broken windows. kelling & wilson 1982 broken windows people are made up of “regulars” and...
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Broken Windows
Kelling & Wilson
1982 Broken Windows
People are made up of “regulars” and “strangers”
What kind of policing and surveillance does this justify?
Who are “strangers”
Kelling & Wilson
1982 Broken WindowsComparison between Bronx & Palo Alto?•Stanford University•‘While the city contains homes that now cost anywhere from $800,000 to well in excess of $40 million, much of Palo Alto's housing stock is in the style of California mid-century middle-class suburbia…’
Broken Windows
Sampson & Raudenbush•Empirical•Literature
Cultural stereotypesImplicit bias & social meaning of “disorder”
“Should police activity on the street be shaped […] by the standards of the neighborhood rather than the rules of the state?” Kelling & Wilson (1984)
Assumption about the regulation of public space in the question?
Cost of Zero Tolerance…
Military Urbanism, Reconnaissance Wars & The Right to the City
Bauman• Marxist roots but...
– From economy of producers to consumers
• WWII Holocaust– Banality of evil
• Hannah Arendt– Bureaucracy– Procedural rationality– Myth of security
Liquid Fears• Illusion of security in
territoriality• Vague strangers• Even procedural
rationality will not be enough to regulate all social groups...
“There is no local solutions to global problems – although it is precisely the local solutions
that are avidly sought, though in vain...” (Bauman, 2002: 84)
Right to the City
David Harvey drawing from Henri Lefebvre
• Marxist• Jane Jacobs• Cities are full of
conflict– Material conditions
shape social conditions...
Urbanism: Surplus Production
“The city is the historical site of creative destructivism”
(Harvey, 2003:939)
Public Space as a Resource“Quality of urban life
has become a commodity...” (Harvey, 2008:p.8)
Byward Market
Ontological Security
Appearance of security...
Aesthetics of surplus value (ideology)
• Hotel room…
Politics of exclusion
New Military UrbanismJustifies the militarization
of the everyday– People background
noise..
Industry of Industry of reconnaissancereconnaissance
Can you think of an example of millitary aesthetics in Ottawa?
Propaganda
Propaganda
“...the enemy is a concept or a set of
practices rather than a holistic nation state.” (Iveson, 2010:118)
Brighenti
Social Theory LensCultural geography
What is precisely public in public space?
Defining graffiti....
Problematic…Interstitial practiceWhen interrogated from each perspective: “yes, but....”
Common denominator: materiality
Because...1. Global context &
“street”2. Legislation vs.
creativity3. Tools & techniques of
the body4. Simplistic/complex
lifestyle5. Architecture as
affordances (not things)
Walls as Walls as Artefacts: Artefacts: StrategyStrategy
Why does a Why does a municipality municipality care about care about walls?walls?
StrategyGovernmentality (Foucault)•Procedural power•Historical emergence of knowleges about such powers/populations•Application of tools
– Administrative state
Walls as Visable Territorial Devices
Graffiti as Tactical Strategy...
Citizens are ‘imagined’ in walls
(Official Graffiti, Hermer & Hunt)
Graffiti challenges these narratives with “at hand” tools (bricolage)
Public scene as compositionThe “street”: the birth and target of graffiti
Allison Young:Confusion about public space (e.g.‘education’)
Graffiti poses two questions: Public
1. What is a writer?2. What is public space?
– Restrictive/Utilitarian– Permissive/Antiquity
Walls...
“...are governmental tools that set limits and impasses, and complimentary allowed paths and trajectories...”
Writers see walls as invitations to continue the conversation about public space...
Who Benefits from War?
What of these relationships to policy creation?
