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Brooklyn Bridge

The Brooklyn Bridge, viewed from Manhattan

Carries Motor vehicles (cars only)Elevated trains (until 1944)Streetcars (until 1950)Pedestrians and bicycles

Crosses East River

Locale New York City(Manhattan–Brooklyn)

Maintained by New York City Department ofTransportation

Designer John Augustus Roebling

Design Suspension/Cable-stay Hybrid

Total length 5,989 feet (1825 m)[1]

Width 85 feet (26 m)

Height 276.5 ft (84.3 m) above meanhigh water[2]

Longest span 1,595 feet 6 inches (486.3 m)

Clearance below 135 feet (41 m) at mid-span

Opened May 24, 1883[3]

Toll Free both ways

Daily traffic 123,781 (2008)[4]

Brooklyn BridgeFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Brooklyn Bridge is a bridge in New York City and isone of the oldest suspension bridges in the United States.Completed in 1883, it connects the boroughs of Manhattanand Brooklyn by spanning the East River. With a main spanof 1,595.5 feet (486.3 m), it was the longest suspensionbridge in the world from its opening until 1903, and the firststeel-wire suspension bridge.

Originally referred to as the New York and BrooklynBridge and as the East River Bridge, it was dubbed theBrooklyn Bridge, a name from an earlier January 25, 1867,letter to the editor of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle,[7] andformally so named by the city government in 1915. Since itsopening, it has become an icon of New York City, and wasdesignated a National Historic Landmark in 1964[6][8][9] anda National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1972.[10]

Contents1 Construction2 Pedestrian and vehicular access3 Notable events

3.1 Notable jumpers3.2 First flight under the bridge3.3 100th anniversary celebrations3.4 Bungee jump3.5 1994 Brooklyn Bridge shooting3.6 2003 plot3.7 2006 bunker discovery3.8 125th anniversary celebrations3.9 Mass arrests

4 Cultural significance5 Exit list6 See also7 References8 Further reading9 External links

Coordinates: 40.70569°N 73.99639°W

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Coordinates 40.70569°N 73.99639°W

Brooklyn Bridge

U.S. National Register of Historic Places

U.S. National Historic Landmark

NYC Landmark

Built: 1883

Architectural style: neo-Gothic

NRHP Reference#: 66000523

Significant dates

Added to NRHP: 1966[5]

Designated NHL: January 29, 1964[6]

John Augustus Roebling

ConstructionThe Brooklyn Bridgewas initially designedby German immigrantJohn AugustusRoebling, who hadpreviously designedand constructedshorter suspensionbridges, such asRoebling's DelawareAqueduct inLackawaxen,Pennsylvania, WacoSuspension Bridge inWaco, Texas, and theJohn A. Roebling

Suspension Bridge in Cincinnati, Ohio.

While conducting surveys for the bridge project, Roeblingsustained a crush injury to his foot when a ferry pinned itagainst a piling. After amputation of his crushed toes hedeveloped a tetanus infection which left him incapacitatedand soon resulted in his death, not long after he had placedhis 32-year-old son Washington Roebling in charge of theproject.[11] Washington Roebling also suffered a paralyzinginjury as a result of decompression sickness shortly after thebeginning of construction on January 3, 1870.[12] Thiscondition, first called "caisson disease" by the projectphysician Andrew Smith, afflicted many of the workersworking within the caissons.[13][14] Roebling's debilitatingcondition left him unable to physically supervise theconstruction firsthand.

Roebling conducted the entire construction from his apartment with a view of the work, designing andredesigning caissons and other equipment. He was aided by his wife Emily Warren Roebling who provided thecritical written link between her husband and the engineers on site.[15] Under her husband's guidance, Emilystudied higher mathematics, the calculations of catenary curves, the strengths of materials, bridge specifications,and the intricacies of cable construction.[16][17][18] She spent the next 11 years assisting Washington Roebling,helping to supervise the bridge's construction.

When iron probes underneath the caisson found the bedrock to be even deeper than expected, Roebling haltedconstruction due to the increased risk of decompression sickness. He later deemed the aggregate overlying the

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Edison film, "New Brooklyn to NewYork Via Brooklyn Bridge", 1899

bedrock 30 feet (9 m) below it to be firm enough to support the tower base, and construction continued.[19]

Harbor pilot Joseph Henderson was called upon as an expert seaman to determine the height of the water spanof the Brooklyn Bridge.[20]

The towers are built of limestone, granite, and Rosendale cement. The granite blocks were quarried and shapedon Vinalhaven Island, Maine, under a contract with the Bodwell Granite Company, and delivered from Maineto New York by schooner.[21]

The Brooklyn Bridge was opened for use on May 24, 1883. The opening ceremony was attended by severalthousand people and many ships were present in the East Bay for the occasion. President Chester A. Arthur andNew York Mayor Franklin Edson crossed the bridge to celebratory cannon fire and were greeted by BrooklynMayor Seth Low when they reached the Brooklyn-side tower. Arthur shook hands with Washington Roebling atthe latter's home, after the ceremony. Roebling was unable to attend the ceremony (and in fact rarely visited thesite again), but held a celebratory banquet at his house on the day of the bridge opening. Further festivityincluded the performance of a band, gunfire from ships, and a fireworks display.[22]

On that first day, a total of 1,800 vehicles and 150,300 people crossedwhat was then the only land passage between Manhattan and Brooklyn.Emily Warren Roebling was the first to cross the bridge. The bridge'smain span over the East River is 1,595 feet 6 inches (486.3 m). Thebridge cost $15.5 million to build and an estimated number of 27 peopledied during its construction.[23]

On May 30, 1883, six days after the opening, a rumor that the Bridgewas going to collapse caused a stampede, which was responsible for atleast twelve people being crushed and killed.[24] On May 17, 1884, P. T.Barnum helped to squelch doubts about the bridge's stability—whilepublicizing his famous circus—when one of his most famous attractions,Jumbo, led a parade of 21 elephants over the BrooklynBridge.[25][26][27][28]

At the time it opened, and for several years, it was the longest suspension bridge in the world—50% longer thanany previously built—and it has become a treasured landmark. Since the 1980s, it has been floodlit at night tohighlight its architectural features. The architectural style is neo-Gothic, with characteristic pointed archesabove the passageways through the stone towers. The paint scheme of the bridge is "Brooklyn Bridge Tan" and"Silver", although it has been argued that the original paint was "Rawlins Red".[29] At the time the bridge wasbuilt, the aerodynamics of bridge building had not been worked out. Bridges were not tested in wind tunnelsuntil the 1950s, well after the collapse of the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge (Galloping Gertie) in 1940. It istherefore fortunate that the open truss structure supporting the deck is by its nature less subject to aerodynamicproblems. Roebling designed a bridge and truss system that was six times as strong as he thought it needed tobe. Because of this, the Brooklyn Bridge is still standing when many of the bridges built around the same timehave vanished into history and been replaced. This is also in spite of the substitution of inferior quality wire inthe cabling supplied by the contractor J. Lloyd Haigh—by the time it was discovered, it was too late to replacethe cabling that had already been constructed. Roebling determined that the poorer wire would leave the bridge

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Plan of one tower for the BrooklynBridge, 1867

four rather than six times as strong as necessary, so it was eventually allowed to stand, with the addition of 250cables. Diagonal cables were installed from the towers to the deck, intended to stiffen the bridge. They turnedout to be unnecessary, but were kept for their distinctive beauty.

After the collapse in 2007 of the I-35W highway bridge in the city of Minneapolis, increased public attentionhas been brought to bear on the condition of bridges across the US, and it has been reported that the BrooklynBridge approach ramps received a rating of "poor" at its last inspection.[30] According to a NYC Department ofTransportation spokesman, "The poor rating it received does not mean it is unsafe. Poor means there are somecomponents that have to be rehabilitated." A $508 million project to replace the approaches began in 2010 andis scheduled to run until 2014.[31] As part of this project, two approach ramps will be widened from one lane totwo, and clearance over the Brooklyn Queens Expressway will be increased.[32]

The bridge was built with numerous passageways and compartments in its anchorage. One compartment on theManhattan side was famously used to store champagne and wine for a local dealer because of the consistent

temperatures the space provided.[33]

The construction of the Brooklyn Bridge is detailed in the 1972 bookThe Great Bridge by David McCullough[15] and Brooklyn Bridge(1981), the first PBS documentary film ever made by Ken Burns.[34]

Burns drew heavily on McCullough's book for the film and used him asnarrator.[35] It is also described in Seven Wonders of the IndustrialWorld, a BBC docudrama series with accompanying book.

Pedestrian and vehicular accessThe bridge originally carried horse-drawn and rail traffic, with a separateelevated walkway along the centerline for pedestrians and bicycles.Since 1950, the main roadway has carried six lanes of automobile traffic.Due to the roadway's height (11 ft (3.4 m) posted) and weight (6,000 lb(2,700 kg) posted) restrictions, commercial vehicles and buses areprohibited from using this bridge. The two inside traffic lanes oncecarried elevated trains of the BMT from Brooklyn points to a terminal atPark Row via Sands Street. Streetcars ran on what are now the twocenter lanes (shared with other traffic) until the elevated lines stoppedusing the bridge in 1944, when they moved to the protected centertracks. In 1950 the streetcars also stopped running, and the bridge was

rebuilt to carry six lanes of automobile traffic.

The Brooklyn Bridge is accessible from the Brooklyn entrances of Tillary/Adams Streets, Sands/Pearl Streets,and Exit 28B of the eastbound Brooklyn-Queens Expressway. In Manhattan, motor cars can enter from eitherdirection of the FDR Drive, Park Row, Chambers/Centre Streets, and Pearl/Frankfort Streets. Pedestrian accessto the bridge from the Brooklyn side is from either Tillary/Adams Streets (in between the auto entrance/exit), ora staircase on Prospect St. between Cadman Plaza East and West. In Manhattan, the pedestrian walkway isaccessible from the end of Centre Street, or through the unpaid south staircase of Brooklyn Bridge-City Hall

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Tablet signage on the Manhattan-sidetower of the Brooklyn Bridge

Map of NYC dated 1885, two yearsafter completion of the BrooklynBridge, showing street approaches tothe bridge as they were

Cross section diagram (lookingtoward Manhattan)

IRT subway station.

The Brooklyn Bridge has a wide pedestrian walkway open to walkers and cyclists, in the center of the bridgeand higher than the automobile lanes. More than 4,000 pedestrians and 3,100 cyclists cross the Brooklyn Bridgeeach day.[36] While the bridge has always permitted the passage of pedestrians across its span, its role inallowing thousands to cross takes on a special importance in times of difficulty when usual means of crossingthe East River have become unavailable.

During transit strikes by theTransport Workers Union in1980 and 2005, the bridge wasused by people commuting towork, with Mayors Koch andBloomberg crossing the bridge asa gesture to the affectedpublic.[37][38]

Following the 1965, 1977 and2003 blackouts and mostfamously after the September 11,2001, attacks on the World Trade

Center, the bridge was used by people leaving Manhattan after subwayservice was suspended. During the 2003 event, many crossing the bridgereported a swaying motion.[39] This swaying was caused by a muchhigher pedestrian load than usual, coupled with the tendency ofpedestrians to synchronize their footfalls with a sway, amplifying themotion.[40] Several engineers expressed concern about how this wouldaffect the bridge, although others noted that the bridge did withstand theevent, and that the redundancies in its design—suspension system,diagonal stay system, and stiffening truss—make it "probably the bestsecured bridge against such movements going out of control."[39] Due tothese redundancies, John Roebling asserted that even if one of thebridge's structural systems were to fail altogether, the bridge would sag,but not fall.[15]

Notable events

Notable jumpers

The first person to jump from the bridge was Robert Emmet Odlum, brother of women's rights activist CharlotteOdlum Smith, on May 19, 1885.[41][42] He struck the water at an angle and died shortly thereafter from internalinjuries.[43] Steve Brodie was the most famous jumper, or self-proclaimed jumper (in 1886). Cartoonist OttoEppers jumped and survived in 1910, and was then tried and acquitted for attempted suicide.[44]

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View from the pedestrian walkway.The bridge's cable arrangement formsa distinctive weblike pattern.

Frank Leslie's IllustratedNewspaper, c. 1883

First flight under the bridge

In 1919, Giorgio Pessi piloted what was then the world's largest airplane, the Caproni Ca.5, under the bridge.[45]

100th anniversary celebrations

The centennial celebrations on May 24, 1983, saw a cavalcade of cars crossing the bridge, led by PresidentRonald Reagan. A flotilla of ships visited the harbor, parades were held, and in the evening the sky over thebridge was illuminated by Grucci Fireworks.[46] The Brooklyn Museum exhibited a selection of the originaldrawings made for the bridge's construction, some by Washington Roebling himself.

Bungee jump

In June 1993, following 13 reconnoiters inside the metal structure, and with the help of a mountain guide,Thierry Devaux performed (illegally) eight acrobatic bungee jumps above the East River close to the Brooklyn

pier, in the early morning. He usedan electric winch between eachacrobatic figure.[47]

1994 Brooklyn Bridgeshooting

Main article: Brooklyn Bridgeshooting

On March 1, 1994, Lebanese-bornRashid Baz opened fire on a vancarrying members of the Chabad-Lubavitch Orthodox JewishMovement, striking 16-year-oldstudent Ari Halberstam and threeothers traveling on the bridge.[48]

Halberstam died five days later fromhis wounds. Baz was apparently

acting out of revenge for the Hebron massacre of 29 Muslims by Baruch Goldstein that had taken place daysearlier on February 25, 1994. Baz was convicted of murder and sentenced to a 141-year prison term. Afterinitially classifying the murder as one committed out of road rage, the Justice Department reclassified the casein 2000 as a terrorist attack. The entrance ramp to the bridge on the Manhattan side was named the AriHalberstam Memorial Ramp in memory of the victim.[49]

2003 plot

In 2003, truck driver Iyman Faris was sentenced to about 20 years in prison for providing material support toAl-Qaeda, after an earlier plot to destroy the bridge by cutting through its support wires with blowtorches was

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thwarted through information the National Security Agency uncovered through wiretapped phone conversationsand interrogation of Al-Qaeda militants.[50]

2006 bunker discovery

In 2006, a Cold War-era bunker was found by city workers near the East River shoreline of Manhattan's LowerEast Side. The bunker, hidden within the masonry anchorage, still contained the emergency supplies that werebeing stored for a potential nuclear attack by the Soviet Union.[51]

125th anniversary celebrations

Beginning on May 22, 2008, festivities were held over a five-day period to celebrate the 125th anniversary ofthe opening of the Brooklyn Bridge. The events kicked off with a live performance of the BrooklynPhilharmonic in Empire–Fulton Ferry State Park, followed by special lighting of the bridge's towers and afireworks display.[52] Other events held during the 125th anniversary celebrations, which coincided with theMemorial Day weekend, included a film series, historical walking tours, information tents, a series of lecturesand readings, a bicycle tour of Brooklyn, a miniature golf course featuring Brooklyn icons, and other musicaland dance performances.[53]

Just before the anniversary celebrations, the Telectroscope, which created a video link between New York andLondon, was installed on the Brooklyn side of the bridge. The installation lasted for a few weeks and permittedviewers in New York to see people looking into a matching telectroscope in front of London's TowerBridge.[54] A newly renovated pedestrian connection to DUMBO was also unveiled before the anniversarycelebrations.[55]

Mass arrests

On October 1, 2011, more than 700 protesters with the Occupy Wall Street movement were arrested whileattempting to march across the bridge on the roadway.[56]

Cultural significanceContemporaries marveled at what technology was capable of and the bridge became a symbol of the optimismof the time. John Perry Barlow wrote in the late 20th century of the "literal and genuinely religious leap of faith"embodied in the Brooklyn Bridge ... "the Brooklyn Bridge required of its builders faith in their ability to controltechnology."[57]

The Cuban poet José Martí wrote an article named "The Bridge of Brooklyn" for the magazine La América,published in June 1883, shortly after the bridge opened to the public.[58] The article was published in his book"Escenas norteamericanas".[59] In the article, Martí made comparisons between certain animals (like snakes)and the structure of the bridge.[citation needed]

References to "selling the Brooklyn Bridge" abound in American culture, sometimes as examples of rural

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"Bird's-Eye View of the Great NewYork and Brooklyn Bridge and GrandDisplay of Fire Works on OpeningNight"

gullibility but more often in connection with an idea that strainscredulity. For example, "If you believe that, I've got a bridge to sellyou." George C. Parker and William McCloundy are two early 20th-century con-men who had (allegedly) successfully perpetrated this scamon unwitting tourists.[60] The 1949 Bugs Bunny cartoon Bowery Bugs isa joking reference to Bugs "selling" a story of the Brooklyn Bridge to anaïve tourist.

The Modernist American poet Hart Crane used the Brooklyn Bridge as acentral metaphor and organizing structure for his second and mostimportant book of poetry, The Bridge. This book takes the form of along poem spanning eight parts, beginning with an ode ("Proem: ToBrooklyn Bridge") and ending with a transfigured vision of the bridge asthe unifying symbol of America ("Atlantis"). Crane briefly lived in anapartment overlooking the bridge that, he later learned, once housedWashington Roebling, the Brooklyn Bridge's builder and son of its architect, John A. Roebling.

The bridge has been shown in films such as Annie Hall, Gangs of New York, It Happened in Brooklyn, I AmLegend, The Dark Knight Rises, and The Avengers.

A bronze plaque is attached to one of the bridge's anchorages, which was constructed on a piece of propertyoccupied by a mansion, the Osgood House, at 1 Cherry Street in Manhattan. It served as the first PresidentialMansion, housing George Washington, his family, and household staff from April 23, 1789 to February 23,1790, during the two-year period when New York City was the national capital. Its owner, Samuel Osgood, wasa Massachusetts politician and lawyer, who married Maria Bowne Franklin, widow of Walter Franklin, the NewYork merchant who built it in 1770.[61] Washington moved in a week before his 1789 inauguration as firstPresident of the United States. In addition to living quarters, the Osgood House contained the President's privateoffice and the public business office, making it the first seat of the executive branch of the federal government.

"Love locks" is a practice by which a couple inscribe a date and their initials onto a lock, attach it to the bridgeand throw the key into the water as a sign of their "everlasting love". Although the origin of the practice isunknown, it is more popular in Europe where 22 countries have at least one city with a similar location. It hasreportedly caused damage to certain bridges, and is officially against New York city rules. The love locks areoccasionally removed from the Brooklyn Bridge.[62]

Exit listThe entire route is in New York City.

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Love locks of the Brooklyn Bridge

County Mile km Destinations Notes

Kings

0.00 0.00 Tillary StreetAt-gradeintersection;continues as AdamsStreet

I-278 (Brooklyn–Queens Expressway) –Cadman Plaza West

Southbound exit andnorthbound entrance

NewYork

FDR Drive, Pearl Street Northbound exit andsouthbound entrance

Park Row south Northbound exit andsouthbound entrance

Centre Street north,Chambers Street

Northbound exit andsouthbound entrance

1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

See alsoQueensboro Bridge

ReferencesNotes

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(http://web.archive.org/web/20100208205253/http://www.endex.com/gf/buildings/bbridge/bbridgefacts.htm). Archivedfrom the original (http://www.endex.com/gf/buildings/bbridge/bbridgefacts.htm) on 2010-02-08. Retrieved 2011-05-23

4. ^ "New York City Bridge Traffic Volumes 2008" (http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/bridgetrafrpt08.pdf)(PDF). New York City Department of Transportation. March 2010. p. 63. Retrieved 2010-07-10.

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6. ^ a b "Brooklyn Bridge" (http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=376&ResourceType=Structure). National ParkService.

7. ^ E.P.D. (January 25, 1867). "Bridging the East River – Another Project"(http://web.archive.org/web/20071019230402/http://www.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/eagle/). The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.p. 2. Archived from the original (http://www.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/eagle/) on 2007-10-19. Retrieved 2007-11-26.

8. ^ "The Brooklyn Bridge", February 24, 1975, by James B. Armstrong and S. Sydney Bradford(http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Text/66000523.pdf) "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination"]. National Park Service. February 24, 1975.

9. ^ The Brooklyn Bridge—Accompanying three photos, from 1975.(http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Photos/66000523.pdf) "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-

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15. ^ a b c McCullough, David (1972). The Great Bridge. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-21213-1.16. ^ Weigold, Marilyn (1984). Silent Builder: Emily Warren Roebling and the Brooklyn Bridge. Associated Faculty Press.17. ^ McCullough, David (1983). The Great Bridge: The Epic Story of the Building of the Brooklyn Bridge. New York:

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(http://www.glasssteelandstone.com/BuildingDetail/435.php). Retrieved 2007-02-20.20. ^ The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, October 9, 1890, p. 121. ^ McLane, Charles B.; McLane, Carol Evarts (1997). Islands of the Mid-Maine Coast I. Tilbury House & Island

Institute. p. 134. ISBN 0-88448-184-0.22. ^ Reeves, Thomas C. (1975). Gentleman Boss. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 359–360. ISBN 0-394-46095-2.23. ^ "Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1841–1902 Online"

(http://web.archive.org/web/20071114135249/http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Archive/skins/BE/NavigationSites/what.htm). Archived from the original(http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Archive/skins/BE/NavigationSites/what.htm) on 2007-11-14. Retrieved 2007-11-23.

24. ^ "Dead on the New Bridge; Fatal Crush at the Western Approach" (http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=980DE3DA1431E433A25752C3A9639C94629FD7CF). The New York Times. May 31, 1883. Retrieved 2010-02-20.

25. ^ Bildner, Phil (2004). Twenty-One Elephants. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-689-87011-6.26. ^ Prince, April Jones (2005). Twenty-One Elephants and Still Standing. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-44887-

X.27. ^ "P.T. Barnum – MSN Encarta" (http://www.webcitation.org/5kwQPajtQ). Archived from the original

(http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571960/p_t_barnum.html) on 2009-10-31.28. ^ Strausbaugh, John (November 9, 2007). "When Barnum Took Manhattan"

(http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/09/arts/09expl.html). The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-21.29. ^ Gary Buiso, New York Post (May 25, 2010). "A True Cover Up. Brooklyn Bridge Paint Job Glosses over History"

(http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/brooklyn/true_cover_up_brooklyn_bridge_paint_OAD0sR49ATyRfLwvkUggRN). Retrieved 2010-10-23.

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Broadcasting Service. Retrieved 2010-02-20.35. ^ "Burns, Ken – U.S. Documentary Film Maker" (http://www.museum.tv/eotvsection.php?entrycode=burnsken). The

Museum of Broadcast Communications. Retrieved 2010-02-20.36. ^ NY DOT - Brooklyn Bridge (http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/infrastructure/brooklyn-bridge.shtml)37. ^ Quindlen, Anna (April 2, 1980). "Koch Faces Day Ebulliently; He Looks Well Rested"

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41. ^ Catherine Odlum (1885). The Life and Adventures of Prof. Robert Emmet Odlum, Containing an Account of hisSplendid Natatorium at the National Capital (http://books.google.com/books?id=FP4NAQAAIAAJ). Gray andClarkson.

42. ^ Stanley, Autumn (2009). Raising More Hell and Fewer Dahlias: The Public Life of Charlotte Smith, 1840–1917.Bethlehem: Lehigh University Press. ISBN 978-0-934223-99-7.

43. ^ "Odlum's Leap to Death" (http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=990DE4D91739E533A25753C2A9639C94649FD7CF). The New York Times. May 20, 1885. p. 1. Retrieved 2008-04-15.

44. ^ Abstract of "Youth Dives Off Brooklyn Bridge; Youngster Eludes the Police and Plunges Into the East River,Escaping Unhurt" (http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40A10FC395417738DDDA90B94DE405B808DF1D3), The New York Times', n.d.

45. ^ Franks, Norman et al. (1997) Above the War Fronts: The British Two-seater Bomber Pilot and Observer Aces, theBritish Two-seater Fighter Observer Aces, and the Belgian, Italian, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Fighter Aces, 1914–1918: Volume 4 of Fighting Airmen of WWI Series: Volume 4 of Air Aces of WWI. Grub Street, 1997. pp. 150-151. ISBN1-898697-56-6, ISBN 978-1-898697-56-5.

46. ^ NYC Roads. "The Brooklyn Bridge" (http://www.nycroads.com/crossings/brooklyn/). Retrieved 2010-10-23.47. ^ "Brooklyn Bridge" (http://www.sunnydream.info/index.php?page=brooklyn). SunnyDream. Retrieved 2010-06-25.48. ^ Sexton, Joe (March 2, 1994). "4 Hasidic Youths Hurt in Brooklyn Bridge Shooting"

(http://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/02/nyregion/4-hasidic-youths-hurt-in-brooklyn-bridge-shooting.html). The New YorkTimes. Retrieved 2010-06-30.

49. ^ "In Memoriam" (http://www.arihalberstam.com/in-memoriam/). Ari Halberstam Memorial Site. Retrieved 2010-06-30.50. ^ "Iyman Faris" (http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/profiles/iyman_faris.htm). GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2010-

06-30.51. ^ Lovgren, Stefan (March 24, 2006). "Cold War "Time Capsule" Found in Brooklyn Bridge"

(http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/03/0324_060324_brooklyn.html). National Geographic. Retrieved2010-02-20.

52. ^ Burke, Kerry; Hutchinson, Bill (May 23, 2008). "Brooklyn Bridge turns 125 with a bang"(http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/brooklyn/2008/05/22/2008-05-22_brooklyn_bridge_turns_125_with_a_bang.html). Daily News (New York). Retrieved 2009-08-01.

53. ^ "Brooklyn Bridge 125th Anniversary Celebration" (http://www.ascemetsection.org/content/view/121/830/). ASCEMetropolitan Section. Retrieved 2009-08-01.

54. ^ Ryzik, Melena (May 21, 2008). "Telescope Takes a Long View, to London"

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54. ^ Ryzik, Melena (May 21, 2008). "Telescope Takes a Long View, to London"(http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/21/arts/design/21tele.html). The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-08-01.

55. ^ Farmer, Ann (May 21, 2008). "This Way to Brooklyn, This Way"(http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/05/21/welcome-to-dumbo-its-right-under-you/). The New York Times.Retrieved 2009-08-01.

56. ^ Baker, Al; Moynihan, Colin; Nir, Sarah Maslin (October 1, 2011). "Police Arrest More Than 700 Protesters onBrooklyn Bridge" (http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/01/police-arresting-protesters-on-brooklyn-bridge/). TheNew York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-11.

57. ^ Cultural Significance (http://ftp.eff.org/pub/Publications/John_Perry_Barlow/HTML/brooklyn_bridge.html)58. ^ Martí, José. "El puente de Brooklyn" (http://www.josemarti.cu/files/El%20puente%20de%20Brooklyn.PDF).

Retrieved 2012-03-04.59. ^ Sampath Nelson, Emmanuel (2005). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Multiethnic American Literature: I — M.

Greenwood. p. 2692. ISBN 978-0-313-33059-9.60. ^ Cohen, Gabriel (November 27, 2005). "For You, Half Price"

(http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/27/nyregion/thecity/27brid.html). The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-02-20.61. ^ "A Historic Home Marked" (http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?

res=F50710FE3F5414728DDDAB0894DD405B8985F0D3). The New York Times. May 2, 1899. Retrieved 2011-12-11.62. ^ Love locks appear on Brooklyn Bridge (http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2280734/Hundreds-love-locks-

appear-Brooklyn-Bridge-couples-make-post-Valentines-Day-pledge-using-padlocks.html), Daily mail online, Feb. 18,2013, Retrieved 2013-9-11.

Further readingCadbury, Deborah (2004). Dreams of Iron and Steel. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-716307-X.Haw, Richard (2005). The Brooklyn Bridge: A Cultural History. New Brunswick: Rutgers UniversityPress. ISBN 0-8135-3587-5.Haw, Richard (2008). Art of the Brooklyn Bridge: A Visual History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-95386-3.McCullough, David (1972). The Great Bridge. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-21213-1.Odlum, Catherine (1885). The Life and Times of Prof Robert Emmet Odlum. Washington, DC: Gray &Clarkson.Strogatz, Steven (2003). Sync: The Emerging Science of Spontaneous Order. New York: Hyperion books.ISBN 978-0-7868-6844-5.Strogatz, S. H.; Abrams, D. M.; McRobie, A.; Eckhardt, B.; Ott, E. (2005). "Theoretical mechanics:Crowd synchrony on the Millennium Bridge". Nature 438 (7064): 43–44. doi:10.1038/438043a(http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F438043a). PMID 16267545 (//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16267545).Trachtenberg, Alan (1965). Brooklyn Bridge: Fact and Symbol. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.ISBN 0-226-81115-8.

External linksImages of the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge from the collections of the Museum of the City of NewYork (http://collections.mcny.org/MCNY/C.aspx?VP3=SearchResult_VPage&VBID=24UP1GTRW4XB&SMLS=1&RW=1202&RH=743)The Brooklyn Bridge: A Study in Greatness (http://www.beautyofnyc.org/TheBrooklynBridge%5B2-a%5D.pdf) by John Stern and Carrie WilsonNYCroads.com – Brooklyn Bridge (http://www.nycroads.com/crossings/brooklyn/)

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Transportation Alternatives Fiboro Bridges – Brooklyn Bridge(http://www.transalt.org/bridges/brooklyn.html)The story of Brooklyn Bridge (http://www.cbsforum.com/cgi-bin/articles/partners/cbs/search.cgi?template=display&dbname=cbsarticles&key2=brooklyn&action=searchdbdisplay) – by CBS Forum(http://www.cbsforum.com/)Panorama of Brooklyn Bridge 1899 – Extreme Photo Constructions(http://www.dualmoments.com/Panorama/1903brooklyn.htm)Brooklyn Bridge (http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0000011) at StructuraeGreat Buildings entry (http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Brooklyn_Bridge.html) for the BrooklynBridgeHistoric American Engineering Record (HAER) No. NY-18, "Brooklyn Bridge(http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ny1234/)""American Society of Civil Engineers"(http://web.archive.org/web/20090320170713/http://www.asce.org/history/brdg_brooklyn.swf). Archivedfrom the original (http://www.asce.org/history/brdg_brooklyn.swf) on 2009-03-20.Railroad Extra – Brooklyn Bridge and its Railway (http://catskillarchive.com/rrextra/bbpage.Html)Images of the Brooklyn Bridge from the Brooklyn Museum(http://web.archive.org/web/20080622011019/http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/research/digital-collections/brooklynbridge/)Opening Ceremonies of the New York and Brooklyn Bridge, May 24, 1883 at Project GutenbergBrooklyn Bridge (http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=20143) at Historical Marker DatabaseBrooklyn Bridge Photo Gallery (http://www.yellowecho.com/site/tag/brooklyn-bridge/) with a Flash VR360 of the Brooklyn Bridge Pedestrian Walkway (http://www.yellowecho.com/site/2006/09/11/tribute-in-light-2006-360vr/) taken during the 9/11/2006 Tribute in Light

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