bronze age cire perdue castings: meluhha hieroglyphs

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  • 8/11/2019 Bronze Age cire perdue castings: Meluhha hieroglyphs

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    !"#$%& ()& !"#$ &$#'($ *+,-$),. /&0+$12$&+" 3+,12 4&5677+ 78&"#)59:7, ; +7+5 48,7=+" +"-B+*1,

    CD E+59+$+"+=+$C+"+,0+- F&,&+"*7 G&$1&"

    C&:1&=H&" I2 JKLM

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    !+*N)"#6$A. 4&5677+ =&1+5O#"N78&"#)59:7,

    PC!>QLK.KRRLLKMISIPC!>QLS. RTIQKQRRLLKMIQSQS

    7U:.VV-$96"5D*#=V##+%1S6

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    ?8,*5+8=&"P B6559 "&+58,& =9 58=81+-#$, 8$ 8A&$-B98$) -=& +$A ,:+*&

    ,&W6&$*&, 8$ !"#$%& ()& *7"#$#5#)8&, 1# $+""+1& 17&&0#56-#$ #B !"#$ &$#'($ 1&*7$8W6&, 8$ =&1+5 +55#9 *+,-$),2,1+"-$) O817 >+7+5 48,7=+" X$A, $#O A+1&A 1# Y17=855&$$86= !G3

    P :"&,&$12 ./,!0$ 1#,0("0$D P$ +55 76=858192 ,#=& :8*1#"8+5=#-B, +*"#,, 36"+,8+2 +*"#,, =855&$$8+2 O78*7 ,&&= 1#8$A8*+1& 4&5677+ 78&"#)59:7, 1# A&$#1& =&1+5O#"N*#=:&1&$*& ; B"#= >+7+5 48,7=+" 1# C7+78QZ6=: 1#?7#5+08"+D P :"#08A& -.$!!)"0, 2"+,.&, [4&5677+ *8:7&"\

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    4&5677+ 78&"#)59:7,2 "&H6, "&+A8$),

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    F"$#*1.G&)9 *5 !)".'#$4 )$.' ,.*H *4 , 9$,$' &$#9*4/9 ),4'9I+(JK `)8"52 *785A` F&H6,. +(L)"],=&51&" B6"$+*&^ [C+$1+58\ +(JK BD]X"&:5+*&^ [@D\_ +#2J6BD ])"+$+"9 [ab+7D\_ N6cd2 N6c#7#6,&2H685A8$)^[E6D\[G?P(/ SJSJ\ +(L"]761 =+A& #B

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    +A0D !"#$&'#" !"#%()C+=& +, !"#$*[Z&56)6\D F&H6,. N"v= H+*Ng[E7#D\[G?P(/ SLMY\ N+"=h"+ ],=8172 +"-,+$^ [C+$,N"81\ N+=+" ],=817^ [C+$1+58\ @8&"#)59:7.N"v= H+*Ng[E7#1+$&,&\[G?P(/ SLMY\ F&H6,. N+"=h"+ ],=8172 +"-,+$^ [C+$,N"81\N+=+" ],=817^ [C+$1+58\

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    !"#$ &$#'($ *+,-$),. 4#7&$w#QA+"#=&x ,#5& #B B##12 B##1,1&:2 B##1:"8$1 [E#D\_ =&xx6 ,1&:2 ,1+8"2 1"&+A8$)2,58::&" [Z&D\[?3?F LYYT\D F&H6,. -$C]8"#$^[46$A+\_ !"

    =&e7]=&"*7+$1^, 7&5:&"^[bN1D\ -$C 8"#$ [@#D\ -$J$'7

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    eyN6"6QeyN6"6 _ !#$%&'()*'=D [,)D A+1D eyN+"8,QeyN+"8, +,#-./00Q+,#-./0\2 17& *#$A8-#$ #B+ H&$1 #" 76=:H+*N&A :&",#$ [B"#= #5A +)&2 8$w6"9 1# 17& ,:8$&2 #" 17& 58N&\D GBD eyN7z"z+$A A{mN6D QQ A96$6 QQ !#'123|L_-4#'25-(6'780=D8$BD 1# A# + 58U5& O#"N +, H&,1 #$& *+$O7&$ #$& 8, H&$1 H9 #5A +)&D[E+,7=8"8\ LD E6D e#N"#2 e#N7"# f #5A =+$ g_ !D e#N"h f #5A2A&*"&:81 g[G?P(/ YYqT\D

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    ( 0&"9 +)&A O#=+$2 +D*"#$&D (5O+9, 8=:598$)+H6,& #$ +**#6$1 #B A&*"&:816A&2 A&B#"=8192#" 6)58$&,,D +:} ep)+"+Npd ~ -( *+,1B 7855 ::5& #" +$ 8$A808A6+5 #B 81D[4+"+178\

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    #H&8,+$*& gD[G?P(/ YqLL\D j#D [46D\ A#cdQ 1# H#O [?3?F SYJY\D

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    4&5677+ &19=+

    AyN6"6 4-.?@+ N8$A #B 7+==&" B#" 6,& 8$ =&1+5QO#"N2 O817 +A"6=Q,7+:&A 7&+AD [35D A+6N&"_ /D Mq2 A#N+"_ 80D LYqSD\ AyN"8QA+H AB0!#CD'?'E@=D 78$) O817 + 7+==&"2 &,:D 17& O&5A8$)1#)&17&" #B 7&+1&A =&1+5D QQ A+$ QA70!F?G#CDAH+@=D 17&O##A&$ 7+$A5& #B ,6*7 + 7+==&"D [E+,7=8"8\

    ?7#N"+ N+=+" #" )7+"6+ #B !+$N6"+2 b6"658+2 48A$+:#"&2!6"AO+$ 8$ a&,1 !&$)+52 4+57+", #B 7+"N7+$A +$A C817"8+, #Bi"8,,+ +$A 8,`O+N+"=+ #B Z+=85 >+A6 +$A E&"+5+ +5,# 6,& 17&A7#N"+ 1&*7$8W6& #B =&1+5 *+,-$)D

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    >+7+5 48,7=+" 7#+"A

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    Z7& =#,1 *#==#$ #Hw&*1, O&"& LLI],1+$A+"A,^ #" ],*&:1&",^D Z"+*&, #B "&&A, #" O##A 8$ 17&7#5&, ,6))&,1 17+1 17&9 O&"& +U+*7&A 1# :#5&,D

    =8eh5 =+"N7#" [Z#"DO+58\ =&e7# + "+=2 + ,7&&: [jD\[G?P(/ LKLJK\ F&H6,. =&e7 ]7&5:&" #B=&"*7+$1^ [j6w+"+-\ =&e 8"#$ [@#D\ =&c&AQH8*+ u 8"#$,1#$& #"&2 8$ *#$1"+,1 1# H+58QH8*+2 8"#$ ,+$A #"& [46$A+\=&7 ])#+1^ [!"D\

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    >+7+5 48,7=+" ,1+$A+"A +):#,1 #$*"#O$ *#=:+"&A O817 =KKI

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    C6,+ =#5A&A H"8*N :+$&5, #B (:+A+$+ =#6$A2 ,7#O 17& ,1+$A+"AH&+"&", 58)+16"&A 1# 17& H6U#*N +$A 1+85 #B + H#08$&D C6*7 58)+6"&A H655Q=&$ *#=:+"& O817 78&"#)59:7, #$ P$A6, a"8-$) 1+H5&1,. =LJJMD Z7&:+5= 1"&& +, + ,1+$A+"A B6$*-#$, 58N& + W680&" 7#5A8$) ,:&+", +$A

    +""#O,D Z7& :+$&5, +"& ,+8A 1# "&5+1& 1# 48AA5& 35+=81& :&"8#A 2 *D LJ17*&$1D !G3D [/#60"& 46,&6=\7U:.VVOOOD5#60"&DB"V&$V#&60"&Q$#-*&,V:+$&5,Q=#5A&AQH"8*N,

    +(L)D#(M#$I'J@Z"&&_ +$ +"=#6"&"_C),41,#]H5+*N,=817^ [4+817858\ C),41#, ]H655^+*.,]O#=+$^ F&H6,. +*.)$],=&51&"^ +*. ]O#"N8$) 8$ 8"#$^

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    Z&""+*#U+ ,&+58$)D

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    +*.*-]17"&&^ F&H6,I +*.,-" ],=81792 B#")&^+*.,]-)&"^ F&H6,. +*.)$ ],=&51&"^2 +*.

    ]O#"N8$) 8$ 8"#$^ +*.$>.],=8179^ +*.$>.]1&=:5&^ (55#)"+:7. N#5+ ]O#=+$^

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    b+0858#$ C65592 (:+A+$+ =#6$AD j5+%&A &$+=&55&A A&*#"+-0& H"8*N,D(H8A8$) 78&"#)59:7,D /#60"&D ?+"86, *D YLK !G3 "&*#"A, 17& ,#6"*&, #B"&,#6"*&,. @+"+60+-,72 E+$A+7+"2 !+N71"8,72 35+=D* SSKK !G3 /+1& "6N:&"8#AD b"8&,1 N8$) X)71, &$&=8&,D

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    b"#*&,,8#$ #B !"#$%& ()& =&1+5O#"N

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    C1+$A+"A H&+"&", #$ Z6N65- >8$6"1+ PX"&Q+51+"

    4+D N#x8 1#:2 &1"&=8192 +)2 H+$$&"2 ,:"#61 [?3?F JKMR\

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    N#e u 17& :5+*& O7&"& +"-,+$, O#"N [j6w+"+-\

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    >+7+5 48,7=+" *"#O$

    +,#,J, ]+ 0&"9 5+")& +W6+-* H8"A^ [C8$A78\+,#,NC,]A6*N^ [C+$,N"81\F&H6,. #.+'}+,#,CD~ @+"A B"#= +55#9QQ8"#$2,850&" |*D [4+"+178\

    9OP1DCD=D f B"+=& #B + H685A8$) g2 QCKBDf 5+17& g[G?P(/ LJIYR\ F&H6,I 9,41,0,#,9>/Q=E.'R581D ]1# *#55&*1 ,1#$&,2 ,1#$&Q*6U&"2 =+,#$D^

    /D e7#N BD f 761 8$ 17& X&5A, g_ E6D e7OhNh =D :5D f)+1&, #B + *819 #" =+"N&1 g_ >D e7#Nh [:5D #Boe7#N#\ f A##" g [G?P(/ qIIK\

    417D A7#Nch f H+)2 0&,,&52 "&*&:1+*5&

    i4+"OD e7#N+"# =D f H+,N&1 g

    Z6D Npe2 N pe6 7#"$D Z&D Npe6 "8065&12 H"+$*7 #B +

    "80&"D b+D Npe [:5D Npe65\ 7#"$D[?3?F JJKK\

    Z+D Npx8 O&8" #B + 1+$N2 #615&1 B#" ,6":56, O+1&"D E+D Npe8 + :+,,+)& 1# *+""9 # &*&,, #B O+1&"2#615&1 #B + 1+$ND Z&D [bE\ Npe8 #615&1 #B 1+$ND [?3?F JLRT\

    4+D N#xx85 *#O7#6,&2 ,7&A2 O#"N,7#:2 7#6,& \?3?F JKYI\ N#e ]O#"N,7#:^ [j6w+"+-\

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    !"#$%& 7+==&"D ZO# H8"A,2 B&+17&",D /#60"&D S"A" A9$+,192 "&8)$ #B C765)8 [JKRMQJKMT !G3\CH YqSM7U:.VVOOOD5#60"&DB"V&$V#&60"&Q$#-*&,V7+==&"QA&*#"+1&AQ7&+A,Q1O#QH8"A,Q+$AQB&+17&",,#6,A&:1uL

    +,#,J, ]+ 0&"9 5+")& +W6+-* H8"A^ [C8$A78\+,#,NC,]A6*N^ [C+$,N"81\F&H6,. #.+'}+,#,CD~ @+"A B"#= +55#9QQ8"#$2

    ,850&" |*D [4+"+178\$#,+, ]O8$)^ F&H6,. $#,+,]=#51&$*+,1 *#::&"^

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    a85A H#+"2 -)&"2 H8"A, #$ *&"&=#$8+5 +&, ; 5#,1 O+ :"#*&,,. )#5A ,7&&1| ,850&"2 S"A=D !G3 !+*1"8+ LJDqI *=_ *D JSKK !G3_ 7U:,.VVOOOD8*N"D*#=V:7#1#,V+$-W68-&,:"#w&*1VMqLqTTIRTSV

    (& 8$,*"8H&A O817 17& $+=& #B E8$) $1+,7Q>+:8"8,7+D a85A H#+" X)6"8$& #$ 17& 7&&5 G8"*+ LSMKQLSKK !G3 Z&=:5& #BE8"8"8,7+ 8$ Z*7#)+ +$H852 P"+$ C850&" +$A &5&*1"6= @D YDR *=_ /D LJDY *= 3*+0+-#$, H9 FD j78",7=+$ LRYLQqJ CH SRTS/#60"&D7U:.VVH7+"+1N+59+$RTDH5#),:#1D*#=VJKLSVKqV+$*8&$1Q$&+"Q&+,1QH"#$%&Q+)&Q5&)+*9qD71=5(&Q7&+A #B H"#O$ ,*78,1 [/ LY *=\ O817 17& 7&+A #B + 5:+"A #" 58#$&,, #$ 17& H6UD

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    +T#,NC,=D$D f H+,N&1 g (55#)"+:7.+T#,NC,]A6*N^ F&H6,.+,#,C,`7+"A +55#9` [4+"+178\!+*1"8+$ H+,N&1, [O+55&1,\

    G75#"81& 7+$AH+), +, 4&5677+ 78&"#)59:7, [!4(G\ *D SKKK !G3

    C7 78 Z / A 8 71 S.+'

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    C7+78QZ6=:D /:+"A O&8)71D S.+'} N7+"+eh ~ ( 5:+"AD S.+T'} N7+"+e9h ~ = #" S.+T'('?= ( 5:+"A[4+"+178\D E#5D N&e8+N -)&"D >NDN7+c&9+N :+$17&"D j#D [(D\ N7+c9+5 -)&"_[@+8)\ N+"89h5 :+$17&" E68 Nche82 N"h$e8-)&"2 5:+"A2 79&$+D E6O8 [

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    /#17+5 KMI

    +9# `X,7` "&H6,. +9# `=&1+5 +55#9` [j6w+"+-\_+9+, `=&1+5` [C+$,N"81\

    =8eh5 ]=+"N7#"^ [Zp"Oh5d\ =&e7# + "+=2 +,7&&: [jD\[G?P(/ LKLJK\_ "&H6,. =&e [@#D\_=rc7&1 ]8"#$^ [46D@#D\=rc7 1 8"#$_ 8,:+1 =D u,1&&5_ A65 =D u *+,1 8"#$ [46$A+\

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    G#=:#,81& +$8=+5. 9#6$) H6552 H6552X,7 4#7&$w#A+"# *+D S *= 7&8)71

    S

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    ZO# H8"A,2 A##"QB"+=& O817 7#"$, #$>+7+5 48,7=+" *"#O$

    I'#C.} x7hN"+ ~ = [IX#$.C 17"#6)7 @\ ( 1"8H& #" +$ 8$A808A6+5 #B 81DZ7&9 8$7+H81 O##A, +$A O85A, [&,:D #B >D E#$N+$\D J ( *78&B +=#$)*&"1+8$ *+,1&, #B Fw:1,2 !75, |*D2 + -15& #" *#=:&55+-#$ #B "&,:&*1D SZ7& C6:"&=& j#A. +5,# +$ 8A#5 #" + )#AD M ( B+=859 :"8&,1 +=#$)*&"1+8$ 1"8H&, #B C7A"+,D

    I'#C.&:} x7hN"+wd ~ = [IX#$.C\ ( $+=& B#" 17& ?&819D (=#$) !9"),DI'#C.Y'.} x7hN"+A0h"+ ~ $ ,#=&-=&, I'#C.A'.'= [I'#C.Z7& ?&8192Y'.( A##"D\ (=#$) !9"),D ( 1&=:5& #" 8A#5Q7#6,&. +5,# 17& +A916= #":&$&1"+58+D I#C.A'.'8W+Z7B/[Z# =+N& +$ #615+9 #" )"&+1 A8,:5+9 [#B

    ,+$*-19 #" :8&19\D

    #9>:} Npd ~ ( :+"-*65+" +W6+-* H8"AD ?65+ ]:+8"^F&H6,. A65 ]*+,1 =&1+5^ N#57& ],=&51&"^

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    ($-W6819 #B >+7+5 48,7=+" 7#+"Ab+"1 #B 17& *#::&" 7#+"A A8,*#0&"&A 8$ LRqL2 8$ >+7+5 48,7=+"D @8AA&$8$ + $+16"+5 *"&08*& +$A O"+::&A 8$ + ,1"+O =+12 17& 7#+"A *#$1+8$&A

    MMJ A8&"&$1 #Hw&*1,. MJR #B *#::&"2 ,8 #B 7&=+-1&2 #$& #B ,1#$&2 X0B 78::#:#1+=6, 80#"92 +$A #$& #B &5&:7+$1 80#"9D 4+$9 #B 17& *#::&"#Hw&*1, 8$ 17& 7#+"A O&"& =+A& 6,8$) 17& 5#,1QO+ :"#*&,,2 17& &+"58&,1N$#O$ 6,& #B 178, *#=:5& 1&*7$8W6&D

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    ?+-$) 1# SYKK !G3EinGeditemple!"#-$!%&!'!()*(+,-"*.,.jpg

    ?7#5+ 8"+ ,7"8$& N#5& 5 ],=817

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    ?7#5+08"+ ,7"8$&. N#5&D5 ],=817921&=:5&^D C1"6*16"&, *#=:+"& O817 38$

    j&A8 ,7"8$& V\@+N+

    4DF@ L + *#6"1 #B 5+OD QJ

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