bsnl notes
TRANSCRIPT
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Volatile
RAM
• 7)AM 2e9$9+ 77) S7)AM3
• S)AM
In development
T-RAM
Z-RAM
Historical
• Williams:;ilburn tube 23
• 7ela" line memor" 23
• Selectron tube 2
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Early stae NVRAM
• n%S)AM
•
Fe)AM
• M)AM
• P)AM
Mec!anical
• Ma$netic tape
• .ard disk dri%e
• ptical disc dri%e
In development
• @7 XPoint
• CB)AM
• S-S
• ))AM
• )acetrack memor"
• -)AM
•
Millipede memor"
• F )AM
Historical
• Paper data stora$e 2?3
• 7rum memor" 2
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• Ma$netic(core memor" 2
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Contents
• < .istor"
•
Kolatile memor"
• @ -on(%olatile memor"
• , Mana$ement o! memor"
o ,9< Memor" mana$ement bu$s
o ,9 4arl" computer s"stems
o ,9@ Kirtual memor"
o ,9, Protected memor"
• ? See also
• Footnotes
• > )e!erences
• E 4#ternal links
History
7etail o! the back o! a section o! 4-IAC+ showin$ %acuum tubes
In the earl"
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o! in!ormation in the !orm o! sound wa%es propa$atin$ throu$h mercur"+ with the Huart5cr"stals actin$ as transducers to read and write bits9 7ela" line memor" would be limited to acapacit" o! up to a !ew hundred thousand bits to remain e!!icient9
Two alternati%es to the dela" line+ the Williams tube and Selectron tube+ ori$inated in
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Non-volatile memory
Solid(state dri%es are one e#ample o! non(%olatile memor"9Main articleL -on(%olatile memor"
-on(%olatile memor" is computer memor" that can retain the stored in!ormation e%en whennot powered9 4#amples o! non(%olatile memor" include read(onl" memor" 2see )M3+ !lashmemor"+ @7 XPoint+ most t"pes o! ma$netic computer stora$e de%ices 2e9$9 hard disk dri%es+ !lopp" disks and ma$netic tape3+ optical discs+ and earl" computer stora$e methods such as
paper tape and punched cards9
Forthcomin$ non(%olatile memor" technolo$ies include Fe)AM+ CB)AM+ P)AM+ S-S+))AM+ racetrack memor"+ -)AM and millipede memor"9
Manaement of memory
Main articleL Memor" mana$ement
Proper mana$ement o! memor" is %ital !or a computer s"stem to operate properl"9 Modernoperatin$ s"stems ha%e comple# s"stems to properl" mana$e memor"9 Failure to do so canlead to bu$s+ slow per!ormance+ and at worst case+ takeo%er b" %iruses and maliciousso!tware9
-earl" e%er"thin$ a computer pro$rammer does reHuires him or her to consider how tomana$e memor"9 4%en storin$ a number in memor" reHuires the pro$rammer to speci!" howthe memor" should store it9
Memory manaement "us
Improper mana$ement o! memor" is a common cause o! bu$s+ includin$ the !ollowin$ t"pesL
• In an arithmetic o%er!low+ a calculation results in a number lar$er than the allocatedmemor" permits9 For e#ample+ a si$ned E(bit inte$er allows the numbers N
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Protected memor" is a s"stem where each pro$ram is $i%en an area o! memor" to use and isnot permitted to $o outside that ran$e9 'se o! protected memor" $reatl" enhances both thereliabilit" and securit" o! a computer s"stem9
Without protected memor"+ it is possible that a bu$ in one pro$ram will alter the memor"
used b" another pro$ram9 This will cause that other pro$ram to run o!! o! corrupted memor"with unpredictable results9 I! the operatin$ s"stems memor" is corrupted+ the entire computer s"stem ma" crash and need to be rebooted9 At times pro$rams intentionall" alter the memor"used b" other pro$rams9 This is done b" %iruses and malware to take o%er computers9
Protected memor" assi$ns pro$rams their own areas o! memor"9 I! the operatin$ s"stemdetects that a pro$ram has tried to alter memor" that does not belon$ to it+ the pro$ram isterminated9 This wa"+ onl" the o!!endin$ pro$ram crashes+ and other pro$rams are nota!!ected b" the error9
Protected memor" s"stems almost alwa"s include %irtual memor" as well9
$ee also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Computer memory9
• Kirtual memor"
• Semiconductor memor"
• Memor" $eometr"
• Memor" hierarch"
%ootnotes
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• Memor- and #torage 9echnolog-$ andria$ 6irginia; 9ime 7ife /ooks$ 1++
E&ternal lin's
•
.ow Computer Memor" Works+ b" e!! T"son
Aut!ority
control • -7L ,
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