rtlkbc yfnt[t,b (nf,& ++1-8)&

mdtdhcfvfh[b = 5& mdtdhb ufvjvodfhbf vjdfhlbcahjl^ rfhufl ufyktmbkb odhbkvfh-wdkjdfyb sb[bcufy& fmdc mj,fufvc[dbkt,ekb gbhb^ lf,fkb .tkb^ ufybthb vewtkb lf dbohj ,hn.tkb 'bhb& uflf[th[bkbf vewtk-sfy lf xfakekbf vbofib dthnbrfkehfl^ 'bhbs (lv vewtksfy – 0^90 v^ gbhbc lv – 0^3 v^ rtwbc cbcmt – 0^1 v)& mdtdhbc 'bhpt lf-atybkbf hb.bc mdt,b^ hjvtkptlfw w[jdtkbc hmf lf 'dkt,bf lfcdtyt,ekb&

bydtynfhb% sb[bc lfvndhtekb zehzkbc rtlkbc yfnt[t,b (nf,& ++9-12)&

mdtdhcfvfh[b = 6& mdtdhb ufvjvodfhbf vjobsfkjl^ vc[dbkvfhwdkjdfyb sb[bcfufy^

fmdc mj,fufvc[dbkt,ekb uflfikbkb gbhb^ vf-qfkb .tkb^ ufybthb vewtkb lf dbohj ,hn.tkb 'bhb& ptlfgbhb itvrekbf htkbtaehb cfh-n.kbs& mdtdhb vewkbc mdtvjsff uflf[th-[bkb lf xfakekbf dthnbrfkehfl 'bhbs (lv vewtksfy – 0^65 v^ 'bhbc lv – 0^1 v)&

mdtdhb wfhbtkb fqvjxylf& mdtdhcfvfh[b = 7& mdtdhb ufvjvodfhbf

vjobsfkjl^ vc[dbkvfhwdkjdfyb sb[bcfufy& fmdc uflfikbkb gbhb^ vfqfkb .tkb^ ufybthb vewtkb lf dbohj^ ,hn.tkb 'bhb& ptlfgbhb lfafhekbf vrhsfkfl fvjqfhekb rjywtynhekb [fpt,bs& itvrekbf js[-js[b [fpbcfufy itvlufhb nfkqehb cfhn.tkbs& mdtdhb uflf[th[bkbf vewtksfy lf xfakekbf vbofib dthnbrfkehfl^ 'bhbs (lv vewtksfy – 0^80 v^ 'bhbc lv – 0^13 v^ rtwbc cbcmt – 0^12 v)&

mdtdhb wfhbtkb fqvjxylf& mdtdhcfvfh[b = 8& mdtdhb ufvjvodfhbf

vjobsfkjl^ vc[dbkvfhwdkjdfyb sb[bcfufy^ fmdc uflfikbkb gbhb^ vfqfkb .tkb^ ufybthb vewtkb lf dbohj ,hn.tkb 'bhb& ptlfgbhb itvrekbf thsvfytssfy f[kjc vb]hbkb ht-kbtaehb cfhn.kt,bs^ hjvkt,ptlfw fvjqf-hekbf vjrkt bhb,b [fpt,b& mdtdhb vewtk-sfyff uflf[th[bkb lf xfakekbf vbofib dthnbrfkehfl^ 'bhbs (lv vewtksfy – 0^80 v^ 'bhbc lv – 0^12 v^ rtwbc cbcmt – 0^13 v)&

mdtdhib fqvjxylf bhvbc hmf lf odhbkb cfmjykbc 'dkt,b&

mdthcfvfh[b = 9& mdtdhb ufvjvodfhbf vjdfhlbcahjl^ odhbkvfhwdkjdfyb sb[bcf-ufy& fmdc mj,fufvc[dbkt,ekb gbhb^ lf,fkb .tkb^ ufybthb vewtkb lf ,hn.tkb^ dbohj 'bhb& ptlfgbhb itvrekbf yfsbseht,bs& mdtd-hb uflf[th[bkbf iefpt lf xfakekbf vbof-ib dthnbrfkehfl^ 'bhbs (lv vewtksfy – 0^96 v^ 'bhbc lv – 0^15 v^ rtwbc cbcmt – 0^13 v)& mdtdhbc 'bhpt tulj bhvbc hmbc yfnt[b^ [jkj vewtksfy blj flfvbfybc ,fh'f.bc 'df-kb&

bydtynfhb% sb[bc lfvndhtekb zehzkbc yfnt[t,b (nf,& ++13-16)&

mdtdhcfvfh[b = 10& mdtdhb ufvjvodfhbf vjdfhlbcahjl^ odhbkvfhwdkjdfyb^ rfhufl ufyktmbkb sb[bcufy& fmdc uflfikbkb^ mj,f-ufvc[dbkt,ekb gbhb^ lf,fkb .tkb lf dbohj^ ,hn.tkb 'bhb& ptlfgbhb itvrekbf htkbtae-hb cfhn.kbs& mdtdhb iefptf uflf[th[bkb lf xfakekbf vbofib dthnbrfkehfl^ 'bhbs (lv vewtksfy – 0^84 v^ rtwbc cbcmt – 0^12 v)&

mdtdhb wfhbtkb fqvjxylf& lfrh'fkdbc otcb& .dtkf tsybreh ]ueac

fmdc vbcsdbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb lfrh'fkdbc otcb^ hjvkbsfw vzblhjlff lfrfdibht,ekb vbccfdt htkbubeh hovtyf-ofhvjlutyt,sfy& fvltyfl 'dtkb cfvfhjdyt,bc fqvjxtybc wfk-

69

rtekb itvs[dtdt,bw rb vybidytkjdfy o.fhjc ofhvjflutyc itcf,fvbcb cfpjufljt,bc w[jd-ht,bc itcfcofdkfl&

stkfdib ufs[hbkb mdtdhcfvfh[t,bc lfrh-'fkdbc otcib itbybiyt,f vbcsdbc lfvf[fcbf-st,tkb sfdbct,eht,fyb& mdtdhcfvfh[t,b ths ,eltlff ufykfut,ekb^ hjvkbc udthlpt ud[dlt,f jhvjcfvfh[bw& cfvfh[t,b^ bctdt hj-ujhw .dtkufy^ by/evfwbehbf^ lfrh'fkekbf sbsj vbwdfkt,ekb^ udthlpt [tkat[vjrt-wbk vlujvfhtj,fib&

fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv 10 mdtdhcfvfh[blfy v[j-kjl cfv mdtdhib b.j lfrh'fkekb flfvbfyb^ js[ib – bhvbc hmt,b lf odhbkat[f cfmj-ytkb^ cfvb rb chekbfl wfhbtkb fqvjxylf& cfabmht,tkbf^ hjv cfmvt udfmdc ths cfj-]f[j ,elt-cfvfh[sfy^ hjvtksf lfrh'fkdbc hbnefksfy eylf b.jc lfrfdibht,ekb bhvbc hmt,bcf lf cfmjykbc fctsb cfgfnbj itobhdf se lfrh'fkdf& fvfdt lhjc itcf'kjf bvbc df-hfelbw^ hjv wfhbtkb mdtdht,b fy rtyjnf-at,c ofhvjflutylf fy itbwfdlf lfrh'fkdbc hbnefksfy lfrfdibht,ek itobhekj,fc^ t&o& @fqfgbc# yfist,c&

mdtdht,b xfakekbf vbofib dthnbrfke-hfl^ 'bhbs^ cf[ehfdfl gbhbcf lf rtlkbc yfobkt,bf ufvj.tyt,ekb&

mdtdht,bc vbofib dthnbrfkehfl xfluvf lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf cfmfhsdtkjib fqvjxtybkb mdtdhcfvfh[t,bcfsdbc^ vfuhfv vfsb evhfdkt-cj,f xfakekbf vbofib gbhbs lf @cf[ehf-dfl# 'bhbc yfobkt,b fy abkfmdt,bf ufvj.tyt-,ekb& fvbc gfhfktkehfl fhct,j,c mdtdht-,bc vbofib /jhbpjynfkehfl xfluvbc otcbw& fvltyfl stkfdbc mdtdhcfvfh[sf ufyc[dfdt,e-kb ajhvf lf lfrh'fkdbc otcb vbcb kj-rfkehb sfdbct,eht,t,bs eylf fb[cyfc&

cfvfh[t,bc ,eltt,fl ufykfut,fw fh fhbc ew[j cfmfhsdtkjc c[dflfc[df htubjyib fq-vjxtybkb cfvfhjdyt,bcfsdbc% lf,kfujvb [1^ ud& 7]^ lfayfhb [9^ ud& 14]^ vw[tsf-cfvsfdhj [2^ ud& 138]& vrdktdfhsf thsb yfobkb vfc cfj]f[j cfvfh[t,fl vbbxytdc^ hjvkt,bw bvfhst,jlf cfw[jdht,tksfy f[kjc [10^ ud& 7]^ vfuhfv bidbfsbf mdtdhcfvfh[sf lf jhvj-cfvfh[sf ths ,eltib sfyffhct,j,bc itv-s[dtdt,b& vfhsfkbf^ fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdt-kjib lfrh'fkdbc tc jhb otcb thslhjekfl fhct,j,c^ vfuhfv vfsb wfkrtekb itvs[dt-dt,bf lfvjovt,ekb c[dflfc[df htubjyt,ib& vfu&^ vw[tsf-cfvsfdhjib uf,fnjyt,ekb otcbf mdtdhcfvfh[t,ib lfrh'fkdf^ eakbcwb[tib rb – jhvjcfvfh[t,ib [1^ ud& 57]& ufvjyfrkbcflff vbxytekb lfayfhib fqvjxtybkb thsb cfvfh-[b^ hjltcfw mdtdhcfvfh[sf udthlbs ud[dlt-,f jhvjcfvfh[b& bub tobyffqvltut,f vjcfp-ht,fc^ hjvkbc vb[tldbsfw mdtdhcfvfh[t,bc ufxtyf lfrfdibht,ekbf itvltu htkbubeh hovtyfcsfy – vbwdfkt,ekb eylf b.jc che-

kbfl bpjkbht,ekb vbobcfufy& tc itvs[dtdf f[cybkbf ufyc[dfdt,ekb otc-xdtekt,t,bs^ hj-vtkbw lqtcfw ud[dlt,f cfvtuhtkjc tsyj-uhfabek .jafib [9^ ud& 43]& fqybiyekb lfrh'fkdbc otct,bc sfyffhct,j,f fh fb[cyt-,f fhw cjwbfkehb afmnjhbs^ dbyfblfy vfsb cfvfh[tekb bydtynfhb chekbfl thsyfbhbf&

fk,fs cfvfhskbfybf u& kjvsfsb'bc vbth ufvjsmvekb vjcfpht,f^ hjv jhvjib lfrh-'fkdf thsb .dtkfpt eahj 'dtkt,ehb lf lbl[fyc ufdhwtkt,ekb otcbf cfmfhsdtkjib lf vfibyfw rb^ hjwf 'd&o& ++ c-lfy vw[tsbc vfcj,hbd cfvfhjdfypt bo.t,f vbwdfkt,eksf xfcdtyt,f zehztkib^ [jkj itvltu cfufyut,j yfut,j,fsf xfluvf vbofib& f[&o& + cfereytt,ib rdkfd cfrvfjl ufdhwtkt,ekbf jhvjcfvfh-[t,b [3^ ud& 161]&

stkfdbc cfvfhjdfypt lfrh'fkdbc otcbc ths-ths sfdbct,eht,fl vbvfxybf fuhtsdt cf-vfh[t,ib (hjujhw flfvbfybc^ bct w[jdtkt-,bc) lfvndhtekb zehzkbc yfnt[t,bc xfnf-yt,f& fv v[hbd ufvjhxtekbf jhvjcfvfh[b^ hjvtkibw vstkb zehzkt,bf xfluvekb&

stkfdbc cfvfhjdfypt sbsmjc ufvjbhxtdf flfvbfysf vsfdfhb cfvfh[t,b^ hjvtksfsdb-cfwff lfrh'fkekb se itobhekb w[jdtkt,b fy vfsb cfhbnefkj ovbylf yfobkt,b&

fyfkjubehb itobhekj,fyb vwbhtjltyb wdkbkt,t,bs ud[dlt,f cfvsfdhjc cfvfhj-dfypt [2^ ud& 47]^ rklttsib [3^ ud& 168] lf lfcfdkts fpth,fb]fyib – vbyutxfehib&

fvhbufl^ stkfdib ufs[hbkb mdtdhcfvfh-[t,b^ hjujhw dyf[ts^ fv;qfdyt,ty hf ufh-rdtek sfdbct,eht,t,c^ fvhfdfkathjdyt,ty xdty wjlyfc cfmfhsdtkjib ufdhwtkt,ekb lfrh'fkdbc otct,bcf lf htkbubehb hovtybc itcf[t,& vtjht v[hbd^ fqybiyek cfvfh[t,ib rbltd ths[tk lfcnehlt,f lfvfh[dbc bc ot-cb^ hjvtkbw flhtw b.j wyj,bkb cfmfhsdt-kjc c[dflfc[df res[tt,ib ufs[hbkb bvfd-lhjekb cfvfh[t,blfy&

mdtdhcfvfh[sf bydtynfhb& mdtdhcfvfh-[t,ib^ hjujhw otcb^ vbwdfkt,ekt,c f.j-kt,lyty .jdtklqbehb w[jdht,bcfsdbc cf-zbhj ybdst,c% sb[bc zehztkc^ cfvrfekc^ vjytnt,c&

stkfdbc mdtdhcfvfh[t,ib bydtynfhb wj-nff lf qfhb,ekb& bub fh ufvjbhxtdf sb[bc zehzkbc ajhvfsf vhfdfkathjdyt,bs& ud[dlt,f jhb vstkb zehztkb^ c[dflfc[df zehztksf yfnt[t,b^ ,hby]fjc o.dbkb cf.e-ht hujkb lf^ hfw ufycfresht,bs cf.ehfl-qt,jf^ jhb hrbybc bfhfqb% lfybcf lf ie-,bcgbht,b&

kbsjyb& hrbybc lfybcgbhb^ .eyobfyb^ it-vjhxtybkb fmdc cfnfht yfobkb^ hjvtkptlfw [bc fy hmbc nfhb vfuhlt,jlf (nf,& +6)& ,jkj itdbohjt,ekbf lf vjvhudfkt,ekb& jhgbh-

70

ktcekb (gbhbc cbuh't – 8 cv^ .eyobc cbuh't – 2 cv^ v[hbc cbufyt – 1^5 cv)&

lfyt,b fqvjxtybkbf cfvsfdhjib^ ,jhib^ x[jhjo.eib^ shbfktsib^ stshbo.fhjib^ fh-rytsib^ .jqjsjib lf c[d& [2^ ud& 151]& hrbybc vj[hbk lfyt,c d& sjkjhlfdf cfc[kfd bfhf-qfl vbbxytdc^ ,& reanbyb rb vbc vhfdfkv[hbd ufvj.tyt,fc dfhfelj,c [11^ ud& 37]& vcufdcb lfyt,bc itvwdtk cfvfh[t,c fhrytsblfy js& ]fafhb't 'd&o& ++-+ cfereytt,bs fsfhbqt,c [7^ ud& 199]&

hrbybc ie,bcgbhb^ vhudfkvfchbfyb^ v[ht,-lfmfyt,ekb lf ,jkjofodtnbkb^ jhgbhkt-cekb (nf,& +12)& iefib^ jhbdt v[hblfy^ xfvj-e.dt,f htkbtaehb mtlb (cbuh't – 29 cv^ vfchbc cbuh't – 11 cv^ gbhbc cbuh't – 18 cv^ v[hbc cbufyt – 3 cv)&

hjujhw wyj,bkbf^ mdtdhcfvfh[t,bcfsdbc fh fhbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb bfhfq-cfzehdtkb lf ud[dlt,f bidbfsfl^ thstekbc cf[bs& cf-vfh[t,blfy vfs ufmhj,fc erfdibht,ty bfhfq-cfzehdtkcf lf cfvtehytj ybdst,pt rth'j cfresht,bc ufxtyfc lf vtvrdblhtj,bc bycnb-nenbc xfvj.fkb,t,fc [1^ ud& 59]&

fyfkjubehb ie,bcgbht,b wyj,bkbf .jqj-sjlfy^ 'tdhblfy^ ,fy'blfy (itbfhfqt,ekb vf-vfrfwbc cfvfh[b) lf lblb hfjltyj,bs vbyut-xfehblfy& sfyv[kt,b bydtynfhbc vb[tldbs .jqjsjc cfvfh[t,b otksfqhbw[dfsf vb]ybs sfhbqlt,f [2^ ud& 10]^ 'tdhbc mdtdhcfvfh[t,b – f[&o& ++ cfereybs^ ,fy'bc cfvfh[c fynjybyt gbecbc vjytnbc vtidtj,bs f[&o& ++ cfereytc vbfresdyt,ty [4^ ud& 182]^ vbyutxfehbc mdtdhcfvfh[t,cfw 'd&o& + c-bs fsfhbqt,ty [8]&

cf.eht hujkt,b^ lfvpflt,ekb ,hby]fjc vhudfkufybdrdtsbfyb odhbkb vfdsekbcfufy^ bhbpt,ekbf vodfytl (hujkbc lv& – 21 cv) (nf,& +5)& fqvjxylf jhb wfkb& fctsb vfhnbdb ajhvbc cf.eht hujkb lhjbc lbl vjyf-rdtspt ud[dlt,f lf fvltyfl lfsfhbqt,bcfs-dbc bub fh ufvjlut,f [2^ ud& 150]&

rthfvbrf& cfvfhjdfypt^ jhvjcfvfh[ib^ fq-vjxylf jhb vskbfyb sb[bc zehztkb^ mdtdh-cfvfh[t,ib rb (flfvbfybc lf w[jdtkbcfibw) bcbyb yfnt[t,bc cf[bs b.j xfnfyt,ekb& sb-[bc zehzkbc yfnt[t,b fqvjxylf fuhtsdt reknehek atyfibw&

zehztksf ajhvbc vb[tldbs vfcfkfib uf-vjb.j tmdcb ]ueab% mdtdht,b^ cfvnexfgbhbfyb ljmt,b^ mjsyt,b^ ]fvt,b^ vbkcfoehbfyb zeh-ztkb lf lthut,b&

mdtdht,b& fqvjxylf 10 wfkb& nbgbehb cf-vtehytj mdtdht,bf – vewtksfy uflf[th[bkb lf vtjhtl ufvj.tyt,ekb& .dtkfc tvxytdf [t[df-htw[dbc rdfkb& rtwbc athbc vb[tldbs ufvjb.j jhb ]ueab% 1) vjobsfkjl ufvjv-odfhb^ vmbct sb[bcf^ uflfikbkb gbhbs lf

vfqfkb .tkbs (.tkbc cbvfqkt – 3^5-4^5 cv)* 2) vjdfhlbcahjl ufvjvodfhb^ odhbkvfhw-dkjdfyb sb[bcf^ ,hn.tkb ,frjsb lf lf,fkb .tkbs (.tkbc cbvfqkt – 1^5 cv)& jhbdt ]ueabc mdtdht,b 'bhbcfrty itdbohjt,ekbf lf fmds dbohj^ ,hn.tkb 'bht,b ('bhbc lv – 12-15 cv^ gbhbc lv – 30-44 cv^ rtwbc cbcmt – 1^2-1^7 cv)& mdtdht,b jhyfvtynbht,ekbf^ itvrekbf js[-js[b qhvfl fvjqfhekb nfkqt,bcfufy itlutybkb cfhn.kt,bs^ htkbtaehb ob,jsb^ htkbtaehb cfhn.kbs^ hjvtkptlfw fvjqfhekbf vjrkt bhb,b fy fvjx[dktnbkb othnbkt,bcfufy itvlufhb [fpt,b^ yfsbseht,b& jhb mdtdhbc ,frjpt itvjhxtybkbf [tkjcybc ybifyb (nf,& +++1-2)&

cfvnexfgbhbfyb ljmt,b & ufvjvodfhbf vjobsfkjl lf dfhlbcahfl ovbylf cnhem-nehbc sb[bcfufy& fmdc cfvnexf gbhb^ lf,fkb .tkb^ ufvj,thbkb^ ,brjyecehb vj.dfybkj,bc vewtkb lf ,hn.tkb^ afhsj 'bhb& .ehbc yfrdfktdb tvxytdf gbhsfy lf v[fhpt (cbvfq-

kt – 15^7 cv^ gbhbc lv – 7^57 cv^ 'bhbc lv – 12 cv^ vewkbc lv – 16^5 cv (nf,& +1)& fv nbgbc pjubths [tkflfc fmdc uht[bkb .ehb (nf,& ++8^ +++5)^ pjuc rb – jdfkeh ufybdrdt-sbfyb& ths vfsufypt ]dhbc ajhvbc jhyfvty-nbf fvjrfohekb (nf,& +15)&

fqybiyekb ljmt,b vcufdcbf cfvsfdhjc mdtdhcfvfh[t,ib fqvjxtybkb lf d& sjkjh-lfdfc vbth | nbgib ufthsbfyt,ekb cfvnexf ljmt,bcf [2^ ud& 25-26]& fctsb ljmt,b fq-vjxylf fh[bkjcrfkjib^ ueh]ffyib^ xevkf.-ib^ obyfylfkib^ fyfufib^ .jqjsjib^ vbyutxf-ehib& .dtkf bcbyb sfhbqlt,f 'd&o& + lf f[&o& + cfereybs&

mjsyt,b& ufvjvodfhbf vj.fdbcahjl^ odhbkvfhwdkjdfyb sb[bcfufy^ esfyf,hjl^ rtwb vjyfwhbcahjf& fmdc vhudfkb^ jlyfd uf-lfikbkb gbhb^ lf,fkb^ cmtkb .tkb^ gb-hbcrty itdbohjt,ekb vhudfkb vewtkb lf ,hn.tkb 'bhb (cbvfqkt – 11^5 cv^ gbhbc lv – 8 cv^ vewkbc lv – 13 cv)&

fqybiyekb mjsyt,b vcufdcbf cfvsfdhjc mdtdhcfvfh[t,ib fqvjxtybkb lf |++ ]ueaib ufthsbfyt,ekb sb[bc mjsyt,bcf [2^ ud& 28]^ hjvkt,bw sfhbqlt,f otksfqhbw[dfsf vb]-ybs&

]fvt,b& ajhvbc vb[tldbs ufvjb.j jhb nbgb& meckbfyb ]fvt,b – ufvjvodfhb vjdfh-lbcahjl^ odhbkvfhwdkjdfyb sb[bcfufy& fmdc ufvj.jabkb meckb lf itqfhekb 'bhb (meckbc cbvfqkt – 1^5^ 'bhbc lv – 5^5 cv) (nf,& +++7)& emeckj ]fvt,b – ufvjvodfhb vjdfhlbcahjl^ odhbkvfhwdkjdfyb sb[bcufy^ ibuybs uflvjrtwbkb lf,fkb gbhbs^ ufikb-kbkb rfksbsf lf emeckj ,hn.tkb 'bhbs (gbhbc lv – 17^5-26 cv^ cbvfqkt – 5^8-9 cv^ 'bhbc lv – 11-12 cv (nf,& +++8-12)&

71

vbkcfoehbfyb zehztkb^ fqvjxylf th-sflthsb yfnt[b (nf,& +++6)& itvjhxtybkbf vj-rkt^ vhudfkyf[dhtnbfyb vbkbc yfnt[b^ uf-vjvodfhbf vjyfwhbcahjl (vbkbc cbuh'tf – 2^5 cv^ yf[dhtnbc lv – 0^7 cv)& vcufdcb zeh-ztkb ud[dlt,f fkfpybc dtkpt rf[tsib lf fpth,fb]fyib^ cja& yb]biib vhfdfkudfhb ajhvbs [5^ ud& 71]& vbk-ybcrfhnt,b fmdc hjujhw vfsfhbc nbgbc^ bct ljmbc nbgbc zehztkcfw& v[jkjl vbkbc vb[tldbs ajh-vbc fqlutyf dth vj[th[lf&

lthut,b& v[jkjl gbh-.tkbc yfnt[t,bf itvjhxtybkb^ ufvjvodfhbf vjdfhlbcahjl^ rfhufl ufyktmbkb sb[bcfufy& fmdc uflfi-kbkb afhsj gbhb^ ufvj.dfybkb cmtkb .tkb lf ufikbkb v[fhb (gbhbc lv – 12^5-18 cv) (nf,& +++13-16)& cfvsfdhjcf lf eh,ybcib fctsb lthut,b xdbk ,fdidsf cfvfh[t,flff ufvj.tyt-,ekb&

fvhbufl^ stkfdbc cfvfhjdfypt fqvjxtybkb sb[bc zehzkbc evhfdktcj,f ufvjvodfhbf obskfl fy dfhlbcahfl^ cflff lf ejhyf-vtynj (mdtdht,c ufhlf)^ tvcufdct,f fqvjcfd-kts cfmfhsdtkjc mdtdhcfvfh[t,ib fqvjxt-ybkb fvfdt [fybc rthfvbrfc&

mdtdhcfvfh[sf sfhbqbcfsdbc& stkfdib uf-s[hbkb mdtdhcfvfh[t,bc cnhfnbuhfabf fh b'ktdf lfsfhbqt,bcfsdbc cfzbhj vjyfwtvt,c^ fvbnjv vfsb fcfrbc ufycfpqdhf itcf'kt,tkb [lt,f v[jkjl gfhfktkehb vfcfkbc vjidt-kbt,bs& hjujhw erdt fqdybiyts^ stkfdbc mdtdhcfvfh[t,b lfrh'fkdbc otcbsf lf rt-hfvbrekb vfcfkbsfw vtn vcufdct,fc bxtyc fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc vfcfkt,sfy lf pj-ubths ltnfkt,ib vcufdct,fc gjekj,c lf-cfdkts fpth,fb]fybc^ rth'jl^ vbyutxfehbc 'tukt,sfy& fqybiyekb cfvfh[t,b sfhbqlt,f 'd&o& + lf f[&o& + cfereytt,bs&

lqtbcfsdbc vrdktdfhyb lblb bynthtcbs trblt,bfy mdtdhcfvfh[sf ufxtyf-ufdhwtkt,bc cfrbs[c& wyj,bkbf^ hjv mdtdhcfvfh[t,b hj-ujhw fqvjcfdkts^ bct lfcfdkts cfmfhsdt-kjib xylt,f 'd&o& +| c-ib& v& bdfixtyrjv vfsb ufxtyf mdt.ybc tkbybpfwbfcf lf ew[j mdt.-yt,sfy ehsbthsj,fc lferfdibhf lf vfsb uf-dhwtkt,f bdfhfelf lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjlfy fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib^ fmtlfy rb – fpth-,fb]fyib [1^ ud& 57]& t& gf[jvjdbc fphbs rb^ bcbyb cfv[hts fpth,fb]fyblfy lfcfdkts fpth-,fb]fyib^ [jkj bmblfy rb fqvjcfdkts cfmfh-sdtkjib dhwtklt,f [12]& fv vbvfhst,bs lf-vf]tht,tkb lf lfcf,est,ekb rdktdf fmdc xfnfht,ekb d& sjkjhlfdfc^ hjvtkbw mdtdhcf-vfh[sf ufdhwtkt,fc mdt.ybc ibuybs vjv[lf-hb cjwbfkehb lf bltjkjubehb wdkbkt,t-,bs [cybc& fvfcsfy thsfl vrdktdfhb fh ufvj-hbw[fdc vfs ufdhwtkt,fib fvf se bv nthb-njhbfpt vtpj,tkb mdt.yt,bc ufdktybc hjkc^ vfuhfv otc-xdtekt,fsf ufwdkf-ufvjwdkfc

bub mdt.yt,c ijhbc vzblhj reknehek-trj-yjvbreh ehsbthsj,fc erfdibht,c& vfc mdtdh-cfvfh[sf fpth,fb]fyblfy ufdhwtkt,f lfecf-,est,kfl vbfxybf^ dbyfblfy vfc cfvb cfere-ybs ecoht,c oby fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib ufs[hbkb mdtdhcfvfh[t,b [1^ ud& 60-61]&

fvhbufl^ stkfdib ufs[hbkb mdtdhcfvfh-[t,b gfhfktkehb vfcfkbc vjidtkbt,bs 'd&o& + lf f[&o& + cfereybs sfhbqlt,f& ufs[ht,vf cfr-vfjl cfbynthtcj byajhvfwbf vjudwf fv re-s[bc bcnjhbbcfsdbc& sfdbcsfdfl mdtdhcfvfh-[t,bc fqvjxtybc afmnb erdt cfrvfjl vybi-dytkjdfybf seylfw bv sdfkcfphbcbs^ hjv lfrh'fkdbc tc otcb lfcnehlt,f rbltd ths geymnib^ hjvtkbw kjrfkehb sfdbct,eht,bc vbe[tlfdfl vcufdct,fc bxtyc cfmfhsdtkjib fqvjxtybk mdtdhcfvfh[t,sfy& vfsb vcufdct,f vbyutxfehbc cfvfh[t,sfy rb^ fk,fs^ fv otc-xdtekt,t,bc vcufdct,bsf lf vfsb nthbnj-hbekb cbf[kjdbs fb[cyt,f&

lqtdfyltkb mfkfmbc nthbnjhbfpt fv [fybc cfvfh[t,bc fqvjxtyf udfuekbc[vt,byt,c vbcb itcf,fvbcb yfvjcf[kfht,bc fhct,j,fcfw^ hfw itvlujvb rdktdf-'bt,bc fvjwfyfl hxt,f&

Ts. Chikoidze

THE ANCIENT JAR BURIALS FROM

TELAVI

(Summary)

The archaeological excavations of one of the

ancient sites of Telavi have brought to light a

necropolis providing new information concerning

burial customs and rite.Ten jar burials and one pit

burial of a nest shape disposition were excavated

on the territory of the necropolis. Three of the jars

represented a human grave, another three jars

being empty. The remaining four contained sheep

and goats bones and deer antlers. A human

skeleton was found in the pit burial, the inventory

consisted of a clay pot, jar, iron knife and two

earrings - in the shape of bronze rings. An iron

spearhead was found in burial = 1 along with a

human skeleton. All burials contained fragments

of clayware. It can be suggested that the jar burials

together with the pit burial, must have been a

family nest-type burial, while the burial rite

included solemn animal sacrifice.

The stratigraphic characteristics of the jar

burials do not provide the necessary evidence for

dating. Therefore, parallel evidence was drawn

upon in order to define the chronology of these

burials.

On the grounds of the existing classification,

the archaeological complex is dated to the 1st cent.

B.C. - the 1st cent. A.D.

72

kbnthfnehf 1& sjkjhlfdf d& lfrh'fkdbc otct,b

tkbybcnehb [fybc cfmfhsdtkjib& s,&^ 1980& 2& sjkjhlfdf d& vfcfkt,b mfhskbc cf-

vtajc bcnjhbbcfsdbc 'd&o& +++-+ cc& – vcrf^ +++^ 1963^ ud& 137-166&

3& kjvsfsb't u& rklttsbc cfvfhjdfyb& s,&^ 1957&

4& vfrkfsbf c& 1920-1924 oo& cfmfhsdt-kjib fqvjxtybkb pjubthsb ytrhjgjkbc lf-sfhbqt,bcfsdbc& – ccvv^ +|^ 1927^ ud& 161-188&

5& ybjhf't u& fkfpybc dtkbc ufs[ht,b& s,&^ 1980&

6& xbrjb't w& mfkfmb stkfdb (bcnjhbek-fhmtjkjubehb ufvjrdktdf)& s,&^ 1979&

7& ]fafhb't js& fhmtjkjubehb ufs[ht-

,b cja& fhrytsib& – sce ihjvt,b^ n& 63^ 1956^ ud& 183-206&

8. Голубкина Т. И. Материалы к истории

албанских племен Кавказа по данным кувшин-

ных погребений Азербайджана (II в. до н.э. –

III в. н.э.). Автореферат канд. дисс., Баку, 1962.

9. Кигурадзе Н. Ш., Лордкипанидзе Г. А. Дапнарское селище и могильник. – КСИА, 151,

1977, с. 55–64.

10. Кигурадзе Н. Ш. Дапнарский могиль-

ник. Тб., 1976.

11. Куфтин Б. А. Материалы к археологии

Колхиды, т. II. Тб., 1950.

12. Пахомов Е. А& Монеты Мингечаура. –

МКА, II, 1951, с. 146-148. cehfsbcf lf nf,ekt,bc fqothbkj,f ceh& 1& – mdtdhcfvh[sf ufykfut,bc utuvf& nf,& + – 1-6& jhvjcfvfh[bc bydtynfhb% cfv-

nexf ljmb^ hrbybc lfybcgbhb^ ,hby]fjc cf-.eht hujkt,b^ sb[bc mjsfyb^ zehzkbc yf-nt[t,b* 7-12& = 1 mdtdhcfvfh[bc bydtynfhb% hrbybc ie,bcgbhb^ sb[bc zehzkbc yfnt[t,b* 13-19& = 2 mdtdhcfvfh[bc bydtynfhb% sb[bc zehzkbc yfnt[t,b&

nf,& ++ – 1-8& = 4 mdtdhcfvfh[bc bydtynf-hb% sb[bc zehzkbc yfnt[t,b* 9-12& = 5 mdtdhcfvfh[bc bydtynfhb% sb[bc zehzkbc yfnt[t,b* 13-16& = 9 mdtdhcfvfh[bc bydtynf-hb% sb[bc zehzkbc yfnt[t,b&

nf,& +++ – 1-2& mdtdhbc gbhbc udbhudbyt,bc ahfuvtynt,b* 3-7& mdtdhcfvfh[t,ib fqvjxtyb-kb sb[bc zehzkbc ybveit,b* 8-12& mdtdhcf-vfh[t,ib fqvjxtybkb ]fvt,b* 13-16& mdtdhcf-vfh[t,ib fqvjxtybkb lthut,b&

Description of the plates and figures

Fig. 1 - Situation plan of the jar burials.

Pl. I - 1-6. jar burial goods: trefoil mouthed jar,

iron knife blade, bronze hoop earrings, clay pot,

fragments of clayware; 7-12. = 1 jar burial

goods: iron spearhead, fragments of clayware; 13-

19. = 2 jar burial goods: fragments of clayware.

Pl. II - 1-8. = 4 jar burial goods: fragments of

clayware; 9-12. = 5 jar burial goods: fragments

of clayware; 13-16. = 9 jar burial goods:

fragments of clayware.

Pl. III - 1-2. fragments of the rims of jars; 3-7.

specimens of clayware found in jar burials; 8-12.

bowls found in jar burials; 13-16. dergi-type jars

found in jar burials.

73

nf,& +

74

nf,& ++

75

nf,& +++

76

ybyj rbqehf't^ stveh sjlef

DTHW{KBC CFHRT <BZDBYNBC CFVFHJDYBLFY

,bzdbynbc cfvfhjdfypt ufvjdktybk vhf-dfkv[hbd cfbynthtcj cfvfh[tek vfcfkfsf ijhbc ufycfresht,ek .ehflqt,fc bg.hj,c = 03-5 rbh[cyfhbfy cfvfh[ib fqvjxtybkb dthw[kbc cfhrt [5^ ud& 139^ nf,& L|+++8]& cfh-rt xfvjc[vekbf^ yf[tdfhcathjct,hb ajhvb-cf^ lbcrjc ptlfgbhb ltrjhbht,ekbf [esb hrfkbcfufy itlutybkb js[b cfhn.kbc ohbs^ hjvtkbw uflfrdtsbkbf vtjht fctsbdt ohbs& cf[tkehb mfkbc sbst,c ufvjcf[fdc& cfhrt ahfuvtynekbf^ frkbf cf[tkehbc yf-obkb& lv 12^8 cv [ceh& 1]& hjujhw wyj,bkbf^ cfhrbc ufvjujyt,fc fynbrehb nhflbwbf 'dtk ,th'yt,c vbfothc&22 cfhrbc ufvjujyt,bc yjdfnjhfl rb udbfyltkb othbkj,bsb o.f-hjt,b /tatcnjc fcf[tkt,ty [Procl., in Plat., I,

142, 26]. e'dtktc ,th'yek kbnthfnehek 'tukt,ib rb cfhrt cfthsjl fh b[ctybt,f& fct vfufkbsfl^ /jvthjcb @bkbflfib#-ib [Hom.,

Iliad., XIV, 170-186] /thfc xfwvekj,bc fqot-hbcfc^ cfhrtc fh fcf[tkt,c& gbhdtkfl cfhrt 'd&o& |+-| cc& gjtnsfy – gbylfhtcsfy b[ctybt,f [Pind., VII, 15], sevwf uflfnfybsb vybidytkj,bs lf fhf hjujhw rjyrhtnekb cfufyb& fv cf[bs vfc gbhdtkfl d[dlt,bs 'd&o | c& nhfubrjct,bcf lf rjvtlbjuhfat,bc s[pekt,t,ib% cgbkty'bc cfhrt tcmbktc nhf-utlbbc ths-ths ahfuvtynib [Aesch., fr., 393], /thfc jmhjc cfhrt tdhbgbltcsfy [Eur., Tro.,

1108]. fct^ hjv fynbrehvf nhflbwbfv cfr-vfjl vobhb wyj,t,b itvjudbyf[f cfhrbc it-cf[t,& itlfht,bs eahj chek byajhvfwbfc udfodlbfy fhmtjkjubehb ufs[ht,bcfc fqvjxtybkb cfhrtt,b se c[dflfc[df cfufypt vfsb ufvjcf[ekt,fyb& cojhtl fv cf[bc vfcf-kt,bs lfcnehlt,f^ hjv 'dtk cfv.fhjib cfhrt^ ]th rbltd rhtnf-vbrtybc tgjmfib b.j wyj,bkb [15^ nf,& 11^21]& vbcb cthbekb ofhvjt,f rb cf,th'ytsib 'd&o |+ cfereyblfy bo.t,f [16^ ud& 244-249]& fv lhjblfy bub dhwtklt,f xhlbkjts ifdbpqdbcgbhtsibw [10^ ud& 106-107]& fynbreh cfv.fhjib 'bhbsf-lfl cfvb nbgbc cfhrtf lflfcneht,ekb% cf-[tkehbfyb^ lfcfluvtkb lf .esbfyb cfhrtt,b& tc erfyfcrytkb gbhdtkfl 'd&o |-+| cc& vb]-yfpt xylt,f [17^ ud& 131]^ [jkj lfcfluvtkb cfhrtt,b afhsjl xfyc ufdhwtkt,ekb fhmf-

22

'dtk ,th'yek tyfib^ .dtkfyfbhb ajhvbcf lf pjvbc cfhrbc fqcfybiyfdfl b[vfht,jlf cbn.df - @KATOPTROU#& fv ajhvbs bub ud[dlt,f hj-ujhw kbnthfnehek^ fctdt tgbuhfabrek 'tu-kt,ib [Aesch. Fr. 288; Plut., Mor., 42b].

ek [fyfib& hfw itt[t,f cf[tkehbfy cfh-rtt,c^ bcbyb gbhdtkfl 'd&o |+ c& vtjht yf-[tdhblfy xylt,bfy [10^ ud& 107* 110]& fv nbgbc cfhrtt,b wfk-wfkrt lfvpflt,ekb cf[tke-hbcf lf lbcrjcfufy itlut,jlf& jhbdt yfob-kb^ hjujhw otcb^ c[dflfc[df vfcfkbcfufy rtslt,jlf& lbcrj ghbfkf kbsjybcfufy^ vtn-obkfl ,hby]fjcfufy^ [jkj cf[tkehb [bc-ufy lf cgbkjc 'dkbcufy vpfllt,jlf&

ceh& 1 hjvfek [fyfib cfhrbc lfvpflt,bc ntmyj-

kjubf vrdtshfl bwdkt,f% fqybiyek gthbjl-ib cfhrbc lbcrjt,b 'bhbsflfl vpfllt,jlf dthw[kbcf lf vbybcfufy [10^ ud& 109]& cfhrtt,b v[jkjl xfvjc[vbc otcbs rtslt,jlf& .f-kb,ib xfvjc[vek cfhrbc ptlfgbhc ovtylyty qj]bsf lf mkb,bs^ [jkj itvltu fghbf-kt,lyty a[dybkbct,ehb ybdsbtht,bs vbc chek ,ho.bydfkt,fvlt& ufajhvt,bc sdfk-cfphbcbsfw c[dfj,f itbybiyt,jlf& hjvfekb [fybc cfhrt obyfht [fyfcsfy itlfht,bs^ cflf lf vfhnbdb b.j& evtntcobkfl cf[tkehbfyb lf vhudfklbcrjbfyb cfhrtt,b zfh,j,lyty&

cfmfhsdtkjib^ xhlbkjts ifdbpqdbcgb-htssfy itlfht,bs^ cfhrtt,b 'fkpt bidbfsfl ud[dlt,f& rkfcbrehb lf tkbybcnehb [fybc cfhrtt,b xdtyib cek cfv geymnibf lflfc-neht,ekb lf bcbw sbsj tuptvgkfhbsff ofhvjlutybkb& thsb vfsufyb lflfcneht,e-kbf dfybc 'd&o | c& t&o& @ofhxbyt,ekb rjk[b mfkbc# cfvfh[ib [14^ ud& 65]^ vtjht 'd&o +++ c& vboehekbs lfsfhbqt,ek lf,kfujvbc vlbl-

77

hek cfvfh[ib [3^ ud& 74^ ceh& 116]^ [jkj vtcfvt f[fkujhbc ufy'ib^ hjvtkcfw cfvfh[t-ek bydtynfhfl vbbxytdty [11^ ud& 63]& .dtkf ptvjs xfvjsdkbkb cfhrtt,b ,hby]fjcbf lf bvgjhnekb eylf b.jc&

hjvfekb [fybc cfmfhsdtkjib rb cfhrtt,b itlfht,bs eahj [ibhfl ud[dlt,f& fct^ vfuf-kbsfl^ ,fubytsbc jhathlfcf[ehfdbfyb mdbc cfhrjafuib^ hjvtkbw f[&o& ++-+++ cc& sfhbq-lt,f^ fqvjxylf dthw[kbc cfhrtt,bcf lf dth-w[kbcfdt cfhrtt,bc yfnt[t,b [2^ ud& 61]^ vw[tsfibdt f[&o& +++ c& = 905 frklfvfib fqvjxtybkb dthw[kbc cfhrt^ hjvtkbw hj-vfek bvgjhnfl fhbc vbxytekb [1^ ud& 11-12* nf,& \|-\|++]& vhudfkb ajhvbc cfhrt^ jqjyl ,hby]fjcb lfabmcbht,ekbf ufuhbc wb[tcsfy itvs[dtdbs fqvjxtybk vlblhek cfvfh[tek rjvgktmcib^ hjvtkbw +|-| cc& sfhbqlt,f [6^ ud& 54^ ceh& 378]& ufycfres-ht,bs cfbynthtcjf xdty vbth ptvjfqothbkb dthw[kbc cfhrt gbnbeynbc cfvfh[blfy& fv-udfhb nbgbc cfhrt fqyfuj,bsf lf jhyfvty-nfwbbs ufyc[dfdlt,f cfmfhsdtkjib lf xhlb-kjts ifdbpqdbcgbhtsibw lqtvlt fqvjxtyb-kb cbymhjyekb 'tukt,bcfufy& firfhff bcbw^ hjv bub hjvfek bvgjhnc ofhvjflutyc& lbc-rjc vj.dfybkj,bs^ gbnbeynbc cfvfh[ib fqvjxtybkb cfhrt 'fkpt f[kjc lufc cewb-lfdfcf lf rfhgbwfib fqvjxtybk cfhrtt,sfy^ hjvkt,bw f[&o& ++-+++ cc& sfhbqlt,bfy [18^ nf,& CLXXIV2]; cf[tkehbc vj.dfybkj,bs lf vbcb ufvjcf[ekt,bc v[hbd tvcufdct,f vw[t-sbc = 905 frklfvfib fqvjxtybk dthw[kbc cfhrtc& vskbfyj,fib rb vbc gbhlfgbh fyf-kjuc ofhvjflutyc rbjkyib fqvjxtybkb dthw[kbc cfhrt^ hjvtkbw pjuflfl f[&o& +-++ cc&-bsff lfsfhbqt,ekb [9^ ud& 122^ ceh& 80]& hfw itt[t,f gbnbeynbc cfvfh[ib fqvjxtybk cfhrbc sfhbqc^ lfcf[tkt,ekb ybdsbc ufvjv-wtvtkb u& kjhsmbafyb't vfcpt fhfathc fv-,j,c^ [jkj cfhrbc itvwdtk cfvfh[tek by-dtynfhc f[&o& +| c& fsfhbqt,c23 [5^ ud& 140]& xdty fhf udfmdc u& kjhsmbafyb'bctek sf-hbqpt ghtntypbf^ vfuhfv cfhrt gfhfktkehb vfcfkt,bs f[&o& ++ c& eylf lfsfhbqltc&

hfw itt[t,f gbnbeynbc cfvfh[blfy vjvlb-yfht dthw[kbc cfhrbc aeymwbfc^ bc v[jkjl enbkbnfhekb vj[vfht,bs fh itvjbafhukt-,jlf& ufdhwtkt,ekb vjcfpht,bc sfyf[vfl^ ,th'ty-hjvftkt,b^ fctdt 'dtkb [fk[t,b^ cfh-rtc vfubeh 'fkfc fybzt,lyty& fct^ vfufkbsfl^ cfhrt ufvjb.tyt,jlf gfnhbc ltvtnhfc cf-rehs[tdtkib obyfcofhvtn.dtkt,bc xfnfht-

23

fvudfhb lfsfhbqt,f tae'yt,f cfvfh[tek rjv-gktmcib fhct,ek cgbkty'bc vjytnfc^ hjvtkbw 'fkpt welflff lfwekb&

,bc lhjc [10^ ud& 110]& bm cfhrbc fyfhtrkbs fdflv.jabc ]fyvhstkj,bc vlujvfhtj,fc obyfcofhvtn.dtkt,lyty* gtkjgjytcbc vstk hbu cfrehs[tdkt,ib fqvjxtybkbf @cfdjnb-dj# cfhrtt,b [16^ ud& 244]& v& byf't cfrhfke-hb vybidytkj,bs [cybc lf,kfujvbc vlbl-hek cfvfh[ib xflt,ek cfhrtc^ hflufy vbcb fphbs^ bub cjkfhek ybiybfybf [4^ ud& 144]& itcf'kjf gbnbeynbc cfhrtcfw sfdbc lhjpt cfrhfkehb lfndbhsdfw /mjylf& fvudfh vj-cfpht,fc ufhrdtekobkfl v[fhc ezthc cfh-rbc ltrjhfwbfw& cfhrbc lbcrjpt oht[fpt,bs hdfmbvbfyb dfhcrdkfdbf ufvjcf[ekb& fctsb ufvjcf[ekt,f rb^ egbhfntcfl fqvjcfdktsbc mdt.yt,ib cnbkbpt,ekb vpbc cbv,jkjc ofhvjflutylf24 [13^ ud^ 27], sevwf fhw bcff ufvjhbw[ekb^ hjv cfhrtc^ vbcb vakj,tkbc ufhlfwdfkt,bc itvltu aeymwbf ittwdfkf lf^ hjujhw tc vbqt,ekb b.j ,th'yek-hjvfek cfv.fhjib^ vbwdfkt,eksf rekncfw lfrfdib-ht,jlf [7^ ud& 153]& ,th'yek vbsjkjubfib cfhrt lbjybct-pfuhtjcbc ths-thsb fnhb-,ensfufyb b.j& bc [ibhfl ufvjb.tyt,jlf vbc vbcnthbt,ib lf jhabrjcsf vcjakv[tl-dtkj,fc erfdibhlt,jlf bvmdt.ybehb cfv.f-hjc itcf[t, [8^ ud& 166]& itcf,fvbcfl cfhrtw lfrh'fkdbc cfhbnefkj wthtvjybbc ths-ths rjvgjytynflfw eylf vbdbxybjs& ybifylj,kb-dbf^ hjv reknehek atyt,ib cfhrtt,b ghfm-nbrekfl fh ud[lt,f& vfs xdtekt,hbd cfvfh-[t,ib fabmcbht,ty& itcf'kjf cfvfh[t,ib cfhrtt,bc xflt,f cfbmbjib upbc uf[cyfc ue-kbc[vj,ltc [7^ ud& 153]& fvudfh ofhvjlut-yt,c itb'kt,f lfderfdibhjs gbnbeynbc cfvfh[ib lf cfmfhsdtkjc c[df htubjybc cfvfh[t,ib fqvjxtybkb cfhrtt,b&

N. Kighuradze, T. Todua

SILVER MIRROR FROM BICHVINTA

NECROPOLIS (Summary)

A silver mirror was found in burial = 35

containing mortar discovered on the territory of

the Bichvinta necropolis. The mirror of spherical

shape is casted. The disk surface is decorated with

two overlapping rhombs with concaved sides. The

handle is treated in a form of female’s fingers. The

mirror is fragmentary, of 12.8 cm in diameter. It

was apparently imported from Rome.

24

ybifylj,kbdbf^ hjv dthw[kbc cfhrtcsfy thsfl^ cfvfh[ib fqvjxylf jmhjc dfhlekbfyb cf.eht& fvudfhb jhyfvtynekb vjnbdfwbf vrdktdfhsf fphbs^ vpbc cbv,jkjc ofhvjflutylf [12^ ud& 25]&

78

The mirror, found in a burial of Pityus,

strongly resembles those discovered in Sutsidava

and Karpitsa and dating from the 2nd

-3rd

centuries

A.D. In general, it bears the closest analogy with a

mirror from Cologne belonging to the 1st-2

nd cent.

A.D. Taking into account archaeological parallels,

the mirror from Pityus seems to be datable to the

2nd

cent. A.D. As for its functional purpose, the

mirror must have been designed for sacred and

ritual purposes. kbnthfnehf 1& fafmb't f&^ ybrjkfbidbkb d& vw[tsbc

ofhxbyt,eksf ufycfcdtyt,tkb f[&o& +++ cfe-reybcf – frklfvf 905& – vw[tsf \+^ s,&^ 1996^ ud& 7-42&

2& fafmb't u& ,fubytsbc rkltrfhbc cfh-

rjafub& – 'v^ = 33^ 1973^ ud& 59-65& 3& sjkjhlfdf d& vlblhekb cfvfh[b

lf,kfujvblfy& – dfyb ++^ s,&^ 1976^ ud& 68-78& 4& byf't v& 'dtkb rjk[tsbc cfpjufljt,f&

s,&^ 1994& 5& kjhsmbafyb't u& ,bzdbysbc yfmfkfmf-

hb& s,&^ 1991& 6. Воронов Ю. Н. Материалы по архе-

ологии Абазгии и Санигии (II–VII вв.). – МАА,

1979, с. 49-58.

7. Зубарь В. М. О свинцовых зеркалах из

некрополя Херсонеса. – ПАК, 1986, с. 150-154.

8. Лосев А. Ф. Античная мифология. М.,

1957.

9. Римское искусство и культура. –

Каталог выставки римско–германского музея в

Кельне. М., 1969.

10. Скржинская М. В. Зеркала архаи-

ческого периода из Ольвии и Березани. –

АКСП, 1984, с. 105–129.

11. Смирнов Я. И. Ахалгорийский клад.

Тб., 1934.

12. Смирнов К. Ф. Северский курган. М.,

1953.

13. Сокольский Н. И. Крепость Аспургиан

на Боспоре. – КСИА, 143, 1975, с. 21–30.

14. Хоштариа Н. В. Археологичские рас-

копки в Вани. – rfr^ 1962^ ud& 65-80& 15. Furtwänglar A. Die antiken Gemmen.

Berlin, 1900

16. Oberländer P. Griechische Handspiegel.

Hamburg, 1967

17. Züchner W. Griechische Klappspiegel. –

JDAI, 14, 1942, S. 126-141.

18. Tudor D. Le dépôt de miroirs de verre

double de plomb trouvé à Sucidava. – DACIA, III,

1959, p. 415-432.

cehfsbc fqothbkj,f ceh& 1& – dthw[kbc cfhrt ,bzdbynbc cfvf-

hjdyblfy Description of the Figure:

Fig. 1 – Silver mirror from Bichvinta Cemetery.

79

df[nfyu ]fafhb't

FQVJCFDKTS RJK{TSBC UPT<BC CFRBS{B (f[fkb fhmtjkjubehb vjyfwtvt,bc vb[tldbs)

'dtkb cfmfhsdtkjc cfdfzhj upt,bc itc-

ofdkf rdkfd iteytkt,tk bynthtcc bodtdc& xdtyb rdktdbc cathjib bvsfdbsdt vjtmwf wtynhfkehb rjk[tsbc – hbjybc ief otkb-cf lf^ itvlujv^ fqvjcfdkts rjk[tssfy lf fmtlfy b,thbfib (mfhskib) uflfcfcdktkb upt,bc wfkrtekb vjyfrdtst,b& udmjylf it-cf'kt,kj,f lfpdthdt,b udtofhvjt,byf ,fq-lflbc h-ybc bv vjyfrdtst,ib^ hjvtkptw vl& [fybco.kbc uf.jkt,bs fhct,ekb t&o& hrbybc ]dhbc upf uflbjlf (ptrfhb^ cfbhvt^ [fyb lf c[d&)& fhnfifnblfy ct,fcnjgjkbcbcfrty vb-vfhsekb tc upf itvltu^ dfhlwb[bc yfmfkf-mfhbc ufdkbs lf vl& hbjy-.dbhbkbc uflfrdt-sbs (fm lflfcneht,ekbf njgjybvb – @ajyt-t,b#^ fuhtsdt @hrbybc ]dfhb#)^ lfcfdkts cf-mfhsdtkjc vsbcobytsbc ufdkbs ct,fcnjgj-kbcib xflbjlf& vl& rjljhsfy fhct,ekb upfcf.fhbs vybidytkjdfyb upbc ufyinjt,f vlbyfhbc [tj,fc vbe.dt,jlf lf xhlbkj rfd-rfcbfib uflflbjlf (f,htievbc^ fye t&o& vbcb-vbfytsbc fv upfc othbkj,bsb lf fhmtjkj-ubehb rjyrhtnekb vfcfkt,bs erts uftltd-yt,f sdfkb)&

afcbc-hbjybc cfupfj vfubcnhfksfy lf-rfdibht,ek upfsfufy bynthtcc bodtdc w[t-ybco.kbc [tj,fpt^ [jybc ufdkbs^ cja& vf-s[j]-[blfvlt (yjqf) lf fmtlfy ktx[evbcfrty vbvfdfkb 'dtkb upf& cnfnbbc fdnjhc itcf'-kt,kj,f /mjylf lftpdthf^ [jkj pjufy (hb-jybc ief otkb^ [fybco.kbcf lf w[tybco.kbc [tj,t,b^ fqvjcfdkts rjk[tsib – vl& .db-hbkfc^ ,e]fc^ 'ecfc^ xjkf,ehbc [tj,t,b^ fu-htsdt pqdbcgbhtsib – ujybj-facfhjcib) fhmtjkjubehb cfveifjt,b tofhvjt,byf&25

'dtkb cfmfhsdtkjc upt,bc^ cfdfzhj-trj-yjvbrehb ehsbthsj,t,bcf lf vfssfy lfrfd-ibht,ekb cfrbs[t,bc itcofdkf itvlujv uf-qhvfdt,ek fhmtjkjubeh rdktdf-'bt,fc cf-zbhjt,c& lqtc xdtyc [tks fhct,ekb cfbc-njhbj o.fhjt,bc vjyfwtvt,b firfhfl yfrke-kbf& eahj 'dtk dbsfht,fpt hjv fhfathb dsmdfs^ erdt fynbrehb [fybcsdbc fvudfhb^ 'bhbsflfl ew[jehb o.fhjt,bc vjyfwtvt,b vfbyw vjrkt,ekbf cbchektc& fm thsudfhfl ufvjyfrkbcbf cnhf,jybcf lf vbcb pjub o.f-hjc vjyfwtvt,b^ hjvkt,bw ifdb pqdblfy by-ljtsbcfrty vbvfdfkb upbc itcf[t, b'ktdbfy

25

tc cfveifjt,b^ rth'jl ijhfgybc @mdt.fyfib#^ afhsj ufut,bs^ uh'tklt,jlf erfyfcrytk [fyt-,fvlt (2001 okbc bfydfh-st,thdfkb^ bdkbc-fudbc-nj) lf obyfvlt,fht cnfnbfib vbcb vjyfwtvt,bwff ufsdfkbcobyt,ekb&

wyj,t,c& bcbyb c[dflfc[df vrdktdfhsf cfufy-ut,j rdktdbc cfuyfl bmwf (js& kjhsmbaf-yb't^ u& ujpfkbidbkb^ p& bfvgjkcrb lf c[d&)&

vybidytkjdfy vjyfwtvt,c b'ktdf xdtysdbc fv;fvfl cfbynthtcj gthbjlbcfsdbc vjudbfyj [fybc o.fhjt,b^ vfs ijhbc cgtwbfkehb ut-juhfabekb lf rfhnjuhfabekb [fcbfsbc yfihjvt,b& vfsufy cfufyut,jl fqdybiyfds rkfdlbjc gnjktvfbjcbc @utjuhfabekb cf-[tkv'qdfytkj#-c lf t&o& gtdnbyuthbc nf,e-kbc itcf[t, [5^ ud& 39-65* 6^ ud& 99-117]. cfrdktdb gthbjlbc upt,bc cfrbs[c cfufyut-,jl brdktdlf c& thtvbfybw [17^ ud& 93]&

xdtysdbc cfbynthtcj upt,bc ief cfere-ytt,bc [fybc bcnjhbfc cfufyut,jl itt[j y& ,th'tybidbkb [2] lf l& vec[tkbidbkb [10^ ud& 13]& vfs vybidytkjdfyb vjcfpht,t,b fmds ufvjsmvekb fqvjcfdkts rjk[tsbc upt,sfy lfrfdibht,bs& cgtwbfkehfl itt[j ijhfgfysfy lfrfdibht,ekb upt,bc cfrbs[c u& wmbnbidbkb [12^ ud& 79-83]&

cnhf,jybc wyj,f ijhfgybc vlt,fhtj,fc-sfy lfrfdibht,bs (\+^ 3^ 4)^ hjv bub rjk-[tsblfy b,thbfib itcfcdktksfyff lf hjv afcbcpt @fqvf wehdf itb'kt,f ijhfgyfvlt^ [jkj fmtlfy @&&&at[bs^ cfehvt upbs 4 lqtib vbbcdkt,f vnrdhfvlt# (\+^ 2^ 17)^ vfhskfw yfstkb lflfcneht,ff afcbcbc fhnthbbs^ [jkj itvltu vnrdhfvlt lf^ itcf'kjf^ vstk vfy'bkpt vbc ufcodhbd vybidytkjdfyb cf-nhfypbnj upbc fhct,j,bcf& hjujhw wyj,b-kbf^ fv upbc vjmvtlt,bc cfo.bc tnfgfl flht-tkbybcnehb [fyf vfbyw bsdkt,jlf [23^ ud& 288]^ vfuhfv vfc ufhrdtekb vybidytkj,f ey-lf /mjyjlf f[&o& gbhdtk cfereytibw^ @&&&ufy-cfresht,bs mdt.ybc cfibyfj dfzhj,bcfsdbc# [7^ ud& 69]&

fvhbufl^ fqvjcfdkts ifdbpqdbcgbhtsblfy^ b,thbfpt ufdkbs^ byljtsbcfrty vbvfdfkb upf eylf .jabkb.j rjk[tsbc (tuhbc-kfpbrbc) lf vstkb cfmfhsdtkjc 'bhbsflb cfupfj fh-nthbf^ hjujhw cfvlbyfhj^ fctdt cf[vtktsj vfhihenbc sdfkcfphbcbs&

cnhf,jybc efqhtcfl vybidytkjdfyb wyj-,t,b ufycfpqdhfdty ijhfgybc^ hjujhw cf-cfpqdhj^ fctdt cfupfj geymnbc lbl vybidyt-kj,fc& fvfc^ gbhdtk hbuib^ vl& hbjybc^ .db-hbkbsehs^ fye afcbcbc vjyfwtvt,b ufyfgb-hj,t,lf& flubkj,hbdb (lfc& cfmfhsdtkjc) vfcinf,bs fv upbc vybidytkj,bc itcf[t, xdty udbfyltkb o.fhjt,bw vbudbsbst,ty [16^ ud& 280^ ity& 44]& fv v[hbd vybidytkjdfybf bvthtsbc 1737 o& herbc vjyfwtvt,b^ hjvtkbw

80

xdty .ehflqt,fc hbjybc ufcodhbd vlt,fht hbu vybidytkjdfy geymnt,pt (ajsb^ ,fib^ dfhlwb[t^ ijhfgfyb) vbfmwtdc& fv vjyfwtvt,bc vb[tldbs^ vl& hbjyb udbfyltk [fyt,fvlt cf-yfjcyjf sdbs ijhfgyfvlt% @cfzbkjc (yfdb) fv .dbhbkbc o.fkj,bs ijhfgyfvlbc (wb)[tvlbc fvjdf# [4^ ud& 196]&

vfuhfv afcbcbc fv cfvlbyfhj upfc cnhf-,jybcf lf c[df fynbrehb [fybc vothkt,bc (fhbcnj,ekt^ thfnjcstyt^ gkbybecb^ dfhj-yb) vjyfwtvt,bc vb[tldbs eahj afhsj vfc-inf,b /mjybf ]th rbltd fynbrehb [fyblfy& vfc fhfthsb cgtwbfkehb yfihjvb vbt'qdyf^ cflfw tc (afcbcbc) cfyfjcyj upf uffpht,e-kbf^ hjujhw itvflutytkb yfobkb byljtsb-lfy ifdb pqdbcfrty vbvfdfkb cfnhfypbnj-cfdfzhj upbcf& fhmtjkjubehb vfcfkt,bc afhsjl vj[vj,bc sdfkcfphbcbs .ehflqt-,fc bmwtdc js& kjhsmbafyb'bc yfihjvb – @fynbreh [fyfib byljtsblfy ifdb pqdbcfrty vbvfdfkb cfnhfypbnj-cfdfzhj upbc itcf[t,# [9^ ud& 384] lf cek erfyfcrytk [fyc bubdt fdnjhbc cnhf,jybc utjuhfabbcflvb vb'qdyb-kb vjyjuhfabf^ cflfw fqybiyekb upbc rdktdf f[fkb vfcfkt,bs fhbc itdct,ekb [27^ ud& 114-120^ bmdt kbnthfnehf]&

cfvtwybthj kbnthfnehfib ud[dlt,f c[df-lfc[df vjcfpht,t,b hjujhw afcbcbc^ fctdt vnrdhbc cfyfdbufwbj itcf'kt,kj,t,bc itcf-[t,& vrdktdfhsf thsb yfobkb vl& vnrdhbc vjyfwtvt,c vbcb itcfhsfdblfy lf ptvjs fh vbbxytdc [tkcf.htkfl vfcpt yfdbufwbbc ufy-dbsfht,bc sdfkcfphbcbs& k& zbkfidbkbc fphbs^ fv upbc vnrdhbc vjyfrdtsb cf[vtkt-sjf lf fvbsfw fhbc ufygbhj,t,ekb fynb-rehb [fybc b,thbbc vstkb hbub mfkfmt,bc ofhvjmvyf cojhtl vl& vnrdhbc vfhw[tyf cf-yfgbhjpt [14^ ud& 49]. ufhrdtekfl fctsb hfv buekbc[vt,f sdbs afcbc-hbjybc vbvfhsfw& itlfht,bs udbfyltkb o.fhjt,bs buekbc-[vt,f cfvlbyfhj nhfycgjhnbc yfgbhblfy shtdbs uflfflubkt,f^ w[flbf^ lbyt,bc cfob-yffqvltujl&

,jkj lhjvlt rfvfsc bodtdc fv 'bhbsfl cfvlbyfhj upfcsfy lfrfdibht,ekb cfrbs[t-,b% rth'jl^ hf lhjblfy aeymwbjybht,lf bub^ hjujh itb'kt,f fv upbc vstkb cbcntvbc lf vbcb wfkrtekb vjyfrdtst,bc gthbjlekb aeymwbjybht,bc lhjbc ufycfpqdhf lf^ cfth-sjl^ itb'kt,f se fhf fv cfo.fkjcyj upbc fhct,j,fpt cfe,fhb^ serb vlbyfht vnrdfhb itcfhsfdblfy vj.jkt,ekb^ vstkb hbub cbh-sektt,bc ufvj ufvje.tyt,tkb b.j cfyfjc-yjl&

vjudbfyj o.fhjt,bc vb[tldbs^ fctsb cfv-lbyfhj rfdibhb s,bkbcblfy rfcgbbc pqdfvlt sbsmjc lflfcneht,ekb afmnbf^ vfuhfv fct-sb vjyfwtvt,b vfbyw bidbfsbf lf eahj vsf-dfhb rb^ fk,fs bc fhbc^ hjv ,tdhfl eahj

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itb'kt,f bsmdfc^ hjv hbjybc ief otkpt^ hjujhw vbcufy xhlbkjtsbs (gfnhbrtsb lf vbvlt,fht vjyfrdtsb)^ fctdt cfv[htsbs (dfh-lbcwb[bc fynbrehb [fybc nthfcekb lfcf[-kt,fyb) lflfcneht,ekb flhtfynbreh-tkb-ybcnehb [fybc lfcf[kt,t,b vzblhj rfdibh-ibf fqybiyek cfupfj vfubcnhfksfy& fvfc-sfy^ mesfbcbc lfpdthdt,bcf [8^ ud& 118-120] lf dfhlwb[bc yfmfkfmfhbc fhmtjkjubeh vjyf-wtvt,pt lf.hlyj,bs fqybiyekb upbc wfkrt-ekb vjyfrdtst,bc aeymwbjybht,bc itcf'kt,-kj,fc flht,bpfynbehb [fybsfw ufydcfpqd-hfdlbs [17^ ud& 139]& fv cfrbs[c xdty rdkfd lfde,heylt,bs&

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erdt fqybiyekb udmjylf^ hjv ijhfgybc mdtlf mfkfmbc ufs[ht,b afmnbehfl vwbht cflfpdthdj cfveifjt,bs itvjbafhukf [28^ ud& 3-5]& mdtlf mfkfmib yfgjdyb bvgjhnekb vfcfkblfy .ehflqt,fc bmwtdc ifdkfrbfyb zehzkbc 'bhbc vwbht ahfuvtynb^ hjvtkbw kfrbcf lf rtwbc vb[tldbs^ itcf'kjf^ vwb-htfpbeh^ udbfyltkb (udbfytkbybcnehb) [fybc hjvtkbvt cfofhvjj wtynhc erfdibhlt,j-ltc& fmdt vjgjdt,ekb^ pjuflfl tkbybcnehb [fybs lfsfhbqt,ekb rjk[ehb fvajht,bc^ 'bhbsflfl .eht,bcf lf 'bht,bc^ ahfuvtynt-

81

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rjk[tsib hjljcekb fvajht,bc gjdybc itvs[dtdt,b ,tdhfl eahj bidbfsbf^ dblht [vtksfiefpqdbcgbhtscf lf tkbybcneh fq-vjcfdktsib^ fctdt xhlbkj ifdbpqdbcgbhts-ib& lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib tc vfcfkf eahj bidbfsfl ud[dlt,f pqdbcgbhtsib^ bcbw xhlb-kj-lfcfdkts yfobkib& .dtkfpt lblb hfjlt-yj,bs hjljcekb fvajht,b yfgjdybf dfycf lf vbc vblfvjt,ib – cf.fyxbfcf lf lfayfhib [12^ ud& 14]&

ijhfgybc hjljcekb fvajhbc .ehbc ahfuvtync frkbf /jhbpjynfkehb yfobkb^ cflfw^ hjujhw otcb^ fvudfh fvajht,c jhcf-dt .ehpt lfvqf fmds lfnfybkb& tc fhse-kt,c hjujhw cfofhvjj wtynhbc lfpecnt-,fc^ fctdt sfhbqbc ufycfpqdhfc& dfyib yfgjd-yb fvajht,b 'bhbsflfl t&o& gthufvjyekb rjvgktmcbc ]ueac ufytresdyt,f lf 'd&o& 220-180 okt,bs sfhbqlt,f^ sevwf bubdt vfcfkfib ud[dlt,f bctsb .eht,bw^ hjvtksf sfhbqb 'd&o& ++ c-bc vtjht yf[tdhbs fhbc ufycfpqdhekb [12^ ud& 14]& xfyc^ hjljcsfy cfdfzhj-trjyjvbrehb ehsbthsj,f pjuflfl eahj 'd&o& +++-++ cc-bs ufybcfpqdht,f^ hfptw vbesbst,c rjk[tsib hjljcekb^ fctdt rj-cbcf lf ryblbc fvajhfsf ahfuvtynt,bc gjd-ybc itvs[dtdt,b [23^ ud& 280]&

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26

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82

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27

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83

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28

cfvfhskbfyj,f vjbs[jdc fqbybiyjc^ hjv 1932 o& bvthtsib bcnjhbek-utjuhfabekb lfpdthdt-,bc lhjc frfl& c& ]fyfibfc pjuflfl ufevf[-dbkt,bf .ehflqt,f wb[bc vl& .dbhbkfc ufcodhbd o.fkib xfluvek yfut,j,fpt (cfdtkt lqbehbc xfyfothb ufudfwyj m-yvf h& ]fyfibfv)& rjyrhtne-kfl ptvjs fqybiyek yfut,j,fc itt[j u& ]fj-idbkb [16^ ud& 31-35]&

fv lf c[df yfut,j,t,bc (vfu&^ udbhf,bc o.fkib xfluvekb rjirb) vwbht ufovtylbc lf ajnj lf uhfabrekb abmcfwbbc cfveifjt,b xfudt-nfht,byf (nf,& ++^ A, +++^ ceh& 1)&29

lqtbcfsdbc tc yfut,j,t,b fvudfhfl ofhvj-blubyt,f% 1& [blbc ,eh]bc (rehnybc fye cf-sfdt yfut,j,bc) yfisb sfqbc yfobkbs (nf,& ++^ A-B)& bub^ bctdt hjujhw rjvgktmcib it-vfdfkb jhb c[df yfut,j,f^ xfyc 'bhbsflfl rkljdfy mfyptf lfityt,ekb (nf,& +++^ ceh& 2)& fvfcsfy fqybiyekb ,eh]b vbityt,ekbf itvfqkt,ekb htkbtabc vmjyt fctdt rklj-dfy mfypt& vfcpt uflflbjlf [blblfy mdtlf mfkfmbcfrty vbvfhsekb upf& fqybiyekb ,eh-]blfy xhlbkjtsbs 5-jlt v-bc bynthdfkbs js[res[f ajhvbc fqvjcfdktsbs pehuvjvh-udfkt,ekb ,eh]bc (`) yfyuhtdbf itvjhxt-ybkb^ [jkj ptvjfqothbksfufy lfcfdktsbs o.fkib yfobkj,hbd itzhbk rkljdfy mfypt c[dflfc[df pjvbc^ egbhfntcfl hb.bc mdbs yfityb rtlkbc ahfuvtynb^ eahj rb thsudf-hb gkfnajhvff lflfcneht,ekb& ijhfgybc hrbybupbc [blbc 2001 okbc htrjycnhemwbf-ufyf[kt,bsb cfveifjt,bcf lf o.kbc ljybc lfotdbc ufvj tc yfut,j,f eahj sdfkyfskbd ufvjbrdtsf& rth'jl^ yfskfl ufvjxylf yfut-,j,bc erblehtcb lfcfdktsb vjyfrdtsbc cf-gbht o.j,f&

tc yfut,j,f^ hjvtkbw vlbyfhbc rkljdfyb mfybc cfyfgbhjlfy sbsmvbc 10-12 v-bc cbuh-'tptf itzhbkb vlbyfhtib lf hjvkbc cbuh't 5 v-vlt fqotdc^ lfcfdktsbs xhlbkj-fqvj-cfdktsbcfrty lf[hbkb udthlb fmdc (fm gkfnajhvbc cbufyt 3^30 v-bf)^ yfdvbcflujv-sfy eylf .jabkb.j lfrfdibht,ekb& vbc xhlbkjtsbs lf^ ufycfresht,bs cfv[htsbs (cfv[hts-fqvjcfdktsbs) o.kbs itdct,ekb e,t fvbc itcf'kt,kj,fc b'ktjlf (sevwf xdty fh dbwbs vlbyfhbc vfhw[tyf cfyfgbhjc rjyabuehfwbf fm hrbybupbc 'dtkb [blbc vit-yt,kj,bs ufvjodtekb htkbtabcf lf cfyfgb-hjc vrdtshb wdkbkt,bc ufvj)&30

29

tc cfveifjt,b vbvlbyfhtj,lf 2001 okbc st,th-dkbc sdtib^ hflufy fmdt 'dtk yfut,j,fsf vb]yfpt xfnfhlf ijhfgybc hrbybupbc [blbc ufyf[kt,bc cfveifjt,b& 30

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84

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.dtkf ptvjs fqybiyekb vjyfwtvb rfhufl ittcf,fvt,f 1737 okbc herbc erdt yf[ctyt, ofhothfc& bub sbsmvbc thsflthsbf cnhf,j-ybc vcufdcb wyj,bc itvltu [20^ ud& 245]& fct-dt cfbynthtcjf wyj,f @cfzbkfjc yfdbc# it-cf[t,& cfzbkfjib^ w[tybco.kbc hbjybc itcfh-sfdbc vjyfrdtsib^ hjujhw s& ,thf'tv lffl-ubyf^ fityt,lyty thsvjhbfy lf thsybx,bfy vfhnbd yfdt,c [20^ ud& 245]^ hjvtksfw ea-hj fldbkfl itt'kjs s[tk o.fkib itwe-ht,f& yfdvbcflujvbc fhct,j,f itb'kt,f dbue-kbc[vjs wb[t-mfkfmbc eiefkjl rjyw[bc sfdsfy^ fye vl& .dbhbkfc lf 'bhekbc itcfh-sfdsfyfw& fm yfgjdyb b.j mdbc^ ief yfobkib ohbekfl fvjqfhekb (xfyc sjrbc xfcf,vt-kfl) cathekb qepf (lfwekbf ptcnfajybc v[fhtsvwjlytj,bc veptevib)&

.dtkf ptvjs fqybiyekb vjyfwtvb^ hjvt-kbw eiefkjl erfdibhlt,f o.fksfy (vlb-yfhtt,sfy) lfrfdibht,ek cfnhfycgjhnj cf-iefkt,t,c^ ufhrdtek bynthtcc bodtdc& itcf'-kjf fv yfut,j,t,c erfdibhlt,jltc ijhfgybc udbhf,bw^ rth'jl^ vbcb o.fkib rkljdfy mfy-pt lfityt,ekb yfut,j,f-rjirb^ hjvkbc ufo-vtylf^ cfvoe[fhjl^ lfchekt,ekb fh fhbc& dabmhj,s^ o.fkib xfluvekb tc yfut,j,f^ hjv-kbc mdtlf yfobkb vfcbehb rtlkt,bs fhbc ofhvjlutybkb lf fvbs fhbc vbqotekb vbcb vjyevtynehj,f lf o.kbcflvb vluhflj,f (vwb-ht vjwekj,bc bynthbthbc yfobkbw ephey-dtk.jalf vlbyfhbc o.kbc fvjqt,fc)^ ufo-vtylbc obyfcofhekb vjyfwtvt,bsf lf 1937 o& herbc uhfabrekb ufvj[fpdbc vb[tldbs (yf-ut,j,bc ptlf yfobkib itbybiyt,f mjyueht,b) itb'kt,f rjirfl vbdbxybjs& fvltyfl bub wb-[t-mfkfmbc cfajhnbabrfwbj cbcntvbc ths-ths rdfy'fl itb'kt,f xfdsdfkjs^ [jkj vb-cb lfwdbsb aeymwbf o.fksfy lfrfdibht,ek

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ief cfereytt,bc cfmfhsdtkjcfsdbc sfqb-fyb [blt,bf lfvf[fcbfst,tkb (vfu&^ fzfhbc [blt,b lf sdbs ijhfgfysfy f[kjc t&o& sf-vfhbc [blb)& w[flbf^ fm pjufl fyfkjut,ptf cfe,fhb& vsfdfhb rb bc nhflbwbff^ hjvtkbw cfmfhsdtkjib [blt,bc vityt,kj,fib .jabkf lfvrdblht,ekb& gbhflfl udujybf^ hjv ijhf-gfybc rjvgktmcb erdt flht,bpfynbehb [fyb-lfy uekbc[vj,lf cfsfyflj [blbc fhct,j,fc lf yfdvbcflujvcfw& fm itb'kt,f eahj 'dtkb nhflbwbfw lfdbyf[js& eahj flhtek sf-hbqc eidt,lf [blbc vbvfhs u& wmbnbidbkb [12^ ud& 80]&32

se flht,bpfynbehb lf vjudbfyj [fybc wb-[bc yfdvbcflujvbc vtidtj,bs o.kbc nhfycgj-hnbs afcbc-.dbhbkfc cfyfjcyj vfubcnhfk-sfy v.fhlt,jlf rjynfmnb^ bmdt fhct,ekb [b-lbc vtidtj,bs^ upf^ hjujhw bdfhfelt,f [13^ ud& 81], mdtlf mfkfmib (fm b.j @,fpfhbw#) itlbjlf^ fmtlfy rb itvfqkt,ekb htkbtabc vmjyt wbnfltkib& vtjht v[hbd^ bubdt [blbc vtidtj,bs upf cfreshbd ptcnfajybc vjyf-rdtsbc (flu& @cf.fdhbf#) lf md& cfmfhbc ufd-kbs^ vl& xjkf,ehpt fhct,ekb t&o& sfvfhbc 31

fv ,eh]bc yfobkb itb'kt,f b.jc hrbybupbc f[fkb [blbc vityt,kj,bc lhjc ufvjdktybkb& o.j,bc vjphlbkb ahfuvtynb& 32

fhmbntmnjhb js& sjhskf't fh ufvjhbw[fdc^ hjv ijhfgybc [blbc itvjhxtybkb ahfuvtynb ufwbkt,bs vjudbfyj [fybcf b.j&

85

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lbl bynthtcc bodtdc cja& mdflf-ptlf cf-pfyjc upf vl& 'ecfc uf.jkt,bs& fhct,ekb lqtdfyltkb upf itlfht,bs f[fkbf^ vfuhfv vbcb wfkrtekb vjyfrdtst,b^ fk,fs^ flhtdt aeymwbjybht,lyty& fvfpt eylf vbesbst,ltc vl& 'ecfc vfhw[tyf yfgbhbc yfcf[kfht,b^ hjujhw flhtekt,b (flhtfynbreh-tkbybcnehb cja& mdtlf cfpfyjc vjyfrdtsib)^ fctdt f[&o& gbhdtkb cfereytt,bc lf sdbs bctsb vybidyt-kjdfyb 'tukb hjujhbw mdtlf cfpfyjc @rdby-ob[bf# ([tkjdyehb ujhff^ s[hbkbs ufyv[j-kjt,ekb)& fmtlfy^ fuhtsdt vl& ,e]fc vfh-w[tyf yfgbhbs^ upf cfpfyjc cfcf[kbc e,yb-cfrty vbtieht,jlf& wyj,bkb ,e]bc wb[bc (u& wmbnbidbkbc vb[tldbs bub o.fhjt,bc cfpf-yjc wb[tf) vbvfhsekt,bs^ cflfw xdtyb (u& wmbnbidbkbc vjyfobktj,bs) 1980 otkc xf-nfht,ekb lfpdthdt,bc lhjc bvgjhnekb hjvfekb rthfvbrbc itvwdtkb yfcf[kfhbc yfist,b b.j ufvjdktybkb&

hjujhw md& cfpfyjc (vl& 'ecfc ufcodhbd)^ fctdt @cfcf[kbc e,ybc# (vl& ,e]fcf lf vfpf-hekfc uf.jkt,fpt) upt,b^ cja& mdtlf cfmf-hfcsfy ufvfdfkb upbc vtidtj,bs^ eiefkjl erfdibhlt,jlyty ijhfgybcfrty vbvfdfk upfc&

33

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fv cfbynthtcj njgjybvbc itcf[t, wyj,f vju-dfojlf 87 okbc flubkj,hbdvf vrdblhvf m-yvf dthf thvbytc fcekvf wb[tkfidbkvf&

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86

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V. Japaridze

ON THE ROADS OF EASTERN COLCHIS (ACCORDING TO RECENT

ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA) (Summary) The question of roads evokes special interest

while dealing with the economic and trade issues of ancient Colchis (Lazica). Both the principal river route of Phasis-Kyros (Mtkvari) and adjacent network of roads presumably had been function-ing since earliest times. Sarapanis (Shorapani) of the Graeco-Byzantine sources and its “country” (district) was situated exactly along the cited route by the Iberian border of Colchis. Information provided by Strabo (XI, II, 17) that the Phasis is navigable up to Sarapanis and its fortress can shelter the population of the whole town, clearly points to its significance [28, p. 12].

This route long since has become a matter of interest of many scholars, including N. Berdzeni-shvili, N. Lomouri, G. Tskitishvili, D. Muskheli-shvili. A special study of the problem and commentaries on Strabo with a comprehensive review of archaeological data were published recently by O. Lordkipanidze (1996, p. 114-120 with the full list of references).

The first attempt at tackling the history of Sarapanis was made by the prominent Georgian Byzantinist S. Qaukhchishvili. In 1985-1990 the present writer himself carried out archaeological excavations at the site in order to study the questions of the history of Shorapani and its “country” in general, and related problems, in-cluding the roads of Colchis. Unfortunately, only a few relics somehow connected with roads and belonging to antiquity were revealed due to the fact that only work of minor scale was carried out at the lower city - its territory is almost completely occupied by modern settlement. Finds of imported goods include a small fragment of a black-glazed cup and two fragments of an amphora dated to the late Hellenistic period and apparently manufactur-ed in Asia Minor [28, p. 4]. Fragments of Rhodian (3

rd-2

nd cent. B.C.) and white coated amphora

(Koan?) were found on the territory of the

mediaeval fortress. Koan amphorae are mostly characteristic of the coastal line of Colchis (e. g. Apsaros finds dated to the end of the 1

st B.C. –1

st

cent. A.D.). The above articles must have been brought to Sarapanis via the Phasis river route. At the same time, almost the same layers revealed Iberian imported goods – light clayware, later specimens of red-painted ceramic, profiled black-polished pottery.

Remains of a structure evidenced on the left bank of the river Qvirila (Boas), near the fortress complex, should be noted in connection with land routes. They are as follows: an arched part of a foundation pier of a bridge, as well as traces of a pier, found slightly northward and a 10-12 m. long and 4 m. wide structure facing water (to the south-west) and built upon the rock (Pl. II, A; III, 2). The latter may prove the remains of a landing-stage. Its possible connection with the ancient bridge cannot be ruled out. Besides, this structure is linked somehow with the tower standing at the exit of the tunnel of the city fortress and which might have served as a guardian of the landing-stage [29, p. 7]. Finds of anchors nearby are noteworthy (Pl. III, 1). One such anchor was un-earthed by the Classical site, at the confluence of the rivers Qvirila and Dzirula. This bridge was part of a road running from the lower city westward to Kutaisi (Kutatisi, Kutaia). Farther it crossed the so-called Tamar bridge over the river Cholaburi (where – as attested by the sources - remains of an ancient road are in evidence). From this point the road branched and ran to the fortress of Skanda and to the east - to Iberia. Monuments of the Classical period revealed in the village of Sachino on this section of the road are worth noting. Via another bridge on the river Dzirula one could travel south, then turn to the west – to Rodopolis or pursue several branches to the east, i. e. Iberia. The safety of these roads was ensured by the fortress of Sarapanis, the existence and functioning of which, in turn, depended upon the economic complex of its “country” and the unity of the roads.

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10& kjhsmbafyb't j&^ vec[tkbidbkb l&^ cfmfhsdtkjc e'dtktcb cfdfzhj-cfnhfyc-

gjhnj upt,b& – ;eh& bdthbf& 1999& 11& vec[tkbidbkb l& cfmfhsdtkjc bc-

njhbekb utjuhfabbc 'bhbsflb cfrbs[t,b^ n& 1& s,&^ 1977&

12& aesehb't h& rthfvbrekb nfhf& – dfyb^ n& |++& s,&^ 1983^ ud& 9-29&

13& wmbnbidbkb u& fynbrehb [fybc ijhf-

gfybc cfthbcsfjc cfrbs[bcfsdbc& – cbur^ ++^ 1964^ ud& 71-105&

14& zbkfidbkb k& mfkfmt,b atjlfkeh cfmfhsdtkjib^ yfo& 1& s,&^ 1968&

15& ]fyfibf c& ihjvt,b^ n& 2^ s,&^ 1952& 16& ]fjidbkb u& wb[t-mfkfmb ijhfgfyb& –

'v^ = 52^ 1979^ ud& 31-35& 17& ]fafhb't d& dfhlwb[bc yfmfkfmfhb^

s,&^ 1989& 18. Гозалишвили Г. К. О древнем торго-

вом пути в Закавказье. – Труды Ин–та истории АН Грузии, т. 2, 1956, с. 153–160.

19. Еремян С. Торговые пути Закавказья в эпоху Сасанидов. – ВДИ, № 1, 1939, с. 79–97.

20. Берадзе Т. Мореплавание и морская торговля в средневековой Грузии. Тб., 1989.

21. Ломоури Ю. Н. Из исторической гео-графии древней Колхиды. – ВДИ, № 4, 1957, с. 96–110.

22. Лордкипанидзе О. Наследие древней Грузии. Тб., 1989.

23. Меликишвили Г. К истории древней Грузии. Тб., 1959.

24. Мшвениерадзе М. Строительное искус-ство в древней Грузии. Тб., 1959.

25. Ямпольский З. И. К изучению древнего пути из Каспийского моря по реке Куре через Грузию к Черному морю. – Труды Ин–та истории, т. 2, 1956, с. 161–180.

26. Höckmann O. Untersuchungen zum Hafen des römischen Kastells Boiotro (Nassau-Instadt), Ostbairische Grenzmarken. – Passauer Jahrbuch für Geschichte Kunst und Volkskunde, Jahr. 40 (1998).

27. Lordkipanidze O. Das alte Georgien (Kolkhis und Iberien) in Strabons Geographie. Neue Scholien. Amsterdam, 1996.

28. Japaridze V. M. New Archaeological Data About Shorapani (Sarapanis) in the Antique period. Tbilisi, 1990.

29. Japaridze V. M. Early mediaval Shorapani (in Byzantine Sources: Sarapanis) According to the Latest Excavation Finds. Preprint. Tbilisi, 1991.

30. Japaridze V. Archaeological Investigation

on the Pipeline Route, Eastern Colchis. – vbk-cfltybc fhmtjkjubf^ n& +^ s,&^ 1999^ ud& 82-92&

31. Pferdehirt B. Das Museum für Schiffahrt, I. Mainz, 1995.

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Description of the Plates

Pl. I –1. Plan of Shorapani: A – citadel,

early Byzantine castle; B – Lower town; C – Early Classical and later Colchian settlement; D – tunnel and tower; E – constructions on the left bank of Qvirila; F – new bridge over Qvirila; G – remains of a bridge over Dzirula.

Pl. I,2 – Plan of the Roman and early Byzantine castle.

Pl. II – A. Plan of constructions on the left bank of the river Qvirila (1,2 – piers, 3 – dam); B. facades of an arched pier.

Pl. III – 1. a tunnel and a tower of Sarapanis; 2. construction on the left bank of the river Qvirila.

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cfo.fdfl^ ifhfuekfl# [4^ ud& 891-893]. .jdt-kbdt fvbc fye zehzkbc pjufl wyt,fib uf-thsbfyt,ek nthvbyjkjubeh rkfcbabrfwb-fc vj/.dt,f wfkrtek ybdssf lfybiyekt,bc vb[tldbs rkfcbabrfwbf& fct vfufkbsfl^ bfhfqib lf]ueat,ekbf cf,h'jkj fqzehdb-kj,f – @cfzehdtkyb# lf @f,]fhb# – vtjvhbc c[tekbc lfvwfdb cfvjcb^ @cfwdfvsf ]fzdsf# [3^ ud& 461-462]. bfhfqbc rfntujhbfibdtf lf]ueat,ekb vztlkbc lf [ehjsf [tk-cfo.jt,b&

udflfhfrb$$ueflfhfrb-bc cf[tkojlt,fib cek[fy-cf,fc lf]ueat,ekb fmdc rth'tekbc lfcfvpflt,tkb .dtkf bc ybdsb^ hjvkt,bw wtw[kpt bluvbc fye hjujhw sdbsjy eoj-lt,c @cfu,jktkb&# fctst,c ufytresdyt,bfy mdf,b^ cbfdb^ rfhlfkf^ nfaf^ mjsfyb^ rjzj,b lf c[d& fv ybdst,blfy lqtbcfsdbc cbfdbf ew-yj,b^ vfuhfv^ hjujhw .jdtk rjyrhtnek itvs[dtdfib^ bub fmfw fh udnjdt,c ufehrdt-dtk vlujvfhtj,fib& cbfdb cgbkty'bc mdf,b .jabkf [3^ ud& 315]. .jdtkbdt tc rb bvbc vf-eo.t,tkbf^ hjv udbfyb ief cfereytt,bc mfh-sekb .jabcfsdbc^ vfcfkbc vb[tldbs jhb cf[tj,bc mdf,b .jabkf lfvf[fcbfst,tkb& sb-[bcfc rfhlfkb tojlt,jlf^ [jkj kbsjyb-cfc fye cgbkty'bcfc – cbfdb& sfyfvtlhjdt .jafib^ hjujhw dbwbs ,tdhb hfv itbwdfkf lf uflfafclf& fv;fvfl sb[bcfufy lfvpflt,e-kb mdf,b rfhlfkfl erdt fqfh vjb[ctybt,f& bub v[jkjl kbsjybcfc tojlt,f& [jkj hfw itt[t,f sb[bc cfu,jktkc fye wtw[kpt lf-cfluvtk .dtkf cf[tj,bc mdf,c^ cf[tkojlt-,f mjsfyb lfevrdblhlf&

kfyrfyb zehzkbc cf[tkojlt,fib ufth-sbfyt,ekb .dtkf bc ybdsbf^ hjvkt,bw kb-sjybcfufyff lfvpflt,ekb& @kfyrfyb fhc zehztkb bktrhjcb&# [jkj bktrhj @toj-lt,f jmhjcf^ dthw[kcf^ cgbkty'cf^ hrbyfcf^ rfkfcf lf .jdtkbdt vbcsfyfsf ths,fifl# [3^ ud& 148]. @cbn.dbc rjyfib# ufyvfhnt,ek ybdst,c ufytresdyt,f staib^ ati[evb^ ,fhmf-ib^ abfkf^ nfinb lf vbcsfyfyb& fv ybdst,b-lfy xdtysdbc ,fhmfibf ewyj,b^ hjvtkbw cek[fy-cf,fcfdt ufyvfhnt,bs qhvfgbhbfyb staibf&

cek[fy-cf,f kfyrfybcyfbhsf vbvfhs vfcf-kbc vb[tldbs rkfcbabrfwbfc hjlb c]thlt-,f& bub vbudfybiyt,c^ hjv @kfyrfyb fhc zeh-ztkb nf,kbsf&# nf,kf rb^ hjujhw wyj,b-kbf at[bfyb 'bhbs^ meckbs [fcbfslt,f^ hfw bvbc vfeo.t,tkbf^ hjv bktrhjc fye kfrfybcyfbhb ybdst,b at[bfyb zehztkb .j-abkf& hjujhw d[tlfds^ fm ajhvbc vb[tl-dbs rkfcbabrfwbfcsfyfw udfmdc cfmvt&

]fvb cek[fy-cf,fctek zehzkbc rkfcb-abrfwbfib lfvjerblt,tk thstekfl fhbc

93

itcekb lf bub ufhrdtekb ybiyt,bs lfvf-[fcbfst,tkb sfdvj.hbkb ybdst,bc cfthsj cf[tkojlt,fc ofhvjflutyc& fv cfthsj cf-[tkojlt,bc mdti sfdvj.hbkb ybdst,b cbs-[bcfsdbc ufvjb.tyt,f% @]fvb fhc zehztkb yjnbjsf^# ufyvfhnfdc cek[fy-cf,f& vbcb cf-[tj,t,b .jabkf ,flbf^ kjlf^ kjlfrb^ ec-rehf^ gbyfrb^ abk]fvb lf vbcsfyfyb& hj-ujhw d[tlfds^ fvudfhb rkfcbabrfwbbc rhb-nthbevc vfsb lfybiyekt,f lf lfcfvpflt,t-kb vfcfkf ofhvjflutyc& ufhlf gbyfrbcf^ hjvtkbw kbsjybc^ egbhfntcfl cgbkty'bc yfrtsj,fc ofhvjflutyc^ .dtkf lfyfhxtyb sb-[bcff& nthvby ]fvbc wyt,fib sfdvj.hbkb .dtkf ybdsb thsb lf bubdt ajhvf-vj.dfybkj-,bcff lf hjujhw vbcb fdnjhb udbvfhnfdc @]fvbct,hyb# fhbfy^ hfw @fhmtjkjubehb nthvbyjkjubbc mfhsekb ufyvfhnt,bsb ktm-cbrjybc# vsfdfhb cfhtlfmwbj rjktubbc vb-th itveifdt,ek irfkfib sfdclt,f& vjwe-kj,bc sdfkcfphbcbs .dtkfpt lblb ntdf-lj,bc kjlff^ hjvtkcfw ,flbf vj/.dt,f^ [j-kj itvltu abk]fvb^ ]fvb lf kjlfrb&

zehzkbc ufhrdtek cf[tj,fsf rkfcbab-rfwbfib ufthsbfyt,ekb pjubthsb yfrtsj-,fyb^ pju]th v[jkjl lfybiyekt,f-vj[vf-ht,bc ybiybc vb[tldbsff lf]ueat,ekb& fq-ybiyekbc cfbkecnhfwbjf wyt,f-nthvbyb otlf fye qdbybc cfcvbct,ib lf]ueat,ekb ybdst,b& otlf 'dtkmfhsekb nthvbybf lf cfcvbcsfy thsfl 'dbhafcb kbsjyt,bcfufy (jmhj-dthw[kb) lfvpflt,ek staicfw ybi-yfdlf [1^ ud& 541]. otlfc cf[tkojlt,bc mdti sfdvj.hbk qdbybc cfcvbct,c cek[fy-cf,f frjyrhtnt,c lf xfvjsdkbc% ,fh'bvb^ ,blf[b^ ljcnfmfyb^ sfcb^ rdfyb[b^ cfhbjib^ rekf^ jhsjvtkb^ cnfmfyb^ abfkf^ xfhf^ .fyob lf cbhxf^ hjvkbc 'dtkmfhsekb cf[tkb kf[j-hf .jabkf [3^ ud& 461]. xfvjyfsdfkc xdty zbyzbkfc fye bubdt zbzkfc (hjvtkbw vbc ktmcbrjyib fhbc^ vfuhfv xfvjyfsdfkib fhff itnfybkb) pbfhb zehzkbc ghbywbgbc^ pjj-vjhaek sb[bc cfcvbct,c – @bhtvc^# @dth'cf# lf @[fhcfw# lfdevfnt,lbs& qdbybc cfcvb-ct,ib itnfybkbf fuhtsdt fhfcfcvbcbw – cfhbjib^ hjvtkbw lblb ]fvbct,ehb zeh-ztkb .jabkf lf v[jkjl vfs ufcfhtw[fl ufvjb.tyt,jlf [4^ ud& 283]. cfhbjib fye cf-hbjit ybrj lf lfdbs xe,bybidbkt,bc ktm-cbrjyibw fyfkjubehfldtf ufyvfhnt,ekb [6^ ud& 335* 7^ ud& 1039]. hfw itt[t,f cfreshbd nthvby hbjic^ hjvkbcfufyfw fhbc yfofhvj-t,b fqybiyekb cf[tkojlt,f cek[fy-cf,fcf-dt ufyvfhnt,bs^ hfcfw ybrj xe,bybidbkbw bvtjht,c ith.dybkc ybiyfdc [4^ ud& 283* 6^ ud& 335].

cek[fy-cf,fc vbth rkfcbabwbht,ek qdb-ybc cfcvbct,blfy xdtysdbc ,blf[b^ ljcnf-mfyb^ rdfyb[b lf jhsjvtkb ewyj,bf& @cbn.-dbc rjybc# fdnjhb fmfw cfsfyflj cbvfqkt-ptf lf ufyvfhnfdc^ hjv ,blf[b lblb abf-

kff^ ljcnfmfyb vjphlbkb cfcvbcbf^ [jkj rdfyb[b rb vwbht ntdflj,bc^ ,hn.tk'bhf cfcvbcb .jabkf lf bub b.bc-fh.bc lfcfkt-dfl ufvjb.tyt,jlf& hfw itt[t,f jhsjvtkc^ bub .dtkf cf[bc lblb ntdflj,bc cfthsj cf[tkojlt,f .jabkf& jhsjvtkb b.j [bc^ vbybc lf kbsjybc (jmhj-dthw[kbcf)& c[df-sfijhbc^ fmdt eylf itdybiyjs^ hjv qdbybc cfcvbct,blfy cek[fy-cf,fc fpfhatif hfnjv-qfw ufvjnjdt,ekb fmdc& fpfhatif rb^ hj-ujhw wyj,bkbf uh'tknfhbfyb dthw[kbc cfcvbcbf lf \+\ c-bc cfmfhsdtkjib cfrvf-jl ufdhwtkt,ekb b.j [6^ ud& 133* 7^ ud& 11].

qdbybc cfcvbct,sfy lfrfdibht,bs fh itu-db'kbf udthlb fdefhjs vfwlehc^ hjvtkbw \\ c-bc 20-bfy okt,fvlt iblf mfhskib ]th rbltd afhsjl ufvjb.tyt,jlf& ]efyith cjyqekfidbkbc fqothbkj,bs^ vfwlehb w[dhbc ajhvbc thsb xfbc zbmbc ntdflj,bc sb[bc cfkfqj,j cfcvbcb b.j& [fcbfslt,jlf nexvbkbfyb vfqfkb vewkbs^ ,hn.tkb 'bhb-sf lf htkbtaehb .eht,bs^ hjvkt,blfyfw ths-thsc 'ytkfl itcfvxytdb yf[dhtnb /mj-ybf lfnfyt,ekb& qdbyj nexvbkbfy gbhib bc[vt,jlf lf bmblfydt uflvjtlbyt,jlf& vj-hbub cflqtuh'tkjc ofhvjsmvbcfc^ dbcfw vfwlehc uflfcwtvlyty lf vfy vbcb cfblev-kj fh bwjlf^ fewbkt,kfl qdbyj lftqdht-,jlf^ hfw vtbyf[tsf v[bfhekt,fc bodtdlf&

mfhsekb qdbybc cfcvbcsf yfbhcf[tj,t,bc cbvhfdkt^ gbhdtk .jdkbcf fv qdsbehb cb-s[bc vj[vfht,bc vfqfk reknehfpt vtn.dt-kt,c& hjujhw xfyc^ cek[fy-cf,f jh,tkbf-ybc tgjmfib^ etzdtkbf fk,fs ufwbkt,bs fl-htw^ xdtyb obyfght,b qdbyjc vtnb vjobot-,bs trblt,jlyty^ dblht fv;fvflff& itcf,fvb-cfl^ fk,fs gehj,fcfw eahj vtnb ti[b lf kfpfsb eylf /mjyjlf^ hbc itcf[t,fw ahfy-ub vjupfehb lf ytujwbfynb ifhltyb \|++ c-bc ief okt,ib fqnfwt,bs othlf [5^ ud& 340^ 497].

zehzkbc rkfcbabrfwbfib cek[fy-cf,fc wfkrt fmdc ufvj.jabkb o.kbcfsdbc cfzbhj cf[tj,fyb^ hjvtksf cfthsj cf[tkojlt,fl cfho.ekc [vfhj,c% @cfho.ekb fhc zehzt-kb o.fksf% bfseqb^ ujdpfrb^ cnfvyb^ renf-kb^ oehoevf^ o.kbc cfmfytkb^ vfsfhf^ sf-ce[f lf vbcsfyfyb# [4^ ud& 461]. fv xfvjyfsdf-kblfy^ vfsfhbc ufhlf^ itb'kt,f bsmdfc .dt-kf lfyfhxtyb ewyj,bf& vfuhfv hjujhw .j-dtksdbc^ cfsfyflj udthlt,pt vjwtvekb fmdc vfsb ufyvfhnt,fyb& bfseqb sehmekb ofhvjvfdkj,bc nthvbybf lf @dthw[kbc cfho.ekc# ybiyfdc& sfce[f o.kbc rjkj-nbf& rjkjnb rb vc[dbkat[f hmjcfyb cfmjy-kbc n.fdbcfufy lfvpflt,ekb^ lblb ntdflj-,bc hev,bf& hev,b cgfhcekb ofhvjvfdkj,bc nthvbybf& ujdpfrb-w cfo.ktf^ vfuhfv hf vf-cfkbcfufyff lfvpflt,ekb^ fylf hf ntdflj-,bcff @cbn.dbc rjyfib# fhfathbf yfsmdfvb& ybrj xe,bybidbkbc ktmcbrjyib vbc itcf[t, yfsmdfvbf^ hjv bub lblb cfo.ktf [6^ ud&

94

180], [jkj lfdbs xe,bybidbkbc ktmcbrjybc vb[tldbs cgfhcekb ofhvjvfdkj,bc nthvb-ybf lf @lbl cfho.ekc^# fylf cfqdbytc eylf ybiyfdltc [7^ ud& 326].

cfho.ekbc lf]ueat,fib cf.ehflqt,j nthvbyfl ufvjb.eht,f o.kbc cfmfytkf^ hj-vtkbw zbc sfdpt ufvfhsek o.kbc fvjcfqt, vjo.j,bkt,fc eylf ofhvjflutyltc^ hfcfw cek[fy-cf,fc ufyvfhnt,fw flfcneht,c% @cf-mfytkb xfvj,vekb sjrb se kfnfyb&#

renfkbc ufyvfhnt,f @cbn.dbc rjyfib# hfnjvqfw ufvjnjdt,ekbf& fv [fhdtpc sbs-mjc y& xe,byfidbkbc ktmcbrjyb fdct,c^ cf-lfw yfsmdfvbf^ hjv bub @[bc kekbfyb cfh-o.ekbf^# hfw vbc ufhtuyek cf[tc chekfl dth ofhvjfxtyc& @mfhsekb tybc ufyvfhnt,bs ktmcbrjyib# vbcb ufyvfhnt,f eahj lfpec-nt,ekbf% @renfkb [bc zehztkb nexbfyb –

o.kbcfsdbc# [4^ ud& 273]. renfkb cfmfhsdt-kjc pjubths n.bfy cjakt,ib fv;fvflfw ufvjb.tyt,f& bub cfvb vnrfdtkbc cbvfqkbc^ 'bhblfy uekfvjskbkb [bc zehztkbf& .t-kb^ cfblfyfw o.fkb xfbc[vbc^ cfvbjlt uj-]bc cbvfqkbcff lf nexbct,ehb gbhb fmdc& 'bhb^ hjvtkbw o.fkufevnfhflff lfuvfyekb cfvb fy pju]th js[b rj[nfl ufvjskbkb at[bs vsfdhlt,f^ [jkj [tkvjcfrblb .eht-,b^ fvajhbc vcufdcflff vjhut,ekb& b.j fuhtsdt wfk.ehf lf lf,fk.tkf renfkt,bw [2^ ud& 130].

zehzkbc wyt,fib itvfdfkb itvltub cf-[tj,ff dfirfhfyb^ hjvtkbw mcjdbkbcfufy lfvpflt,ekb hfbvtc xfcf.htkb se itcfyf[b ybdst,bc pjuflb cf[tkojlt,ff& fv cf[tk-ojlt,bc mdti thsbfylt,f uefkfub^ njvfhf^ vfylbrb^ vf[fkb^ [fksf^ xf[db^ ,fkfynb^ sf-kbcf^ sbkfyb^ [bkbylfhb^ ]eplfyb^ xfkfsf lf sfkbf [3^ ud& 461]. fmtlfy fv;fvfl xdty-sdbc v[jkjl njvfhf lf [fksff wyj,bkb& nthvbyb uefkfub cek[fy-cf,fc vfahfifcsfy fmdc f[cybkb& bub othc^ hjv @vfahfif c[ef-sf tyff^ mfhsekfl uefkbub /mdbfy^# [jkj cfreshbd vfahfif sfdbc v[hbd vrdhbdb mcj-dbkbc ,j[xff& vfylbrb @cbn.dbc rjyfib# ufy-vfhnt,ekbf hjujhw @pjuflb cf[tkb fhc .jdtksf isfcflt,tksf&# cfvoe[fhjl^ fhf-athbf bvbc itcf[t, yfsmdfvb se hjvtkbf mfhsekb ofhvjvfdkj,bcf& cfvfubthjl ufh-rdtekbf vf[fkbc ofhvjvfdkj,f& bub [eh]b-ybc mfhsekb itcfn.dbcb .jabkf& xf[db xdt-ekt,hbdb gfhrbf^ ,fkfynb – vwbht njghf-rb^ [jkj sfkbcf rb lblb ,fhlfyff& ,fhlfyf e[tib mcjdbkbc lblb njvfhff^ lqtc hjv ]dfkjc njvfhfc dt'f[bs& hfw itt[t,f fvfdt lfybiyekt,bc isfcflt,tkc^ sfkbfc^ bub 't-'bcfufy vjmcjdbk njvfhfc ofhvjflutylf^ [bkbylfhb mfvfhpt cfrblb rdtcbc n.fdbc gfhrbf& ]eplfyb cgfhcekb ofhvjvfdkj,bc nthvbybf lf .tkcf,fvb mbcf .jabkf& ybrj xe,byfidbkb eahj fpecnt,c lf fqybiyfdc^ vbcb mfhsekb itcfn.dbcb fvbfyehbf lf ,f-

lbct,ehfl vjmcjdbk mbcfc ofhvjflutylf [6^ ud& 478].

pfhlf[ifw zehzktekbc rkfcbabrfwbf-ibf lf [bc^ kbsjybcf lf mdbcfufy yfrtst,b @isfcflt,tkb# ybdst,bc cfthsj cf[tkoj-lt,fc ofhvjflutyc& pfhlf[ifib thsbfylt,f rblj,fyb^ crbdhb^ rjkjab^ vjs[t^ ,j.db lf ]qht& xdtysdbc yfrkt,fl wyj,bkb nthvbyt-,bf vjs[t lf ]qht& vjs[t rjkjabc fqv-ybidytkb nthvbybf lf bub fv;fvfl aifd-[tdcehtsib itvjyf[ekb^ utjvtnhbekb jh-yfvtynt,bs itvrekb^ vwbht pjvbc ybdst,bc itcfyf[b vfmfkjpbc aeymwbbc vfnfht,tkb eylf b.jc&

cek[fy-cf,fc [bcfufy lfvpflt,ekb cfv-pfhtekj zehztkb wfkrt fmdc ufvj.jabkb lf vfs cfthsj cf[tkojlt,fl nthvby aerfc [vfhj,c& @aerf fhc zehztkb 'tksfufy skbkb% nf,frb^ cbabkb^ hj,f^ hjuj^ [bc staib^ vjkb^ uj,b^ .fh.fhf^ rjlb^ nfufyf^ rjrf^ renfkb lf vbcsfyfyb# [3^ ud& 461]. @cbn.dbc rjybc# itcf,fvbc flubkt,pt .dtkf vfsufyb ufyvfhnt,ekbf lf fqfh ufdbvtj-ht,s& .ehflqt,fc v[jkjl hfvltybvt vfs-ufypt ufdfvf[dbkt,s^ hjvkt,bw sfyfvtlhj-dt mfhsekib erdt fqfh b[vfht,f& tctybf% cbabkb^ hj,f^ hjuj^ vjkb lf nfufyf& cb-abkb nf,kbct,eh^ gfnfhf at[bfy vfublfc tojlt,jlf& hj,f vwbht ntdflj,bc [tkuj-,bf& hjuj abwhekb crff& b.j fuhtsdt ut-]bc crf^ hjvtkbw fv;fvfl tsyjuhfabek bi-dbfsj,fc ofhvjflutyc& vjlb kbnhfyf[tdhbc ntdflj,bc [bc cfo.fjf lf a[dbthb ghjlem-nbc cfo.fjc ofhvjflutylf [3^ ud& 333% 81].

cek[fy-cf,fc @cbn.dbc rjyfib# fctdt wfkrt fmdc lf]ueat,ekb zbkbcfufy^ abyb-rbc [bc ,eh'ukbcf lf ytlkb mthmbcfufy – [hfkbcfufy lfvpflt,ekb @isfcflt,tkyb&# vfsb cfthsj cf[tkojlt,f cabhblbf& fvudf-hb pjubthsb vfcfkbc ybdsbc lfvpflt,bc nhflbwbf^ fmf-bm lqtcfw itbybiyt,f&

fctdt wfkrtf lf]ueat,ekb sfcvbsf lf oytkbs lfvpflt,ekb ybdst,b^ hjvkt,bw ifhfuekbc cfthsj cf[tkojlt,fibf vjmwt-ekb& fvudfhb zehztkb @isfcflt,tksf# rf-ntujhbfc ufytresdyt,f lf @fhc zehztkb ortgkbsf lf qdtlrtwbs hfbw fhc&# cfvoe-[fhjl^ cf[tj,t,b cek[fy-cf,fc xfvjsdkbkb fh fmdc^ hfw^ fk,fs^ vfsb cf.jdtksfj ufdh-wtkt,bs eylf b.jc ufvjodtekb& sfyfvtlhj-dt .jaf cfiefkt,fc b'ktdf xfvjdsdfkjs vfsb cf[tj,fyb% ubltkb^ ujljhb^ rfkfsf^ rjrjpf^ kfcnb^ ]byb& fuhtsdt sfcvbc f,-ut,b^ xfyst,b lf vjyflbhbc v[fhcfrblt,b^ hjvkt,cfw ibyfvhtodtkt,b \\ c-bc 50-bfy okt,fvlt ]th rbltd hfjltyj,bs fvpflt,l-yty&

hjujhw d[tlfds^ @isfcflt,tk zehzkt-ekbc# ,jkj jh lf]ueat,fib – cabhbkcf lf ifhfuekib thsvfytsbcfufy ufyc[dfdt,e-kb ntmybrbs lfvpflt,ekb ybdst,bf sfdvj-.hbkb&

95

@cbn.dbc rjyfib# fctdt wfkrtf lf]ue-at,ekb cfo.fjt,b fye pjvf-ojybc thstekt-,b^ hjvkt,bw ajhvfkehb ybiyt,bsff rkf-cbabwbht,ekb& @cfo.fdb fhc zehztkb .j-dtksf vfhwdkteksf lf yjnbjsf fqcfo.f-db% rjlb lf vbcsfyfyb% rjrf^ xfab lf vbc-sfyfyb# [3^ ud& 462]. cek[fy-cf,fc xfvjsd-kbkb lf ktmcbrjybc c[dflfc[df udthlt,pt ufyvfhnt,ekb fmdc a[dbthb ghjlemnt,bc cfo.fjt,b% rjlb^ xfyf[b^ mbkf^ kbnhf^ bcfh-yf fye sfqfhb& fctdt xfvjsdkbkb lf ufy-vfhnt,ekbf s[tdflb fye yjnbjcfsdbc uf-vbpyekb cfo.fjt,b% rjrf^ xfab^ xfhtmb^ [t-kflf^ hjvkt,bw bvfdlhjekfl qdbybc zeh-ztkcfw ofhvjflutyty&

@cbn.dbc rjyfib# wfkrtf rkfcbabwbht-,ekb sb[bcfufy lfvpflt,ekb lblb ntdflj-,bc zehztkb& cek[fy-cf,f cfufyut,jl fq-ybiyfdc^ hjv @zehb fhc rtwsfufy zehztkb% mdtdhb^ .db,fhb^ mjwj^ lthub^ rjzj,b^ [fkf-yb^ kfudbyb lf kfudbyfhb lf vbcsfyfyb&# xfvjyfsdkblfy fv;fvfl xdtysdbc [fkfyb^ kfudbyb lf kfudbyfhbf yfrkt,fl wyj,bkb& itcf,fvbc udthlt,pt fhct,ekb ufyvfhnt,t-,bc vb[tldbs kfudbyb gbhafhsj cfo.ktf^ [jkj kfudbyfhb fvfdt lfybiyekt,bcff^ jqjyl itlfht,bs vjvwhjf& [fkfyb rb gbh-afhsj mjsfyb .jabkf& fv ufyvfhnt,blfy uf-vjlbc^ hjv .jabkf jhudfhb mjsfyb – gbh-afhsj lf itlfht,bs dbohj.tkbfyb^ hjvtk-cfw eiefkjl mjsfyb tojlt,jlf& fm bcbwff fqcfybiyfdb^ hjv thsbw lf vtjhtw cfleqfh zehztkc ofhvjflutylf& mjsybcyfbh zeh-ztkc ofhvjflutylf fuhtsdt rjzj,bw^ hj-vtkbw vfssfy itlfht,bs vwbht ntdflj,bcf .jabkf& sb[bc zehztkc uf,fhbnt,bc vb-[tldbs se lfdf]ueat,s^ hfw cek[fy-cf,fc rfhufl fmdc rkfcbabwbht,ekb^ .dtkfpt lb-lb ntdflj,bcf b.j mdtdhb^ vfc vjcltdc .db,fhb^ eahj vjvwhj mjwjf^ [jkj lthub rb @zehs evwbhtcb# .jabkf [3^ ud& 99] lf .dtkf vfsufyb qdbybc zehzktekc ofhvjfl-utylf&

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.j,c fhmtjkjut,c ufs[ht,bc itltufl vbrd-ktekb fyfkjubehb vfcfkbcfufy lfvpflt-,ekb ybdst,bc cf[tkojlt,t,bc lflutybc cfmvtib& fvfcsfy thsfl bcbw udbylf lfdc'b-yjs% mfhsekb tybc ktmcbrf ew[j nthvbyj-kjubbcfufy^ it'kt,bclfudfhfl hjv ufbovby-ljc^ fewbkt,kfl cfzbhjf [tkf[kf lfb-ythujc lfevcf[eht,kfl vbdbo.t,ekb^ ntdf-lb ibyffhcbc vmjyt 'dtkmfhsekb ofhvjvfd-kj,bc bc vfhufkbnt,b^ hjvkt,bw tcjlty e[dflff cek[fy-cf,f jh,tkbfybc @cbn.dbc rjyfib&# fvfpt jwyt,j,lf cekvyfsb bdfyt ]fdf[bidbkb lf tc fvjwfyf /mjylf lfcf-[ekb @fhmtjkjubehb nthvbyjkjubbc mfh-sekb ufyvfhnt,bsb ktmcbrjybc# cfhtlfm-wbj rjktubfc&

T. Chikovani

TERMS DENOTING KITCHENWARE

ACCORDING TO SULKHAN-SABA

ORBELIANI’S CLASSIFICATION (Summary)

“Sitqvis kona kartuli” – an explanatory

dictionary of the Georgian language compiled by the great thinker, writer and statesman Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani (1658-1785) – apart from its primary function - provides valuable data for the study of the material culture of Georgia in the Late Middle Ages. The Dictionary contains a number of terms denoting kitchenware (kitchen utensils, tableware, storage vessels for dry sub-stances, water and wine, as well as drinking vessels, etc.). The ware is classified by the author according to the shape, function, texture and volume of vessels. Critical analysis and further usage of the above classification may contribute greatly to the definition of names of archaeolo-gical artifacts of the same origin.

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ktmcbrjyb& s,&^ 1973& 2& vfcfkt,b cfmfhsdtkjc ibyfvht-

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3& jh,tkbfyb cek[fy-cf,f& cbn.dbc rjyf& s,&^ 1949&

4& mfhsekb tybc ufyvfhnt,bsb ktm-cbrjyb& s,&^ 1986&

5& ifhltyb& vjupfehj,f& s,&^ 1975& 6& xe,byfidbkb y& mfhsekb ktmcbrjyb&

s,&^ 1961& 7& xe,bybidbkb l& mfhsek-hecekb

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96

FHMTJKJUBBC BCNJHBF HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGY

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97

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98

fqvjxylf (b[& nf,& +^ yf[& 1& wbaht,bs fqybi-yekbf 'tukbc ufs[hbc sfyvbvltdhj,f)&

dthnbrfkeh zhbkpt lfrdbhdt,bc vbpybs lf bvbcfsdbc^ hjv eahj v.fhfl lfabmcbht-,ekbb.j .hbkbc cfpqdht,b^ fhct,ekb s[hbkb ufuh'tkt,ek bmyf hjujhw cfv[htsbc vbvfh-sekt,bs^ fctdt lfqhvfdlf ltlfmfyib&

cflfpdthdj s[hbkbc vskbfyvf cbuh'tv 33 v itflubyf& hbc itltuflfw lflubylf^ hjv s[hbkbc xhlbkjtsb cfpqdhblfy mdbc .hb-kb dhwtklt,jlf 17 v cbuh'tpt^ itvltu bo-.t,jlf ifdvbofybflfubfyb atyf^ hjvtkbw uf-lflbjlf .dbstk sb[fib& bvbc lfcfvnrbwt,-kfl^ hjv tc yfvldbkfl .jhqfyb b.j^ .jh-qfybc ibuybs vlt,fht cfwltkb s[hbkbc uf-codhbd ufrtslf cfvb iehab^ hjvtkvfw hb.bc mdf.hbkbc mdti bctsbdt ifdvbofybflfub ufvj-fdkbyf^ hjujhw .jhqfybc ufhts b.j&

dbyfblfy cflfpdthdj s[hbkvf fhmtjkjub-ehb vfcfkf fh ufvjfdkbyf ,& reanbyvf c[df [th[c vbvfhsf^ rth'jl^ .jhqfybc cfv[ht-sblfy wtynhbcfrty^ ltlfmfybc ljytvlt uffd-kj 10 v-bc cbufybc s[hbkb& ufs[hbc fctsb vt-sjlb trjyjvbehb lf tatmnehb bmyt,jlf bv itvs[dtdfib^ se lfcfrh'fkfdb rfvthf .jhqf-ybc wtynhfkeh yfobkib fqvjxylt,jlf^ [j-kj se bub bm fh ufvjdkbylt,jlf^ vfiby fct-sbdt cbufybc s[hbkb ufbzht,jlf wtynhblfy

fqvjcfdktsbcf lf lfcfdktsbc vbvfhse-kt,bs&

bvbc ufvj^ hjv .jhqfybc fqvjcfdktsb yf-obkb lfcfdkts yfobksfy itlfht,bs eahj vfqfkb b.j lf evfqktcb othnbkb utjvtn-hbekb wtynhbc fqvjcfdktsbs vlt,fhtj,lf^ s[hbkbc ufzhf bct uflfo.lf^ hjv vbcb afh-sj,bc lblb yfobkb wtynhblfy fqvjcfdkt-sbs vj[dtlhbkj.j&

ufdkt,ekb s[hbkbc cbuh't .jhqfybc fq-vjcfdkts-lfcfdktsb qth'blfy^ cfv[htsbc vbvfhsekt,bs 37^5 v-c itflutylf& s[hbkbc fqvjcfdktsb rblt .jhqfybc xhlbkj-cfv[ht-sb qth'blfy 8 v-bs b.j lfijht,ekb^ [jkj lfcfdktsb rblt 2 v-bs&

s[hbkbc erfyf yfobkbc cbvfqkt 3^5 v-c fqotdlf^ xhlbkj-fqvjcfdktsbs .hbkbc cb-vfqkt – 2^5 v-c^ [jkj xhlbkj-lfcfdktsbs

2^45 v-c itflutylf& sdbs zhbkb^ ,& reanbybc cbn.dt,bs se

dbn.dbs^ cfrvfjl bvgjpfynehfl ufvjb.eht-,jlf& vbc udthlbs rtlkt,pt vidtybdhfl xfy-lf ghjabkb lf .hbkbc fqyfuj,f& bub cfrvf-jl lblb pjvbc mdt,bcfufy itlut,jlf^ hj-vtksf ijhbc cbwfhbtkt brdtst,jlf& vbof-.hbkbc ufdkbc itvltu jhvjc rblt ufvjxylf& bub ltlfmfybc ljyblfy 0^5 v-pt ufvjdkbylf& vstkb cbdhwbc afhsj,b jhvjc ptlfgbhsfy

ceh& 1& shbfktsib ,& reanbybc ufs[ht,bc herf

99

100 rd&v itflutylf& jhvjc fqvjcfdktsblfy lfcfdktsbcfrty ofuh'tkt,ekb ajhvf /mjy-lf& trjyjvbrehb sdfkcfphbcbs cbdhwbc ufy-sfdbceakt,f lfbo.j xhlbkjtsblfy 1/5 v cb-qhvtpt& jhvj ihtt,bc vj[cybs ufceasfdlf& 1 mdbc cbvfqktpt fbqtc mdbc atyf^ hjvkbc mdti sb[bc atyf cbufytib 5-6 v-c^ [jkj cbvfqktib 1 v-c fqotdlf& sb[bc atybc fqt,bc itvltu jhvj ufceasfdlf& jhvjc cbuh't lf-cfdktsblfy fqvjcfdktsbcfrty ltlfmfybc lj-ytpt 10 v b.j^ acrthsfy – 7 v& cbufyt ltlfmf-ybc ljytpt 6^5 v^ acrthsfy – 2^5 v& cbqhvt ltlfmfybc ljyblfy – 2 v [7^ ud& 14* 8].

itabfrbc = 2 (\|) .jhqfyb @ujhl;tut-kty ujyb# (fm vw[jdht,b ukt[bc cf[tkb) vlt,fhtj,c cja& itabfrbc vf[kj,kfl (b[& herfpt = 15)&

.jhqfyc js[res[f ajhvf /mjylf^ vjvhu-dfkt,ekb res[tt,bs [6^ ud& 80] (b[& nf,& +^ yf[& 2* nf,& ++-+++). vbcb cbuh't fqvjcfdktsb-lfy lfcfdktsbs 45 v-c itflutylf^ [jkj xhlbkjtsblfy cfv[htsbs – 35 v-c& wtynhf-kehb yfobkb xfqhvfdt,ekb /mjylf^ xhlb-kjtsb^ cfv[htsb lf lfcfdktsb rbltt,b rb fvfqkt,ekb^ hjvkt,bw gfnfhf vbof.hbkt,c @kbkdfrt,c# mvyblyty& fqvjcfdkts yfobkib fctsb @kbkdfrb# fh itbvxytjlf& xhlbkjtsb @kbkdfrb# cfv[htssfy itlfht,bs eahj vf-qfkb b.j& .dtkfpt vfqfkb othnbkb xhlb-kj lfcfdkts res[tib vlt,fhtj,lf& fv sfdb-ct,ehb .hbkbc itcfcofdkfl ,& reanbyvf uf-ybdb zhbkbc ufrtst,f uflfo.dbnf& .jhqfybc lfcfdkts yfobkib 1/3 afhsj,pt ufbzhf 15 v cbuh'bc lf 3 v cbufybc s[hbkb^ hjvtkbw xhlbkjtsblfy cfv[htsbcfrty b.j vbvfhse-kb& s[hbkb sfdlfgbhdtkfl 5 rdflhfnfl lfb.j& .hbkb itlut,jlf gfnfhf hb.bc mdt,b-cfufy^ hjvtksf mdti 0^7 cv cbqhvtpt rbh-mdbc qjhqb xfylf&

gbhdtkfl ufbs[fhf vt-2 lf vt-4 rdflhf-nb& rdflhfnt,ib 50-70 cv-bc cbqhvtpt vj[lf atybc vj[cyf^ lf cfv[htsbs ufafhsjdlf& cf-thsj s[hbkb ufuh'tklf hjujhw xhlbkjt-sbs^ bct cfv[htsbs^ 40-50 cv-pt atybc vj[c-ybs& itvltu s[hbkb 9 rdflhfnfl lfb.j& sb[bc atybc mdti^ ifdvbofybflfubfyb atybc fq-vjcfxtyfl vt-9 rdflhfnib 2^1 v-pt vj[lf lf-qhvfdt,f& 1-tk rdflhfnib sb[bc atybc cbcmt 55 cv itflutylf& vt-3 rdflhfnib 2^85 v-pt ifdvbofybflfubc mdti sb[bc atyf fqvjxylf& vt-5-9 rdflhfnt,ib 90 cv-pt xfqhvfdlyty&

jhvjc fqvjcfdktsb cfpqdhbc lfcflut-yfl^ vt-5 rdflhfnbc ufcodhbd udthlbudthl lftvfnf A lf Б rdflhfnb lf vj[lf vfsb 'b-hbsflb s[hbkbc ljytvlt lfqhvfdt,f& vskb-fyfl s[hbkbc wtynhfkehb yfobkb 1$5 v-vlt lfqhvfdlf& lftvfnf в, г, g, и, к, л, м, н

37 rdfl-

37

xdty yf[fppt dth lfdbnfyts â, ã, g, è, ê, ë, í, ì rdflhfnt,b^ ,& reanbyc vfsb flubkvlt,fhtj,f

hfnt,b^ hjvkt,bw 2 v-vlt lfqhvfdlf& vstkb jhvjc ufceasfdt,f vj[lf 2^2 v cbqhvtpt& s[hbkvf uflfrdtsf jhvj^ hjvkbc lbfvtnhb 12 v-c fqotdlf& jhvjc cbuh't ltlfmfybc lj-ytpt 17 v-c fqotdlf^ cbufyt – 11 v-c& acrthsfy cbuh't – 11 v-c^ [jkj cbufyt 6 v-c fqotdlf [7^ ud& 20* 9]. jhvjc jdfkehb ajhvf /mjylf&

itabfrbc = 4 (\|++) .jhqfyb @[fif,rj-ltb ujyw# vlt,fhtj,c cja& itabfrblfy xhlb-kj-lfcfdktsbs 0^5 rv-pt (herf^ = 17)& .jh-qfyb cfrvfjl lblb pjvbc b.j lf jdfkehb ajhvf /mjylf& vbcb cbuh't 45 v itflutylf^ [jkj cbufyt – 37 v& .hbkbc fqt,f lfbo.j .jhqfybc cfv[htsbs vlt,fht ofuh'tkt,ekb js[res[tlbc 123 v afhsj,pt& fm ,& rea-nbyvf ufs[hbc zflhfrekb vtsjlb ufvjb.tyf& vstkb afhsj,b lfb.j 14 rdflhfnfl& gbh-dtkfl ufbs[fhf vt-2 lf vt-4 rdflhfnt,b 80 cv cbqhvtpt& 1-tk rdflhfnib^ xhlbkj-lfcfd-kts res[tib 80 cv cbqhvtpt sb[bc atyf uf-vjxylf& ufbs[fhf vt-6 rdflhfnb^ hjvtkbw vt-3 lf vt-10 rdflhfnt,c ijhbc vlt,fhtj,lf^ fm 80 cv cbqhvtpt rthfvbrbc ahfuvtynt,b fqvjxylf& fvfdt lhjc vbvlbyfhtj,lf vt-12 lf vt-14^ fuhtsdt vt-3^ vt-5 lf vt-7 rdflhfnt,bc ufs[hf (b[& nf,& +^ yf[& 3* nf,& +|^ |)&

fv .jhqfybc cnhfnbuhfabekb zhbkb itvltuyfbhfl ufvjb.eht,jlf% rjhljdfyb at-ybc mdti 20 cv-bc cbqhvtpt ifdvbofybflfub-fyb atyf vjlbjlf ibu lff[kjt,bs 60 cv-bc cblblbc mdt,bs^ itvltu 40 cv cbcmbc sb[bc atyf^ ,jkjc rb ltlfmfybc ifdvbofybflfub&

vj[lf vstkb afhsj,bc ufsfyf,ht,f^ 2 v cbqhvtpt xfqhvfdt,f& ltlfmfybc ljyblfy 0^8 v cbqhvtpt vjvhudfklf wtynhfkehb vjtlf-yb lf lflubylf jhvjc rbltt,b& jhvj lfqh-vfdlf 60-70 cv-pt& lfcfrh'fkfdb rfvthf lt-lfmfybc ljyblfy 0^8 v-pt vlt,fhtj,lf& jh-vjc jdfkehb ajhvf /mjylf^ hjvtkbw lfcfd-ktsblfy fqvjcfdktsbcfrty b.j jhbtynbht-,ekb& vbcb cbuh't ltlfmfybc ljyblfy 15 v it-flutylf^ cbufyt – 11 v^ acrthpt cbuh't 13^5 v itflutylf^ cbufyt – 10^5 v* cbqhvt jhvjc pt-lfgbhblfy 5-5^5 v b.j [7^ ud& 21* 9* 6^ ud& 79].

bm^ cflfw zhbkb fhfyfbh fhmtjkjubeh vfcfkfc fh b'ktjlf^ ,& reanbyb veifj,fc o.dtnlf lf lhjbc cbvwbhbc ufvj fv .jh-qfyt,bc itcofdkf fh [lt,jlf&

xdty herfpt lfdbnfyts = 1-46 ufvjmdt.yt-,ekb .jhqfyb^ hjvkt,bw ,& reanbyvf ufs[f-hf lf itbcofdkf [2^ ud& 15^ 16^ 38^ 39]; =47-68 ufvjemdt.yt,tkb .jhqfyb^ hjvkt,ibw uf-s[hbcfc fhfyfbhb vfcfkf fh fqvjxylf fy uf-'fhwekb b.j* = 69-86 ufvjemdt.yt,tkb .jh-qfyb^ hjvkt,bw ,& reanbyvf fqvjfxbyf^ vfuhfv fh ufes[hbf* = 87-91 .jhqfyb^ hjvkt,bw ufes[htkbf lf lfnfybkbf ,& reanbybc he-rfpt [7^ herf].

vjwtvekb fhf fmdc^ hflufy vbcb 1938 okbc lqbehb lfevsfdht,tkbf&

100

herbc cfae'dkfl fqt,ekb udfmdc ,& rea-nbybc [tkv'qdfytkj,bs shbfktsib xfnfht-,ekb fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlbwbt,bc herf^ hjvtkbw k& ;jh;brfidbkbc^ t& ujuf'bc ob-uyibf vjwtvekb [7^ herf]. bvbc ufvj^ hjv ,& reanbyb vbnjdt,ek 'tukt,c yjvht,c e[c-yblf^ xdtyb yevthfwbf .jdtksdbc fh tvs[dtdf ,& reanbybc herfpt vjwtvek yevthfwbfc& 'tukt,bc vlt,fhtj,f herfpt fqybiyekbf hb-w[dt,bs^ hjvkt,bw ittcf,fvt,f vfs hbubs yjvthc ntmcnib&

1& + .jhqfyb – ,tbem-stat& 2& ++ .jhqfyb – vwbht .jhqfyb& 3& +++ .jhqfyb – @ohbekmdt,bfyb#& 4& +| .jhqfyb – @rfhfynbyb&# 5& | .jhqfyb – @rjhe[-nfib&# 6& |+ .jhqfyb – @xexer-stat&# 7& |++ .jhqfyb – @fgjcnjkby-stat&# 8& |+++ .jhqfyb – @sevfcby-statcbcsfy&# 9& +\ .jhqfyb – vwbht .jhqfyb @sevfcby

statcbcsfy&# 10& \ .jhqfyb – itabfrbc = 1 .jhqfyb& 11& \+ .jhqfyb – ,tisfitybc .jhqfyb

(pju]th fqbybiyt,f hjujhw itabfrbc = 11 .jhqfyb)&

12& \++ .jhqfyb – ,tisfitybc = 12 .jhqfyb& 13& \+++ .jhqfyb – ,tisfitybc = 13 .jhqfyb& 14& \+| .jhqfyb – ,tisfitybc = 14 .jh-

qfyb& 15& \| .jhqfyb – itabfrbc = 2 .jhqfyb& 16& \|+ .jhqfyb – itabfrbc = 3

.jhqfyb& 17& \|++ .jhqfyb – itabfrbc = 4 .jhqfyb& 18& \|+++ .jhqfyb – ,tisfitybc = 9 .jh-

qfyb& 19& \+\ .jhqfyb – ,tisfitybc = 7 .jh-

qfyb& 20& \\ .jhqfyb – ,fb,ehsbc .jhqfyb& 21& \\+ .jhqfyb – ,fb,ehsbc .jhqfyb&38 22& \\++ .jhqfyb – itabfrbc = 5 .jhqfyb& 23& \\+++ .jhqfyb – mdbfyb& 24& \\+| .jhqfyb – @lehyf statcb&# 25& \\| .jhqfyb – @,tbem fbe statcb&# 26& \\|+ .jhqfyb – 27& \\|++ .jhqfyb – @lehyf statcb# 28& \\|+++ .jhqfyb – cf,bs f[xfc = 1

.jhqfyb& 29& \\+\ .jhqfyb – cf,bs f[xfc = 2

.jhqfyb& 30& \\\ .jhqfyb – cf,bs f[xfc = 3

.jhqfyb&

38

\\ lf \\+ .jhqfyt,c obuyib @Àðõåîëîãè÷å-

ðêèå ðàðêîïêè â Òðèàëåòè,# ,& reanbyb ,fb,ehsbc cfvfh[t,c eojlt,c^ hjvkt,bw udbfy,hby]fjc [fybcff [6, ud& 75-76]. fv .jhqfyt,pt pjuflb byajhvfwbf fhct,j,c^ fvbnjv bcbyb fv;fvflfw rjvgktmct,bc lflutyfc lf itcofdkfc cfzbhjt,c&

31& \\\+ .jhqfyb – cf,bs f[xfc = 4 .jhqfyb&

32& \\\++ .jhqfyb – ]bybcbc .jhqfyb& 33& \\\+++ .jhqfyb – reixbc jmhjcv'b-

dbfyb .jhqfyb& 34& \\\+| .jhqfyb – @bhvbc .jhqfyb&# 35& \\\| .jhqfyb – @qfhb,ekb .jhqf-

yb&# 36& \\\|+ .jhqfyb – @sja-mfhb# = 1& 37& \\\|++ .jhqfyb – sfafhfdybc .jh-

qfyb = 1& 38& \\\|+++ .jhqfyb – sfafhfdybc .jh-

qfyb = 2& 39& \\\+\ .jhqfyb – sfafhfdybc = 4& 40& XL .jhqfyb – sfafhfdybc .jhqfyb = 3& 41& XLI .jhqfyb – nf,fo.ehbc lblb lfyu-

htekb .jhqfyb& 42& XLII .jhqfyb – nf,fo.ehbc vbof.hb-

kbfyb vwbht .jhqfyb& 43& XLIII .jhqfyb – nf,fo.ehbc .jhqfyb& 44& XLIV .jhqfyb – nf,fo.ehbc .jhqfyb& 45& XLV .jhqfyb – @sja-mfhb# = 2& 46& XLVI .jhqfyb – @vodfyt .jhqfyb# –

@rfyfi sfaf&# 47& .jhqfyb vfhfk-lthtcb – vlt,fhtj,c

cja& cfysbc lfcfdktsbs^ wbwf,j mtlbc 'bh-ib^ hujkbct,ehb .jhqfybc fyfkjubehbf^ iktbabfyb (upbfyb)^ lbfvtnhb 22 v lf 13^5 v^ cbvfqkt 1^5 v^ jdfkehb ajhvbc ebydtynfhj [8]&

48& .jhqfyb @ghbpvekb# – vlt,& vlbyfht ,firtd-cec vfhw[tyf cfyfgbhjc fqvjcfdktsbs^ vsf @fbeylfxb#-c (ovbylf vsf) xhlbkj-lfcfd-ktsbs ,hn.tk gkfnjpt^ cja& cfafh-[fhf,b-lfy lff[& 1 rv-pt^ cbvfqkt 2^5 v^ ufhit-vjothbkj,f – 100 v& tc .jhqfyb ufs[hbkb b.j flubkj,hbdb vfcofdkt,kbc frhbnfcbc vbth [8]&

49& .jhqfyb cfysbc mdfvbof.hbkbfyb – vlt,& cja& cfysbc xhlbkjtsbs jlyfd itvfq-kt,ek athlj,pt& mdfvbof.hbkbfyb .hbkb xhlbkjtsblfy itcfvxytdfl /mjylf xfvjzhb-kb& uf'fhwekb [8]&

50& .jhqfyb @mexer abe statcb# – vlt,& cja& ,firtdib& .jhqfy @,tber fbe statc# fq-vjcfdktsbs^ rfkjcsfy& ebydtynfhj [10]&

51& .jhqfyb – vlt,& cja& tlbmbkbcfib^ vlbyfht [hfvcf lf vbc ityfrfl ufbfyb[c ijhbc vlt,fht cfvres[tlib& vhudfkb ajh-vbc& cbvfqkt 7-8 v^ ptlfgbhb js[res[f [10]&

52& .jhqfyb mdbfyb – vlt,& cja& ,tisfity-ib& fhfyfbhb vjyfgjdfhb [10]&

53& .jhqfyb @nev,ek stat# – vlt,& cja& ,fhvfrcbpblfy cja& [flbrbcfrty vbvfdfkb upbc cfv[htsbs lf fv cjakt,bc vbyldht,bc cfp-qdfhc ofhvjflutyc& vfcpt nhbfyuekfwbbc ybifyb b.j fqvfhsekb ([bc gbhfvblf) [10]&

54& vwbht .jhqfyb – vlt,& ,fb,ehs-ufhibcbc odthpt& fhfyfbhb vjyfgjdfhb [10; 2, ud& 39]&

101

55& .jhqfyb – vlt,& cja& rbev,fnib^ cf-cfakfjc vf[kj,kfl^ uf'fhwekb [10]&

56& lblb .jhqfyb (@,tbem-stat#) – vlt,& cjakt,bc% fdhfykjc^ rbev,fnbc lf ]bybcbc cfpqdfhpt& fhfcojhb yf[tdfhvsdfhbc ajh-vbc& cbvfqkt 2^5 v^ lblb lbfvtnhb 45 v [10]&

57& .jhqfyb @fynjyby statcb# – vlt,& cja& cfysfib [10; 2, ud& 23]&

58& cf,bs-f[xfc = 5 .jhqfyb – vlt,& cja& cf,bs-f[xfib [10; 7, ud& 23]&

59& lblb .jhqfyb – vlt,& cja& cfysfib [10]& 60& .jhqfyb^ gfnfhf @rexer stat# – vlt,&

cja& fdhfykjc vbyldht,pt& jdfkehb ajh-vbc^ [dybcfufy lfpbfyt,ekb (ufbs[fhf lf lflubylf^ hjv .jhqfyb fh b.j) [12]&

61& .jhqfyb mdbc – vlt,& vsf ifdyf,flfc 'bhib^ o.fhj @rj[f,eh#-sfy (,hvf f,ehb)^ uf-'fhwekb [12]&

62& vfcofdkt,kbc .jhqfyb – vlt,& cja& fdhfykjib^ 1941 otkc ufs[hbkb b.j flub-kj,hbdb vfcofdkt,kbc vbth^ uf'fhwekb [12]&

63& .jhqfyb @nbrvf nfi# – vlt,& nf,fo.e-hbc n,fcsfy^ eqtknt[bksfy (tc cf[tkb /mdbf cfcfpqdhj mdfc) [12]&

64& .jhqfyb – vlt,& cja& rbev,fnib (f[f-kb uev,fsb) trktcbfcsfy^ cfcfakfjcsfy^ uf'fhwekb (ufs[hbkb b.j flubkj,hbdb vfc-ofdkt,kbc vbth) [12]&

65& .jhqfyb – vlt,& cja& cfysfib& cbvfqkt 1^70 v^ ebydtynfhj [10; 2, ud& 39]&

66& mdbfyb .jhqfyb – vlt,& cja& cfysbc upfcsfy f[kjc [10]&

67& .jhqfyt,bc dtkb @stmtkb lfib# – vlt,& sfafhfdybc n,fcsfy& ,julfyjdrbc hfbj-ybc cfpqdfhpt (fvfdt cf[tkbcff cfcfpqdhj mdf – vty/bhb)^ c[dflfc[df pjvbc ,tknbfyb ,jhwdt,b^ lblb pjvbc abkbct,ehb mdt,bs^ hjvkt,bw thsvfytsbc rbltt,c afhfdty& lfvf-[fcbfst,tkbf [ibhb j,cblbfybc yfnt[t,bc fhct,j,f [11]&

68& nf,fo.ehbc = 5 .jhqfyb – vlt,& nf-,fo.ehbc n,bc fqvjcfdktsbs^ chekbfl wf-hbtkb [2, ud& 39; 7, ud& 27]&

69& .jhqfyb @,tber ujyw# – vlt,& cja& itabfrbc xhlbkjtsbs vtjs[tl rbkjvtnhpt @xtherehbc# vb]yfpt& vfcpt nhbfyuekfwbe-hb rjirb bluf [8]&

70& .jhqfyb @rexer-ujyw# – vlt,& cja& itabfrbc xhlbkjtsbs = 69-t .jhqfybc vf[-kj,kfl [8]&

71& lblb .jhqfyb – vlt,& cja& rev,fnib& flubkc ,th'yekfl @ljcbf# (cbyfskt) /mdbf& [dybcfufy lfvf[by]t,ekb .hbkbs^ hjvtkbw cf-vb itho.vekb itvfqkt,bcfufy itlut,f [12].

72& .jhqfyb – vlt,& vsf ifdyf,flfcsfy o.fhj @rj[-f,ehbcf# lf cja& cf,bs-f[xfc

ijhbc mdtlf v[fhtc upfcsfy^ vhudfkb ajh-vbc^ vbofmdbfyb .hbkbs [12]&

73& lblb .jhqfyb – vlt,& cja& tlbmbkbcfc mdtlf v[fhtc& sfdbcb cblblbs fqtvfnt,f @,tber-statc# lf @rfhfynbyc# [8]&

74& lblb .jhqfyb – rfhufl xfyc cja& ,ti-sfitybc lf cja& ,fhvfrcbpbc ufv.jab s[t-vblfy^ (fv s[tvc @ufhib# /mdbf) vhudfkb ajhvbc^ 5 v cbvfqkbc^ odthpt jlyfd xfqhvf-dt,ekb vjtlybs [10]&

75& 2 mdbfyb .jhqfyb – vlt,& cja& yfh-ltdfybc upfcsfy^ @vodfyt# .jhqfybc fqvjcfd-ktsbs [10]&

76& .jhqfyb – vlt,& cja& cfysfib (lblb .jhqfybc f[kjc) [11]&

77& .jhqfyt,b – vlt,& ptlf ofkrbcf lf mdtlf ofkrbc ufv.ja gkfnjpt^ lfcfchekt-,tkb upbc vfh]dybd [10]&

78& .jhqfyb – vlt,& cja& ]bybcib^ vlt-kjpt^ zfj,sfy f[kjc cja& tlbmbkbcblfy yf[tdfh upfpt [10]&

79& .jhqfyb – vlt,& cja& ]bybccf lf cja& fdhfykjc cfpqdfhpt [10]&

80& gfnfhf .jhqfyb – vlt,& cja& .fhf-.jvbc vjgbhlfgbht v[fhtc .jhqfyt,bc @leh-yf-statcb# ++-bc lf @fbe-statcbc# ijhbc (fv .jhqfybc flubkvlt,fhtj,f ,& reanbyvf uflvjwtvbs bwjlf) [10]&

81& .jhqfyt,bc dtkb – n,f nf,fo.ehbcrty vbvfdfk ,bkbrpt eqtknt[bkfvlt vtcfvt gkf-njpt (fmdtf sfsht,bc cfcfakfj)^ tc .jh-qfyt,b uflflbfy eqtknt[bkbc vtjht v[fhtc^ lfcfdkts athlj,bc ptlf yfobkib [10]&

82& 3 .jhqfyb – vlt,& vlbyfht mwbbc ptlf otkib^ flubkc /mdbf @yfhbfyb# [12]&

83& 2 .jhqfyb – vlt,& cja& ,tisfitybc cfsb,t,pt^ sfdfl ,fhfsjdbc .jabk vbofpt& ,jhwdt,c ijhbc [tdib cfvkjwdtkj @vtlfv fdhjc# fqvjcfdktsbs& cja& f[fkbrbc erfy^ [tj,bc iefib^ vlt,fhtj,c gfnfhf n,f @gji-ney ujk# [12]&

84& .jhqfyb @xbyubc-stat# lf .jhqfyt,b – vlt,& n,f sfafhfdybc o.fkufv.jasfy^ cf'jd-ht,pt^ vjkjnjdblfy 7 rv-pt (uhfylbjpekb .jhqfyb) [10]&

85& .jhqfyt,b – vlt,& cja& ,ehyfitsbc ptdbs^ itvfqkt,ek gkfnjpt^ cf'jdht,pt [10]&

86& .jhqfyt,b – vlt,& cja& reixblfy [f-ht,bcfrty vbvfdfk upfpt^ vfh]dtyf v[fhtc& vbofmdbfyb .hbkbs lbfvtnhb 30-35 v^ cb-vfqkt 2 v^ thsvfytssfy 100 v lfijht,ff [11]&

87& .jhqfyb – vlt,& cja& .bpbkmbkfcfc sfdpt&

88& .jhqfyb – vlt,& cja& yfhltdfysfy& 89& .jhqfyb – vlt,& cja& yfhltdfysfy&

102

90& .jhqfyb – vlt,& n,f @bfhb ubjk#-bc mdtlf v[fhtc&

91& .jhqfyb – vlt,& cja& ,fhvfrcbpbc sfdpt&

T. Abulashvili B. KUFTIN - A RESEARCHER OF TRIALETI BARROWS (Summary)

B. Kuftin studied the barrow culture in Trialeti

in 1936-1940 and 1947-1948. It is obvious that the kurgans excavated by

Kuftin contain valuable archaeological data. Hen-ce, these kurgans call for a special scrutiny of hitherto constructional elements and ritual roads.

During his work, Kuftin applied different techniques according to the peculiar character-istics of sites: making a ditch at the central part of a kurgan in order to discover the burial chamber (Pl. I, fig.1) or sporadic digging of trenches cove-ring the whole territory of a barrow and gradual removal of cultural layers (Pl. I, fig. 2). He would also dig squares following a chequer pattern (Pl. I, fig.3). Due to shortage of time, the researcher did not continue excavating kurgans where the ex-ploratory ditches revealed no archaeological material.

A map drawn by B. Kuftin, as given in the monograph by L. Zhorzhikashvili and E. Gogadze, is presented in the paper, where the author of the present paper has pointed out all kurgans the researcher had excavated and studied or excavated but had not numbered or had discovered a barrow but had not indicated it on the map. Such barrows are as follows: kurgans = 47-68 lacking

archaeological material or robbed; kurgans = 69-

86 discovered but not excavated by Kuftin; kurgans = 87-91 not excavated by the researcher

but indicated on his map. The location of the indicated sites on the map is given with figures corresponding to their numerical order in the paper.

kbnthfnehf 1& ufv.htkb't u& mfhsekb fhmtjkjubbc

bcnjhbblfy& s,& 1996& 2& ujuf't t& shbfktsbc .jhqfyekb rek-

nehf^ gthbjlbpfwbf lf utytpbcb& s,& 1972& 3& kjvsfsb't u& mfhsekb reknehbc

vtvfnbfyt t& sf.fbidbkb& s,&^ 1990& 4& yfhbvfybidbkb u& 'd&o& ++ fsfcokt-

ekbc cfhbnefkj upt,b shbfktsib& – 'bt-,fyb^ = 5^ 2000^ ud& 47-51&

5. Джапаридзе О. К 100 летию со дня рож-дения акад. Б. А. Куфтина. – РА, № 3, 1993, с. 246–149.

6. Куфтин Б. А. Археологические раскопки в Триалети. Тб., 1941.

7& Жоржикашвили Л., Гогадзе Э. Памят-

ники Триалети эпохи ранней и средней брон-зы. Тб., 1974.

8. Дневник работ археологического отря-да Цалкской комплексной экспедиции 1936 года (lqbehb lfwekbf cfmfhsdtkjc cf[& veptevbc ajylt,ib)&

9. Дневник работ Цалкинской археологи-ческой экспедиции 1938 года (lqbehb lfwe-kbf cfmfhsdtkjc cf[& veptevbc ajylt,ib)&

10. Дневник работ Цалкинской археоло-гической экспедиции 1939 года (lqbehb lf-wekbf cfmfhsdtkjc cf[& veptevbc ajylt,-ib)&

11. Дневник работ Цалкинской археоло-гической экспедиции 1940 года (lqbehb lf-wekbf cfmfhsdtkjc cf[& veptevbc ajylt,-ib)&

12. Дневник работ Цалкинской археоло-гической экспедиции 1948 года (lqbehb lf-wekbf cfmfhsdtkjc cf[& veptevbc ajylt,-ib)&

nf,ekt,bc fqothbkj,f39 nf,& + – s[hbkt,bc ufdkt,bc sfyvbvltd-

hj,f = 1^ = 15 lf = 17 .jhqfyt,pt^ ufrt-st,ekbf xdty vbth ,& reanbybc lqbeht,bc vb[tldbs&

nf,& ++ – = 15 .jhqfybc utuvf lf zhbkb& nf,& +++ – = 15 .jhqfybc lfcfrh'fkfdb

bydtynfhbc ufykfut,f cfvfh[ rfvthfib& nf,& +| – = 17 .jhqfybc utuvf lf zhbkb& nf,& | – = 17 .jhqfybc lfcfrh'fkfdb

bydtynfhbc ufykfut,f cfvfh[-rfvthfib& Description of the Plates Pl. I – The sequence of digging the trenches at

kourgans Nos 1,15 and 17, drawn by the author on the basis of Kuftin’s journal.

Pl. II – Plan and cross-section of kurgan 15. Pl. III – The arrangement of the burial inven-

tory in the burial chamber of kurgan 15. Pl. IV – Plan and cross-section of kurgan 17. Pl. V – The arrangement of the burial inven-

tory in the burial chamber of kurgan 17.

39

nf,& + ufrtst,ekbf xdty vbth^ [jkj nf,& ++^ +++^ +| lf | ,& reanbybc vbth&

103

nf,& +

104

nf,& ++

105

nf,& +++

106

nf,& +|

107

nf,& |

108

AHTLTHBR LBE,EF LT VJYGTHT (1798-1850)

ahtlthbr lbe,ef lt vjygtht^ idtbwfhbt-kb ahfyub vjupfehb^ ytifntkbc frfltvbbc ghjatcjhb – bcnjhbrjcb^ fhmtjkjub^ yfnehfkbcnb^ lfb,flf 1798 okbc 28 vfbcc vjnbtib (idtbwfhbf)^ ufhlfbwdfkf bmdt 1850 okbc 7 vfbcc&

lbe,et,b lflfcneht,ekb fhbfy \|+ cf-ereyblfy kjrkbc vf[kj,kfl^ lf,f vjygtht-ib& tc utjuhfabekb cf[tkojlt,f eahj vjudbfyt,bs lftvfnf vbcb obyfght,bc udfhc& fv flubkblfyff vtwybthb lfrfdibht,ekb vsfcsfy lf vbc vjcf[ktj,fcsfy^ [jkj lt-lbc – fhlb l'jdthybtc v[hblfy^ bc f[kj rjy-nfmnibf n,fcsfy^ hjvkbc yfgbht,b ofhvj-flutyc vstkb vbcb ,fdidj,bc ufhtvjwdfc& fv rfdibht,vf lf ,eyt,bc cb.dfhekvf fcf[df /gjdf vbc yfihjvt,ib&

f[fkufphlj,bc okt,b ahtlthbr lbe,ef lt vjygthtv ve.fbs ihjvfib uffnfhf& vfy vb-bqj cfae'dkbfyb cfeybdthcbntnj ufyfskt-,f& fhmtjkjubehb lf utjkjubehb tmcreh-cbt,bs vjbfhf idtbwfhbf^ rehkfylbf^ kbndf^ gjkjytsb& qhvfl itbcofdkf crfylbyfdehb cb'dtktt,b lf fvbc itvltu lfbo.j erhfbybcf lf hectsbc cfv[htsbc ufvjrdktdf&

vtwybthb ,tdhc vjupfehj,lf^ vfuhfv vbcb-dt sdfkcfphbcbs .dtkfpt cfbynthtcj lf jhbubyfkehb b.j vbcb vjupfehj,f 1831-34 oo& ifdb pqdbc xhlbkjts cfyfgbhjpt^ .b-hbvcf lf fvbthrfdrfcbfib& ctdfcnjgjkblfy htlen-rfktvlt vjupfehb ufe.df ifdb pqdbc fqvjcfdkts v[fhtc^ sfyvbvltdhj,bs vjbfhf mesfbcb^ utkfsb^ f[fkwb[t^ ptvj svjudb^ dfh'bf^ ,jh]jvbc [tj,f^ hfzf^ ktx[evb& erfy lf,heylf^ hfsf lftsdfkbtht,byf hbjybc [t-j,f^ cfvtuhtkj^ cdfytsb^ yjmfkfmtdb^ afpbcb^ uehbf^ itvltu bctd mesfbcb^ cfblfyfw xfdblf s,bkbcib ujhbc^ eakbcwb[bcf lf fntybc ufdkbs&

lbe,ef lt vjygtht bo.t,c fv v[fhtt,bc bcnjhbek^ fhmtjkjubeh^ utjkjubeh^ ts-yjuhfabek itcofdkfc&

bub udtdkbyt,f^ hjujhw rtsbkvjcehyt lf cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbbsf lf reknehbs efq-htcfl lfbynthtct,ekb vrdktdfhb& vjupfe-hj,bc ufyvfdkj,fib vfc lfodhbkt,bs it-/mjylf lqbeht,ib sfdbcb isf,tzlbkt,t,b^ ufycfresht,ek .ehflqt,fc fmwtdlf [fk[sf bcnjhbbc cfrbs[t,c^ bothlf vbcsdbc cfbynt-htcj .dtkf afmncf se wyj,fc^ b[fnfdlf [e-hjsvj'qdhek 'tukt,cf lf ofhotht,c& vjy-gthtc^ vtwybthcf lf gbhjdyt,fc^ hjvtkcfw vbpyfl /mjylf lfcf[ekb rfdrfcbbcf lf cf-mfhsdtkjc bcnjhbbc cfae'dkbfyb itcofd-kf^ .ehflqt,bc ufhtit fh lfenjdt,bf vbc obyfvjh,tl vjupfehsf lf vtwybthsf yfihj-vt,b se ufvjrdktdt,b rfdrfcbbcf lf cfmfh-sdtkjc itcf[t,& bub afmnt,bs fvjovt,lf .dtkf wyj,fc rfdrfcbbc itcf[t,^ hjvtkbw vfy bwjlf flhtfynbrehb^ ief cfereytt,bc se f[fkb tdhjgekb kbnthfnehblfy& bub rfh-ufl bwyj,lf itvltub fdnjht,bc% /jvthjcbc^ fgjkjybjc hjljctkbc^ cnhf,jybc^ ghjrj-gbc^ cty-vfhntybc^ rkfghjnbc^ kfv,thnbc^ ;jpta-vfhb pfvgbc^ ;fy ifhltybc^ ubeklty-intlnbc^ ufv,fc^ vfhb ,hjctcf lf c[dfsf ihjvt,c lf bvjovt,lf vfs sfdbc s[pekt-,t,ib& lbe,ef .ehflqt,bs cofdkj,lf .dtkf-athc^ sdbs rfdrfcbbc 'dtk hert,cfw rb^ bub vfs fvjovt,lf lf frhbnbrt,lf^ fv.fht,lf gbhfl rjynfmnt,c lf yfwyj,j,fc bv vtwybt-ht,sfy^ hjvkt,bw rfdrfcbfc cofdkj,lyty^ b.t-yt,lf vfs vbth vjojlt,ek ufvjemdt.yt,tk wyj,t,c^ bcnjhbek ljrevtynt,c lf c[d&

.bhbvcf lf rfdrfcbfib vjupfehj,bc itlt-ufl vtwybthvf vjfuhjdf evlblhtcb wyj,t,b^ vfy ufvjfmdt.yf tmdcnjvbfyb yfihjvb – @vju-pfehj,f rfdrfcbbc ufhitvj^ xthmtpt,sfy lf fa[fpt,sfy^ rjk[tsib^ cfmfhsdtkjib^ cjv-[tsib lf .bhbvib&# yfihjvc sfy thsdbc cgt-wbfkehfl itlutybkb fnkfcb& tc s[pekt,f ufvjbwf gfhbpib 1839-1843 oo& ("Voyage autour

du Caucase, chez les Tcherkesses et les Abkhases, en Colchide, en Géorgie, en Arménie et en Cri-

mée," 6 vol. avec atlas, Paris, 1839 à 1843). 1858 otkc vfc vbtybzf cfahfyutsbc utjuhfabekb cfpjufljt,bc lblb jmhjc vtlfkb&

fb^ hfc othc lbe,ef lt vjygtht sfdbc s[pekt,bc itcfdfk yfobkib% @vrbs[dtkc ds[jd b.jc itvo.yfht,tkb& sevwf vt fv s[pe-kt,bc itmvyfc vjdfyljvt vjupfehj,bc js[b^ [jkj htlfmnbht,bc hfvltybvt otkb^ dabm-hj,^ hjv bub vfbyw fh fhbc chek.jabkb lf vfc [fhdtpt,b fqvjfxylt,f& xtvb vjupfehj-,bc ufyvfdkj,fib^ [ibhfl vtupehbcf lf ub-lbc ufhtit lfhxtybkb^ xtvb sfdbc bvtlfl dhxt,jlb^ vfuhfv hjltcfw dfv,j,^ hjv db.fdb vfhnj^ fvbs chekt,bs fh vbylf xtvfl xfd-sdfkj yfihjvib bc^ hfcfw vt eylf devfl-

109

kjlt hfvltybvt flfvbfybc lf[vfht,fc& vbylf cfjwfhb vflkbtht,bc uh'yj,bs vjdb[ctybj bc rtsbkij,bkb lf lfepfhtkb flfvbfyt,b^ hjvtksf lf[vfht,bc ufhtit vt ufvbzbh-lt,jlf ,tdhb cfbynthtcj afmnbc ofhvjxt-yf&&&& vfs ijhbc fhbfy ofhvjij,bs vtuhtkb sfdflb [udfhb fh fhbc vbsbst,ekb – k&v&] lf f[fkufphlf vfhb ,hjct^ hjvkt,vfw lblb vjsvbyt,bsf lf heleyt,bs ufibahtc mfhse-kb ofhotht,b [buekbc[vt,f lbe,efc vbth vbrdktekb lf uflvj[fnekb [thsdbcbc wb-[t-cbvfuhbc lf fo.ehbc .jdkflovbylf qdsbc-vij,kbc trktcbbc itcfcdktk rfhpt fhct,e-kb 'dtkb mfhsekb ofhotht,bcf lf c[dfsf fvjrbs[df – k&v]& vstkb xtvb vjupfehj,bc ufyvfdkj,fib^ vt .dtkufy v[dlt,jlyty bv uekohatkb lf lblb cnevfhsvj.dfhtj,bs^ hfw tct lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf rfdrfcbbc [fk[t-,bcfsdbc& c[dflfc[df rkfcbc vj[tktt,b se rth'j gbht,b^ .dtkfyb sfdfpbfyfl wlbkjlyty [tkb itto.js xtvb rdktdf-'bt,bcfsdbc& fqtk-dt,bc ufhtit fh itvb'kbf ufdb[ctyj fvltyb rtsbkufyo.j,f^ bynthtcbc ufvjdkbyt,f^ lf[-vfht,bc cehdbkb lf .dtkufy efvhfdb vafh-dtkb lf vtuj,fhb^ hjvkt,bw vt itdb'byt xtvc uh'tk vjupfehj,fib&

xtv vbth itchekt,ekb fnkfcb^ hjvtk-cfw vt .jdtksdbc desbst, ntmcnib^ lf.j-abkbf [es yfobkfl fy cthbfl& utjuhfabe-kb yfobkb itbwfdc lff[kjt,bs 24 udthlc& tctybf rfdrfcbbc c[dflfc[df yfobkt,bc cgt-wbfkehb utuvt,b* athothekb yfobkb itl-ut,f 75 [tlbcfufy* fhmbntmnehbc cthbf ufy-resdybkbf ,bpfynbehb^ mfhsekb^ cjv[ehb lf cgfhcekb cnbkbc [ehjsvj'qdhekb 'tu-kt,bcfsdbc& fhmtjkjubeh cthbfib itrht,b-kbf fynbrehb [fybc kfhyfrt,b^ ufvjvodfhb sb[bcfufy itmvybkb ybdst,b^ mfylfrt,t,b^ frklfvt,b^ cfvfhjdyt,b lf bc cfuyt,b^ hjv-kt,cfw bcbyb itbwfdty^ ,fhtkbtat,b^ ofh-otht,b lf c[d& vt[est cthbf vb'qdybkbf ut-jkjubbcflvb#&

ahtlthbr lbe,ef lt vjygthtc ihjvt,b rfdrfcbbc itcf[t, uf[lf ths-thsb vjnbdb vb-cb vbodtdbcf ytifntkbc vtwybtht,fsf frflt-vbbc rfstlhbc [tkv'qdfytkfl&

1839 otkc^ othc vbcb vjqdfotj,bc vrdkt-dfhb ltybc ryjakthb^ hjltcfw ghjatcjhvf ahtlthbr lbe,ef lt vjygthtv ofbrbs[f sf-dbcb gbhdtkb ktmwbf ytifntkbc frfltvbfib^ bc erdt jhvjwb okbcf b.j lf cbwjw[kbc v[jkjl thsb fstekb otkbqf /mjylf lfh-xtybkb& vbcb yf.jabthb w[jdht,bc evtntcb yfobkb fv sfhbqfvlt vbvlbyfhtj,lf&

@se sfdc df'ktdlb eakt,fc^ d.jabkb.fdb fvf.b^ tc b.j v[jkjl vfiby^ hjwf dabmhj,-lb^ hjv vtw ytifntktkb dfh# – bn.dbc vju-pfehj,blfy cfvij,kjib lf,heyt,ekb vjygt-ht sfdbc vjrkt^ vfuhfv byajhvfwbt,bs vlb-lfh fdnj,bjuhfabfib&

vtwybthbc ofhvfnt,ek vjqdfotj,fc cf-ae'dtkb itemvyf cofdkfv ,thkbyib^ vfcofd-kt,kj,fv gjkjytsib^ vjupfehj,fv hectsbc cfv[htsib lf f&i&

hjujhw fhmtjkjubbc ghjatcjhvf^ vfy rfhufl bwjlf^ hjv dthfathb dth wdkbc cf-ufysfy gbhlfgbh rjynfmnc& fvfc flfcneht,c vbcb xfyfothb^ hjvkbsfw vsfdhlt,f 1843 otkc ufrtst,ekb ,b,kbjuhfabf tkbyeh cb'dtktsf ktmwbbcfsdbc% @vt doe[dfh^ othlf bub^ hjv xdty fhf udfmdc eahj vlblfhb ,th'yekb veptevb& vbe[tlfdfl fvbcf^ ,-y ifhk-abkbg ,jctc (1773-1845 oo&) itvjobhe-kj,f erdt rfhub lfcfo.bcbf lf dbvtljdyt,^ hjv sfylfsfyj,bs xdty itd'kt,s sfdb vj-de.fhjs cb'dtktsf c[df rjktmwbt,c^ hfw itfdct,c xdty wjlyfc ,th'yekb [tkjdyt,bc itcf[t,&#

1840 otkc^ ytifntkbc ubvyfpbfcsfy se kfsbyeh rjkt]sfy^ vfhskfw ufb[cyf gfnf-hf tsyjuhfabekb veptevb^ hjvkbc [tkv'q-dfytkj,f^ ,eyt,hbdbf^ vbtylj lbe,ef lt vjy-gthtc& vfcdt [dlf gfnbdb 1842 okbc ctmntv-,thib veptevib vbtqj ghecbbc vtat aht-lthbr ubjv +| lf ltljafkb& vbcb [tkv'q-dfytkj,bc lhjc veptevb ufvlblhlf rbltd hfvltybvt itvjobhekj,bs^ rth'jl^ uhfa fk,th lt gehnfktc (1812-1861 oo&) rjktm-wbblfy^ hjvtkbw ufvjhxtekb b.j ,th'yekb vjytnt,bc cfbynthtcj cthbbs&

1846 otkc lbe,ef lt vjygthtv veptevib itbnfyf hjvfekb ybdst,b^ hjvkt,bw vfy sdbsjy fqvjfxbyf rjkjv,btib ufs[ht,bc lhjc& vfuhfv^ cfvoe[fhjl^ vbe[tlfdfl vbcb lblb cehdbkbcf ittmvyf fhmtjkjubehb ve-ptevb^ ufhtvjt,f chekbfl fh b.j [tkcf.-htkb veptevbc ufafhsjt,bc fy e,hfkjl fhmtjkjubehb ajylt,bc lfwdbcfsdbc& 1848 otkc lbe,efv lfnjdf lbhtmnjhbc sfyfvlt-,j,f bct^ hjv dth it'kj sfdbcb ztivfhbnb jwyt,bc ufy[jhwbtkt,f& vbcb cfresfhb cb-'dtktsf rjktmwbf^ cflfw bdfhfelt,f^ hjv itlbjlf rfdrfcbfib ituhjdbkb ybdst,bw^ bctdt hjujhw veptevib fhct,ekb c[df ajy-lt,b^ uflftwf m& wbehb[c&

sfdbcb vjupfehj,bc ufvjwtvbc itvltu^ vtwybthb ufyfuh'j,lf yf.jabth vjqdfotj,fc& of[fkbct,ekvf ]bkljt,bsf lf mt,f-lblt,bs^ hjvtkcfw .jdtkb v[hblfy bqt,lf^ vfy lf-bo.j idtbwfhbbc vsfdhj,bc [tkito.j,bs sfdbcb @ytifntkeh cb'dtktsf# ufvjmdt.yt,f^ vfuhfv fv yfihjvbcfsdbc ntmcnbc ,jkjvlt vjvpflt,f vfy dtqfh vjfcohj& ths-thsvf vt-uj,fhvf itfuhjdf ufycdtyt,ekbc vbth vjgj-dt,ek fehfw[tk vfcfkfib jwb udthlb^ hj-vtkbw ofev'qdfhf @ytifntkeh cb'dtktt,c# lf fk,jvb ufvjbwf&

@vfuhfv hjujhbw fh eylf b.jc fdnjhbc cbrdlbkbc itvltu ufvjwtvekb fv yfihjvbc vybidytkj,f^ – othc thytcn ifynhb sfdbc @fyshjgjkjubeh ufvjrdktdt,ib# (1885-1887)

110

– bc xdtysdbc .jdtksdbc ijhc bmyt,f vbcb s[pekt,bc% @rfdrfcbfib vjupfehj,b#-lfy^ cf-blfyfw vfy vjbnfyf bc gbhdtk.jabkb uflfv-lt,b wbt,-w[tkt,f^ hbsfw fctsb ufycfwdba-ht,tkbf rfdrfcbf lf hjvtkcfw eylf evfl-kjltc vjygtht sfdbc [fyuh'kbd lblt,fc lf fvfcsfyfdt vbc vbvfhs .dtkf bv vtwybthbc vflkbtht,fc^ hjvtkbw vbcb vjupfehj,bc itvltu iteluf gjynj-rfcgbehb fepbc ufvj-rdktdfc&#

fb^ hjujh f[fcbfst,c thytcn ifynhb lbe,ef lt vjygthtc @rfdrfcbfib vjupfehj-,fc#% @vbylf dsmdf^ hjv tc fhbc .dtkfpt cf-ertstcj obuyb^ hjvtkbw rb hjltcvt lfot-hbkf rfdrfcbbc itcf[t,& sevwf vbcb sdfk-cfphbcb hfvltybvt cfrbs[pt lqtc itb'kt,f uflfvtnt,ekfl vbdbxybjs^ ite'kt,tkbf fh lffafcj bc itegjdhj,f lf vbpfycohfaekj-,f^ hfw f[fcbfst,lf vbc vjupfehj,fc rfdrf-cbfib& bcnjhbrjcb^ fhmtjkjub^ utjkjub^ fhnbcnekb ,eyt,bc flfvbfyb^ fctsb b.j ahtlthbr lbe,ef lt vjygtht^ hjvtkvfw it'-kj cfew[jj ybzbc o.fkj,bs^ sfdb vjt.fhf .dtkfath bvbcfsdbc^ hfw rb vfyfvlt .jabkf ufvjmdt.yt,ekb fv^ ]th rbltd yfrkt,fl wyj-,bkb v[fhbc itcf[t, sbsmvbc .dtkf vjcfp-ht,f^ hjvkt,bw itvlujvib bmyf ufvjsmvekb rfdrfcbbc e'dtktc tsyjkjubfcf lf bcnjhbf-pt^ cfsfdtc vbc fv yfihjvib bqt,c&&& lfyfvl-dbkt,bs itb'kt,f bsmdfc^ hjv bub t[t,jlf sbsmvbc .dtkf stvfnbrfc^ .jdtksdbc thsb lf bvfdt cbw[flbsf lf sfyf,fhb^ 'fklfenf-yt,tkb cnbkbs& .dtkf vjyfwtvc^ hjvtkcfw bc c[df o.fhjt,cf se kbnthfnehfib gje-kj,lf^ ufycfresht,ekb .ehflqt,f tmwtjlf vbc ufvjrdktdfib& vfuhfv fv yfihjvbc vsfdf-hb qbhct,f vfbyw bcff^ se hfjlty lbl fl-ubkc esvj,lf fdnjhb lfrdbhdt,fc& tc yfvl-dbkfl 'fkbfy vybidytkjdfybf bv vobhb cf-iefkt,t,bc ufsdfkbcobyt,bs^ hfw vfiby uf-fxylf vtwybtht,fc sfdbc ufyrfhuekt,fib& vb-e[tlfdfl bvbcf^ hjv vfc [ibhfl bnfwt,lf lfecf,est,tkb ufbubdt,t,b^ eylf dfqbfhjs^ hjv vfy sfdbc /bgjstpt,pt lf.hlyj,bs vjb-gjdf afmnt,bc cfrvfjl lblb hfjltyj,f^ hj-vtksf vtwybthekb fyfkbpbc cfiefkt,fc vb-cb tgjmf fh b'ktjlf& vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf^ hjv vjygthtc fh vjedkbf lfqtcnfyb lf vnrdhb-cf lf sthubc yfgbht,pt ufikbkb dtkt,b^ bub vfbyw eylf vbdbxybjs vstkb rfdrfcbbc uf,tlek vrdktdfhfl& vbc itvltu^ vjupfehj-,t,b fv v[fhtib bafhukt,jlf ufycfpqdhekb htubjyt,bs fy vtwybtht,bc cgtwbfkehb lfh-ubs&#

vfhb ,hjct rb fct fafct,c vtwybthbc vjq-dfotj,fc% @vbcb obuyt,b ofhvjflutyty sbsm-vbc tywbrkjgtlbfc rfdrfcbbcfc^ hjvkbc wfkrtekb yfobkt,bc uflfzfh,t,f itb'kt,f^ vfuhfv vfcsfy vskbfyfl ufsfyf,ht,f 'ytkb bmyt,f&#

c[df ew[jtk vjupfehsfufy ufyc[dfdt,bs^ hjujhw fvfc ptvjs vj[ctybt,ekb vtwybtht-,bw fqybiyfdty^ sfdbcb lbfgfpjybsf lf cf-vtwybthj bynthtcsf vhfdfkathjdyt,bs cf-mfhsdtkjc bcnjhbbcf lf vbc cb'dtktsf rdktdfib^ ufycfresht,ekb flubkb erfdbf ahtlthbr lbe,ef lt vjygthtc& vbc yfihj-vt,ib sfdvj.hbkbf vybidytkjdfyb afmnj,hb-db vfcfkf& vbe[tlfdfl pjubthsb itwljvbcf se epecnj,bcf^ bub udf'ktdc fhf vfhnj bc-njhbek cb'dtktsf vbvj[bkdfc^ fhfvtl vt-nfl cfbynthtcj wyj,t,cfw \+\ cfereybc gbhdtkb yf[tdhbc cfmfhsdtkjc fvf se bv v[fhbc cjwbfkeh cnhemnehfpt^ vbc w[jd-ht,fcf lf .jafpt& lbe,ef b'ktdf epfhvfpfh tsyjuhfabek vfcfkfc^ cfbynthtcj vjyfwt-vt,c fvbthrfdrfcbbc bcnjhbekb utjuhfabbc itcf[t,^ vfc ufcfjwfhb cbpecnbs fmdc vjwt-vekb fctekj,bs lfcf[kt,ekb geymnb& bub t[t,f fhmtjkjubfc^ [ehjsvj'qdhek 'tu-kt,c^ utjkjubfc^ tsybreh lf ltvjuhfabek cfrbs[t,c& hjujhw d[tlfds^ vtwybthc cfjw-hfl afhsj sdfksf[tldbc fhtfkb fmdc&

vbc s[pekt,fc ufycfresht,ek vybidyt-kj,fc fybzt,c vtwybthbc vbth fqothbkb fy xf[fnekb vfnthbfkehb reknehbc 'tukt,b bvltyfl^ hfvltyflfw pjubthsb vfsufyb fqfh fhct,j,c^ pjub rb cf[titwdkbkbf&

fqcfybiyfdbf bcbw^ hjv yfihjvib sfdvj.-hbk efvhfd afmnj,hbd vfcfkfcsfy thsfl ufrtst,ekbf vbcb vtwybthekb uffyfkbpt,bc cfbynthtcj wlf& vstkb hbub afmnt,b se vjdktyt,b fdnjhc cojhfl^ vfhst,ekfl fmdc uflvjwtvekb& vfy fhf vfhnj fqothf vfnt-hbfkehb reknehbc 'tukt,b^ fhfvtl cwflf uftfpht,byf lf ufytpjuflt,byf vbc vbth vbrd-ktekb lf ituhjdbkb 'dtkb cfmfhsdtkjc ybdsbthb vfcfkf& cf.ehflqt,jf bc afmnbw^ hjv ew[jtkb vrdktdfht,bcf se vtwybtht,bc fctsb yfihjvt,bs tdhjgtkt,b twyj,jlyty cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbfcf lf reknehfc^ by-nthtclt,jlyty vbcb ofhcekbsf lf fov.jsb&

ahtlthbr lbe,ef lt vjygthtc s[pekt,fc @vjupfehj,f rfdrfcbbc ufhitvj^# hjujhw bcnjhbek o.fhjc^ efqhtcfl lblb vybidyt-kj,f tybzt,f mfhsek bcnjhbek cb'dtktsf itcofdkbc cfmvtib&

kbnthfnehf 1& mfhsekb cf,zjsf tywbrkjgtlbf^ n&

3& s,&^ 1978^ 2. Brosset M. Rapport sur un voyage archéo-

logique dans la Géorgie, avec atlas, Paris, 1849-1852.

3. Chantre E. Recherches anthropologiques dans le Caucase, Paris, 1885, T. I, p. XXIII-XXIV.

4. Dubois de Montpéreux, Fr. Voyage autour du Caucase. T. I. Paris, 1839.

ktbkf vfqhf't

111

vbkjwdf

KFVFHF (LJLJ) CF{FHJDF

xdtysdbc .dtkfcfsdbc cf.dfhtk lf gfnbd-wtvek sfyfvihjvtkc kfvfhf (ljlj) cf[f-hjdfc cfbe,bktj sfhbqb fmdc&

fhmtjkjusf vstkb rjktmnbdb ekjwfdc lf ecehdt,c ]fyvhstkj,fc^ [fyuh'kbd cb-wjw[ktc lf itvjmvtlt,bs ofhvfnt,t,c& jh-vjw otkpt vtnbf^ mfk,fnjyvf ljljv sfdbcb w[jdht,f lferfdibhf mfhsek fhmtjkjubfc lf efyufhjl tvcf[eht,f vfc&

ljlj cf[fhjdf lfb,flf mfkfm s,bkbcib^ vjcfvcf[ehbc j]f[ib&

1948 otkc vfy lffvsfdhf m& s,bkbcbc mfksf gbhdtkb crjkf& fvfdt otkc bub xfb-hbw[f s,bkbcbc cf[tkvobaj eybdthcbntnib bcnjhbbc afrekntnpt&

1953 otkc vfy ofhvfnt,bs lffvsfdhf eyb-dthcbntnb bcnjhbrjcbc rdfkbabrfwbbs lf xff,fhf ufvjwlt,b bd& ]fdf[bidbkbc cf[& bc-njhbbc bycnbnenbc fcgbhfynehfib^ cflfw vbc [tkv'qdfytkfl lfbybiyf frfl& y& ,th't-ybidbkb^ [jkj cgtwbfkpfwbfc fhmtjkjub-fib uthvfyt uj,t]bidbksfy uflbjlf&

1956 otkc vfy lffvsfdhf fcghfynehf lf xfbhbw[f fvfdt bycnbnenbc fhmtjkjubc ufy-.jabkt,fib evwhjc vtwybth sfyfvihjvkfl&

1966 otkc lfbwdf cfrfylblfnj lbcthnf-wbf stvfpt @w[tybco.kbc ptvj otkbc udbfy-,hby]fjc [fybc fhmtjkjubehb 'tukt,b#&

1970 okblfy k& cf[fhjdf uflf.dfybkb b.j eahjc vtwybth sfyfvihjvkfl& cfdtkt fhmt-jkjubeh veifj,fc k& cf[fhjdf bo.t,c 1952 okblfy& ]th rbltd cneltynb c[dflfc[df lhjc fmnbehfl vjyfobktj,lf lf teakt,j-lf dtkpt veifj,bc ghfmnbrfc rf[tsib (e]fhvf)^ hfzfib (,hbkb)& itvltu bub sfyfv-ihjvkj,c stshbo.fhjc^ mesfbcbc mdt.ybc^ lblb s,bkbcbc^ rjk[tsbc^ fa[fptsbc^ rj-ljhbc [tj,bcf lf c[df fhmtjkubeh tmcgt-lbwbt,ib&

1962 otkc k& cf[fhjdf [tkv'qdfytkj,c fhmtjkjubeh cfveifjt,c ktx[evib& fhmtj-kjubeh lfpdthdt,sfy thsfl ufs[hbk bmyf fynbrehb [fybc cfvfh[t,b cja& w[tsfib&

1970-71 oo& kfvfhf cf[fhjdf fuh'tkt,c fhmtjkjubeh cfveifjt,c cja& w[tsfib& vbc vbth vbrdktek bmyf obyffynbrehb [fybc yf-vjcf[kfhb^ hjvtkvfw lfflfcnehf fv htub-jyib vfyfvlt ewyj,b 'd&o& |+++-|++ cc& rjk-[ehb rthfvbrf&

k& cf[fhjdfc rdktdbc 'bhbsfl cfufyc rjk[eh reknehbc itcofdkf ofhvjflutylf&

vbcb yfihjvt,bc evtntcj,f (vjyjuhfabf^ cnfnbt,b) bcnjhbekb ktx[evbc fhmtjkj-ubehb 'tukt,bc rdktdfc t'qdyt,f& vfufkbsfl^ @udbfy,hby]fjc [fybc ktx[evbc cfvbofs-vjmvtlj bfhfqt,bc itcofdkbcfsdbc#^ @,hby-]fjc e'dtktcb v[fndhekb zehztkb#^ @ktx-[evbc ,hby]fjc ufy't,b#^ @ktx[evbc obyffy-nbrehb [fybc yfvjcf[kfhb# lf c[d&

vfuhfv k& cf[fhjdfc bynthtcb v[jkjl fqybiyekb htubjybs hjlb bafhukt,f& vfc fctdt fbynthtct,c rjk[ehb reknehbc pj-uflb ghj,ktvt,b& bub veifj,c rjk[eh-.j-,fyehb reknehbc cfrbs[t,pt^ rjk[ehb rek-nehbc kjrfkeh rtht,pt^ utytpbcpt^ gthbj-lbpfwbfpt^ fv jhb reknehbc ehsbthsj-,fpt&

vbcb yfihjvt,b .jdtksdbc bmwtdc .ehfl-qt,fc itchekt,bc vfqfkb ljybs&

rbltd ths[tk decehdjs xdty cf.dfhtk ljljc ]fyvhstkj,f^ rfhufl .jayf^ vtwybt-ht,fib f[fkb vbqotdt,b lf ,tlybtht,f^ vbc idbkt,sfy^ idbkbidbkt,sfy lf idbksfidb-kt,sfy thsfl&

k& obskfyf't

JSFH }FAFHB"T 80 OKBCFF

wyj,bk mfhsdtk fhmtjkjuc^ bcnjhbbc vtwybtht,fsf ljmnjhc^ cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybt-ht,fsf frfltvbbc frfltvbrjcc^ ghja& j& ]f-afhb'tc 80 otkb itecheklf& bub lfb,flf 1921 okbc 16 ctmntv,thc s,bkbcib& 1939 otkc lffvfdhf s,bkbcbc 25-t cfiefkj crj-kf lf cofdkf ufyfuh'j s,bkbcbc cf[tkvob-aj eybdthcbntnbc bcnjhbbc afrekntnpt^ hjvkbc lfvsfdht,bc itvltufw lfnjdt,ek bmyf fcgbhfynehfib& 1944 okblfy j& ]fafhb-

't veifj,fc bo.t,c c& ]fyfibfc cf[& cfmfh-sdtkjc cf[tkvobaj veptevbc fhmtjkjubbc ufy.jabkt,fib&

1948 otkc vfy ,ho.bydfktl lfbwdf cfrfy-lblfnj lbcthnfwbf^ [jkj 1962 otkc fctdt ,ho.bydfktl bmyf lfwekb cfljmnjhj lb-cthnfwbfw&

1952 okblfy ,fnjyb j& ]fafhb'bc vjqdf-otj,f 'bhbsflfl s,bkbcbc cf[tkvobaj eyb-dthcbntnsfy fhbc lfrfdibht,ekb& 1963 otkc

112

bub fhxtekb bmyf s,bkbcbc cf[tkvobaj eyb-dthcbntnbc [tkjdyt,bc bcnjhbbc^ fhmtjkj-ubbcf lf tsyjuhfabbc rfstlhbc ghjatcj-hfl& 1967 okblfy bub s,bkbcbc cf[tkvobaj eybdthcbntnbc fhmtjkjubbc rfstlhfc el-ufc cfsfdtib& 25 otkpt vtnb [ybc ufyvfdkj-,fib bub lfeqfkfdfl tvcf[eht,jlf fv rfstl-hfc& 1968-1982 oo& j& ]fafhb't itsfdct,bs veifj,lf c& ]fyfibfc cf[& cfmfhsdtkjc cf-[tkvobaj veptevib& 1982 okblfy lqtvlt rb vjqdfotj,c cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frf-ltvbbc fhmtjkjubehb rdktdbc wtynhib&

1979 otkc j& ]fafhb't fhxtekb bmyf cf-mfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbbc otdh-rj-htcgjyltynfl^ 1995 okblfy cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbbc frfltvbrjcfl&

,fnjyb j& ]fafhb'bc ihjvt,b 'bhbsflfl cfmfhsdtkjcf lf rfdrfcbbc ,hby]fjc [fybc rekneht,bc rdktdf-'bt,bcflvbf vb'qdybkb& vb-cb flhtekb yfihjvt,b t'qdyt,f rjk[ehb reknehbc itcofdkfc& itvlujv gthbjlib j& ]fafhb't ,hby]fjc reknehbc flhtek cfat-[eht,c brdktdc& j& ]fafhb'tc elbltcb qdfo-kb vbe'qdbc ief,hby]fjc shbfktsehb rek-nehbc rdktdbc cfmvtib& .dtkfpt [fyuh'kbdb ufs[ht,b lf cfbynthtcj ufvjrdktdt,b vfy @shbfktsbc ,ho.bydfkt# reknehfc vbe'qdyf&

j& ]fafhb't [tkv'qdfytkj,lf cfmfhsdt-kjc cf[tkvobaj veptevbc lf s,bkbcbc cf-[tkvobaj eybdthcbntnbc mdtvj mfhskbc uf-

thsbfyt,ek tmcgtlbwbfc^ hjvtkvfw cfae'dt-kb xfe.fhf cfmfhsdtkjib flhtcfvbofsvjm-vtlj rekneht,bc rdktdfc& fv reknehbc vhfdfkb ghj,ktvfnehb cfrbs[t,bcflvbf vb'-qdybkb vbcb fhfthsb cfbynthtcj cnfnbf&

1978-1982 oo& bub [tkv'qdfytkj,lf vfhn-.jabc hfbjyib fqvjxtybkb flhtekb .jhqf-yekb reknehbc 'tukt,bc ufs[ht,c lf itc-ofdkfc& fv ghj,ktvt,bcflvbf vb'qdybkb vbcb fhfthsb cfbynthtcj yfihjvb lf vjyjuhfabf&

j& ]fafhb't ,tdhc veifj,c tsyjutytpbc ghj,ktvt,pt^ cfufyut,jl xthlt,f fv cfrb-s[t,pt sfdbc vhfdfkhbw[jdfy vjyjuhfabt,-ib se cfvtwybthj cnfnbt,ib^ hjvtksf xf-vjsdkfw rb ijhc ofudb.dfylf&

vtwybthekb vjqdfotj,bc ufhlf j& ]faf-hb't itcfybiyfdb fqvphltkb lf gtlfujubf& vfc vhfdfkb fcgbhfynb lf vf'bt,tkb /.fdc ufphlbkb& vbcb .jabkb fcgbhfynt,b lf vf-'bt,kt,b lqtc vtwybtht,fsf rfylblfnt,b lf ljmnjht,b fhbfy^ fhf vfhnj cfmfhsdtkjib^ fhfvtl vbc afhukt,c ufhtsfw&

decehdt,s ,fnjy jsfhc lbl[fyc cbwjw[-ktc^ ]fvhstkj,fc lf cbv[ytdtc mfhsekb vtw-ybtht,bcf lf mfhsdtkb thbc cfrtsbklqtjl&

,& vfbcehf't

BHBYT }FKFQFYBF 75 OKBCFF

mfk,fnjy bhbytc lf,flt,blfy 75 lf cf-vtwybthj vjqdfotj,bc lfo.t,blfy 50 otkb itecheklf& tc bc itvs[dtdff^ hjltcfw vfy-lbkjcybc fcfrb rb fh eylf lfbvfkjc^ fhf-vtl cfptbvjl fqbybiyjc& fhmtjkjubehb rdktdbc wtynhb ekjwfdc wyj,bk vtwybthc cfbe,bktj sfhbqc^ cehdt,c [fyuh'kbd cb-wjw[ktc^ ofhvfnt,t,c cfvtwybthj fcgfhtp-pt lf gbhfl w[jdht,fib&

bhbyt ktdfybc fcekb ]fkfqfybf lfb,flf 1926 otkbc 20 fudbcnjc s,bkbcib^ vjcfvcf-[ehbc j]f[ib& 1934 otkc itdblf s,bkbcbc vt-3 cfwltk-cfxdtyt,tk crjkfib (fv;fvfl b& zfdzfdf'bc cf[& 23-t cfiefkj crjkf)& 1944 otkc^ crjkbc ofhxbyt,bs lfvsfdht,bc itv-ltu^ xfbhbw[f s,bkbcbc cf[tkvobaj eybdth-cbntnbc bcnjhbbc afrekntnpt^ hjvtkbw fctdt ofhxbyt,bs lffvsfdhf 1949 otkc&

1949 okbc 6 ctmntv,thc bh& ]fkfqfybfv veifj,f lfbo.j frfl& c& ]fyfibfc cf[& cfmfh-sdtkjc cf[tkvobaj veptevbc yevbpvfnbrbc rf,bytnib kf,jhfynbc sfyfvlt,j,fpt& thsb okbc itvltu bub uflfb.dfytc evwhjc vtwyb-th sfyfvihjvkfl& lfvo.t,b vtwybth-veifrb-cfsdbc lblb ,tlybtht,f b.j bc^ hjv vbcb [tkv'qdfytkt,b b.dyty^ se itb'kt,f fct bsmdfc^ mfhsekb yevbpvfnbrehb vtwybtht,bc

rkfcbrjct,b ljw& sfvfh kjvjehb lf ghja& tdutyb fktmcfylhtc 't gf[jvjdb& vfsb [tk-v'qdfytkj,bs bh& ]fkfqfybf lfteakf yevbp-vfnbrbc hsek ghjatcbfc& w[jdht,fib .dt-kfc fct fh evfhskt,lf gtlfujut,bc v[hbd& be,bkfhbc rdktdbc cathjib 'bhbsflfl vjm-wtekbf |-\+| cc& cfmfhsdtkjib vjzhbkb lf cbymhjyekfl cfmfhsdtkjc cfvjytnj wbh-rekfwbfib xfhsekb fqvjcfdkehb vjytnt,b& 1958 otkc t& gf[jvjdbc [tkv'qdfytkj,bs bh& ]fkfqfybfv vjfvpflf vjyjuhfabf "Из

истории монетного дела в Грузии XIII века" lf bvfdt otkc ofhvfnt,bs lfbwdf cfrfylblfnj lbcthnfwbf fv stvfpt&

bh& ]fkfqfybfv frfl& c& ]fyfibfc cf[& cf-mfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobaj veptevib bveifdf 1969 okfvlt& jwb okbc ufyvfdkj,fib bub edkblf^ fotchbut,lf (hf smvf eylf^ c[dt,sfy thsfl) veptevbc evlblhtc yevbpvfnbreh ajylt,c& [fpufcvbs eylf fqbybiyjc^ hjv s& kjvjehbc veptevblfy ofcdkbc itvltu bub^ fstekb okt,bc vfy'bkpt^ b.j fqvjcfdkehb vjytnt,bc thsflthsb cgtwbfkbcnb& fvbnjv 'bhbsflb cbv'bvt vbc v[ht,pt uflflbjlf^ hflufy ew[jehb yevbpvfnbrehb 'tukt,blfy tc vjytnt,b .dtkfpt vhfdfkhbw[jdfybf ve-

113

ptevbc ajylt,ib& fvbc gfhfktkehfl bh& ]fkfqfybf vjyfobktj,lf veptevbc fhmtj-kjubehb tmcgtlbwbt,bc veifj,fib – eh,ybc-ib^ hjlbjyjdrfib (afhfdybc n,f)^ cfpqd-hfdlf lf vtwybthekfl fveifdt,lf c[dflf-c[df fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlbwbbc vbth vjgj-dt,ek yevbpvfnbreh vfcfkfc&

cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobaj veptevib bh& ]fkfqfybfc vjqdfotj,fcsfy lfrfdibht,bs^ ey-lf fqbybiyjc thsb vybidytkjdfyb vjvtynbw% yevbpvfnbrbc ufy.jabkt,bc cfvb sfyfvihjv-kbc fdnjhj,bs (l& rfgfyf't^ s& f,hfvbidbkb^ bh& ]fkfqfybf) vjvpfllf @cfmfhsdtkjc cf-[tkvobaj veptevbc mfhsekb vjytnt,bc rf-nfkjub# (hjvtkvfw^ cfvoe[fhjl^ c[dflf-c[df ce,btmnehb se j,btmnehb vbptpt,bc ufvj^ lqbc cbyfskt dth b[bkf)& kjvbc obkb fv yfihjvbc vjvpflt,fib eltdc mfk-,fnjy bhbytc&

1969 otkc bh& ]fkfqfybf cfveifjl uflf-lbc bd& ]fdf[bidbkbc cf[& bcnjhbbc^ fhmtj-kjubbcf lf tsyjuhfabbc bycnbnenbc ief-cfereyttt,bc fhmtjkjubbc ufy.jabkt,fib eahjc vtwybth sfyfvihjvkfl& fhmtjkjube-hb rdktdbc wtynhbc xfvj.fkb,t,bc itvltu (1977 otkb) bub lqtvlt fv lfotct,ekt,bc cofdkekb vlbdfybf& ufhlf fvbcf^ bc b.j fh-mtjkjubbcf lf tsyjuhfabbc lfhuib [fhbc-[t,bc vbvybzt,tkb cfvtwybthj cf,zjc cofd-kekb vlbdfyb& cofdkekb vlbdfybf bub fv;f-vflfw fhmtjkjubbc^ yevbpvfnbrbcf lf cahf-ubcnbrbc cfvtwybthj cf,zjcb& fv res[bsfw vfc lblpt lblb lfndbhsdf fmdc&

fhmtjkjubehb rdktdbc wtynhib uflfcd-kbc itvltu bh& ]fkfqfybfc cfvtwybthj by-nthtcbcf lf rdktdf-'bt,bc cathj vybidyt-kjdyfl ufafhsjdlf& vfy vtwybthekfl ufy-cfpqdhf lf ge,kbrfwbbcsdbc vjfvpflf fhmt-jkjubehb rdktdbc wtynhbc lblb tmcgtlb-wbt,bc vbth (hecsfdbc^ s,bkbcbc^ ;bydfkbc^ lvfybcbc lf c[d&) vjgjdt,ekb yevbpvfnbrehb vfcfkf& 1970-bfyb okt,bc lfcfo.bcblfy ptlb-ptl ufvjlbc vbcb yfihjvt,bc cthbf% @meae-hb vjytnt,bc njgjuhfabf cfmfhsdtkjib# (1972 o&)^ @s,bkbcbc fhmtjkjubehb rdktdf-'bt,bc lhjc vjgjdt,ekb yevbpvfnbrehb vf-cfkf# (rh& atjlfkehb cfmfhsdtkjc fhmtj-kjubehb 'tukt,b^ ++^ 1974 o&)^ @ cfmfhsdt-kjc cfvjytnj ufy't,b^ +# (1976 o&)^ @hec-sfdbc fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlbwbbc vbth vj-gjdt,ekb yevbpvfnbrehb vfcfkf# (rh& atj-lfkehb cfmfhsdtkjc fhmtjkjubehb 'tukt-,b^ +++^ 1977 o&)^ "Клад сасанидских и визан-

тийских монет из Тетри Цкаро", ч. I, 1980; ч. II, 1983; @lvfybcbc fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlbwbbc yevbpvfnbrehb vjyfgjdfhb# (rh& atjlfkehb cfmfhsdtkjc fhmtjkjubehb 'tukt,b^ |^ 1987 o&) fm mdt.ylt,f vfcfkbc thsb yfobkb& lvfybcbc yevbpvfnbrehb vfcfkbc itcf[t, vj-yjuhfabek ufvjrdktdfc fdnjhb fvpflt,c&

fv yfihjvbs bh& ]fkfqfybf eiefkjl fuh'tkt,c s& kjvjehbc vbth lfo.t,ek ofhvfnt,ek rdktdfc& vfy cfvtwybthj vbvjm-wtdfib itvjbnfyf cfcfyehb^ cfcfyeh-,bpfynb-ehb^ cfcfyeh-fhf,ekb lf fhf,ekb vjytnt-,bc chekbfl f[fkb ufy't,b& gfhfktkehfl vjf[lbyf erdt wyj,bkb ufy't,bc itvfl-utykj,fib itvfdfkb vjytnt,bc htfnhb,ewbf f[fkb cfvtwybthj kbnthfnehbc iempt vbc vbth itcofdkbkb pjubthsb ufy'b hfvltybvt fsfc tuptvgkfhc itbwfdc^ vfs ijhbc bidbfs lf eybrfkeh wfkt,c& vj[ctybt,ek ge,kbrf-wbt,ib lblb flubkb fmdc lfsvj,bkb fvf se bv cfvjytnj ]ueabc tvbntynbc lflutybc^ pfhfa[fyt,bc kjrfkbpfwbbc^ lfsfhbqt,bcf lf vfsb cfmfhsdtkjib itvjcdkbc upt,bc ufhrdtdbc cfrbs[t,c&

1979 otkc ufvjmdt.ylf bh& ]fkfqfybf it-vf]fvt,tkb vjyjuhfabf "Иноземная монета в

денежном обращении Грузии V–XVIII вв.", cflfw ufy[bkekbf cfmfhsdtkjcf lf vf[kj-,tkb fqvjcfdktsbc dhwtkb htubjybc gjkb-nbreh-trjyjvbrehb ehsbthsj,t,bc vhfdfkb rfhlbyfkehb fcgtmnb^ cfmfhsdtkjib ew[j-ehb vjytnt,bc wbhrekfwbbc cfrbs[t,b V-

XVIII cc-ib& fv obuyc udthlc dth fedkbc ief cfereytt,bc cfmfhsdtkjc trjyjvbrbs lfbynthtct,ekb dthw thsb vrdktdfhb& 1982 otkc fv stvfpt bh& ]fkfqfybfv vjcrjdib ofhvfnt,bs lfbwdf cfljmnjhj lbcthnfwbf&

erfyfcrytk okt,ib bh& ]fkfqfybfv u& leylefcsfy thsfl lffchekf jhb aeylf-vtynehb vjyjuhfabf% @cfmfhsdtkjib vjzhb-kb vjytnt,b (rjhgecb)# lf @cfmfhsdtkjc cfvjytnj ufy't,b ('d&o& |+-f[&o& \+\ cc&)#&

be,bkfhb htcge,kbrehb lf cfrfdibhj cf-vtwybthj ctcbt,bcf lf rjyathtywbt,bc vhf-dfkupbc vjyfobktf (vjcrjdb^ ktybyuhflb^ ,fmj^ nfkbyb)&

yf.jabthfl sfyfvihjvkj,lf bh& ]fkfqf-ybf mfhsekb tywbrkjgtlbbc htlfmwbfcsfy&

fh fhbc fhmtjkjubehb rdktdbc wtynhbc w[jdht,bc fhw thsb cathj^ hjvtkibfw be,bkfhb fmnbeh vjyfobktj,fc fh bqt,ltc& vbc ufhtit fm fh nfhlt,f fhw thsb ct-hbjpekb qjybc'bt,f&

dbyw bhbyt ]fkfqfybfc f[fkufphlj,fib bwyj,lf^ vfc fh itb'kt,f fh f[cjdltc vbcb epfhvfpfhb tythubf^ hjvtkcfw bub .jdtk-oesc fahmdtdlf& 'fkbfy cfcbfvjdyjf^ hjv vfc ityfhxeyt,ekb fmdc fv tythubbc lblb yf-obkb lf bctdt geymnefkehfl lf lfepf-ht,kfl fchekt,c vfcpt lfrbcht,ek fhw se bct bjk vjdfktj,fc&

mfk,fnjyj bhbyt! fv,j,ty^ okt,b cbvlbl-htfj& se tc fctf^ vfiby rbltd lbl[fyc bwjw-[kts^ b.fdbs ]fyvhstkb lf itvfhst,ekb& fhmtjkjubehb rdktdbc wtynhb rbltd th-s[tk ubkjwfds cfbe,bktj sfhbqc&

u& leylef

114

DTHF (WFWF) SJKJHLFDF

2001 okbc 19 ltrtv,thc dthf sjkjhlf-dfc^ xdtyc 'dbhafc wfwfc^ cfbe,bktj fcfrb itecheklf& cb.dfhekbs dekjwfds vfc fv qbhcitcfybiyfd sfhbqc lf .jdtkbdt cbrtstc decehdt,s&

wfwf sjkjhlfdf s,bkbcbc cf[tkvobaj eybdthcbntnbc bcnjhbbc afrekntnbc ofh-xbyt,bs lffvsfdht,bcsfyfdt fmnbehfl xft,f cfmfhsdtkjc fhmtjkjusf cfmvbfyj,fib& vfy fcgbhfynehbc rehcbw eybdthcbntnib ufbfhf ghja& ubjhub ybjhf'bc [tkv'qdfytkj,bs& fv [fyt,ib wfwfv vhfdfk tmcgtlbwbfib vbbqj vjyfobktj,f (e]fhvf^ ,bzdbynf^ [jdkt^ vw[tsf-cfvsfdhj^ tithb^ cfx[tht^ eh,ybcb lf c[d&) lf cfdtkt veifj,bc lblb ufvjwlbkt,f itb'byf&

1968 otkc vfy ofhvfnt,bs lfbwdf cfrfy-lblfnj lbcthnfwbf stvfpt% @vfcfkt,b mfhs-kbc cfvtajc bcnjhbbcfsdbc 'd&o& +++-+ cfe-reytt,ib#&

d& sjkjhlfdf fmnbehfl vjyfobktj,c cf-dtkt-fhmtjkjubeh rdktdf-'bt,fib& bc ,bz-dbynbcf (1952-1968 okt,ib) lf dfybc (1967 okblfy lqtvlt) fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlbwbt-,bc ewdktkb vjyfobktf& 1970-1974 okt,ib bc [tkv'qdfytkj,c dfybc fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlbwbbc lf,kfujvbc hfpvc& lf,kfujvib vbcb veifj,f fqbybiyf hbub cfbynthtcj fq-vjxtyt,bs^ hjvkt,cfw ufycfresht,ekb vybi-dytkj,f tybzt,f dfybc yfmfkfmfhbc vjvb]yfdt cfcjakj stvt,bc – t&o& eh,fybcnekb nthb-njhbbc – itcofdkbc cfmvtib& 1975 okblfy rb vbcb [tkv'qdfytkj,bs bs[ht,f dfybc yfmfkfmfhbc xhlbkj-fqvjcfdktsb ctmnjhb& tc ufs[ht,bw vybidytkjdfyb fqvjxylf sfdbcb itltut,bs& cfrvfhbcbf lfdfcf[tkjs 'd&o& |+++-|++ cfereytt,bc cfreknj rjvgktmcbc se ,hby]fjc mfylfrt,t,bc cfvc[vtkj mehbc fqvjxtyf^ 'd&o& +| cfereybc vlblhekb cf-vfh[t,b vbcb ufs[ht,bc fyufhbit,b ufvjbh-xtdf vfqfkb cfvtwybthj ljybs^ cfrdktdb vfcfkbc qhvf wjlybs^ fhmtjkjubehb vfcf-kbc crhegekjpehb fyfkbpbsf lf cfbynt-htcj lfcrdyt,bs&

d& sjkjhlfdf okt,bc vfy'bkpt ofhvf-nt,bs veifj,c fynbrehb [fybc cfmfhsdtkjc fhmtjkjubbc cfrbs[t,pt& vbcvf ufvjrdktdt,-vf vybidytkjdfyb odkbkb itbnfytc fynbrehb [fybc cfmfhsdtkjc vfnthbfkehb reknehbc itcofdkfib& ufycfresht,bs fqcfybiyfdbf vb-cb yfihjvb @lfrh'fkdbc otct,b tkbybcnehb [fybc cfmfhsdtkjib#^ hjvtkbw 1980 otkc lfbcnfv,f lf vrdktdfhsf cf.jdtksfj fqbf-ht,f vjbgjdf& fdnjhvf gbhdtkvf thsj,kb-dfl itbcofdkf tkbybcnehb [fybc mdtdhcf-vfh[t,b (lf,kfujvb^ lfayfhb^ hbjy-ceacbc jhvlbyfhtsb^ @mesfbcbc mdt.fyf#^ vlbyfht

nt[ehbc fepb^ wb[bfujhf^ stshbo.fhj^ vw[t-sf lf c[d&)* ufvjfdkbyf vfs ijhbc fhct,ekb vcufdct,f-ufyc[dfdt,fyb se kjrfkehb sfdb-ct,eht,fyb* sdfkb uffltdyf mdtdhcfvfh[t,bc ufdhwkt,bc utjuhfabfc mhjyjkjubehb ghby-wbgbs& itb'kt,f lf,t]bst,bs bsmdfc^ hjv fv yfihjvc udthlc dth fedkbc fynbrehb [fybc dthw thsb cgtwbfkbcnb mfhskbcf lf rjk-[tsbc cjwbfk-trjyjvbrehb dbsfht,bcf se reknehbc cfrbs[t,bc rdktdbcfc&

d& sjkjhlfdf cfmfhsdtkjc fhmtjkjube-hb fnkfcbc fynbrehb [fybc cfvfhjdyt,bc yfrdtsbc htlfmnjhbf&

bc cbcntvfnehfl vjyfobktj,c vj[ctyt,t-,bs cfbycnbnenj^ htcge,kbreh se dfybc cfthsfijhbcj cbvgjpbevt,pt&

xdtyb wfwf lf]bkljt,ekbf^ c[df efvhfd vjv[b,kfd flfvbfyeh sdbct,t,c ijhbc^ bidbfsb eyfhbs – vjcvtybc ybzbs* lf .jdtk-sdbc vpflff uekbc.ehbs vjtrbljc hxtdbc cfrbs[fdfl vjcekb rjktubc yffphtdcf se ufywlbkc& decehdt,s xdtyc cf.dfhtk wfwfc eihtn jgnbvbpvcf lf vidbl lqtuh'tkj,fc& qvthsvf lbl[fyc fh vjudbifkjc smdtyc rjktut,cf lf f[kj,kt,c^ 'dbhafcj wfwf^ smdtyb yffphtdb^ hjvtkbw .jdtksdbc cfby-nthtcjf^ vf[dbkb sdfkb^ hjvtkbw .dtkf-athc fvxytdc^ lf ,fchb cbn.df^ hjvtkbw ve-lfv cfvfhskbfybf&

dfybc tmcgtlbwbf

115

M H J Y B R F C H R O N I C L E

cfdtkt cfveifjt,b 2000 otkc

fhmtjkjubehb rdktdbc wtynhbc tmcgtlb-

wbt,b rdkfdfw ofhvfnt,bs veifj,lyty dtk-pt% cfv[hts cfmfhsdtkjc vsbfytsbc tmc-

gtlbwbfv ([tkv'qd& b&v&l& v& uf,eybf) vwbht

pjvbc cfcby]b s[hbkt,b (21 v) uffrtsf flb-utybc hfbjybc cja& fv[thib @fv[thbcujhf-pt#& itltufl == 3 lf 4 s[hbkib vwbht hfjltyj,bs ufvjdkbylf mdbcufy lfvpflt,e-kb bfhfqb lf w[jdtksf 'dkt,bc ahfuvty-nt,b&

vtc[tsbc tmcgtlbwbfv ([tkv'qd& b&v&l& d& kbxtkb) cfveifjt,b fofhvjdf f[fkwb[bcf lf fcgby'bc hfbjybc vfqfkvsbfy yfobkib^ cflfw ptcnfajyblfy sehmtsbc cfpqdhfvlt vfqfkb 'f,dbc tkuflfvwtvb [fpbc uf.dfyff lfutuvb-kb& lfpdthdt,bc itltufl ufybcfpqdhf cja& fylhbfovbylfcsfy ov& stdljhtc trktcbblfy lf ov& ubjhubc trktcbblfy fy't,bc lfijht-,bc vfy'bkt,b& tmcgtlbwbfv reknehekb atyf itbcofdkf dfkt-sehmtsbc yfdscfltybc vb-kbc nhfcfpt jhzjcfybc yfvjcf[kfhbc gthb-athbek yfobkib& s[hbkib (44 v) ufvjd-kbylf% mdtdhbc^ lthubcf lf mjsybc nbgbc zehzkbc^ kesthbbc gbh-udthlbc ahfuvty-nt,b lf [esres[tlb fyntabmcb bhvbcf lf njkvrkfdf ]dhbc htkbtaehb ufvjcf[ekt-,bs& vjgjdt,ekb vfcfkf |+-+\ cfereytt,bs ufybcfpqdhf&

ofkrf-shbfktsbc tmcgtlbwbf ([tkv'qd& b&v&r& u& yfhbvfybidbkb) jh hfpvfl veifj,lf& thsb ufyfuh'j,lf shbfktsbc nthbnjhbfpt fhct,ekb @wbrkjgehb# yfvjcf[kfht,bcf lf cbvfuhtt,bc ljrevtyneh abmcfwbfc ofkrbc hfbjybc lfcfdkts yfobkib& fvfcsfy fm uf-vjdktybk bmyf udbfy,hby]fj-flhthrbybc [f-ybc^ wbrkjgehbcfufy ufyc[dfdt,ekb jhb yf-vjcf[kfhb^ hjvtksfufy thsb ujhfpt^ vtjht rb dtkptf ufykfut,ekb& tmcgtlbwbbc otdht,-vf fctdt xffnfhtc OSGF-bc uhfynbs ufsdf-kbcobyt,ekb cfabmcfwbj cfveifjt,b gfnfhf f,ekbcf lf ifjhbc vsbc cfreknj rjvgktm-ct,pt& tmcgtlbwbbc vtjht^ ,tisfitybc hfpvb (eahjcb b&v&r& y& ifyifidbkb) veifj,lf ofk-rbc o.fkcfwfdbc acrthpt^ cflfw fbrhbaf c[dflfc[df gthbjlbcf lf [fcbfsbc vfcfkf% mdbc gfktjkbsehb [tkwekb^ j,cblbfybcf lf rf;bc bchbcgbht,b^ kfvtkt,b^ ief cfere-ytt,bc vjzbmekb zehzkbc ahfuvtynt,b lf vbybc cfvf]eht,b& fctdt ufbs[fhf flht lf udbfyb ,hby]fjc [fybc cfvfh[t,b&

cfveifjt,b uh'tklt,jlf rf[tsbc v[fht-ibw^ cflfw thsj,kbdvf mfhsek-uthvf-

yekvf tmcgtlbwbt,vf ([tkv'qd& b&v&l& r& abw[tkfehb) lfpdthdt,b lf lfpdthdbsb uf-s[ht,b ufyf[jhwbtktc ltljakbco.fhjc hfbjyib& uthvfytkvf rjktut,vf futuvtc tmc-gtlbwbbc [tkv'qdfytkbc vbth vbsbst,ekb

'd&o& + fsfcoktekbc fsfvlt yfvjcf[kfhb& fvfcsfy thsfl^ tmcgtlbwbfv uflfhxtybsb cf-veifjt,b xffnfhf lfyuhtekb lf uf'fhwekb cfvfh[t,bc yfist,bc itcfcofdkfl lf fq-hbw[f lf fpjvf udbyf,hby]fj-flhthrbybc [f-ybc vhfdfkb yfvjcf[kfhb& lfpdthdt,vf vj-bwdf ibhfmb^ dfikjdfybc yfrh'fkb^ fkfpybc dtkbc dbohj yfobkb flubk @vjcf,heysfy# lf @fvbhfybc dtkb#^ cflfw vhfdfkb frklfvf lf .jhqfyekb cfvfh[b bmyf lfabmcbht,ekb&

re[tsbc tmcgtlbwbfv ([tkv'qd& b&v&r& w& xbrjb't) bveifdf ,fmj-ceacbc vbkcfltybc 62-63 rv-pt^ vityt,kj,bs 'kbth lfpbfyt,ek yfcjakfhpt& 'tukb afmnbehfl ufyflueht-,ekbf& + e,fypt ufrtst,ek hdf s[hbkib ufbovbylf v[jkjl yfut,j,bcufy uflfhxtybkb yfwhbfyb bfnfrbc yfobkb^ hjvtkbw^ bctdt hjujhw ptlfgbhekfl yfcjakfhbc + e,ybc vstk afhsj,pt frhtabkb vfcfkf^ |+-|+++ cc-bs sfhbqlt,f& ++ e,ybc itcofdkfv ufvj-fdkbyf sbhib fvjrdtsbkb lf mdbs fvj.df-ybkb ityj,bc cf'bhrdtkb lf c[dflfc[df pj-vbcf lf vj.dfybkj,bc jhvjsf 'bht,b^ mdtd-hbcf lf sb[bc zehzkbc hfvltybvt yfnt[bs& vfsb fcfrb udbfy,hby]fj-flhthrbybc [fybs^ tkbybcnehb gthbjlbs lf ief cfereytt,bs itb'kt,f ufybcfpqdhjc& 'tukbc 'kbthb lf-pbfyt,f fh b'ktdf hfvltyflvt lfpecnt,ekb vjcfpht,t,bc ufvjsmvbc cfiefkt,fc&

rfcgbc hfbjybc fhmtjkjubehb tmcgt-

lbwbf ([tkv'qd& b&v&r& p& vf[fhf't) veifj,lf wb[bfujhbc cfnf'hj rjvgktmcbc lblb tpjc ctmnjhib& ufbs[fhf 140 rd&v afhsj,b& xf-nfht,ekvf ufs[ht,vf ufvjfdkbyf^ hjv tkb-ybcnehb [fybc cfnf'hj rjvgktmcbc fhct,j-,bc lhjc vbcb tpj cfv]th uflfrtslf lf tc wdkbkt,t,b thsbfyb utuvbs [jhwbtklt,j-lf& fvfdt ctmnjhib ufbs[fhf yfut,j,bc yfi-sb^ hjvtkbw fmtvtyblehb [fybc atyfc vbt-resdyt,f lf 'd&o& |-+| cc-bs sfhbqlt,f&

dfybc tmcgtlbwbfv ([tkv'qd& b&v&l& js& kjhsmbafyb't) yfmfkfmfhbc mdtlf nthfcfpt xffnfhf rjycthdfwbf-htcnfdhfwbbcfsdbc cf-zbhj ufovtylbsb cfveifjt,b^ wtynhfkeh nthfcfpt rb ufuh'tklf obyf okt,ib ufvjd-ktybkb rjirblfy cfv[hts-lfcfdktsbs lf cfv[htsbs fhct,ekb rehnbybcf lf vbcufy cfv[htsbs vlt,fht nthbnjhbbc ufs[ht,b& fvfdt rjirbc cfv[hts-fqvjcfdkts v[fhtc uf-bs[fhf rjirpt vbityt,ekb sfdlfwdbsb rtl-kbc thsb vjyfrdtsb& ufs[ht,vf fv e,ybc jh vjyfrdtspt cfiefkt,f vbcwf tmcgtlbwbfc ufthrdbf cfvityt,kj ljytt,bcf lf yuhtdbc itltufl ofhvjmvybkb .hbkt,bc cnhfnbuhf-abf^ hjvkbc vb[tldbsfw lflubylf vityt,kj-,bc itvltub sfyvbvltdhj,f% rjirb (1)^ rjirc vb,]tybkb o.j,bc yfobkb (2)^ vrdhbdb yfif-kb sbhbcfufy ufrtst,ekb cfae'dtkb (3)^

116

hb.bc mdt,bcfufy itlutybkb .hbkb (4)^ fv hb.bc mdt,pt fvj.dfybkb sfdlfwdbsb rtlkbc iblf gthfyub (5)^ @,hby]fjc cfvc[vtkj# (6) lf cek ,jkjc – rjirpt vbityt,ekb o.j,bc ptlf hbub (7)& yfmfkfmfhbc ptlf nthfcfpt ufs[ht,b xfnfhlf @jhvj-cfsfdcjc# itcfc-dktkbcf lf vbvlt,fht afhsj,bc itcofdkbc vbpybs (yfrdtsb 214^ rd& d8-9-e8-9)& rkljdfy ltlfmfyfvlt lf.dfybk 16 v2 s[hbkib^ bctdt hjujhw ptlf nthfcbc .dtkf c[df vjyf-rdtspt^ udbfytkbybcnehb [fybc rthfvbrekb vfcfkf ufvjdkbylf^ sbhib rb – c[dflfc[df pjvbc ufehrdtdtkb lfybiyekt,bc hfvltybvt ajcj& cffyufhbij otkc ptlf nthfcbc fv vj-yfrdtsib xfnfht,ekb cfveifjt,b cfiefkt,fc f'ktdc vrdktdfht,c fm cfvztlkjc fhct,j,f bdfhfeljy^ hfcfw^ vfsb fphbs^ yf[ibhbc vf-hfubcf lf cfmityt,bc fqvjxtyf eylf flfc-neht,ltc&

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/blhjfhmtjkjubehvf tmcgtlbwbfv ([tkv'qd& b&v&l& u& ufv.htkb't) 2000 okbc bdybc-bdkbcbc sdtt,ib^ lfybtk fhmtjkjut,-sfy thsfl (]ueabc [tkv'qd& l-hb ,jhy kbdtyb) uffuh'tkf m& ajsbc itvjufhtyib pqdbc itkabcf lf gfkbfcnjvbc n,bc fhmt-jkjubehb lfpdthdf-itcofdkf& tmcgtlbwbf bv cfthsfijhbcj ghjuhfvbc yfobkb b.j^ hjvt-kbw 'dtkb mfkfm afcbcbc kjrfkbpt,fc bcf-[fdc vbpyfl (ghjtmnbc [tkv'qd& ghja& js& kjhsmbafyb't^ rjjhlbyfnjhb b&v&l& d& kbxt-kb)& tmcgtlbwbfv itfvjovf bc flubkb^ cflfw vtstdptt,b 60-80 v cbqhvblfy ,flbs bqt,ty [jkvt rthfvbrbc ahfuvtynt,c lf sdbsjyfw vjf[th[f nhfkbs hfvltybvt ahfuvtynbc fvjqt,f& fctdt bveifdf tmcgtlbwbfv gfkbfcnj-vbc flhtdt fqvjxtybk yfcf[kfhpt^ hjvtk-

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itflubyf u& vbylbfidbkvf

Field Work in 2000

Expeditions of the Centre for Archaeological Studies continued successful work in the field in 2000. The Archaeological Expedition of the Southern Georgian Upland (Director M.

Gabunia) dug small (21 m) exploratory ditches at “Amkherisgora” in the village of Amkheri (Adigeni district). Excavation of ditches = 3 and = 4 brought to light few stone tools and fragments of animal bones.

The Meskheti Archaeological Expedition (Director V. Licheli) carried out an archaeological survey in the highland of Akhaltsikhe and Aspindza districts - the territory to be crossed by a high voltage electricity transmission line. As a result of the archaeological survey the necessary distance between the churches of St. George and St. Theodorus near the village of Andriatsminda and the electricity power pylons to be installed has been determined. The expedition investigated a cultural layer on the periphery of Orchosani site situated on the Vale-Turkey oil pipeline route.

Digging of a ditch (44 m) revealed fragments of a wine jar, dergi, jar and pot type vessels, louteria and a pentagonal antefix, with relief representation of a deer and cross with equal-length shafts. The material obtained was dated to the 6

th-9

th cent.

Two teams of the Tsalka-Trialeti Archaeological Expedition (Director G. Narimanashvili) carried out field work. One team proceeded with recording the “cyclopean” sites and fortresses in the western part of Tsalka district - territory of Trialeti. Two sites dating from the Late Bronze-Early Iron Age and differing from the “cyclopean” settlements were found . One of them was situated on a hill, while the other was located in a plain. Patara Abuli and Shaori mountain cult complexes were recorded as scheduled by the OSGF grant.The second - Beshtasheni team of the expedition (Director N. Shanshashvili) surveyed the bottom of the Tsalka water storage reservoir. Archaeological material of different periods and types was collected: Palaeolithic stone handaxes, arrowheads made of obsidian and flint, lamellae, fragments of glazed pottery and glass bracelets dating from the Middle Ages. Early and Late Bronze Age burials were also excavated.

Archaeological work continued in Kakheti region too. Here, in Dedoplis Tsqaro district,

survey and exploratory diggings were conducted by a joint Georgian-German Archaeological Expedition (Director K. Pitskhelauri). The German colleagues have surveyed about ten sites belonging to the 1

st millennium B.C. pointed out

by the director of the expedition. Besides, the expedition carried out salvage work aimed at investigation of destroyed or robbed burial remains as well as conducted measuring and recording of numerous sites dating from the Late Bronze-Early Iron Age. Archaeological survey was carried out in Shiraki, Vashlovani reservation, a narrow strip of Alazani valley at the point of “Mosabruni” and “Amiranis Veli”, revealing numerous tombs and barrow burials.

The Kukheti Expedition (Director Ts. Chi-koidze) conducted excavation at the 62

nd-63

rd km

of the Baku-Supsa Pipeline site strongly damaged by constructional work. The archaeological monu-ment is actually completely destroyed . Eight ditches in square I revealed only a part of a floor covered with ashes. The floor along with surfacial archaeological material collected in the area of square I of the site can be dated to the 6

th-8

th cent.

Investigation of square II revealed a foundation cut in the sandstone and built up with cobble-stone and pit bottoms of different shape and size, containing fragments of pottery. They must date from the Late Bronze-Early Iron Age, Hellenistic period and the Middle Ages. The condition of the site does not permit any definite dating.

The Kaspi District Expedition (Director Z. Makharadze) excavated an area of some 140 m

2 in

the large yard of the Tsikhiagora temple complex. The diggings carried out have shown that the yard had been reconstructed three times according to deliberate plannig during the existence of the Hellenistic temple complex. Remains of a structure belonging to the Achaemenid layer and dating from the 5

th-4

th cent. B.C. were brought to

light in the same sector. The Vani Expedition (Director O. Lordki-

panidze) carried out clearing work necessary for the preservation-restoration of the site at the lower terrace, while the diggings of the curtain found south-westwards of a tower recently brought to light and of the territory lying south to the curtain were continued at the central terrace of the site. A section of a fortification wall adjoining the south-eastern side of the tower was excavated. Diggings carried out in this square afforded the archaeologists to determine the stratigraphy of the constructional levels and heaps formed as a result of destruction. On the grounds of stratigraphic data, in turn, the following order of construction was suggested: tower (1), fragment of the masonry adjoining the tower (2), dense crumbled sandstone foundation (3), cobble-stone embankment (4), inner fence of the fortification wall built on the cobble-stone foundation (5),

118

“bronze foundry” (6) and finally, the upper row of masonry adjoining the tower (7). Excavations were carried out on the upper terrace of the city site in order to investigate the entrance of “store-pit” and its adjacent area (square d8-9-e8-9 of site = 214). Archaeological ditch covering an area of some 16 m

2 and reaching the rocky ground, like

all excavated sections of the upper terrace, revealed pottery belonging to the Late Hellenistic period, while a few sockets of ambiguous designation were found in the sandstone. Data obtained from the excavated section of the upper terrace allow the archaeologists to presume the existence here of a foundry, the conjecture being backed by the discovery of coal stock and ash-pits.

Guria Archaeological Expedition (Director V. Sadradze) according to the agreement concluded with the Pipeline Company of Georgia, carried out stationary excavations to the south-east of the Supsa terminal during 1-30

th of October,

2000. The expedition conducted at the same time monitoring connected with the reconstruction of the old oil pipeline and archaeological survey in Ozurgeti, Chokhatauri and Lanchkhuti districts. Since traces of damaged cultural layers were attested on the territory of reservoirs dug for oil refinement, exploratory ditches were excavated in order to clarify the spread of archaeological site. Ditches dug in two sections revealed both moved cultural layers and the remains of an intact layer of a settlement-site. A store-room found here must have been a light wooden structure of round or more precisely, elliptic shape. Thus, it seems evident that during the constructional works carried out in the framework of the deoiling project to the north-east of the Supsa terminal, a site of the 6

th-4

th cent. B.C. was damaged.

Hydroarchaeological Expedition (Director G. Gamkrelidze) together with Danish colleagues (Director Dr. B. Liven) proceeded with archaeological survey-investigation of the sea shelf in the vicinity of Poti and lake Paliastomi. The expedition represents a part of the international program aiming at location of the ancient site of the city of Phasis (Director of the project O. Lordkipanidze, Coordinator V. Licheli). The expedition investigated the point where fishermen occasionally get fragments of pottery at the depth of 60-80 m and the expedition itself managed to obtain a few fragments using a trawl. Working in the same way at the site “Natekhebi” of lake Paliastomi, the expedition ascertained the spread of 3

rd-8

th cent. pottery in the bay of

Natekhebi on the grounds of material extracted from the cultural layer attested under the bottom of lake Paliastomi. The expedition surveyed the Rioni-Pichori interfluve and discovered a few interesting mounds.

The main field archaeological activities of the year 2000 by the Kolkheti Archaeological

Expedition (Director R. Papuashvili) was carried out in the village of Qulevi (Khobi district) -the construction area of the terminal for the shipment of oil products. Wide-scale excavations were conducted at the site covering an area of more than 2.5 ha, located on a hill situated 200 m eastward of the sea, on the right bank of the river Khobi. The site is bordered by trenches from three sides and by the Khobi to the south. Stratigraphy indicates the existence of four cultural layers. The latest layer is represented by the material coming from the port city of Redut-Kale and is dated to the first half of the 19

th cent. Cultural layers of the

beginning of the 1st millennium B.C. are spread all

over the territory of the site and represent mainly the remains of plastered wooden structures.The layer revealed quantities of clay, bronze, iron and wooden artifacts, cult objects, palaeontological and osteological material. Layers dating from the end of the 2

nd millennium B.C. with corresponding

archaeological finds were attested at certain sections of the site. The earliest layers belong to the mid-2

nd millennium B.C. and are brought to

light at several sections of the site. Fragments of wooden structures lacking plastering and occasionally wooden fences were found precisely in the above layers. Only clay objects are characteristic of these layers, located mostly 0.5-1.4 below the sea level.

Small diggings were conducted on the left bank of the river Tsivi, 300-500 m south of the confluence of the rivers Tsivi and Khobistsqali.A site dating from the 5

th-4

th cent. B.C. was brought

to light, revealing both Colchian and Greek clayware.

Svaneti Archaeological Expedition (Director Sh. Chartolani) proceeded with recording of architectural planning and features of the following Mediaeval monuments in Zemo Svaneti: fortress of Ghuri and the annex of the Saviour church of Laghami. In order to supervise and check the monuments, the expedition reached the villages of Latali, Mulakhi, and Ipari. Fragments of pottery belonging to the Late Classical period and an iron axe dating from the Early Middle Ages, found at Ghuris Tsikhe, are noteworthy. Excavations carried out in the annexes of the Laghami church clarified the terminus ante quem - the 13

th cent. for the

construction of these annexes and a tower located in their northern part.

The chronicle, based on documentary reports, was

compiled by G. Mindiashvili