british history traced from egypt and palestine

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Page 1: British History Traced From Egypt and Palestine

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B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y

T R A C E D F R O M

E G Y P Tan d

PA L E S T I N E

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Map f the Perngrtnattune of the British Race from Palestine

t o r n B t l t a f n , T r a c i e g t h n o g r e y h i c a l l y D o n ,C v m r y , Celt .

Saxon, Briton, Plots, Ibrrian, Scot and Gaol . '!'hese names

n their several localitie s round on very ancient maps can he

e r i f l e d I n t h e B r i t i s h M u s e u m. There was a Phwnleian

e l e m e n t a l s o w i t h t h e H e b r e w i n a l l t h e i r c o l m d a a t i o n .

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B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y

T R A C E D F R O M

E G Y P T & P A L E S T I N E

A N D O T H E R E S S AY S

B Y

R e v . L . G . A . R O B E R T S , C o m . R . N .

Secretary of the Imperial British-Israel Association

Second Edition (Revised and Enlarged)

T H E C O V E N A N T P U B L I S H I N G C O M PA N Y, L I M I T E D

6 Buckingham Gate , S .W .i

1917

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M A D E A N D P R I N T E D I N G R E AT B R I T A I N

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P R E FA C E

T H E following treatise owes its origin to the fact that there

i s n o a u t h e n t i c a n d c o n t i n u o u s h i s t o r y o f t h e g r e a t e s t

n a t i o n t h e w o r l d h a s e v e r h a d t o d e a l w i t h . T h e B r i t i s h

E m p i r e a n d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a , E n g l i s h - s p e a k i n g

p e o p l e , o w n b e t w e e n t h e m o n e - f o u r t h p a r t o f t h e u n i v e r s e ,

a n d b y f a r m o r e t h a n h a l f i t s w e a l t h a n d n a t u r a l p r o d u c -

t ion . T h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h i s p e o p l e f a r e x c e e d s t h a t o f a l l

t h e f o r m e r e m p i r e s w h i c h h a v e g o v e r n e d m a n k i n d . T h e

E g y p t i a n , A s s y r i a n , B a b y l o n i a n , M e d o - P e r s i a n , G r e c i a n

a n d R o m a n , a l l p u t t o g e t h e r , d o n o t v i e w i t h B r i t a i n a n d

the Uni ted Sta tes in power, in weal th , in moral in tegr i ty,

o r n o b l e n e s s o f c h a r a c t e r . Whereas their power was

a u t o c r a t i c , a n d m a i n t a i n e d b y t h e s w o r d , t h e d o m i n i o n

o f t h e B r i t i s h a n d A n g l e s i s f o u n d e d , o r c o n s t r u c t e d , m a i n l y

b y t h e d e m o c r a t i c f r e e w i l l o f t h o s e u n d e r i t s g e n i a l a n d

b e n i g n s w a y .

T h e m y s t e r y o f t h i s , o t h e r w i s e c o m p l e x p r o b l e m , l i e s i n

t h e p r e d e s t i n a t i o n a n d l o v i n g k i n d n e s s o f t h e A l m i g h t y

C r e a t o r , w h o f o r e s e e i n g t h e e n d f r o m t h e b e g i n n i n g , h a s

c a u s e d a l l t o w o r k t o g e t h e r f o r t h e u l t i m a t e g o o d o f t h e

w h o l e h u m a n r a c e .

F o r t h i s p u r p o s e H e c a l l e d A b r a h a m , a n d b e c a u s e h e

w a s o b e d i e n t a n d s u b m i s s i v e t o H i s W i l l , f o r e - o r d a i n e d

t h a t t h r o u g h h i s p o s t e r i t y a l l m a n k i n d s h o u l d b e b l e s s e d .

T h e h i s t o r i c a l t a l e o f t h e p e o p l e u n t i l t h e c o m i n g o f t h e

Saviour, i s to ld us in the Old Testament . T h e p r o p h e t i c a l

( then fu ture) g lor ies of I s rae l in Chr i s t , i s the theme of a l l

t h e p r o p h e t s .

O u r c o m m e n t a t o r s s e e m t o h a v e s a d l y l a c k e d i n a p p l y -

i n g t h e s e p r o p h e t i c a l p i c t u r e s , w i t h p e r h a p s t h e e x c e p t i o n

of " T h e S p e a k e r ' s C o m m e n t a r y , " w h i c h g o e s n e a r e s t t o

the acceptance of a l i t e ra l as wel l as a sp i r i tua l appl ica t ion

o f t h e D i v i n e p r o m i s e s .

T h i s a t t e m p t o n t h e p a r t o f t h e w r i t e r , b y g a t h e r i n g

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P R E F A C E

t o g e t h e r t h e t h r e a d s o f t r a d i t i o n , h i s t o r y a n d m o n u m e n t a l

e v i d e n c e , p l a c e s b e f o r e u s s u c h f a c t s a n d c o n v i c t i o n s a s

t e n d t o r e a l i s e t h e t r u t h s o f h i s t o r y w i t h t h e W o r d o f G o d .

The fa i lure of sc ience and e thnology has resul ted f rom not

c o n s u l t i n g t h e r e v e l a t i o n m a d e i n t h e O l d T e s t a m e n t .

O u r a u t h o r h a s a c c e p t e d G o d a t H i s W o r d , a n d b e l i e v e s

t h a t a l l s c i e n c e a n d h i s t o r i c a l d e d u c t i o n t h a t c a n n o t b e

b o r n e o u t b y t h e S a c r e d S c r i p t u r e , i s n o t t o b e c r e d i t e d o r

c o n s i d e r e d c o n c l u s i v e u n t i l i t r e c o g n i s e s t h a t

ALL SCRIPTURE IS GIVEN BY INSPIRATION OF GOD.

T h i s E s s a y i s b y n o m e a n s e x h a u s t i v e . T h e i n t e n t i o n

b e i n g s i m p l y t o s e t o t h e r a n d m o r e c a p a b l e m i n d s t o w o r k

to see i f i t be no t t rue tha t the Br i t i sh and Uni ted S ta tes of

A m e r i c a a r e t h e C o v e n a n t P e o p l e t h r o u g h w h o m G o d i s

b u i l d i n g u p t h e K i n g d o m o f o u r L o r d J e s u s C h r i s t .

P R E F A C E T O T H E S E C O N D E D I T I O N

T h e c a l l f o r a s e c o n d E d i t i o n o f t h i s h i t h e r t o m u c h

m i s u n d e r s t o o d s u b j e c t , a n d t h e f a c t t h a t n o n e o f o u r

exper ts have approached the mat ter in contradic t ion, leads

the author no choice but to a l low the re- issue of the same

w i t h a s l i t t l e a l t e r a t i o n i n t h e t e x t a s p o s s i b l e . I t i s

b e c a u s e e v e r y c o p y i s s o l d , a n d t h e d e m a n d s t i l l c o m e s i n

f o r i t , t h a t t h e "Covenant Publishing Company Ltd ."

u n d e r t a k e s a r e - i s s u e .

One would have l iked to have seen the opposers , f rom the

conscient ious points a t i ssue , chal lenge the arguments put

forward, so as to afford an ins ight as to where they th ink

t h e c o n n e c t i o n t o b e w e a k . T h i s w o u l d h a v e g i v e n c a u s e

f o r a m o r e e l a b o r a t e e x p l a n a t i o n . A s t h i s h a s n o t b e e n

d o n e w e m u s t a c c e p t t h e e v i d e n c e f r o m t h i s , t h a t t h e i r

o p p o s i t i o n i s n o t w o r t h y o f s t a t e m e n t .

W e q u i t e u n d e r s t a n d t h e p o s i t i o n o f c o n s c i e n t i o u s

o b j e c t o r s , i f t h e y w o u l d o n l y a l l o w t h e W o r d o f G o d t o

mean what it says . " I f y e a r e C h r i s t ' s t h e n a r e y e

A b r a h a m ' s s e e d . " T o h im is al so " g a t h e r e d o t h e r s b e s i d e

t h e g a t h e r e d o n e s . " Sure ly God saw the end f rom the

b e g i n n i n g a n d t h e r e f o r e f o r e t o l d t h e i s s u e . T h i s w e

b e l i e v e , G e n. xviii, 18, 19, and therefore teach .

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I N D E X O F C O N T E N T S

P r e f a c e s .

11 .P r i m i t i v e N a m e s o f B r i t i s h a n d W h e n c e D e r i v e d . O r i g i n o f G o t h .

H e b r e w E p i t a p h s i n C r i m e a , P r o f . C h o w l s o n .

12 . I n s c r i p t i o n w i t h D a n , S a k a i a n d G o t h u p o n , n e a r B o m b a y.

13 . T h e K i m m e r i a n , t h e S a k a , B u d i i Y a s u b i - G a l l e a n s a n d B i t - K u m r i.

14 . D r . George Moore on Hosea i and ii .

15 . W h e n c e t h e N a m e C i m m e r i a ? 16 . R a w l i n s o n ' s O p i n i o n. 17 . O u r

O w n a n d C o l o n e l G a w l e r ' s . 18 . T h e O r i g i n o f t h e K y m r y . 1 9 . Sa m e a f t er

K i m c h i , a n d M a r g o l i o u t h o n G a e l , C e l t o r E n g l i s h . 20. B r i t o n a n d L i g u r e .

" O ri g in s C e lt i cc e "q u o t e s E p h o r u s o f F o u r t h C e n t u r y

B .C .o n S e p a r a -

tion of Britain . 2 1 . T h e I b e r e s, L i g u r e s, U m b r i a n d 2 2 . H e n e t o i. 2 2 .

C o n n e c t i o n w i t h W a l e s . 23 . T h e B r y t h o n a n d K e l t o i . S c u t h o r S c o t .

24. The Scots from Egypt 25. H i s t o r i a n ' s H i s t o r y o f t h e W o r l d . 2 6 .

" B r i tt a n ni a A n ti q u a ." 26 . L y s o n ' s 5 , 0 0 0 H e b r e w R o o t s i n t h e E n g l i s h

L a n g u a g e ; B a r b e r ' s " A n c i e n t B r i t o n s " ; W i ll i am T y nd a le.

27 . ORIGIN OF THE DANAI-" Bible and Science" ; M i g r a t i o n o f H e -

b r e w s . 28 . S c r i p t u r e P r o p h e c y a s t o D a n . 29 . C o l o n e l G a w l e r ; B e l o e ' s

H e r o d o t u s a s t o H e r c u l e s . 31 . D a n a i A r r i v e i n G r e e c e . 3 2. Siege of Troy .

L a c e d a ; m o n i a n s . H e r a c l i d c e .

33 . T H E H E B R E W A N D T H E W E L S H L A N G U A G E S . - 3 3 - 3 9 . S e v e r a l T e s -

t i m o n i e s . 36 . R e v . E l i e z e r W i l l i a m s . 37. R e v . M o s e s M a r g o l i o u t h .

3 8 . E a r l y H e b r e w S et t l e m e n t i n I r el a n d ; D a v i e s ' " M y th o lo g y o f A nc i en t

D r u i d s"

; T a l i e s i n ' s E v i d e n c e . 39. Barber

;C a n o n Ly s o n s ; B e a l e

P o s t e ; T h e P s a l t e r o f C a s h e l . A n n a l s o f t h e F o u r M a s t e r s . 40. Glad-

s t o n e ; A r c h d e a c o n W i l l i a m s o n H e l l a s a n d B r i t a i n . 41 . T h e L a c e -

d a e m o n i a n s c l a i m A f f i n i t y w i t h t h e J e w s (Maccabees and Joseph).

41 . O R I G I NOF

THE NAME BRITAIN . - H e b r e w T o m b s t o n e s i n t h e C r i m e a .

P r o f . C h w o l s o n q u o t e d b y D r . R u l e i n O r i e n t a l R e c o r d s . 4 2. M a p o f

P e r e g r i n a t i o n s o f I s r a e l . F r o n t i s p i e c e s h o u l d b e h e r e c o n s u l t e d a s t o a l l

t h e n a m e s r o u n d t h e N .W . o f B l a c k S e a. Their Names traced Ethno-

g r a p h i ca l l y t h r o u g h E u r o p e i n t o B r i t a in . R i t s o n ' s C e l t s F i r s t K i n g d o m o f

the Brittani, etc.

43 . SIR WILLIAM BETHAM " E T R UR I A C E LTI C A . " - 4 4 . D r . P r i t c h a r d .

45 . E x t r a c t s ; R a d i a t i o n o f D r u i d i s m a n d B u d d h i s m f r o m P h o e n i c i a ;

T o p o g r a p h i c a l N o m e n c l a t u r e t h e B e s t T e s t o f O r i g i n . 46. Hiberno-Celtic

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8 C O N T E N T S

Tr a c e a b l e t o E t r u r i a a n d P h o e n i c i a . 4 7 . L a n g u a g e s a n a l y s e d . 48 . B a r d i c

a n d E t r u s c a n C h a r a c t e r s o n t h e E u g u b i a n T a b l e s . 48 . Etruscan and

Hebrew ; E t r u s c a n a n d C e l t i c a n d I r i s h s i m i l a r. Prof . R e i n a c h o n t h e

A n c i en t B r i t on s f r o m P h ry g i a . S e e N o t e p . 48 ; T h e D i s c o v e r y o f I r e l a n d

o n E u g e b i a n T a b l e s .

4 9 . M RS . HAMILTON GRAY" H I S T O R Y O F E T R U R I A . " - E t r u s c a n s c a m e

f r o m E g y p t t h r o u g h G r e e c e u s e d n o i m a g e s . 49 . T h e C o i n s o f E t r u r i a .

50 . H e b r e w C o i n c i d e n c e s . 50. R o m e a d o p t e d H e b r e w E m b l e m s ;

B r o t h e r l y l i k e n e s s o f E t r u s c a n s a n d H e b r e w s . 51 . C i v i l i z a t i o n e m a -

n a t e d f r o m E t r u r i a n o t f r o m R o m e .

51 . D R . GEORGE MOORE "ANCIENT PILLAR STONES OF SCOTLAND ."

T h e N e w t o n S t o n e , M o o r e ' s D e r i v a t i o n . 5 2 . M a x M i i l l e r o n t h e A r i a n

R a c e , C o l o n e l R a w l i n s o n . 53 . A r i a n s w e r e H e b r e w s ; S a c c e ; T h e S a c a -

s u n i o f A r m e n i a t h e s a m e s t o c k a s t h e S a x o n s o f E n g l a n d : J o h n P i n k e r -

to n ; P l i n y ; P t o l e m y ; E a r l y I n t e r c o u r s e b e t w e e n G r e e c e a n d S c o t l a n d .

C o i n s f o u n d i n A b e r d e e n s h i r e i n 1 8 2 6 .

5 3 - 5 9 . S U M M A R Y O F EVIDENCES HITHERTO . 5 3 - 5 5 . P r e - c a p t i v i t y

m i g r a t i o n s. 5 5 - 5 8

. E a r l i e s t H i s t o r i c a l M o v e m e n t o f t h e K e l t s , G a u l s

a n d K y m r y. 5 8 . E a r l y c o l o n i z a t i o n o f S p a i n .

60 . C O N N E C T I O N O F SAXONS EAST AND SAXONS WEST . - D r . G e o r g e

M o o r e ' s E v i d e n c e e x t r a c t e d ; S a m a n d G e t c e w h o I n v a d e d I n d i a o f t h e

s a m e s o u r c e a s S a x o n s a n d G o t h s o f t h e W e s t a n d I s r a e l i t e s . 61 . T h e

B e h i s t u n R o c k I n s c r i p t i o n . B u d d h i s m c o n n e c t e d w i t h H e b r e w . 62 . T h e

S a c c o p r o b a b l y E p h r a i m i t e s ; N a t i o n a l E m b l e m s o f S a c c e i n E a s t s i m i l a r

t o o u r E m b l e m s . 63 . R o c k T e m p l e I n s c r i p t i o n a t A j a n t a . 64 . Inscrip-

t i o n s a t Gi r n a r a nd D e l h i . G o t h s a n d S a c c e c o a l e s c e i n t h e E a s t.

S

66 . A R E T H E A N G L O - S A X O N S T H E C H I L D R E N O F JOSEPH ?-The Engle

a n d S a x o n .67 . T r a c i n g N a m e s o n t h e M o n u m e n t s ; R a w l i n s o n , P i n c h e s ,

a y c e , S a r - i l i , B e t h K h u m r i , S a k a i ; H e r o d o t u s o n . 4 g l i a n d S a c c e . 68 .

H a n n a y o n S a c h s a n d A n g a i a s B e t h - S a k o r B e t h - K h u m r i . " European

a nd o th er R ac es " ; " E p i t o m e o f A n c i e n t H i s t o r y o f J a p a n , " N . M c L e o d ;

69 . 2 Esdras xiii, 39-46 . H e r o d o t u s ; " I s r a el ' s W a n de r i n gs , " O x o ni a n ;

R a w l i n s o n ' s K i m b r i a n d C y m r y . 70 . " T r a d i t i o n a l A n n a l s o f t h e C y m r i ."

" R o l l o f T r ad i t i on a n d C h r o no l o g y . 71 . T h e F i r s t A r r i v a l s i n B r i t a i n .

P o m p o n i u s M e l a q u o t e d b y C a m d e n .

71 . W E S T W A R D M A R C HO F THE ANGLO-SAXONS .-72 . S e v e n N a t i o n s

o f t h e B r i t a n n i i n N .W . E u r o p e;

The A r c h w o l o g i c a l J o u r n a l - B r i t o n s ,

S a x o n s , J u t e s , A n g l e s , N o r m a n . 7 2 . S c r i p tu r a l A r g um e n t s . 7 3 . H eb r e w s

t a k e n f o r E g y p t i a n s ; Jacob's Blessing of Joseph and His Sons . 74 . P s a l m

l x x x . ; " T he Hi st or y o f t he Cy mr y T h e Y a s u b i - G a l l e a n s .75

. P r o l i f i c

Increase of Israel after Captivity under Various Titles ; The Sam and the

Bretti, Alexander del Mar, q u o t a t i o n , p . 8 3 , 8 4 . T h e G e t o e t h e n o b l e s t a n d

m o s t r i g h t e o u s n a t i o n ; S a x o n a n d B r i t i s h M o t t o e s , t h e i r S i m i l a r i t y; 76

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C O N T E N T S 9

J a c o b ' s B l e s s i n g t o M a n a s s e h . A nt a g o n i s t i c C h a r a c t e r i s t ic s( I s a . i x , 1 9 - 2 1 ) ;

S e p a r a t i o n o f M a n a s s e h a n d t h e i r I n d e p e n d e n c y o f E p h r a i m .F o r m a t i o n

o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a , A .D . 1 7 7 6 .

77 . JACOB'SBLESSING To E P H R A r n s . - T h e G r e a t C o lo n i s e r , W a r - P o we r

a n d P r o t e c t o r ; I m m e n s e W e a l t h; E p h r a i m a n d M a n a s s e h H a v e t h e

R i c h e s o f t h e G e n t i l e s a n d P r e a c h t h e G o s p e l o f P e a c e a n d L o v e.

79. CONNECTING GOTHS, SAXONS, ANGLI AND BRETTI

. - E a c h a n d a l l

b r o u g h t t o t h e i r I s l a n d H o m e , p r e p a r e d f o r t h e m b y G o d. 80

. T h e

V a r i o u s W r i t e r s , A n c i e n t a n d M o d e r n , w h o a s s i s t O u r R e s e a r c h.

80 . " A N C I E N T B R I TA I N R E - V I S I T E D . " - A l e x a n d e r d e l M a r b r i n g s B r i t i s h

f r o m E a s t e r n P a r t s n e a r L a k e B a i k a l a n d T r a c e s t h e m b y t h e N o r t h e r n

R o u t e i n t o E u r o p e a n d B r i t a i n ( p p . 8 0 - 9 2 ) , a n d m a k e s u s e o f H y g i n u s ,

J u v e n a l , M a r t i a l , G e o r g i c s , P r o c o p i u s T a c i t u s , M a l l e t , H e c a t e e u sin

S t r a b o , D u C h a i l l u , P t o l e m y , V i r g i l , C l a u d i a n , H e r o d o t u s , P y t h e a s ,

A u g u s t i n e o f H i p p o , R a y n e r L o d b r o k ' s S a g a , R e v. D r . H e n r y .

93 . H I S T O R Y OF THE ANGLO-SAXONS. - " S h a r o n T u r n e r " - P o r t i o n s

B e a r i n g U p o n O u r V i e w s , ( 9 3 - 1 1 4 ) . 1 1 4 . C o n c l u s i o n .

A u t h o r s w h o a s s i s t h i m , D u C h a i l l u , B e h i s t u n R o c k , D r. Percy, Mallet,

H e r o d o t u s , O d y s s e y , S t r a b o , P l u t a r c h , P l a t o , C a e s a r , P a u s a n i a s , A r r i a n ,

L i v y , D i o n y s i u s , P y t h e a s , E p h o r u s , B o c h a r t , T h e C h a l d e a n T a r g u m s ,

H o m e r , D i o d o r u s S i c u l u s , P l i n y , S t e p h a n u s , M e r i c C a s a u l o n , T h e V e t u s

C h r o n i c o n H o l s a t i c e , D u B o s , D i o n P e r i e g Z o s i m u s , G i l d a s , C a m d e n ,

N e n n i u s , E u m e n i u s .

11 9. INTRODUCTION TO

P A L E S T I N E I N T O B R I T A I N .

121 . PA L E S T I N E I N T O B R I TA I N. T h e l a n d p r o m i s e d t o A b r a h a m ,

Isaac and Jacob as a future possession was theirs only as an earnest of their

e v e r l a s t i n g i n h e r i t a n c e a f t e r t h e S E E D s h o u l d c o m e .

12 2. T h e i r p r e s e n t h o m e w a s t o b e i n t h e I s l e s o f t h e W e s t

. Three

distinct migrations hinted at from Egypt and Palestine. 12 3 . Britain is the

l a n d o f t h e i r p e r m a n e n t o c c u p a t i o n i n t h e i n t e r v a l o f t h e i r c a p t i v e c o n d i -

t i o n .T h e i r m i g r a t i o n s b y s e a . 1 2 4 . T h e i r j o u r n e y s b y l a n d .

12 5 . Not

German, but Hebrew . 12 6. G e r m a n y o u r n a t u r a l e n e m y . 12 7 . T r a c e d

b y C o i n s . 1 2 7 . T h e H e b r e w O r i g i n o f t h e E a r l y B r i t i s h C h u r c h. 1 2 8 , 1 2 9 ,

13 0 .1 3 1 -1 3 2 . P r o v e d b y A r c h a e o l o g y , H i s t o r y a n d S c r i p t u r e , a n d a l s o

R o m a n C a t h o l i c a u t h o r i t i e s .

13 4. O T H E R S H E E P I H AV E W H I C H A R E N O T O F T H I S F O L D

.

13 5 . T h e G a t h e r i n g o f t h e F l o c k , 1 3 6 - 1 4 2. 1 3 4 . S u m m a ri s e d .

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1 0 CONTENTS

14 2 . RACE AMALGAMATION.

T h e o b j e c t h e r e i s t o p r o v e t h a t n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g a p p a r e n t d i f f e r e n c e s ,

all the tribes that came into Britain were mainly Hebrew of the same

r a c e , b e i n g p r o p e l l e d h e r e b y t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e G o d o f I s r a e l u n d e r

d i v e r s e n a m e s a n d t i m e s .

S o m e oft h e A u t h o r s q u o t e d

Si r Thomas Nicho las , P ro f. Huxley, Sir F . Palgrave, Thierry, Rev

J o s e p h H i r s t , F r e e m a n , D r . Keith, Dr. La tham, John Richard Green ,

S i r W a l t e r R a l e i g h , P r o f . W . J. R i p l e y , T h e M e d i c a l c o r r e s p o n d e n t o f Th e

T i m e s ,June 6, 1916, Dr . Young, B r i t i s h M e d i c a l J o u r n a l ,

Prof . R o l a n d

G . Usher, James Bonwick, Herbert Bruce Hannay, du Chaillu,The Vetus

C h r o n i c o n H o l s a t i c e .

151. P H Y S I C A L C H A N G E S N O T G O V E R N E D B Y R A C I A L D E S -

C E N T .

I S R A E L I N I R E L A N D , b y t h e l a t e R e v. A . B . G r i m a l d i , M .A .

156. Very Early Semitic Race, c i r 1540 . B .C .

157 . J o s e p h ' s Z o d i a c a l V i s i o n .

158 . J o s e p h ' s S h e a f V i s i o n. J o s e p h ' s C o l o u r e d C o a t .

159 . J a c o b ' s B l e s s i n g u p o n J o s e p h , e t c , e t c . 1 6 1 . Ephraim guided to

the Wes t . 168 . T h e M y s t i c S t o n e . 164. I d d e w a n d E p h r a i m . 16 5 .

V a l l a n c e y s a y s I r i s h p r i e s t s w e r e o f O n - ( o r H e l i o p o l i s ) .

16 6 .S C R I P T U R A L I N D E X .

L I S T O F I L L U S T R AT I O N S

MAP-PALESTINE INTO BRITAIN. . . . . F r o n t i s p i e c e

R O YA L C H R I S T I A N D Y N A S T Y . . . . . . f a c i n g 1 2 4

C O I N S C O N N E C T I N G I S R A E L A N D B R I TA I N . . f a c i n g 1 2 6 - 7

M A P O F I S R A E L ' S M I G R A T I O N S i n p o c k e t a t e n d o f B o o k

B A R D I C A N D E T R U S C A N C H A R A C T E R S C O M PA R E D f a c i n g 4 8

C O I N S O F E T R U R I A . . . . . .. . f a c i n g 49

LION, UNICORN, JACK . S H I E L D A N D S T A R S page 5 5

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BRITISH HISTORY TRACED FROM EGYPT

AND PALESTINE

A R E T H E B R I T I S H T H E T R I B E S O F I S R A E L

I

N l o o k i n g i n t o t h e o r i g i n a l o f t h e s e t t l e m e n t s o f t h e

A n c i e n t B r i t i s h p e o p l e u n d e r w h a t e v e r n a m e f o u n d ,

B r y t h o n s , L l c e g r y s , C y m r y , o r G a e l , w e c a n n o t e s c a p e

t h e f a c t t h a t a l l t h e s e n a m e s a r e t r a c e a b l e t o H e b r e w r o o t s

s i m p l y a n d p u r e l y .

T h e r e i s a l s o a r e a s o n f r o m S c r i p t u r e w h y e a c h o f t h e

names i s appl ied to th i s race i f our hypothes i s i s cor rec t .

T h e f i r s t t w o n a m e s ( B r i t o - L a g o e ) w e f i n d c o m b i n e d i n

t he v er y re gi on w he n c e t he W el sh t he m s el ve s tr ac e " t he

f i r s t W e l s h c o l o n y , " i .e . on the nor th-western shores of the

Black Sea , wh ich sea was a l so ca l l ed C immer ian . In

t h e C r i m e a P r o f . C h w o l s o n o f P e t r o g r a d h a s d e c i p h e r e d n o

f e w e r t h a n 7 0 0 e p i g r a p h s i n H e b r e w a n d 1 5 0 c o p i e s i n

o t h e r p l a c e s o f t h e N o r t h e r n K i n g d o m o f I s r a e l . O r i e n t a l

Records see p . 4 1 i n f r a . I n t h e v e r y m o u t h o f t h e D a n u b e

w e a l s o c o m e a c r o s s P e u c i , a k i n t o t h e w o r d P i c t . Then,

a g a i n , t h e S a x o n e s a r e a l s o f o u n d i n t h i s r e g i o n; t h e s e

l a t t e r , h o w e v e r , s e e m e d t o h a v e p u s h e d t h e C i m m e r i a n s

w e s t w a r d , h a v i n g t h e m s e l v e s c o m e f r o m t h e e a s t a n d s o u t h

o f t h e C a s p i a n S e a . T o t h e n o r t h o f t h e s e S a c c e , w h e n i n

t h i s e a s t e r n l o c a l i t y , w e c o m e a c r o s s t h e M a s s a g e t c e a n d

t h e B r e t t i ; t he Bre t t i no r thward and wes tward moved

i n t o E u r o p e f i r s t , f o l l o w e d b y t h e M a s s a g e t c e a n d t h e

S a c c e . T h e G e t c e , * w h i c h n a m e w e f i n d i n S a g e t c e , T h y s s a -

g e t c e , Ty r i - G e t c e , M c e s o - G e t c e , a r e a l l d e r i v a t i v e s f r o m a

*Dr . George Moore suggests ' n a Ge te . Gittites in David's bodyguard .

11

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1 2 B R I T I S H H I S T O R YT R A C E D F R O M

common ancestry, p r o b a b l y Ga d ; a n d e v e n t u a l l y in

E u r o p e , u n d e r t he n a m e o f G o t h s , b e c a m e k n o w n a s

O s t r o - g o t h s , V i s i - g o t h s o r G o t h s . N o t h i n g s e e m s t o o u r

m i n d m o r e n a t u r a l t h a n t h a t t h e s e G e t c e , w h o , a c c o r d i n g

t o t h e i r l o c a l i t y o r c i r c u m s t a n c e s, n a m e d t h e m s e l v e s w i t h

a pref ix sui tably chosen, should a lso as Goths do the very

s a m e t h i n g c e n t u r i e s a f t e r . The name Goth, however,

occurs on an inscr ip t ion as far back as the t ime of Cyrus ,

w h e r e h e i s w i t h D a n a n d S a k a i . T h e o r i g i n a l o f G o t h h a s

b e e n s t a t e d b y O r t e l i u s t o b e G a u t h e i , b e c a u s e " t h e t e n

t r i b e s w e r e j e a l o u s f o r t h e g l o r y o f G o d " ( S a i l m a n ' s

R e s e a r c h e s i n t h e E a s t ) .

T h e i n s c r i p t i o n r e f e r r e d t o i s m e n t i o n e d b y G e o r g e M o o r e ,

Saxons East and West, t a k e n f r o m t h e P r e f a c e .

A n i n s c r i p t i o n i n H e b r e w g r a v e n i n a n c i e n t P a l i c h a r a c -

t e r s o n t h e w a l l o f a r o c k t e m p l e i n K a n a r i , a b o u t t w e n t y

miles from Bombay : " T h e s o f t f l o w i n g o f t h e w i n e - p r e s s

f r o m t h e w h i t e g u s h i n g f r u i t i s a s t h a t w h i c h s e t s m e a t

rest ; m y d r i n k , t h e r e f i n i n g o f t h e f r u i t i s t h e v e r y g r a c e

of his mouth . B e h o l d w h a t t h o u p o s s e s s e s t , y e a e v e n

the gladsomeness in it that is ministered to thee .

L o , t h e w o r s h i p o f S a k a i s t h e f r u i t o f m y l i p ; h i s g a r d e n

which Cyrus laid low was glowing red ; b e h o l d i t i s

b l a c k e n e d . H i s p e o p l e b e i n g a r o u s e d w o u l d h a v e t h e i r

r i g h t s , f o r t h e y w e r e c a s t d o w n a t t h e c r y o f t h e p a r t i n g o f

D a n , w h o b e i n g d e l i v e r e d w a s p e r f e c t l y f r e e . . . . E v e r y -

o n e g r e w m i g h t y ; y o u r r e l i g i o n h a s s a v e d e v e n h i m f r o m

u n c l e a n n e s s . A n d h i s ( S a k a ' s ) m o u t h e n k i n d l i n g t h e m ,

b r o u g h t t h e S e r i m (? f r e e , o r p r i n c e s ) t o g e t h e r f r o m t h e

r a c e o f H a r a r i ( s e e 2 S a m . xx i i i . 1 1 , 33, E p h r a i m i t e s ? ) . . . .

A s t o D a n , h i s u n l o o s i n g w a s d e s t r u c t i o n , o p p r e s s i o n a n d

s t r i f e ; h e s t o u t l y t u r n e d a w a y , h e d e p a r t e d t w i c e . T h e

p r e d e t e r m i n e d t h o u g h t i s a h a n d p r e p a r e d . The redeemed

o f K a s h a w a n d e r e d a b o u t l i k e t h e ( f l o c k ) o v e r d r a w n . T h e

p r e p a r e d w a s t h e r e a d y , y e a G o t h a , t h a t w a t c h e d f o r t h e

p r e s e n c e o f D a n , a f f o r d e d c o n c e a l m e n t t o t h e e x i l e w h o s e

v e x a t i o n s b e c a m e h i s t r i u m p h s : a n d S a k a a l s o , b e i n g r e -

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E 13

i n v i g o r a t e d b y t h e c a l a m i t y , p u r i f i e d t h e E a s t , t h e v i c e s o f

w h i c h h e b r a n d e d . "

I t wi l l be seen in th is inscr ip t ion how int imate ly asso-

c ia ted the Dani tes , the Sacce , and the Goths are , and that

Cyrus , wel l known as the King of Pers ia , was the desola tor

o f t h e B u d d h i s m t a u g h t b y t h e S a k a . C y r u s m e t h i s d e a t h

at the hand of the Massa-getoe , whom our author ident i f ies

w i t h t h e G i t t i t e s , o r t h e p e o p l e o f G a t h ( H e b . , n a - G e t e ) .

Dr. Moore goes on to say : " W e a t l e a s t f i n d a n a n c i e n t

G o t h l a n d as wel l as a Saxon race ment ioned in the ear l ies t

r e c o r d s o f B u d d h i s m , a n d t h e B u d d h i s m i s , I c o n c e i v e ,

u n m i s t a k a b l y c o n n e c t e d w i t h a p e o p l e u s i n g t h e H e b r e w

l a n g u a g e . T h e n a m e o f G o t h , a s a l r e a d y s u r m i s e d , w a s

p r o b a b l y t r a n s f e r r e d f r o m P a l e s t i n e t o t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d

o f t h e C a s p i a n S e a , w h e r e t h e G e t o e a n d t h e S a c c e , t h e G o t h s

and the Saxons , are h is tor ica l ly found together " ( p p . 260,

261) .

H e h a s p r e v i o u s l y ( p . 9 5 ) s a i d : " T h e S a c c e a n d t h e

G e t o e w h o f o r m e r l y i n v a d e d I n d i a s p r a n g f r o m t h e s a m e

s o u r c e a s t h e S a x o n s a n d G o t h s o f t h e W e s t , a n d w e r e

d i r e c t l y c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e I s r a e l i t e s , o r w i t h a p e o p l e w h o

e m p l o y e d t h e i r l a n g u a g e ."

H e a l s o , i n a l l u s i o n t o t h e B u d i i , s a i d b y H e r o d o t u s t o b e

a t r i b e o f t h e M e d e s ( i . 1 0 1 ) , d e r i v e s t h i s n a m e f r o m + ' i ,

" t h e s e pa r a te d p e o pl e . " ( F o r f ur t h er e v i d en c e , s ee p p .

4 2 - 4 6 .)

W e h a v e , o f n e c e s s i t y b y d i g r e s s i o n , a l l u d e d t o t h e

E a s t e r n b r a n c h e s o f I s r a e l a f t e r t h e c a p t i v i t y b e c a u s e w e

f i n d t h e G i m i r r a , s u b s e q u e n t t o t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o f I s r a e l

i n t o M e d i a , a l l u d e d t o o n t h e t a b l e t s : " T e u s p a t h e K i m -

m e r i a n a n d h i s p e o p l e a r e c a l l e d M a n d a b y E s a r h a d d o n;

a n d t h e G i m i r r a - U m u r g a h o f t h e B a b y l o n i a n t e x t c o r r e s -

p o n d s w i t h t h e S a k a - H u m u v a r k a o f t h e P e r s i a n t e x t . T h e

Saka-Humuvarka a re the Amyrg ion Sakoe o f Herodo tus

( v i i . 6 4 ) , who, he tells ;us , were theScythians of the Greeks "

(Sayce) . '' -

S e n n a c h e r i b r e c o r d s h i s e x p e d i t i o n s a g a i n s t t h e Ya s u b i -

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1 4 B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y T R A C E D F R O M

g a l l e a n s ( P i n c h e s ) , t h e s e b e i n g n o d o u b t J o s e p h i t e s f r o m

Gal i lee .

T h e I s r a e l i t e s a r e k n o w n t o h a v e b e e n c a l l e d B i t - K u m r i ,

t h e K u m r i a n d G i m i r r a b e i n g t h e s a m e a s S a k a i .

M R . G E O R G E M O O R E O N H O S E A I . A N D I I .

P . 5 6 : T h e p r o p h e t s t e s t i f y o f t h e h i s t o r y o f I s r a e l .

E a c h p r o p h e t p e r s o n i f i e s G o d i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e p e c u l i a r

p e o p l e . D e i t y h u m a n i s i n g H i m s e l f t o r e a s o n w i t h t h e m ,

t o w a r n a n d p r o g n os t i c a t e . H e p u t s H i m s e l f i n t o a l l

h u m a n r e l a t i o n s h i p s w h i c h c a n b e s t i l l u s t r a t e H i s l o v e f o r

man as manifested through His chosen people . T h u s

H o s e a p u t s D i v i n i t y b e f o r e u s a s i n H i s o w n p e r s o n , a n d

a s a c t i n g t h e p a r t o f a l o v i n g h u s b a n d t o a d e c e i t f u l a n d

a b o m i n a b l e w i f e . I s r a e l i s t h a t w i f e ; b u t t h e w i f e t a k e s

t h e n a m e o f t h e h u s b a n d , a n d t h e t r u e I s r a e l i s r e a l l y

r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e p r o p h e t . Her proceedings and names

s y m b o l i c a l l y i n d i c a t e t h e h i s t o r y o f I s r a e l b o t h a t h o m e

and abroad, in Pales t ine and in o ther lands .

T h e p r o p h e t r e p r e s e n t s h i m s e l f a s m a r r i e d t o G o m e r ,

t h e d a u g h t e r o f D i b l a i m ( H o s . i . 3 ) . H e r e w e c o n c e i v e t h a t

I s rae l in i t s nor thern or Scy : , > n c o n n e c t i o n i s a l l u d e d t o.

I t i s t h e h o u s e o f I s r a e l a s d i s t i n c t f r o m J u d a h t h a t i s

r e p r e s e n t e d a s t h e a d u l t e r o u s w i f e b y H o s e a ( i . 3 ) . W h y

d o e s h e n a m e h e r G o m e r , t h e d a u g h t e r o f D i b l a i m ?I t i s

a n i n t e r e s t i n g f a c t t h a t G o m e r , a s a c o u n t r y , i s i d e n t i f i e d

w i t h t h a t o f t h e S c y t h i a n s b y t h e a n c i e n t s. [Gomer

s igni f ies tha t which is fu l f i l led or thoroughly brought to

p a s s . I t i s a l s o t h e n a m e o f t h e s o n o f J a p h e t , f r o m w h o m

t h e S c y t h i a n n a t i o n s a r e d e s c e n d e d . D i b l a i m i s a d u a l

w o r d a n d s i g n i f i e s t w o ( p e o p l e ) b r o u g h t t o g e t h e r b y o u t -

w a r d p r e s s u r e ; i t i s a d u a l w o r d , d o u b t l e s s a d o p t e d b y

the prophet to express the fac t by a verbal symbol. ] M a y

n o t t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e m a r r i a g e o f H o s e a w i t h G o m e r b e

p r o p h e t i c n o t o n l y o f t h e p e c u l i a r a p o s t a s y o f t h e H o u s e o f

I s r a e l , b u t a l s o o f t h e i r a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h t h e S c y t h i a n s i n

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E 1 5

t h a t a p o s t a s y ? Ifs o , w e h a v e a d d i t i o n a l g r o u n d s f o r

s e e k i n g I s r a e l i n S c y t h i a n c o n n e c t i o n . . . .The whole

s c h e m e o f t h e p r o p h e c y o f H o s e a i s i n t h e f i r s t c h a p t e r .

T h e r e s u l t o f t h e n o m i n a l m a r r i a g e w i t h a p e o p l e o f f a l s e

r e l i g i o n s ( w h o r e d om s ) i s f i r s t a s o n c a l l e d J e z r e e l ( t h e S e e d

o f G o d ) , t o s i g n i f y t h e c e s s a t i o n o f t h e K i n g d o m ( H o u s e ) o f

Is rae l , but ye t the preservat ion of a godly race (verse 4 ) .

T h e n a d a u g h t e r ,L o - r u h a m a h ( n o t h a v i n g o b t a i n e d i . m e r c y )

i s s a i d t o b e b o r n , b e c a u s e a s i t a p p e a r s t h e p e o p l e o f

I s rae l in the i r ex i le d id no t t rus t to God l ike Judah ' , (verse

7 ) , b u t t o a r m e d p o w e r ; t h e r e f o r e , s a y s G o d , "I w i l l

u t t e r l y t a k e t h e m a w a y " ( verse 6) . A f t e r w a r d s a n o t h e r

offshoot a r i ses ca l led L o - a m m i ( n o t m y p e o p l e ) , n o l o n g e r

r e c o g n i s e d a s I s r a e l . Y e t I s r a e l i s i n n u m b e r n u m b e r l e s s ,

a n d w h e r e i t w a s s a i d , " N o t m y p e o p l e , t h e r e t k e y r a r e c a l l e d

S o n s o f t h e L i v i n g G o d ." Tof i n d I s r a e l , t h e d e s c e n d a n t s

o f t h e r e b e l t r i b e s , t h e L o - a m m i , i n t h e l a t t e r d a y , w e m u s t

l o o k f o r t h e p e o p l e w h i c h m o s t r e a d i l y a n d m o s t w i l l i n g l y

r e c e i v e d t h e G o s p e l , o r a r e m o s t r e a d y t o r e c e i v e i t , w h e n

p r o p e r l y p r e s e n t e d t o t h e m . . . .

W H E N C E T H E N A M E C I M M E B I A ?

T h e a c c i d e n t a l ( s o t o s p e a k ) f a c t o f C i m m e r i a b e i n g i n

t h e E a s t , a n d i n t h e t i m e o f E s a r h a d d o n i n t h e 7 t h c e n t u r y

B . C ., i s e a s i l y u n d e r s t o o d i f , a s i s g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d , t h a t

b y t h e t e r m G i m i r r a i s m e a n t t h e d e s c e n d a n t s o f G o m e r .

I t i s a l s o a p p a r e n t f r o m H o s e a i . t h a t G o d i n t e n d e d t h a t

I s r a e l s h o u l d b e s w a l l o w e d u p a m o n g s t t h e n a t i o n s o f

G o m e r. Therefore the name Beth-Kumri attachin g to

I s r a e l o n t h e A s s y r i a n t a b l e t s , i n c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h e i r

b e i n g r e c o g n i s e d a s o f t h e H o u s e o f O m r i , w h i c h O m r i h a s a

g u t t u r a l ain i n H e b r e w , m a k i n g i t h a r d H o r K h , a n d w o u l d

e a s i l y c a u s e K h u m r i t o a s s i m i l a t e w i t h G i m i r r a . The

l e a d e r b e i n g , a t t h e t i m e o f c o n t a c t w i t h t h e A s s y r i a n ,

T e u s p a t h e K i m m e r i a n , i s t e r m e d a M a n d a , a n d i s v e r y

p r o b a b l y a Y a s u b i - g a l l e a n . T h i s i s a s i t s h o u l d b e , e v e n

i f G o m e r , t h e s o n o f J a p h e t , w e r e l o c a t e d i n Asia Minor

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1 6 BRITISH HISTORY TRACED FROM

a n d G a l a t i a ( a s J o s e p h u s I . v i . 1 ) , f o r t h e s e K i m m e r i a n s

i n v a d e d C a p p a d o c i a a n d C i l i c i a ( s e e M a r c h a n t ' s M o n u -

m e n t a l F a c t s a n d H i s t o r i c a l F i c t i o n s , p . 2 5 ) .They would

t h u s h a v e c o a l e s c e d w i t h t h e G o m e r i t e s a n d G a l l s ( G a l a -

t i a n s ) . B u t o f th i s s ee a ls o la t e r on H i s t o r i a n s Hi s t . o f

t h e Wo r l d .

T h e r e i s n o r e a s o n t o i m a g i n e t h a t t h e s e C i m m e r i a n s

h a d c o m e o n l y i n t o A s i a M i n o r f r o m t h e E a s t , n o r e v e n

t h a t t h e y c a m e d o w n t h r o u g h t h e c h a i n o f t h e C a u c a s u s

f r o m t h e N o r t h e r n C i m m e r i a n l a n d , w h e r e t h e C r i m e a n o w

is . R a w l i n s o n g i v e s u s w h a t u p o n t h e f a c e o f i t a c c o u n t s

f o r t h e n u m e r o u s b o d y o f K i m m e r i a n s a t t h a t t i m e ( A p p .

B o o k I ., Essay I. , p . 3 6 9 , H e r o d o t u s ) .

Who the Cimme-

r i a n s w e r e , w h e n c e t h e y c a m e , w i t h w h a t r a c e s t h e y w e r e

e t h n i c a l l y c o n e c t e d , w i l l b e c o n s i d e r e d h e r e a f t e r i n t h e

n o t e s t o t h e F o u r t h B o o k . W i t h r e g a r d t o t h e i r o c c u p a -

t ion of Asia Minor at this t ime (reign of Ardys) , i t is impor-

t a n t t o o b s e r v e t h a t w h e r e a s H e r o d o t u s , t h r o u g h o u t h i s

w h o l e h i s t o r y, r e g a r d s t h e i n v a s i o n i n t h e r e i g n o f A r d y s a s

t h e f i r s t , a n d i n d e e d t h e o n l y , C i m m e r i a n i r r u p t i o n i n t o

t h e s e c o u n t r i e s , o t h e r w r i t e r s s p e a k o f r e p e a t e d a t t a c k s ,

c o v e r i n g a l o n g p e r i o d o f t i m e , i n w h i c h , m o r e o v e r , t h e

C i m m e r i a n s w e r e a c c o m p a n i e d a n d a s s i s t e d b y T h r a c i a n

t r i b e s , a n d c a m e i n t o A s i a M i n o r , a p p a r e n t l y , f r o m t h e

W e s t r a t h e r t h a n f r o m t h e E a s t.

S t r a b o e x p r e s s l y s t a t e s

t h a t t h e y m a d e s e v e r a l d i s t i n c t e x c u r s i o n s a n d s e e m i n g l y

b r i n g s t h e m i n t o A s i a a c r o s s t h e T h r a c i a n B o s p h o r u s ( S t r a b o

I ., p . 9 0 , Oxf . E d i t .) . T o s o m e o f t h e s e i n c u r s i o n s h e g i v e s

a h i g h a n t i q u i t y ( S t r a b o I . , p . 9, Oxf . E d i t ) . In this he is

f o l l o w e d o r e x c e e d e d b y E u s e b i u s , w h o p l a c e s t h e f i r s t

C i m m e r i a n i n v a s i o n o f A s i a t h r e e h u n d r e d y e a r s b e f o r e t h e

f i r s t O l y m p i a d .

R a w l i n s o n s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e C i m m e r i a n s o n t h i s o c c a s i o n

a l l u d e d t o b y H e r o d o t u s m i g h t h a v e c o m e t h r o u g h t h e

" C a u c a s i a n g a t e s , " a s t h i s i s t h e d i r e c t i o n h e b r i n g s t h e m

f r o m , a n d d o u b t s t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f H e r o d o t u s b e i n g m i s -

t a k e n ,

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E17

N o w , w e a s s u m e t h a t t h e r e i s e v e r y r e a s o n w h y t h e s e

C i m m e r i a n s m a y h a v e c o m e f r o m t h e i m m e d i a t e s o u t h o f

the Caucas ian range- in fac t , f rom Colchia or Io lchis ; and

if so, being Israelites of the pre-captivity times, it would

account for the great number of them . H e r o d o t u s a l l o w s

t h a t t h e C i m m e r i a n s a n d t h e T h r a c i a n s w e r e n e i g h b o u r s o n

t h e We s t e r n a n d N o r t h - w e s t e r n s i d e o f t h e E u x i n e . E v i -

d e n t l y t h e s e T h r a c i a n s h a v e b e e n l o o k e d u p o n b y S t r a b o

(I ., p . 9 ) a s C i m m e r i a n s . T h i s w e w i l l n o w t r y a n d p r o v e

they really were . T h i s b r i n g s u s t o a s k , W h e n c e t h e n a m e

C i m m e r i a o r K i m m e r i a ?

I n C o l . Gawler' s Dan, the Pioneer of Is rae l, w e h a v e t h e

colonisa t ion of Greece f rom Pales t ine in very ear ly t imes ,

a n d g i v i n g h i s n a m e , D a n a i , t o a l l t h e A r g i v e s . They

t h e n e s t a b l i s h t h e m s e l v e s i n T h e s s a l y , a n d f r o m h e r e e m -

bark from Iolchis for Colchis, in what is now Iberia . F r o m

h e r e t h e y p u s h e a s t w a r d i n t o M e d i a . T o t h e n o r t h o f

T h e s s a l y w e h a v e T h r a c e a n d t h e a c k n o w l e d g e d C i m m e r -

rians . W e h a v e n o r i g h t t o a s s u m e f r o m o u r a r g u m e n t t h a t

a l l t h e C i m m e r i a n s w e r e I s r a e l i t e s a n y m o r e t h a n t h a t a l l

t h e S c y t h i a n s w e r e S a k a i .

T h e C o v e n a n t P e o p l e ( Vo l. I X . , p p . 1 6 0 , 195, 236, 268,

838, 382, 407) gives articles upon the migration, colonies,

a n d s e t t l e m e n t s o f D a n .

I n a p a m p h l e t , Palestine to Britain, w r i t t e n i n 1 8 8 3 b y

the present wri ter, occur these words : -

" T r a d i t io n b r i n gs t h e f i r st s e t t l e rs i n B r i t ai n f r o m

T r o y , u n d e r o n e B r u t u s t h e T r o j a n ; t h e Tr i a d s o f t h e

C y m r y b r i n g t h e m f r o m C o n s t a n t i n o p l e ; a n d h i s t o r y ,

s u c h a s i t i s , b r i n g s t h e m f r o m t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d o f t h e

B l a c k , o r C i m m e r i a n , S e a . E t y m o l o g y w o u l d s u g g e s t

t h a t t h e p e o p l e o r i g i n a t e d i n s o m e S t a t e w h i c h b o r d e r e d

o n d a r k n e s s , a s w e t r a c e t h e m b a c k a s C i m m e r i o i ( b l a c k ) ,

P h r y g i a ( b l a c k ) , P e l o p s ( b l a c k ) , H u s h i m ( b l a c k ) ; this

c l u e a r r i v e s a t t h e s o n o f D a n , o n e o f t h e P a t r i a r c h s o f

I s r a e l , w h o m t r a d i t i o n t e l l s u s fled o u t o f E g y p t a n d

13

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1 8 B R I T I S HH I S T O R Y T R A C E D F R O M

s e t t l e d i n G r e e c e , a s D a n a u s , t h e s o n o f B e l a ( D a n w a s t h e

s o n o f B i l h a h , J a c o b ' s c o n c u b i n e ) .

" Having left the light of Israel, he was driven to dark-

n e s s , a s t h e n a m e o f h i s s o n s , H u s h i m ( n ' n ) , s i g n i f i e d ,

by prophet ic e n u n c i a t i o n . T h i s signification wa s

a t t a c h e d e v e r a f t e r t o t h e r a c e o f I s r a e l i n s o m e w a y o r

a n o t h e r , a s e a c h a n d a l l w e r e d r i v e n t o d a r k n e s s ( P e l o p -

p i d c e , P h r y g i a n , C i m m e r i a n s , K i m b r i , C y m r y , a l l h a v i n g

a r ad i ca l me a ni ng , " d a rk n es s " ) . T h e s e D a n a i t e s w e r e

a l s o k n o w n a s P e l a s g i a n s , S c o l o t i , S c o t i , a n d S c y t h i a n s ,

e a c h o n e o f t h e s e n a m e s d e n o t i n g " W an de re r ."

T H E O R I G I N O F T H E K Y M R Y

T h e G r e e k K I µ s p o s means a m i s t or d a r k n e s s . T h e L a t i n

C i m m e r i u s i s a p p l i e d t o a n y t h i n g d a r k or b l a c k . For the

p e o p l e w h o w a l k e d i n d a r k n e s s , see Isaiah ix . 2, Matt . iv .

1 6 , E p h e s i a n s v . 11 .

T h e n a m e m a y h a v e s o m e t h i n g t o d o w i t h t h e s p i r i t u a l

s ta te of the people of Is rae l when cas t out of God 's s ight .

T h e H e b r e w w o r d C h e m a r i m occurs 2 Kings xxiii . 5, Hosea

x . 5 , a n d Z e p h a n i a h i . 4, and is appl ied to t h e i d o l a t r o u s

p r i e s t s o f t h e H o u s e o f I s r ae l . N o t r e a l l y p r ie s t s , b u t t h e

w o r d i s d e r i v e d f r o m a r o o t s i g n i f y i n g to be black, " t o b e

h e a t e d o r s c o r c h e d l i k e a n o v e n " ( s e e H e b r e w a n d C h a l d e e

L e x i c o n , Re v . W . Wilson), also to yearn .

Yearn, Genesis x l i i i . 30 , 1 Kings ii i . 2 6 , i n b o t h c a s e s

meaning " w er e ho t ."

B l a c k n e s s , n ' 7+ 7 n ~ , K i m i r i m ( J o b i i i . 5 ) , "b i t t e r n e s s

f r o m , " I n,

Chemarims, l v', I n n , s e r v a n t s o r p r i e s t s ( 2 K i n g s x x i i i . 5 ;

Hos . x . 5 ; Zeph . i . 4 ) .

Kindled, i -1 n n , K i m r u ( H o s . xi . 8 ) , " m a d e h o t ."

Ephriam is a cake (or dish) not turned, i .e ., scorched,

b u r n t , o r b l a c k e n e d ( H o s . vi i . 8) . T h e r e f o r e ' 7n z ,

K y m r y .

T h u s i n H e b r e w a n d G r e e k a n d L a t i n t h e w o r d h a s t h e

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E 1 9

s a m e m e a n i n g. W h o s o b l a c k a s G o d ' s p e o p l e w h o h a d

r e b e l l e d a g a i n s t H i m ?H e n c e t h e c o n s t a n t a l l u s i o n i n

Scripture to " t h e p e o p l e w h o w a l k e d i n d a r k n e s s ."

R a b b i D a v i d K i m c h i , w h o f l o u r i s h e d i n t h e 1 2 t h a n d 1 8 t h

c e n t u r i e s , o n e o f t h e m o s t l e a r n e d H e b r e w g r a m m a r i a n s

a n d c o m m e n t a t o r s o f h i s t i m e , g i v e s a s a r e a s o n f o r t h e

t e r m K Y M R Y b e c a u s e t h o s e p r i e s t s w e r e r o b e d i n b l a c k

vestments instead of being " a r r a y e d i n w h i t e l i n e n , " a s

were the pr ies ts of the Orthodox Church a t Jerusalem.

Dr . Moses Margol i6uth , in theH e b r e w C h r i s t i a n Wi t n e s s ,

O c t o b e r , 1 8 7 7: " T h e a p p e l l a t i o n K Y M R Y i s n o m o r e

` t rue-born Engl ish ' t h a n i s t h e t e r m G E E L , o r W e l s h.

T h e n o m e n c l a t u r e o f b o t h o w e t h e i r t r u e b i r t h t o a p a r e n -

t a g e a n d a c o u n t r y f a r m o r e a n c i e n t t h a n t h o s e w h o a r e

c a l l e d B r i t i s h o r E n g l i s h , w h a t e v e r t h e s e t e r m s m a y m e a n ,

whether what we call GAELIC, KELTIC, KYMRY, or

E N G L I S H . A l l t h o s e l a n g u a g e s k n o w n b y t h e n o m e n -

c l a t u r e w h i c h I h a v e j u s t e n u m e r a t e d , a s w e h a v e t h e m

now, consis t of a ` j u m b l e ' a n d ` m i x t u r e o f a l l k i n d s .'

B u t t h o s e t w o t e r m s , G A E L ( w h i c h m e a n s W A E L a n d t h e

W e l s h ) a n d K Y M R Y ( w h i c h b y t h e G r e e k s b e c a m e K i m m e -

r i o i , a m o n g s t t h e T e u t o n s K i m b r i , a n d L a t i n i s e d i n t o

C a m b r i a ) a r e o f p u r e l y H e b r e w b i r t h . . . . K Y M R O , i n

t h e s a m e l a n g u a g e , m e a n s a p r i e s t o f a n i d o l a t r o u s s y s t e m .

A n a l y s e s o f O r i e n t a l a r c h a e o l o g i c a l f r a g m e n t s , n o w i n t h e

Brit ish Museum, led me to conclude that the term KYMRO,

priest of an idolatrous system, was closely allied to the name

OMRI, the notor ious King of Israel , who consummated the

i d o l a t r o u s s y s t e m a m o n g s t t h e T e n T r i b e s w h o s e c e d e d

f r o m t h e H o u s e o f J a c o b ."

Dr . M a r g o l i 6 u t h m i g h t h a v e s a i d t h a t B r i t - i s h a n d E n g l -

i s h a r e c l e a r l y d e r i v e d f r o m H e b r e w a l s o , t h e f o r m e r

" T h e M an o f t h e Co v e na n t ," t h e l at t e r " T h e M a n o f t h e

Calf . " T h e w o r d s G a - e l a n d B e l - g o e a r e a l s o G o i - e l a n d

Bel-goi, both names signifying " The Nat ion of God ."

We have thus g iven evidence to show that a l l the ancient

names of our f i rs t se t t le rs were der ived f rom Hebrew . The

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2 0 B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y T R A C E D F R O M

Ligure has for i t s root l a u g h , * r e n d e r e d s t a m m e r i n g

i n I s a i a h x x v i i i . 11, " W i t h s t a m m e r i n g ( m o c k i n g , s c o r n f u l ,

b a r b a r o u s ) l i p s a n d a n o t h e r t o n g u e w i l l I s p e a k u n t o t h i s

p e o p l e , " I s r a e l . I n B r i t o - L a g c e w e h a v e I s r a e l , o rth e

c o v e n a n t p e o p l e w h o s c o r n e d G o d ' s c o v e n a n t .

T R A C I N G T H E WAY- PAT H S

F r o m t h e n o r t h - w e s t o f t h e C i m m e r i a n ( B l a c k ) S e a w e

trace the Brito-Lagce, Briton-Ligure, into Italy, the first

k i n g d o m o f t h e B r i t a n n i b e i n g i n t h e s o u t h o f I t a l y ( R i t -

s o n ' s Cel t s ) , t h e L i g u r i a n i n t h e n o r t h - w e s t . " T h e g r e a t

n a t i o n o f t h e L i g u r e s , f i o r Ly g e s , e x t e n d e d f r o m t h e A r n o

t o t h e m o u t h s o f t h e R h o n e , a n d i n a n e a r l i e r a g e a s f a r

w e s t a s I b e r i a ; t h o s e w e s t o f t h e M a r i t i m e A l p s w e r e

called Gallo-Ligyes " (A n c i e n t G e o g r a p h y ) . W e n e x t h e a r

t h e n a m e B r i t o n i n I b e r i a ( S p a i n ) a s E b u r o - B r i t i u m ( t h e

H e b r e w - B r i t o n ) .The Ligure goes north into Gaul

(France) , and the nor thern par t of France becomes Ligur ia ,

the Loire being anciently the Ligur . T h e R h o n e i n a n c i e n t

t i m e w a s c a l l e d R h o - D a n u s . T h e P i c t c a m e a l o n g w i t h

t h e s e a n d g a v e h i s n a m e t o P o i c t i e r s ; c l o s e b y i s E b u r -

Danus . A s a l s o P a r i s f r o m Tr o y ; and the Parisini was one

of the tribes of Ancient Britain . T h e r e w e r e s e v e n n a t i o n s

o f B r i t a n n i o n t h e n o r t h - w e s t c o a s t o f E u r o p e , a s p r o v e d

b y m o n u m e n t a l i n s c r i p t i o n s (cir . A . D . 8 0 ) . D e n m a r k ' s

o r i g i n a l n a m e w a s B r i t t i a , a n d h e r p e o p l e B r i t t o n e s

f i n a l l y c a m e i n t o B r i t a i n . D e n m a r k w a s a l s o c a l l e d

J u t l a n d , a s i t w a s s u p p o s e d t h a t J e w s(sic)

of the tribe of

D a n s e t t l e d t h e r e.+

O t h e r s s a y G - t l a n d , f r o m G o t h .

F r o m O r i g i n e s C e l t i c a w e c u l l ( p . 4 9 ) : " T h e f o r t u n e s

o f t h e C i m b r i , a f t e r t h e y h a d r e a c h e d t h e W e s t e r n O c e a n ,

are not difficult to follow . F r o m J u t l a n d a l i n e o f s a l t

* a y S t o m o c k , t o d e r i d e , s n e e r , s c o r n ( I s a . x x v i i i . 11 ; x x x i i i. 1 9 ) . De r

Goth i c L l ahagan , Eng l . Laugh .

t Consu l t La tham and P r i t cha rd on t he e thno logy o f t h i s peop l e ; it

s eems t hey de r i ved t he i r name f rom Greece ( s ay Th race ) and we re Ke l t

and Iberian ; they linked the two anyhow .

i S e e Vetus C7oniconH o l s a t i e ,

11R a c e A m a l g a m a t i o n , " i n f r a 141

.

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E 21

marshes run southward to the Somme . A s f a r b a c k a s

h i s t o r y r e a c h e s - t h a t i s , a s f a r b a c k a s t h e f o u r t h c e n t u r y

B . C .,w h e n E p h o r u s f l o u r i s h e d - w e f i n d t h e o c e a n e a t i n g

i t s w a y i n t o t h e s e m a r s h e s ;a n d m i l l i o n s o f a c r e s m u s t

h a v e b e e n s w a l l o w e d u p b e f o r e i t s i n r o a d s w e r e c h e c k e d

b y t h e i n d u s t r y o f m a n . O n t h e s e r i c h b u t t r e a c h e r o u s

n e t h e r l a n d s t h e C i m b r i a p p e a r e d t o h a v e m u l t i p l i e d , a n d

t o h a v e s e n t f o r t h t h e i r t e e m i n g m u l t i t u d e s i n t o B r i t a i n

a n d s o u t h w a r d a l o n g t h e c o a s t t o G a u l ."

H e g o e s o n t o s h o w t h a t t h e s e w e r e C e l t i c , a n d t h e n

" B u t t h e r e w a s a n o t h e r r a c e o f p e o p l e , w h i c h s e e m s t o

h a v e p r e c e d e d t h e m i n t h e m i g r a t i o n w e s t w a r d , t h o u g h

t h e y f o u n d a c o u n t r y t o s e t t l e i n b e f o r e t h e y r e a c h e d t h e

Atlant ic . The name Iberes does no t occur in Greek

l i t e r a t u r e b e f o r e t h e t i m e s o f H e r o d o t u s , b u t t h e p e o p l e

w h o b o r e i t w e r e p r o b a b l y s e t t l e d o n t h e w e s t e r n s h o r e s

of the Medi te r ranean more than a thousand years

previously . "

T h e n a m e I b e r e s i s f o u n d m i x e d u p w i t h t h a t o f a p e o p l e

w h o m t h e R o m a n s c a l l e d L i g u r e s , a n d t h e G r e e k s , a c c o r d -

i n g t o a w e l l - k n o w n l e t t e r - c h a n g e , t h e L i g u e s. T h e f o r -

t u n e s o f t h e t w o r a c e s h a v e b e e n s t r a n g e l y b l e n d e d f o r

m o r e t h a n 3 , 0 0 0 y e a r s. (Iberus from Heber . - L . G .A .R .)

S c y l a x c o m m e n c e s h i s c o a s t s u r v e y a t t h e S t r a i t s a n d

p a s s e s t h e n c e e a s t w a r d a l o n g t h e c o a s t o f S p a i n. H e t e l l s

us : "A f t e r t h e I b e r e s f o l l o w t h e L i g u e s a n d t h e m i x e d

I b e r e s , a s f a r a s t h e r i v e r R h o n e . ..

. I f f r o m t h e b a s i n

o f t h e E b r o w e p a s s t o t h e o p p o s i t e c o r n e r o f t h e p e n i n s u l a ,

w e f i n d t r a c e s o f L i g u r i a n o c c u p a t i o n .

" W e m u st n o t s u pp o s e t ha t t h e m ig r a ti o n s o f th e K i m -

merioi and of the Ligures can be separa ted f rom each other .

. . . T h e L i g u r i a n C e l t s c a l l e d t h e m s e l v e s a l l t h r o u g h

t h e i r t r i b e s A m b r o n e s , w i t h w h i c h i n a l l p r o b a b i l i t y t h e

n a m e U m b r - i i s c o n n e c t e d .

" T h e L i g u r i a n r a c e s o v e r s p r e a d t h e p l a i n s o f t h e U p p e r

D a n u b e , p e n e t r a t e d o v e r t h e J u l i a n A l p s i n t o I t a l y , a n d

p u s h e d t h e i r w a y w e s t w a r d t o t h e P y r e n e e s , a n d f i n a l l y

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22 B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y T R A C E DF R O M

in to S p a i n . . . . W e have spoken of th e U m b r i ,b u t

t h e s e w e r e d o u b t l e s s o t h e r w a v e s o f C e l t i c i m m i g r a t i o n

w h i c h p o u r e d i n t o I t a l y f r o m t h e E u x i n e , a n d b r o u g h t

w i t h t h e m d i s t u r b i n g i n f l u e n c e s . Among the latest of

t h e s e i m m i g r a n t s w e r e t h e V e n e t i .

" T h e H e n e t o i , o r , a s t h e L a t i n s c a l l e d t h e m , t h e V e n e t i ,

d w e l t , a c c o r d i n g t o H e c a t c e u s , o n t h e A m i s e n e B a t ( S t r a b o

x i i . 3 , 2 8 , p . 5 53 ) . I n a n o t e b y E u s t a t h i u s o n Dion Perieg

( 3 7 8 ) o c c u r s t h e p a s s a g e : ` A r r i a n s a y s t h e E n e t o i , h a v i n g

s u f f e r e d i n w a r a g a i n s t t h e A s s u r i o i , a n d h a v i n g p a s s e d

a w a y i n t o E u r o p e , a r e c a l l e d u p t o t h e p r e s e n t t i m e B e n e t o i

(Venet i ) ins tead of Ene to i , ' e tc . A s A r r i a n w a s n o t o n l y a

v e r y e m i n e n t w r i t e r , b u t a l s o a n a t i v e o f B i t h y n i a , h i s

s t a t e m e n t o n t h i s s u b j e c t i s e n t i t l e d t o g r e a t w e i g h t , a n d I

have l i t t le doubt i s substant ia l ly correc t . T h e s t o r y o f

t h e Ve n e t i t r a v e r s i n g T h r a c e , u n d e r t h e c o n d u c t o f A g e n o r

o n t h e i r j o u r n e y w e s t w a r d f r o m T r o y , i s t h e s h a p e w e

m i g h t e x p e c t t h e t a l e t o t a k e .

" W h e n t h e He n e to i w er e e xp e l l ed f r om A s ia w e ar e n ot

t o l d , b u t I t h i n k w e m a y i n f e r f r o m t h e s t a t e m e n t i n A r r i a n

tha t the i r expuls ion was one of the resu l t s tha t fo l lowed the

c a m p a i g n s o f E s a r h a d d o n i n t h e s e v e n t h c e n t u r y B .c .

" T h e Ve n e t i o f t h e A d r i a t i c w e r e , t h e r e i s l i t t l e d o u b t ,

the proper representa t ives of the Henetoi of Asia .

" T h e Ve n e ti o f Ga u l we r e se t t le d a t t h e mo u t h o f t he

L o i r e , o n t h e s h o r e s o f a n i n l a n d p i e c e o f w a t e r , n o w c a l l e d

the Morbihan , a l i t t l e sea. B o t h t h e d i s t r i c t a n d i t s c a p i t a l

a r e c a l l e d G w e n e d b y t h e m o d e r n B r e t o n s , a n d t h e F r e n c h

n a m e , V a n n e s , s t i l l s h o w s t r a c e s o f t h e c l a s s i c a l n a m e

V e n e t i . Gwynedd i s a l so the Welsh name for Nor th

W a l e s , w h i c h b o r d e r s o n t h e M e n a i , a n d t o h a v e b e e n u s e d

w i t h a w i d e r m e a n i n g a s t h e p r i n c e s o f t h e d i s t r i c t e x t e n d e d

their territory .

" H e r e , t h e n , a r e t h r e e n a m e s w h i c h o n l y d i f f e r f r o m

each other by le t ter-changes which admit of an easy expla-

nat ion , and the p laces they represen t a l l l i e bes ide she l te red

w a t e r s - t h e t o w n o f t h e H e n e t o i i n t h e A m i s e n e B a y , t h e

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E23

B r e t o n G w e n e d o n t h e M o r b i h a n , a n d t h e W e l s h G w y n e d d

o n t h e M e n a i .

" T h e t e s t i m o n y o f E p h o r u s , b a s e d p r o b a b l y o n t h e

r e p o r t s o f t h e P h o e n i c i a n t r a d e r s , s h o w s u s t h a t t w o o r

t h r e e c e n t u r i e s b e f o r e t h e i r r u p t i o n w h i c h d r o v e o u t t h e

K i m b r o i , t h e o c e a n h a d b e e n s w e e p i n g a w a y l o w d r i f t -

l a n d s o n w h i c h t h e y d w e l t . . . . F o r m o r e t h a n 2,000

years i t has now been ea t ing in to the land and obl i tera t ing

t h e l a n d m a r k s o f h i s t o r y . W h e n c e o r i g i n a t e s t h e a l t e r e d

action that led to these results? A s i n k i n g , o r i t m a y b e

repeated s inkings , of the sea-bot tom would account for th is

r e v o l u t i o n , a n d s u c h a n h y p o t h e s i s w o u l d b e q u i t e c o n s i s -

t e n t w i t h r e c e n t o b s e r v a t i o n s.

I f w e a d o p t i t , t h e d a t e

m a y b e c o m p a r a t i v e l y r e c e n t w h e n B r i t a i n w a s s e p a r a t e d

f r o m t h e m a i n l a n d o f E u r o p e ."

O r i g i n e s C e l t i c x , V o l . I. E d w i n G u e s t , L L .D ., D . C . L .,

F . R .S . (late member of Gonville and Caius) . 1 8 8 3.

T h e s a m e a u t h o r , i n V o l . II . , h e l p s u s m u c h i n o u r

r e s e a r c h .

"The Brython . - A c c o r d i n g t o P a r t h e n i u s ( E r o t i c a , c .

3 0 ) , H e r a k l e s , a s h e w a s p a s s i n g t h r o u g h t h e c o u n t r y o f

t h e K e l t o i , v i s i t e d B r e t a n n o s , w h o h a d a d a u g h t e r n a m e d

K e l t i n e . This daughter fell in love with Heracles, and had

b y h i m a s o n n a m e d K e l t o s , f r o m w h o m t h e K e l t o i r e c e i v e d

t h e i r n a m e .

" T h e B r y t h o n . . . b e c a m e a c q u a i n t e d w i t h t h e Ty r i a n

H e r a k l e s , o r , i n o t h e r w o r d s , w i t h t h e P h o e n i c i a n t r a d e r s , e t c .

" I t h i n k w e m a y i n f e r t h a t t h e B r e t a n n i a n d C i m b r i w e r e

m e r e l y d i f f e r e n t n a m e s f o r t h e s a m e p e o p l e .

" P r e t a m i d . . . . P r y d a i n. . .

P r e t a n i k . . . . B r e t t i a .

T h e B r i t t a n i a n d B r i t t o n s a r e t h e s a m e p e o p l e .

" O n e o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t o f t h e B r i t i s h t r i b e s w e r e

t h e B r i g a n t e s .

" S t r a b o u s e d t h e w o r d K e l t o s k u t h i a ( I I ., vi . 2), Keltoi,

or Iberes . . . K e l t i b e r e s o r K e l t o s k u t h a i .

" T h e S c o t s w e r e d e s c e n d e d f r o m t h e S c y t h c e , a n d t h e y

came to I re land from Spain .

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2 4 B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y T R A C E D F R O M

" A S c y th i a n p ri n c e ha d m a r ri e d a d a ug h t e r of P h a ra o h

b e f o r e h e w a s e x p e l l e d f r o m E g y p t . H e r n a m e w a s S c o t t a ,

a n d f r o m h e r t h e S c o t s o b t a i n e d t h e i r n a m e . "

IN " M O N U M E N T A H IS TO RI CA C ELTI CA "

W . D i n a n , 1 9 1 1 .

H o m e r . . . . i n t h e w o r d Ka a •o- T E p o s (=tin) we have

u n d o u b t e d l y a w o r d o f C e l t i c o r i g i n , w h i c h a p p e a r s i n t h e

n a m e s o f m a n y t r i b e s o f t h e G a d h e l i c b r a n c h o f t h e C e l t i c

f a m i l y ( e .g .,C a s s i - g n a t o - s , C a s s i - m a r c e , B o d i o - c a s s e s , V i d u -

c a s s e s , e t c ) .

H i m i l c o , a C a r t h a g i n i a n e x p l o r e r , m a d e a v o y a g e r o u n d

t h e w e s t c o a s t o f E u r o p e , a n d e x p l o r e d a s f a r a s B r i t a i n

a n d I r e l a n d a b o ut B . c . 50 0 .

P y t h e a s , a b o u t t h e t i m e o f t h e d e a t h o f A r i s t o t l e(B .c .

3 2 2 ) , P y t h e a s o f M a r s e i l l e s , s a i l e d r o u n d t h e c o a s t o f S p a i n

a l o n g t h e w e s t e r n s e a b o a r d o f F r a n c e , r e a c h e d a n d e x p l o r e d

t h e i s l a n d o f B r i t a i n , v i s i t e d t h e n o r t h o f S c o t l a n d , s a i l e d

a l o n g t h e c o a s t s o f t h e B a l t i c.

H I S T O RYO F A P P I A N O F A L E X A N D E R

I n T w o P a r t s . 1 7 0 3 .

S p e a k i n g o f a l l S p a i n s a v e P y r a n e a n M o u n t a i n

"But though i t may be sa i led round, yet the inhabi tants

only navigate the Tyrrhone Sea as far as Hercules Pi l lars ,

f o r b e a r i n g t h e w e s t a n d n o r t h e r n p a r t s u n l e s s t h e y a r e

c a r r i e d t o B r i t a i n w i t h t h e t i d e w h i c h s e t s t h a t w a y o n l y

h a l f a d a y . "

We have cul led these ext rac ts in order to prove our con-

t e n t i o n o f t h e h i g h p r o b a b i l i t y o f t h e c o l o n i s i n g p r o p e n s i t y

w h i c h w e k n o w t o h a v e b e e n t h e e s p e c i a l g i f t o f t h e H e b r e w

r a c e h a v i n g f r e e v e n t , a n d s h o w i n g h o w , l e d f r o m p o i n t t o

p o i n t , t h e y a t l e n g t h a r r i v e d i n t h e B r i t i s h I s l e s , s o m e

t h r o u g h t h e C o n t i n e n t o f E u r o p e a n d o t h e r s b y s e a. In

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E 25

th e t i m e of Solomon we are assured from monumental

e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e H e b r e w s w e r e i n S p a i n . T h es e in s c r i p-

t i o n s i n H e b r e w w e r e f o u n d a t M u r v i e d r o (Anc . S e g o n t i u m ) ,

a n d c o n t a i n e d t h e r e c o r d o f t h e e p i t a p h t o A d o n i r a m , t h e

c o l l e c t o r o f S o l o m o n ' s t r i b u t e ; a n d a l s o a n o t h e r t o a p r i n c e

of the House of Judah in the re ign of Amaziah ( Vi l l a l p a n d o ,

E z e k i e l ) . T h i s n a m e S e g o n t i u m o c c u r s t w i c e i n B r i t a i n .

C ul li ng s f ro m " H I S T O R I A N S ' H I S T O R Y O F T H E W O R L D "

Vo l . III ., p. 8 4 :

P r o f . B u r y l i k e n s t h e o r i g i n a l i n h a b i -

t a n t s o f G r e e c e t o t h e I b e r i a n s o f S p a i n a n d G a u l a n d t h e

L i g u r i a n s o f I t a l y .

P . 3 6 : P r o f . R i d g e w a y - t h e A c h a e a n s w e r e a C e l t i c r a c e

w h o m a d e t h e i r w a y i n t o G r e e c e .

T h e p e o p l e l i v i n g i n M a c e d o n i a a n d T h r a c e w e r e d i s -

p o s s e s s e d a n d s h o v e d i n t o P h r y g i a a n d t h e r e g i o n s o f T r o y

i n A s i a M i n o r .

Vol . I I ., p 246 : T h e P h o e n i c i a n s w e r e a S e m i t i c p e o p l e

. . . . a t t h e t i m e o f o u r e a r l i e s t k n o w l e d g e S i d o n s t o o d

a t t h e h e a d , b u t i n t h e t h i r t e e n t h c e n t u r y B .C . Tyre became

t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t .

P . 2 5 5 : S i d o n w a s t h e p a r e n t o f T y r e .

P . 4 1 1 : About 700 B .C .t h e C i m m e r i a n s , t o g e t h e r w i t h

t h e T h r a c i a n t r i b e s t h a t h a d j o i n e d t h e m , i n v a d e d A s i a

M i n o r , d e v a s t a t i n g a n d p l u n d e r i n g t h e l a n d f a r a n d w i d e . .

. . S inope i s ca l led the pr inc ipa l sea t o f the Cimmer ians . . .

W h e n t h e y e n t e r e d P h r y g i a i t i s s a i d t h e l a s t K i n g M i d a s

k i l l e d h i m s e l f . .. a f t e r t h a t t h e P h r y g i a n k i n g d o m d i s a p -

p e a r s f r o m h i s t o r y .

From here , then, they presumably f i rs t came in to contact

w i t h t h e A s s y r i an s . K i n g E s a r h a dd o n t e l l s , b e f o re h i s

C i l i c i a n c a m p a i g n , o f a f i g h t i n t h e u n k n o w n d i s t r i c t o f

Khubushna with " t h e T e u s p a o f G i m i r ( H e b r e w G o m e r )

. . . w h o s e d w e l l i n g i s f a r. " T h i s b a t t l e , t h e s c e n e o f

w h i c h c a n o n l y b e s o u g h t i n C a p p a d o c i a , m u s t b e p u t

a b o u t 675 B .C .

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2 6 B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y T R A C E D

" S o o n a f t e r w a r d s t h e C i m m e r i a n s a p p e a r e d a g a i n i n

L y d i a . . . . T h e C i m m e r i a n p r i n c e L y g d a m i s .

" Note. - I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h i s L y g d a m i s i s t h e T u k t a m -

m u o f t h e M a n d a " ( in the Asshurbanapul inscr ip t ion) .

P. 4 1 4

: T h e P h r y g i a n s . - T h e G r e e k s t h o u g h t t h e y c a m e

from Thrace , and were or ig inal ly ca l led Br igians .

F r o m B R I T A N N I A A N T I Q U A . A y l e t t S a m m e s . 1676

P r e f a c e : " W h e n I c o n s i d e r e d w h a t L e l a n d w r i t e t h o f

t h e B r i t i s h o r W e l s h l a n g u a g e , n a m e l y , t h a t t h e m a i n b o d y

o f i t c o n s i s t e t h o f H e b r e w a n d G r e e k w o r d s , I b e g a n t o

c o l l e c t w i t h m y s e l f , h o w i t s h o u l d c o m e t o p a s s t h a t t h e

A n c i e n t B r i t o n s s h o u l d h a v e a n y c o m m e r c e w i t h t h e J e w s ,

w h o w e r e n e v e r k n o w n t o h a v e s e n t o u t c o l o n i e s , a n d o f a l l

p e o p l e i n t h e w o r l d w e r e m o s t f o n d o f t h e i r o w n c o u n t r y ;

c e r t a i n l y , I c o n c l u d e d , t h i s c o u l d p r o c e e d f r o m n o o t h e r

root but the commerce of the Phcenic ians wi th th is na t ion,

w h o , u s i n g t h e s a m e l a n g u a g e w i t h t h e c h i l d r e n o f I s r a e l i n

C a n a a n , e v e n i n t h i s p r i m i t i v e t i m e w e r e g r e a t t r a d e r s a n d

sk i l fu l mar iners , and sen t ou t the i r co lonies th rough a l l the

w o r l d . "

T h i s i s a r e m a r k a b l e t e s t i m o n y , a n d a d d e d t o C a n o n

L y s o n ' s , w h o f i n d s 5 , 0 0 0 H e b r e w r o o t s i n t h e E n g l i s h

t o n g u e ( O u r B r i t i s h A n c e s t o r s ) , a n d P o s t e ' s G a u l i s h a n d

British Coins says 6 , 0 0 0 , w h e r e a s B a r b e r ' s S u g g e s t i o n s

o n t h e A n c i e n t B r i t o n s , 1 8 6 4 , i s f i l l e d w i t h H e b r e w , a n d

c al ls t he Cy mr y " T h e P e o p l e o f J e h o v a h , " t h e " H u n t e d

H e b r e w s , " e t c. , e t c .

W i l l i a m T y n d a l e , w h o g a v e u s o u r E n g l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n o f

t h e B i b l e , s a y s : " T h e E n g l i s h a g r e e t h o n e t h o u s a n d t i m e s

more with the Hebrew than the Latin or the Greek . "

A n d a n y o n e c a n v e r i f y f o r h i m s e l f t h e i d i o m a t i c s t r u c t u r e

o f t h e t w o l a n g u a g e s , H e b r e w a n d E n g l i s h , b y a r r a n g i n g

a n y H e b r e w t e x t a n d p l a c i n g u n d e r i t i t s e q u i v a l e n t r e n d e r -

in g . I n n o o t h e r l a n g u a g e t h a n t h e s e , c o g n a t e w i t h o u r

o w n , w i l l i t r e a d s e n s e r i g h t o f f . T h e G e r m a n a n d t h e

L a t i n v e r b i s o f t e n a l o n g w a y s e p a r a t e d f r o m t h e n o u n .

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O R I G I N O F T H E D A N A I

I V

CORDING to Petavius, H i s t o r y o f t h e Wo r l d , Danaus

w a s t h e s o n o f B e l a , a s o j o u r n e r i n E g y p t . H i s

brother was Egyptus . D a n a u s w a s i n f o r m e d b y a n

o r a c l e t h a t h i s b r o t h e r w o u l d s l a y h i m ; he f led , taking

w i t h h i m h i s d a u g h t e r s ( c o l o n i s t s ) , a n d c a m e t o G r e e c e

three years af ter the death of Joseph .

T h i s w a s a b o u t 148 y e a r s b e f o r e t h e E x o d u s .

D a r d a n u s i s s a i d t o h a v e b u i l t T r o y a b o u t t h i r t y - f o u r

y e a r s b e f o r e t h e E x o d u s . M r. W . E

. G l a d s t o n e s a y s t h e

S i e g e o f T r o y w a s u n d e r t a k e n b y D a n a i a g a i n s t D a r d a n a i ,

and these were or ig inal ly one .

E x t r a c t e d f r o m C l i n t o n ' s F a s t i H e l l e n i c i : " Danaus and

h i s d e s c e n d a n t s w e r e e n g r a f t e d o n t h e P e l a s g i . "

D a n a u s i s p l a c e d b y t h e g e n e a l o g i e s i n t h e n i n t h o r t e n t h

g e n e r a t i o n , a n d b y t h e c h r o n o l o g e r s 30 0 y e a r s b e f o r e t h e

Tro jan War . E r a t o s t h e n e s a n d A p o l l o d o r u s p l a c e d t h e f a l l

of Troy a t B .C . 11 8 3 . T h i s d a t e w a s a d o p t e d b y D i o n y s i u s ,

Diodorus , Tat ian , Clemens , and Eusebius , as wel l as by the

R o m a n w r i t e r s g e n e r a l l y . The re turn of the Heracl idae B .C .

1104 . E r a t o s t h e n e s g i v e s t h e l a n d i n g o f D a n a u s i n G r e e c e

as B . C . 1 4 6 6 . C al l im ac hu s g i ve s B .C . 1 4 1 0 . Clinton a lso

g i v e s t h e f o l l o w i n g d a t e s : D a r d a n u s , 1383 ; Pelops , 1 2 8 3;

b i r t h o f H e r c u l e s 1 2 6 1 , h i s d e a t h 1 2 0 9 ; T r o y t a k e n11 8 3 ;

T h e s s a l y o c c u p i e d 11 2 4 ; :l i c migra t ion , 11 2 4 ; m i g r a -

t i o n o f T h e r a s , 1 0 7 4 ; Ionic, 1 0 4 4 . T h e D o r i a n s d i d n o t

c o m e o n t h e s c e n e u n t i l a b o u t 1 1 0 3 , a n d t h e i r c o n q u e s t s

c o n t i n u e d t o 1 0 4 4 , b y w h i c h t i m e t h e P e l o p p o n e s u s w a s

f i n a l l y s u b d u e d .

E x t r a c t e d f r o m Bible and Science, pp . 22 and 23 (T .

L a u d e r B r u n t o n ) : "A f t e r t h e d e a t h o f J o s e p h a q u a r r e l

arose between the King of Lower Egypt, who demanded

2 7

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2 8 B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y T R A C E D F R O M

f r o m t h e K i n g o f U p p e r E g y p t - a d e s c e n d a n t o f t h e r e g a l

r a c e o f w h i c h b e f o r e t h e f o r e i g n i n v a s i o n h a d r u l e d t h e

c o u n t r y - a v a l u a b l e s p r i n g , w h i c h t h e l a t t e r r e f u s e d t o

g i v e u p. I n c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h i s a w a r b r o k e o u t , w h i c h ,

af te r l as t ing for near ly e igh ty years , ended in the expuls ion

o f t h e f o r e i g n r a c e a n d t h e u n i o n o f t h e w h o l e o f E g y p t

u n d e r o n e k i n g. N a t u r a l l y e n o u g h , t h e n e w r u l e r s w e r e

s u s p i c i o u s o f t h e H e b r e w s , a p e o p l e m o r e n u m e r o u s t h a n

t h e m s e l v e s , a l l i e d i n r a c e t o t h e f o r e i g n c o n q u e r o r s , a n d

bound to them by t ies of gra t i tude and affec t ion for nume-

r o u s f a v o u r s r e c e i v e d a t t h e i r h a n d s .

" T o e x p e l t h e m i n a b o d y , b y o p e n v i o l e n c e , w a s i m -

p o s s i b l e , a n d , b e s i d e s , i t w o u l d h a v e b e e n r u i n o u s , f o r

t h e y w e r e s k i l f u l h e r d s m e n a n d a g r i c u l t u r i s t s . They had

b e e n d w e l l i n g a l o n g t i m e i n t h e D e l t a ; t hey knew wha t

e m b a n k m e n t s w e r e n e e d e d t o p r o t e c t t h e t o w n s a n d w h a t

c a n a l s w e r e n e c e s s a r y t o f e r t i l i s e t h e c o u n t r y . T h e p e o p l e

b e l o n g i n g t o t h e c o n q u e r i n g r a c e , h i t h e r t o p e n n e d u p

w i t h i n t h e n a r r o w r e g i o n s o f U p p e r E g y p t , w o u l d b a r e l y

h a v e s u f f i c e d t o c a r r y o n t h e w o r k , e v e n i f t h e y h a d b e e n

s o i n c l i n e d , w h i c h a p p a r e n t l y t h e y w e r e n o t . I t w a s ,

t h e r e f o r e , t o s o m e e x t e n t n e c e s s a r y t o r e t a i n t h e g r e a t

b o d y o f t h e I s r a e l i t e s i n t h e c o u n t r y, a l t h o u g h p a r t o f t h e m ,

i t w o u l d s e e m , h a d l e f t t h e i r l a n d a l o n g w i t h t h e r e m n a n t o f

t h e H y k s o s , w h o m p r o b a b l y t h e y h a d a i d e d i n t h e i r s t r u g g l e

w i t h t h e E g y p t i a n s ." (The italics are ours . - L .G .A .R .)

T h i s s u i t s a d m i r a b l y w i t h t h e S c r i p t u r e r e f e r e n c e s w e

h a v e g i v e n e l s e w h e r e , a n d a l s o t h e c o n f i r m a t i o n s a b o v e

enumera ted . I t opens to our v iew the means whereby

G o d w a s p r e p a r i n g t h e w a y f o r H i s p e o p l e ' s f u t u r e m i g r a -

tions.

E v e n a t t h e t i m e o f J a c o b ' s d e a t h t h e H o l y S p i r i t p u t

i n t o J a c ob ' s mo u t h t h e fo l l o wi n g : " D a n s h a l l j u d g e h i s

p e o p l e , a s o n e o f t h e t r i b e s o f I s r a e l . D a n s h a l l b e a s e r -

p e n t b y t h e w a y , a n a d d e r i n t h e p a t h , t h a t b i t e t h t h e

horse ' s hee ls , so tha t h i s r ider sha l l fa l l backward . I h a v e

w a i t e d f o r t h y s a l v a t i o n , 0 L o r d " ( G e n . x l i x . 16-18) . I s

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E 29

there not here a suggest ion of Dan 's vagar ies , h is s t range

wander ings , h is s ly and careful watching of an oppor tuni ty

f o r s u p p l a n t i n g t h e r a c e a m o n g s t w h i c h h e s e t t l e s , h i s

a s s u m p t i o n o f t h e p r e r o g a t i v e p o w e r , a n d h i s f i n a l l y

a w a i t i n g f o r a s a l v a t i o n s u c h a s s h o u l d b e t h e p o r t i o n o f

t h e w h o l e o f I s r a e l . A g a i n , t h a t h e s h o u l d a t o n e t i m e

w i e l d t h e s c e p t r e o v e r I s r a e l . M o s e s i s a l s o g i v e n a m a r -

v e l l o u s i n s i g h t i n t o t h e f u t u r e o f t h i s w o n d e r f u l t r i b e .

" D a n i s a l i o n ' s w h e l p ; h e s h a l l l e a p f r o m B a s h a n " (Heb .

S h a m e ) . N o w , t h i s e x p a n d s t h e p r o p h e c y o f J a c o b b y

t e l l i n g u s t h a t D a n s h o u l d h a v e a r o y a l s c i o n a t t a c h e d t o

h i s t r i b e , a n d a l s o t h a t h e s h o u l d e s c a p e f r o m c a p t i v i t y

( t o A s s y r i a ) . I n t h e s t o r y w e h a v e o f t h e e a r l y m i g r a n t s

w h o a r r i v e d i n I r e l a n d w e a r e t o l d t h a t t h e s e c o l o n i s t s

c a m e f r o m G r e e c e , f e a r i n g t h e c o n q u e s t o f A s s y r i a .

C o l o n e l G a w l e r s a y s : " I t i s w o r t h y o f n o t e t h a t D a n a u s ,

w h o i s r e c o r d e d a s l a n d i n g i n G r e e c e f r o m E g y p t , w a s s a i d

t o b e t h e s o n o f B e l u s , s o m e t i m e s s p e l t B e l a , w h i c h s t r o n g l y

r e s e m b l e s B i l h a h , the name of Jacob's concubine, the

mother of Dan" (Gen . x x x . 4-6) .

" T h e H e r a c l i d w d e s c e n d e d f r o m H e r c u l e s a n d a f e m a l e

s l av e , J a r da n u s " ( H er o d o tu s , C l i o , p . 4 , S e c . V I I .) . In

c o n t r a d i c t i o n t o b o t h H e r o d o t u s a n d D i o d o r u s S i c u l u s ,

P a l s e p h e t u s d e I n c r e d i b i l i t u s w r i t e s J o r d a n u s . Dan's

a d v e n t u r e t o t h e s o u r c e o f t h e J o r d a n i s t h e s u b j e c t o f

Judges xvi i i . , a n d t h e s e D a n i t e s c a m e f r o m t h e h o m e o f

S a m s o n , Z o r a h a n d E s h t a o l ( v e r s e 2 a n d x i i i . 1 - 2 5 ) .

The account g iven in Beloe ' s edi t ion of Herodotus (1833)

a s t o t h e p r o b a b l e s t o r y o f H e r c u l e s i s m o s t i n t e r e s t i n g .

H e s h o w s c l e a r l y t h e r e a s o n w h y t h e H e r c u l e s s u p p o s e d

t o b e o f T y r e w a s n o n e o t h e r t h a n t h e S a m s o n o f D a n .

" I t h a s be e n c o nj e c t ur e d b y m an y l e ar n e d m en t h a t H er -

c u l e s c o u l d h a v e b e e n n o o t h e r t h a n t h e I s r a e l i t i s h S a m s o n .

T h a t t h i s i s v e r y p r o b a b l e t h e r e a d e r m a y b e v e r y i n c l i n e d

t o t h i n k f r o m t h e s e , a m o n g o t h e r r e a s o n s ( p . 3 9 6 , U r a n i a ,

n o t e t o c h . l x v i i .) : W i t h t h e s t o r y o f S a m s o n t h e T y r i a n s

m i g h t e a s i l y b e c o m e a c q u a i n t e d a t J o p p a , a s e a p o r t b e l o n g -

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3 0 B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y T R A C E D F R O M

i n g t o t h e t r i b e o f D a n ; b u t m o r e e s p e c i a l l y f r o m t h o s e

D a n i t e s w h o r e m o v e d t o L a i s h , i n t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d o f

T y r e , a n d w h o , a s E z e k i e l t e l l s u s , h a d g r e a t c o m m e r c e

w i t h t h e T y r i a n s . These Danites came from Zorah and

Eshtaol, where Samson was born and lived, and would

n o t f a i l o f p r o m u l g a t i n g a n d m a g n i f y i n g t h e e x p l o i t s o f

t h e i r o w n h e r o . I a m a w a r e h o w r a s h i t i s t o p r o n o u n c e a

s a m e n e s s o f p e r s o n f r o m a l i k e n e s s o f c e r t a i n c o r r e s p o n d i n g

c i r c u m s t a n c es i n t h e a c t i o n o f m e n , b u t t h e r e a r e c e r t a i n

p a r t i c u l a r s s o s t r i k i n g , f i r s t i n t h e a c c o u n t g i v e n o f t h i s

T y r i a n H e r c u l e s b y H e r o d o t u s , a n d s e c o n d l y i n t h e r i t u a l

prescribed for his worship, that where we can prove

n o t h i n g b y m o r e s o l i d a r g u m e n t c o n j e c t u r e s o f o u n d e d

may be permitted to have some weight. The story of

S a m s o n w i l l a c c o u n t f o r t h e t w o p i l l a r s s e t u p i n t h e Te m p l e

o f H e r c u l e s i f w e c o n s i d e r t h e m a s p l a c e d t h e r e i n c o m -

m e m o r a t i o n o f t h e g r e a t e s t o f S a m s o n ' s e x p l o i t s . T h e

v a r i o u s c i r c u m s t a n c e s w h i c h H e r o d o t u s m a k e s p e c u l i a r

t o t h e Ty r i a n H e r c u l e s , h o w e v e r d i s g u i s e d , a r e a l l r e d u c i b l e

a n d r e l a t i v e t o t h i s l a s t a c t i o n o f S a m s o n . 1 . H e r c u l e s ,

b e i n g a p p r e h e n d e d b y t h e E g y p t i a n s , w a s l e d i n p r o c e s s i o n

as a sacrifice to Jupiter ; and the Phi l i s t ines procla imed a

f e a s t t o o f f e r a g r e a t s a c r i f i c e t o D a g o n , t h e i r g o d , a n d t o

r e j o i c e b e c a u s e S a m s o n w a s d e l i v e r e d i n t o t h e i r h a n d s .

2 . W h i l s t H e r c u l e s s to o d a t t h e a l t a r h e r e m a i n ed q u i e t

f o r a s e a s o n , a n d s o d i d S a m s o n w h e n h i s s t r e n g t h w a s

d e p a r t e d f r o m h i m . 3 . B u t i n a s h o r t t i m e H e r c u l e s r e -

t u r n e d t o h i s s t r e n g t h a n d s l e w a l l t h e E g y p t i a n s . C o n -

cern ing the r i tua l used in the worsh ip of the Tyr ian Hercules ,

B o c h a r t r e m a r k s , t h e r e w e r e m a n y t h i n g s i n i t n o t p r a c t i s e d

e l s e wh e r e . L e t t h e r e a d e r j u d g e f r o m w h a t f o l l o w s w h e t h e r

they do not seem borrowed from the Levitical law or

g r o u n d e d u p o n w h a t t h e S c r i p t u r e s r e l a t e o f S a m s o n . The

to ta l d i suse of images , the prohib i t ion of swine in sacr i f ice ,

t h e h a b i t o f t h e p r i e s t , t h e e m b r oi d e r e d s t o l e , e t c . , a nd t he

naked fee t , the s t r ic t chas t i ty exacted f rom him, the f i re

e v e r b u r n i n g o n t h e a l t a r , a r e a l l o f t h e m p r e c e p t s w h i c h

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E 3 1

M o s e s d e l i v e r e d . W h y m a y w e n o t i n f e r t h a t t h e e x c l u s i o n

of women from the Temple and the shaven head of the

p r i e s t s w e r e i n t e n d e d t o b r a n d t h e t r e a c h e r y o f D e l i l a h a n d

t o c o m m e m o r a t e t h e l o s s o f S a m s o n ' s l o c k s ? A p p i a n ,

A r r i a n a n d D i o d o r u s S i c u l u s a c k n o w l e d g e t h e s e t o h a v e

b e e n P h o e n i c i a n r i t e s , a n d d i f f e r e n t f r o m a n y o b s e r v e d

a m o n g t h e G r e e k s ; a n d i t i s w e l l k n o w n t h a t t h i s s i n g u -

l a r i t y was a pr inc ipa l po in t in tended by the r i tua l o f Moses . "

T h e l a s t o f t h e D a n a i c a m e i n t o G r e e c e a b o u t t h e v e r y

t i m e o f t h e o p p r e s s i o n o f J a b i n , K i n g o f C a n a a n , w h e n w e

are to ld (Judges v . 17 ) t h a t D a n r e m a i n e d i n h i s s h i p s a n d

A s h e r i n h i s s e a p o r t s . This was about B .C . 1 2 8 5 ,and

Dan's t rading wi th Greece i s recorded in Ezekie l xxvi i . 1 9 .

E u r i p i d e s a n d S t r a b o t e l l u s t h a t " D a n au s , h a v in g a r r iv e d

i n [ G r e e c e ] A r g o s , m a d e a l a w t h a t t h o s e w h o h a d b o r n e

t h e n a m e o f P e l a s g i o t w [ t h r o u g h o u t G r e e c e ] s h o u l d b e

c a l l e d D a n a i "( S t r a b o , V . , i i . 4) . Compare this with

D a n ' s a s s e r t i n g d i s p o s i t i o n a s r e c o r d e d i n J u d g e s x v i i i .

2 5 , 2 7 - 2 9 ; a l s o J a c o b ' s p r o p h e c y .

" H o m e r c a l l s t h e w h o l e o f G r e e c e A r g o s , f o r h e c a l l s a l l

A r g i v e s , a s h e c a l l s t h e m D a n a i a n d A c h o e i " ( S t r a b o , V I I I .,

vi . 5 ) .To revert to Argos, this head of all Greece, the first

c i t y o f t h e D a n a i , i t s t o o d w i t h t w o o t h e r s , M y c e n e a n d

Tiryns , the la t te r o f which , s tanding as i t does c lose to the

city of the Danai, might derive its name from Tyre .

T h e r e i s a n o t h e r i n s t a n c e o f t h e k i n d : the Danaster

( D n e i s t e r ) i s s o m e t i m e s c a l l e d t h e T y r a s ( H e r o d i v . 5 1 ;

S t r a b o , V I I ., i . 1 ) , and the people there a re ca l led Tyr i tae ,

a n d i t i s r e a s o n a b l e t o i n f e r t h a t f r o m t h e i n t i m a t e h o m e

r e l a t i o n s o f t h e p e o p l e o f Ty r e w i t h t h e D a n i t e s o f I s r a e l

t h e n a m e s o f T y r e a n d D a n w e r e u s e d i n d i s c r i m i n a t e l y .

Those who went forth from Argos and subdued other

p a r t s o f G r e e c e a r e s p o k e n o f a s He ra cl id ee, o r the descen-

d a n t s o f H e r c u l e s .F o r a w h i l e , d u r i n g t h e c o n f u s i o n o f t h e

Trojan War, they were driven northward out of the

P e l o p o n n e s u s , o f w h i c h s o m e y e a r s a f t e r t h e y m a d e a r e -

C o n q u e s t , w h i c h w a s c a l l e d " the re turn of the descendants

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32 B R I T I S H H I S T O R YT R A C E D F R O M

o f H e r c u l e s " ( se e Muller ' s H i s t o r y o f t h e D o r i a n s ) . Argoz

a l s o , f r o m r a g o z , t o m o v e , i s H e b r e w f o r a p o r t a b l e c h e s t ,

" a n a m e w h i c h m i g h t w e l l s y m b o l i s e t r a d e o r c o m m e r c e

( s o A r g o s y , a m e r c h a n t s h i p ) " ( G a w l e r ) .

Our readers should not forget tha t the Seige of Troy was

a b o u t 1 0 0 y e a r s a f t e r S a m s o n ' s t i m e .

F r o m t h e s e a r e t h e L a c e d o e m o n i a n s w h o s e c a p i t a l w a s

S p a r t a . T h u s A g a m e m n o n , w h o w a s t h e c h o s e n c o m -

m a n d e r - i n - c h ie f o f a l l t h e G r e e k s p r o c e e d i n g t o t h e S i e g e

o f T r o y , w a s K i n g o f A r g o s a n d M y c e n e , a n d h i s b r o t h e r

M e l e n a u s w a s K i n g o f S p a r t a , t h e c a p i t a l o f L a c e d a e m o n .

H e r o d o t u s ( i v . 1 4 7 ) c a l l s T h e r a s , r e g e n t o f L a c e d a e m o n , a

C a d m a e a n a n d P h o e n i c i a n . B u t w i t h t h i s c o n f u s e d a s s i g n -

m e n t o f E g y p t i a n a n d P h o e n i c i a n o r i g i n , w h i c h a d m i r a b l y

s u i t s t h e I s r a e l i t e s , w e h a v e t h i s p r o m i n e n t f a c t , t h a t a

p e o p l e c a l l e d D a n a i a r r i v e d i n A r g o s a n d e x t e n d e d t h e i r

rule to all Greece, and the Lacedaemonians, whether

A r g i v e s o r H e r a c l i d a e , w e r e t h e m o s t n o t a b l e b r a n c h f r o m

this place .

W e s h a l l g i v e e v i d e n c e f r o m S h a r o n T u r n e r l a t e r o n ,

l e t u s , h o w e v e r , f o l l o w o u t t h e c l u e a s t o t h e o r i g i n a l l a n -

g u a g e o f t h e A n c i e n t B r i t o n s , a n d g a t h e r u p s o m e o t h e r

threads before giving an outline of his researches .

T H E H E B R E W A N D T H E W E L S H

I n t h e C a m b r i a n Q u a r t e r l y M a g a z i n e a n d C e l t i c R e p e r t o r y

o f J u l y 2 n d , 1 8 3 2 , N o . 1 5 , Vo l . I V ., is an article, signed

G l a s , o n " W e l s h H e b r a i s m s , " f r o m w h i c h w e e x t r a c t a f e w

s e n t e n c e s .

A f t e r s t a t i n g t h a t t h e W e l s h , C y m r y o r K i m m e r i i c a m e

f r o m A s i a , h e p r o c e e d s t o s a y

But the bes t proof of the Eas tern descent of the ancient

B r i t i s h i s t h e c l o s e r e s e m b l a n c e a n d c o n n e c t i o n e x i s t i n g

b e t w e e n t h e W e l s h a n d t h e H e b r e w l a n g u a g e s , e v e n a t t h i s

day. A s a p r o o f o f t h i s w e h a v e e x t r a c t e d t h e f o l l o w i n g

vocabulary of words in both tongues , so c lose ly resembl ing

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E

e a c h o t h e r i n s o u n d a n d s e n s e a s t o l e a v e n o d o u b t w h a t -

e v e r o n t h e s u b j e c t . M a n y o f t h e s e w o r d s , i t w i l l b e

f o u n d , h a v e b e e n t r a n s m i t t e d f r o m t h e W e l s h , t h r o u g h t h e

C

3 3

A n g l o - S a x o n , i n t o o u r m o d e r n E n g l i s h .

to swell their number . . . .

I t w o u l d b e e a s y

We l s h E n g l i s h H e b r e w

A n a f u To wound , t o cu t A n a f

A e t hHe went, he is gone ; A t h a h

hence death, he is de-

pa r t ed

AmlPlentiful, ample Hamale

Y d o m The ea r t hA d a m a h

A n n o s To drive Anas

A n n o g To inciteAnac

A ch l e s S u c c o u rAcha l e s

AnnwnA n a b y s s Annan

A la f Tr ea s u r eA l u p h

Awye A i r , s k yAuor

AllOther, another Aul

AwyddEarnest desire Anuath

A f a n g e T h e b e a v e rAphang

B a r aB r e a d B a r a h

B u It came to passBo u

Boten, or Potten BellyB e t t e n

Bedd The grave,q u a s i our B e t h

l a s t b e d

Brawd, and in the B ro the rBe r i t h

plural Broder

B r e g B r e a k i n gB e r e k

Ber, or Ysber A s p e a rBe r i ach

BwthB o o t h

Buth

B r i t hBr igh t

Barudh

C a m e lA c a m e l G a m e l

Car rA c a r

Caron, in the Chaldee

C e i s i oTo seek, to catch K a s h a h

Ca sH a t r e d Caas

Ca t t A l i t t l e b i t Kat

Ceg T h e t h r o a tC h e c

C a l l a t hA funeral feast ; a n o ld C el ac h, ex tr em e o ld ag e

m a n d o u b l e d b y a g e

C e l lA c e l l a r

C e l e , a p r i s o n

Coler A c o l l a rK o l a r

C o r o n A c r o w nK e r e n

C w t t aC urt ail Kutain, a tail

ChronielChronicle

Dicron, in the Chaldee

ChwynoTo accuse, q u w r e

w h i n e ? K u n

C y h o e d d iTo publish

H o d h i a n g

C u s a n n uTo kiss

Nashak, reversing the

l e t t e r s

D a g rA d a g g e r

D a k e r

D a w n A giftTanah

D i n a s A t o w nM e d i n a h

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B u t i t i s n o t i n s i n g l e , i s o l a t e d w o r d s o n l y t h a t t h i s

resemblance s t r ikes us ; t h e c o n f o r m i t y i s e q u a l l y r e m a r k -

a b l e i n t h e i d i o m a t i c p h r a s e s o f b o t h l a n g u a g e s , a n d i n

t h e f o r m a t i o n o f e n t i r e s e n t e n c e s , a s w i l l b e s e e n b y t h e

f o l l o w i n g e x a m p l e s w e a r e a b o u t t o a d d u c e .

A W e l s h w r i t e r o f t h e 1 6 t h c e n t u r y , C h a r l e s E d w a r d s ,

w a s s o m u c h s t r u c k w i t h t h i s s i m i l a r i t y , w h e n h e f i r s t

commenced the study of Hebrew at the University, of

O x f o r d , t h a t , i n t h e e x u b e r a n c e o f h i s d e v o u t e x a l t a t i o n a t

f i n d i n g t h e v e r n a c u l a r l a n g u a g e o f h i s c o u n t r y a p p r o a c h s o

n e a r t o t h a t o f H o l y Wr i t , h e d e c l a r e s h e s h o u l d h a v e c o n -

s i d e r e d i t i m p i o u s o n h i s p a r t n o t t o h a v e w i t h d r a w n t h e

v e i l o f s i l e n c e a n d c o n c e a l m e n t f r o m t h i s w h a t h e s t y l e s

m i r a c u l o u s c o n f o r m i t y. A c c o r d i n g l y , a t t h e c o n c l u s i o n

o f h i s Hanes y Fydd, p r i n t e d i n 1 6 7 5 u n d e r t h e i m p r i m a t u r

o f t h e V i c e - C h a n c e l l o r , h e h a s p u b l i s h e d a n u m b e r o f

C a m b r o - B r i t a n n i c H e b r a i s m s , f r o m w h i c h w e h a v e m a d e

the fo l lowing se lec t ions

Welsh E n g l i s h H e b r e w

Gal hedd (Gen . x x x i . G a l e e d , i .e ., t h e h e a p o fGalabedk

47 )testimony

B a g a dA troop cometh B a g a d

Maer in addaw Maran-AthaMarana tha

A n u d o n Without GodA e n a d o n

Y n i a l l s y d d aI am the Almighty God A n i a e l s a d d a i

Hyd U w y n Mr e Unto thep l a i n o f M o r e h Had Blouse Moreh

Yngan Jahacob wareddJ a c o b a n s w e r e d , I w a s Jangan Jahacob i a r l -

fi a f r a i dthi

L l a i i a c h u y n g w y d d L e t h i m n o t l i v e b e f o r e Loa i iche ich engedd

achau ni (Gen . x x x i . o u r b r e t h r e na c h e i n e r i

32 )

Ochoren balloddi hoc- Af te r I am waxed o ldAcharei belothi hede-

dena ?shall I have pleasure? na h

B e b r o c h f o a m b e n e u When he fled from the B e b o r e c h v o impenei

a c h e f , d y f e t h D e b o -f a c e o f h i s b r o t h e r . achieu ; t a n i a t h D e -

rah mam ianceth Ri- B u t D e b o r a h , R e - b o r a h e m i e n c e t h R i -

becahb e c c a ' s n u r s e , d i e d becah

8 4 B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y T R A C E D F R O M

W e l s h English H e b r e w

D a f n u T o d r o p , o r d i s t i l b y N a t a p h , He b ; T a p h ,

drops Chat .

D i f f y g i o T o b e t i r e d P h u g

Dalen A l e a f D a l i t h , a b r a n c h

Darfod To f i n i s h A v o d , t o p e r i s h

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T h e s e a r e a f e w s p e c i m e n s t o p r o v e t h e e x t r a o r d i n a r y

a f f i n i t y b e t w e e n t h e H e b r e w a n d t h e W e l s h , a n d the

c o n s e q u e n t u t i l i t y w h i c h a k n o w l e d g e o f t h e a n c i e n t

B r i t i s h m u s t n e c e s s a r i l y p r o v e t o a l l t h o s e w h o s t u d y t h e

O r i e n t a l l a n g u a g e s . . . Indeed , the Rev . A r c h d e a c o n

P r y s e , i n h i s Latin Hexameters, p r e f i x e d t o D r . Davies's

We l s h G r a m m a r, e x p r e s s l y m e n t i o n s t h i s g r e a t a d v a n t a g e

o f a k n o w l e d g e o f t h e We l s h t o t h e H e b r e w s t u d e n t

H i c d o c e t e t C a m b r o s , d i s t i n c t a Grammatic6que

Verba loqui, linguae veteris radice reperta

H e b r w a m u t c i t i u s v a l e a m u s d i s c e r e l i n g u a m .

T r a n s l a t i o n b y t h e Re v . J O H N WA LT E R S , of Cowbridge

H e g l a d l y d e i g n s h i s c o u n t r y m e n t o t e a c h ,

B y w e l l. w e i g h ' d r u l e s , t h e r u d i m e n t s o f s p e e c h ;

T h a t w h e n t h e rootsfirst of our own we gain,

The Hebrew t o n g u e w e t h e n c e m a y s o o n a t t a i n .

Dr . Davies himself tells us that almost every page of the

Welsh t rans la t ion of the Bible i s reple te wi th Hebraisms in

the time, sense and spirit of the original .

E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E 35

Welsh English H e b r e w

Y n g a n Job y s c o l i J o b a n s w e r e d , 0 t h a t J a n g a n I u b a s c o l i a s c e l

yscoli cyngbaws i m y g r i e f w e r e t h o - c a n g e s i

(Job vi . 1, 2) r o u g h l y w e i g h e d

Amelhau bytheu chwi And they shall thy A me la u b ath e ch a u

a b y t h a u b o l l u f y d - h o u s e s a n d t h e h o u - b a t h e i c h o l h a b h e c h a

d a u c h w i s e s o f a l l t h y s e r v a n t s

A n g h e n i a g o w a n T h y t e r r o r s h a v e c u t A n g i n i e u g o u a n

me off

I a c h a d d n i T h o u h a s t h e a l e d m e Ichiiathni

N e s a a w y r p e n e u c h w i L i f t t h o u u p t h e l i g h t N e s a h a u o r p a n e i - c h a

o f t h y c o u n t e n a n c e

Y s g o e f o n a g w i r i o n M ad ne ss an d b li nd n es s I s g o a h v o n u g i w ae o n

G a e n e n o e r f oRain, etc . Gaenen Ourvo

An annos N o n e d i d c o m p e lA e n c o n e s

A s c h w i m w t hAn angry man Aischemouth

ARydd iI n m y d e s i r e A u a u t h i

Be heulo, leuferfo (JobW h e n h i s c a n d l e s h i n e d B e b i l o l e a v o r v o

x x i x. 3) u p o n h i s h e a d , a n d

by his light, etc .

B w g y t h i e u i n g w a r e h -T h e t e r r o r s o f G o d s e t B i g e n t h e i i a n g a r e h u n i

a e n i ( J o b v i . 4) t h e m s e l v e s i n a r r a y

a g a i n s t m e

I f a r ( N u m b . x x i i. 6)

S h a l l b e c u r s e d I v a r

A m g e r y d d f o At his reproof I m g a h a r a t h v o

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3 6 B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y T R A C E D F R O M

W i l f o r d , i n h i s A s i a t i c R e s e a r c h e s , Vo l .V . , s a y s : " Th e

B r i t i s h I s l e s a r e d e s c r i b e d b y t h e o l d I n d i a n w r i t e r s a s

` t h e s a c r e d i s l a n d s o f t h e W e s t , ' a n d t h a t o n e o f t h e m i n

par t icular was ca l led B r e t a s h t a n , o r t h e s e a t a n d p l a c e o f

r e l i g i o u s d u t y . "

W e m u s t a d d a f e w r e m a r k s f r o m t h e w o r k s o f t h e R e v.

E l i e z e r W i l l i a m s , V i c a r o f L a m p e t e r ; b o r n i n 1754, be -

c a m e a c h a p l a i n i n H i s M a j e s t y ' s N a v y , a n d o b t a i n e d a n

i n c u m b e n c y i n 1784 a f t e r f o u r y e a r s a t s e a . H e t h e n b e -

c am e a pr ol if ic wr it er on " T he A nc ie nt C el t i c T r i b e s , "

" T h e D r u i d s a n d C e l t i c B a r d s , ""

H i s t o r i c a l A n e c d o t e s o f

t he Welsh Language , " " H i s t o r y o f t h e B r i t o n s . " W e

w i l l q u o t e a f e w o f h i s c o n c l u s i o n s : -

" In the Hebrew, for ins tance , which the ancient Br i t i sh

l a n g u a g e g r e a t l y r e s e m b l e s . . ."

" T h e r o o t s o f m o s t o f t h e a n c i e n t B r i t i s h , o r r e a l We l s h ,

w o r d s m a y b e r e g u l a r l y t r a c e d i n t h e H e b r e w . "

" S c a r c e l y a H e b r e w r o o t c a n b e d i s c o v e r e d t h a t h a s n o t

i t s c o r r e s p o n d i n g d e r i v a t i v e i n t h e a n c i e n t B r i t i s h l a n g u a g e.

A l i s t o f t h e s e w o r d s w o u l d b e t o o i n t e r e s t i n g; many of

t hem may be found in Rowlands ' M o n a A n t i q u a , i n D r .

D a v i e s ' W e l s h a n d L a t i n D i c t i o n a r y , in Richards ' W e l s h a n d

E n g l i s h D i c t i o n a r y (publ ished in Br is to l in1 7 5 0 ) ,

a n d i n

s e v e r a l o t h e r p h i l o l o g i c a l w o r k s , i n w h i c h t h e a f f i n i t y t h e

W e l s h b e a r s t o t h e H e b r e w l a n g u a g e i s s t r e n u o u s l y m a i n -

t a i n e d . B u t n o t o n l y d o t h e w o r d s t h e m s e l v e s i n d i c a t e

t h a t s i m i l a r i t y b e t w e e n t h e t w o ; t h e i r v a r i a t i o n s a n d i n -

f l e x i o n s a f f o r d a m u c h s t r o n g e r p r o o f o f a f f i n i t y. In the

C e l t i c , a s w e l l a s t h e H e b r e w , t h e c a s e s a n d g e n d e r o f n o u n s

are d i s t inguished by a ff ixes and pref ixes , as ;s,

p e n , a h e a d ;

~ s , p e n i o r m h e n i , m y h e a d ; p w , a s a c k ; ' p m, my sack, 1 1; ',

h i s s a c k . . . The plura l number of nouns l ikewise i s of ten

f o r m e d i n a s i m i l a r m a n n e r i n t h e C e l t i c b y a d d i n g i n (a

c o n t r a c t i o n o fm , )

t o t h e s i n g u l a r . The Welsh , in con-

f o r m i t y t o i t s p r o t o t y p e , t h e H e b r e w , h a s n o p r e s e n t

t e n s e . . . I n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f s e n t e n c e s , a n d i n t h e

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E 3 7

g o v e r n m e n t o f w o r d s , i n t h e a g r e e m e n t o f t h e a d j e c t i v e

w i t h t h e s u b s t a n t i v e , i n t h e p r e c e d e n c e o f t h e l a t t e r , i n

t h e u s u a l e x c e p t i o n s t o t h i s r u l e , a n d i n v e r b s p l u r a l b e i n g

g o v e r n e d b y n o m i n a t i v e s s i n g u l a r , t h e W e l s h s o e x a c t l y

c o r r e s p o n d s w i t h t h e H e b r e w t h a t t h e s a m e s y n t a x m i g h t

s e r v e f o r b o t h . F r o m t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s , a n d f r o m t h e

g e n e r a l a f f i n i t y o b s e r v e d t o s u b s i s t b e t w e e n t h e t w o l a n -

g u a g e s , t h e s a c r e d S c r i p t u r e s a p p e a r w i t h g r e a t e r f e l i c i t y

a n d w i t h m o r e u n a f f e c t e d b e a u t y i n t h e W e l s h t h a n i n a n y

m o d e r n t r a n s l a t i o n. T h e s i m i l a r i t y t o t h e o r i g i n a l i s s o

r e m a r k a b l e t h a t t h e H e b r e w i d i o m s a r e w i t h o u t v i o l e n c e

r e t a i n e d i n t h e a n c i e n t B r i t i s h v e r s i o n . I n t h e p a s s a g e

i n G e n e s i s i i . 17, r e n d e r e d i n E n g l i s h " t h o u s h a l t s u r e l y

d i e, " t h e W e ls h p r e s er v es t h e O r ie n ta l i d i o m, " d y i n g ,

t h o u s h a l t d i e ." In all other instances the Eastern

p h r a s e o l o g y a p p e a r s w i t h a l l i t s n a t i v e e a s e a n d e l e g a n c e

in the Celtic dress, as in Genesis vii . 1 3 . . . T o e n u m e r a t e

a l l t h e b e a u t i e s o f t h e a n c i e n t B r i t i s h v e r s i o n w o u l d b e

almost an impracticable task, and the appearance of

W a l k e r ' s E s s a y o n t h e W e l s h L a n g u a g e , i n w h i c h m a n y o f

t h e m a r e v e r y h a p p i l y d i s p l a y e d , h a s r e n d e r e d i t i n a g r e a t

m e a s u r e u n n e c e s s a r y ."

S o f a r w e h a v e c u l l e d f r o m M r. E l i e z e r W i l l i a m s .

A f e w w o r d s m u s t n o w b e a d d e d f r o m a w r i t e r i n t h e

Monthly Magazine, 1 7 9 6 , V o l . I I ., p . 543, w e w i l l g i v e f r o m

the Rev . M o s e s M a r g o l i 6 u t h ' s w o r k , The Jews in Great

B r t i a i n , 1846 . S p e a k i n g o f t h e a f f i n i t y b e t w e e n H e b r e w

a n d C o r n i s h ( o n p . 33 ) : " A n y o n e h a v i n g p a i d c r i t i c a l

a t t e n t i o n t o t h e e a r l y h i s t o r y o f t h i s c o u n t r y c a n s c a r c e l y

r e m a i n i n d o u b t a s r e g a r d s t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a n i n t i m a t e

a c q u a i n t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e J e w s a n d t h e o l d B r i t o n s o r

Welsh . A n e m i n e n t C o r n i s h s c h o l a r o f l a s t c e n t u r y , w h o

d e v o t e d a g r e a t d e a l o f h i s t i m e t o p r o v e t h e a f f i n i t y

b e t w e e n t h e H e b r e w a n d W e l s h l a n g u a g e s , o b s e r v e s : ` It

w o u l d b e d i f f i c u l t t o a d d u c e a s i n g l e a r t i c l e o r f o r m o f

construction in the Hebrew grammar, but the same is

to be found in Welsh, and that there are many whole

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3 8 B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y T R A C E D F R O M

s e n t e n c e s i n b o t h l a n g u a g e s e x a c t l y t h e s a m e i n t h e v e r y

w o r d s .' "

M r . M a r g o l i o u t h t h e n f r o m t w o c o l u m n s o f q u o t a t i o n s

s e l e c t s e i g h t s e n t e n c e s f r o m H e b r e w a n d t r a n s l a t e s t h e m

i n t o W e l s h . T h e y a r e a l l s e e n t o b e f r o m t h e P s a l m s ,

P r o v e r b s a n d L a m e n t a t i o n s , a n d o n e , t h e f i r s t s e n t e n c e

o f a l l , J e w i s h t h a n k s g i v i n g s t o t h i s v e r y d a y , a n d s a y s

" N o w , i f t h e a b o r i g i n e s , B r i t o n s , k n e w n o t t h e J e w s ,

w h e r e c o u l d t h e y h a v e g o t h o l d o f s u c h w h o l e H e b r e w ,

p u r e l y H e b r e w , s e n t e n c e s ? I s a y , t h e n , a g a i n , I s i t n o t

highly probable, if not demonstrated, that the Jews

v i s i t e d t h i s i s l a n d a t a v e r y e a r l y p e r i o d , a n d t r i e d t o

t e a c h t h e n a t i v e s t h e l e s s o n s w h i c h t h e y h a d t h e m s e l v e s

l e a r n e d ?T h e y p o s s e s s e d a l r e a d y t h e s i m p l e , b u t m o s t

s u b l i m e , M o s a i c r e c o r d s , w r i t t e n a b o v e 1 , 0 0 0 y e a r s b e f o r e

t h e h i s t o r y o f H e r o d o t u s ; t h e P s a l m s a n d P r o v e r b s ,

w r i t t e n 1 , 0 4 0 y e a r s b e f o r e H o r a c e ; a n d p r o b a b l y I s a i a h

a n d J e r e m i a h , f o r t h e y w e r e w r i t t e n 7 0 0 y e a r s b e f o r e

Vi r g i l . "

O n e s h o u l d l o o k a t C a m d e n ' sB r i t a n n i a , p . 9 6 3 , w h e r e

h e g i v e s a q u o t a t i o n f r o m P o s t e l l i u s ' l e c t u r e s o n P o m p o -

n i u s M e l a , a f i r s t - c e n t u r y w r i t e r. I r e l a n d w a s c a l l e d

Jur in , q u a s i J e w s l a n d , b e c a u s e i n t h e d i s t a n t p a s t t h e

J e w s ( s i c ) , w h o w e r e g r e a t s o o t h s a y e r s , k n e w t h a t t h e

f u t u r e e m p i r e o f t h e w o r l d w o u l d c o m e t o t h e s e p a r t s .

The Syr ians and the Tyr ians d id the same. In o the r

w o r d s , P h o e n i c i a n - I s r a e l i t e s w e r e t h e o r i g i n a l c o l o n i s t s .

F r o m D a v i e s ' Mythology of the Ancient Druids, p . 94

" T a l i e s i n , t h e c h i e f B a r d , d e c l a r e s t h a t h i s l o r e h a d b e e n

deta i led in Hebraic ; and in a song, the substance of which

h e p r o f e s s e s t o h a v e d e r i v e d f r o m t h e s a c r e d Ogdoad, or

A r k i t e s , t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l l i n e s t o g e t h e r i n s o m e f o r e i g n

d i a l e c t , a p p a r e n t l y o f g r e a t a f f i n i t y w i t h t h e H e b r e w ,

t h o u g h o b s c u r e d b y B r i t i s h o r t h o g r a p h y . "

F o r i n s t a n c e i n t h e G W A W D L L U D Y M A W R , t h e P r a i s e

o f L l u d d t h e G r e a t , o c c u r t h e s e w o r d s

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E

" O ' r a n a n t o n i a n t -

O B r i t h i B r i t h o f

Nu oes nu edi

B r i t h i b r i t h a n a i

S y c h e d i e d i e u r o i

Eil coed cogni

Antaredd dymbi

P a w b i A d o n a i

Ar weryd Pwmpai . "

In th is las t poem, Barber ' s " S u gg e st i on o n t h e A n ci e nt

B r i t o n s " sees a Hebrew s tanza uninte l l ig ib le in any other

l a n g u a g e , p . 60, and, in another, " G w e n h w y v a r , " h e r e c o g -

nises ri i- 7' 1 :' 1 . , p e o p l e o f J e h o v a h .

C a n o n L y s o n s , O u r B r i t i s h A n c e s t o r s , s a y s n e a r l y 5 , 0 0 0

w o r d s i n s o u n d a n d s e n s e o f E n g l i s h a r e t h e s a m e a s t h e

Hebrew, p . 407 . & c .

C a n o n L y s o n s s a y s t h e c o m p i l e r ' s"

o b j e c t i s t o s h o w

t h a t t h e w h o l e f o u n d a t i o n o f t h e E n g l i s h l a n g u a g e , a s w e

n o w u s e i t , i s H e b r e w o r C h a l d e e . " H e c l e a r l y d i s p r o v e s

Dr . S a m u e l J o h n s o n ' s a n d L a t h a m ' s a s s e r t i o n s t o t h e

c o n t r a r y .

I n a g l o s s a r y h e g i v e s m o r e t h a n 4 , 0 0 0 w o r d s , a n d s a y s

many more might have been added . T h i s g l o s s a r y c o m -

p r i s e s 1 3 0 p a g e s .

B e a l e P o s t e , i n C e l t i c I n s c r i p t i o n s o n G a u l i s h a n d B r i t i s h

C o i n s , p . 1 4 8 , s a y s : " W i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e d e r i v a t i o n o f

t h e We l s h l a n g u a g e f r o m O r i e n t a l s o u r c e s , t h e r e i s s o m u c h

a d m i x t u r e o f t h e H e b r e w i n s e v e r a l a n c i e n t l a n g u a g e s t h a t

R o w l a n d s , i n h i s M o n a A n t i q u a , p p . 3 1 6 and 317, w i t h

s o m e w h a t t o o g r e a t a d i l a t i o n o f h i s v i e w s , i t m u s t b e c o n -

f e s s e d , m i g h t a l m o s t b e s a i d t o r e g a r d i t a s h i s m o t h e r

t o n g u e , a n d t h e W e l s h t o b e a n i m m e d i a t e d e r i v a t i v e f r o m

it . . . A f o r e i g n s a v a n t p r o n o u n c e d s o m e y e a r s a g o t h a t

i t ( t h e E n g l i s h ) c o m p r i s e d w i t h i n i t s c o m p a s s s i x t h o u s a n d

p u r e H e b r e w w o r d s ."

Th e " Psal ter of Cashel " says : "The Tuatha de Da-

n a a n s r u l e d i n I r e l a n d f o r a b o u t t w o c e n t u r i e s , a n d w e r e

89

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4 0 B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y T R A C E D F R O M

h i g h l y s k i l l e d i n a r c h i t e c t u r e a n d o t h e r a r t s f r o m t h e i r

l o n g r e s i d e n c e i n G r e e c e a n d i n t e r c o u r s e w i t h t h e P h o e n i -

c i a n s " ( A n n a l s o f t h e F o u r M a s t e r s ) .

The language spoken is proved by the words of the

Phoenician or Carthagenian slave in the Pcenulus of

P l a u t u s b e i n g n e a r l y p u r e I r i s h a s s p o k e n o n l y i n t h e l a s t

c e n t u r y . I t i s s h o w n i n a p a m p h l e t p r i n t e d i n D u b l i n i n

1 7 7 2 , E s s a y o n t h e A n t i q u i t y o f t h e I r i s h L a n g u a g e . The

P h o e n i c i a n l a n g u a g e w a s i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h e H e b r e w.

T h e s a m e p a s s a g e i n P l a u t u s m a y b e f o u n d t r a n s l i t e r a t ed

i n t o H e b r e w i n t h e Trans . B i b . A r c h ., P t . I I . , V o l . I I ., 1 8 7 4 .

T h e l a t e R i g h t H o n. W . E w a r t G l a d s t o n e , i n J u v e n t u s

M u n d i , p . 136,c o n n e c t s t h e D a n a o s w i t h P h o e n i c i a a n d

t h e T u a t h a d e D a n a a n s w h o l a n d e d i n I r e l a n d w i t h t h e

s a m e p e o p l e . And further on, p. 1 4 1 , s p e a k i n g o f t h e

c o n t r a s t b e t w e e n t h e A r y a n a n d S e m i t i c , s a y s : -

" I f t h i s w e r e s o , n o t h i n g c o u l d b e m o r e n a t u r a l t h a n

t h a t w h e n a f e w p r o m i n e n t a n d c o n s p i c u o u s p e r s o n s f r o m

a S e m i t i c c o u n t r y c a m e t o s e t t l e i n G r e e c e , a n d e s p e c i a l l y

w h e n t h e y h e l d t h e r e a p o s i t i o n a n d a t t i t u d e o f s u p e r i o r i t y ,

t h e y s h o u l d b r i n g w i t h t h e m t h e c u s t o m s a n d d r e s s o f t h e i r

c o u n t r y, a n d t h a t t o t h e m i n r e s p e c t o f t h e s t y l e o f t h e i r

h a b i l i m e n t s t h e n a m e o f A i o l o s , m e a n i n g p a t t e r n e d o r

v a r i e g a t e d , s h o u l d a t t a c h . "

M r . G l a d s t o n e c l a s s i f i e s t h e t h r e e a p p e l l a t i o n s o f t h e

G r e e k s t h u s : -

1 . T h e D a n a o i , t h e s o l d i e r y, t h e p e o p l e i n w a r f a r e.

2 . T h e A r g a o i , t h e m a s s e s , t h e p e o p l e e n g a g e d i n

t i l l a g e .

3 .T h e A c h a i o i , t h e c h i e f s o r a r i s t o c r a c y , t h e p e o p l e

r e g a r d e d t h r o u g h t h e g o v e r n i n g c l a s s e s ( p . 70) .

I t i s c e n t u r i e s a f t e r t h e p a s s a g e o f t h e s e D a n a i f r o m

G r e e c e i n t o B r i t a i n , w h i c h i s a d m i t t e d b y H e c a t e u s o f

M i l e t u s , a s p r o v e d b y A r c h d e a c o n J o h n W i l l i a m s ' ( C a r d i -

g a n) E s sa ys , " C o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n H e l l a s a n d B r i t a i n "

(p p . 1 4 9 - 1 8 7 ) , t h a t t h e L a c e d o e m o n i a n s , a p a r t r e m n a n t

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E41

o f t h es e D a na i s ti l l l ef t i n G r ee c e i n B. c . 1 8 0 , s e n t t h e

f o l l o w i n g l e t t e r : -

1 M a c c a b e e s x i i . and Josephus Ant. X I I ., iv . 1 0 , to the

J e w s

" A r e u s , K i n g o f t h e L a e e d o e m o n i a n s , t o O n i a s , t h e H i g h

P r i e s t s e n d e t h g r e e t i n g. I t i s f o u n d i n w r i t i n g t h a t t h e

L a c e d a e m o n i a n s a n d J e w s a r e b r e t h r e n , a n d t h a t t h e y a r e

o f t h e s t o c k o f A b r a h a m . N o w, t h e r e f o r e , s i n c e t h i s h a s

c o m e t o o u r k n o w l e d g e , y e s h a l l d o w e l l t o w r i t e t o u s o f

y o u r p r o s p e r i t y ."

A n s w e r . - J o s . XIII ., v . 8 : " We joyful ly received the

e p i s t l e , a n d w e r e w e l l p l e a s e d w i t h D e m o t e l e s a n d A r e u s ,

a l t h o u g h w e d i d n o t n e e d s u c h a d e m o n s t r a t i o n , b e c a u s e

w e w e r e w e l l s a t i s f i e d a b o u t i t f r o m t h e s a c r e d w r i t i n g s ."

M u c h m o r e m i g h t b e a d d e d t o s h o w t h e c o n n e c t i o n , b u t

this must suffice at present .

O R I G I N O F T H E N A M E " B R I TA I N "

In Cellarius' A n c i e n t A t l a s w e h a v e n a m e s g i v e n u s t o

t h e N .W . of the BlackS e a w h ic h w e ha v e ar r an g ed w i th

o t h e r s c o p i e d f r o m s i m i l a r a t l a s s e s , a n d r e p r o d u c e i n a

map, " Pales t ine in to Br i ta in . " W e h a v e b u t t o c o n n e c t

t h e s e n a m e s w i t h t h e D a n a i , H e r a e l i d w a n d D o r i a n s t o s e e

the original of nearly all the names of the different tribes

w h o c a m e i n t o B r i t a i n . S o m e o f t h e s e t r i b e s w e k n o w

c a m e f r o m G r e e c e 1 2 8 0 B . c . o r e a r l i e r ; o t h e r s f r o m 6 5 0

B .C .-100 A .D . T h e l a t t e r w e h a v e m o n u m e n t a l e v i d e n c e

o f t o m b s t o n e s , n o w i n t h e M u s e u m a t P e t r o g r a d , w h i c h

w e r e d i s c o v e r e d i n t h e C r i m e a , p r o v i n g t h a t I s r a e l w a s

t h e r e . P r o f e s s o r C h w o l s o n , o f S t . P e t e r s b u r g , h a s e x -

a m i n e d n o f e w e r t h a n 700,a n d 1 5 0 c o p i e s o f e p i g r a p h s

i n o t h e r H e b r e w b u r i a l p l a c e s , a n d f o u n d a m o n g t h e m

s o m e o f g r e a ta n t i q u i t y . - O r i e n t a l R e c o r d s . A m o n g s t t h e

oldest we give three of these inscriptions within the first

c e n t u r y A .D . : -

" T h i s i s t h e t o m b s t o n e o f B u k i , t h e s o n o f I z c h a k , t h e

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4 2 B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y T R A C E D F R O M

priest .M a y h i s r e s t b e i n E d e n a t t h e t i m e o f t h e s a l v a -

t ion of I s rae l. I n t h e y e a r 7 0 2 of the years of our ex i le . "

" R a b b i M o s e s L e v i d i e d i n t h e y e a r 726 of our exile . "

" Z a d o k , t h e L e v i t e , s o n o f M o s e s , d i e d 4 0 0 0 a f t e r t h e

crea t ion , 785 of our exile .

T h e K a r a i t e e r a o f t h e c r e a t i o n m a k e s t h a t e v e n t 3911

B .C . S o t h i s l a s t d a t e w o u l d b e8 8 - 8 9

A .D .( S e e I s r a e l ' s

W a n d e r i n g s , b y " O x o n i a n , " p . 9 5 ;also Dr

. R u l e ' s

O r i e n t a l R e c o r d s .)

F o r t h i s l a t t e r m i g r a t i o n o f I s r a e l c o n s u l t 2 E s d r a s x i i i .

3 9 - 4 5 and Herodo tus iv . 1 1 . T h e s e a r e i d e n t i c a l t a l e s .

B u t t h e D a n a i , H e r a c l i d a e a n d D o r i a n h a d n e a r l y s e v e n

centuries before this first occupied these regions .

N o w t h e n a m e s w e f i n d c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e t w o p e o p l e s

a r e B R I T O - L a g c e ( B r i t o n a n d L i g u r e ) , P e u c e , P e u c e n i ( P i c t ) ,

K i m m e r i i ( C y m r y ) , I s a k s c h i , S a k a i ( S a x o n s ) , W a l l a c h i a

( W a l e s ) , a n d G e t c e ( G o t h ) . We meet these names, some

i n I t a l y a n d S p a i n a n d a l l o v e r E u r o p e , u n t i l t h e y c o n c e n -

t r a t e i n t h e B r i t i s h I s l a n d s . I s th is for tu i tous or nothing

b u t c o i n c i d e n c e ? B u t w e a s s e r t t h e r e i s a c a u s e .

T h e f i r s t k i n g d o m o f t h e B R E T T A N I ( R i t s o n ' s C e l t s ) w a s

f o u n d e d i n t h e s o u t h o f I t a l y. A b o v e t h e s e , a g a i n , w e r e

t h e D a u n o i a n d t h e P e u c e n i , t o t h e w e s t w e r e t h e E t r u s -

c a n s , a n d t o t h e n o r t h - e a s t t h e U m b r i , w h e r e a s t o t h e

n o r t h - w e s t h a r b o u r e d t h e L i g u r e o r L y g e s . Moving in to

S p a i n , w e f i n d t h e E s k a l d u n i a n s , t h e C e l t , t h e I b e r i a n ,

and to the west EBuRo-BRITIuM. T h e n t h e B r i g a n t i ,

t h e C e l t , t h e G a u l , a n d o n t h e N . W . c o a s t o f E u r o p e t h e

B r i t a n n i . The ancient name of Denmark was BRITTIA .

T h e i s l a n d e r s w e r e c a l l e d B r i t a n n i , a n d t h e p e n i n s u l a

B r i t o n e s , t o d i s t i n g u i s h o n e f r o m t h e o t h e r .

I t i s n o t f o r a m o m e n t t o b e s u p p o s e d t h a t o t h e r r a c e s

m a y o r m a y n o t h a v e b e e n t h e f i r s t a r r i v a l s , b u t t h e

P h o e n i c i a n - P h o c e a n , T y r e - D a n , m e r c h a n t s a n d c o l o n i s t s ,

in the i r eager search for t rade and meta l s , were the or ig ina l

discoverers and civilisers of all these regions .

R e c o g n i s i n g a s w e d o t h a t t h e A n c i e n t B r i t o n s w e r e

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E G Y P T A N DP A L E S T I N E 43

H e b r e w s , a n d t h a t G o d m a d e H i s C o v e n a n t o f G r a c e w i t h

A b r a h a m a n d h i s p o s t e r i t y , w e a r e n o t a s t o n i s h e d t o f i n d

in Isaiah xlii . 6 and x l ix . 8 t h e n a m e B r i t h - a m * i n a s s o c i a -

t i o n w i t h t h e i s l a n d s t h a t t r a f f i c o v e r t h e s e a s a n d t h a t l i e

i n t h e N o r t h a n d W e s t . T h o u g h t h i s c o m p o s i t e w o r d i s

t rans la ted " a c o v e n a n t o f t h e p e o p l e , " i t m a y w e l l b e

rendered as i t i s phonet ica l ly, Br i ta in . T h a t w e a r e G o d ' s

C o v e n a n t P e o p l e a n d H i s s e r v a n t s , t a k i n g C h r i s t i n t o a l l

t h e w o r l d a n d p e r f o r m i n g t h e p a r t I s r a e l w a s g i v e n t o d o ,

i s t o o u r m i n d s u f f i c i e n t l y c l e a r f r o m I s a i a h x l i . 8 , 9

" B u t t ho u , Is r a e l , a r t M y s e r v a nt , J a co b , w ho m I h a v e

c h o s e n , t h e s e e d o f A b r a h a m , M y f r i e n d . T h o u w h o m I

h a v e t a k e n f r o m t h e e n d s o f t h e e a r t h , a n d c a l l e d t h e e

f r o m t h e c h i e f m e n t h e r e o f , a n d s a i d u n t o t h e e , T h o u a r t

M y s e r v a n t ; I h a v e c h o s e n t h e e a n d n o t c a s t t h e e a w a y . "

T H E E V I D E N C E F R O M "ETRURIA-CELTICA "

S i r W i l l i a m B e t h a m , U l s t e r K i n g - o f - A r m s , i n a w o r k

E t r u r i a - C e l t i c a , p u b l i s h e d i n 1 8 4 2 , goes to show from

c o l o n i s a t i o n , l a n g u a g e a n d a n t i q u i t i e s t h e o r i g i n a l o f t h e

Hiberno-Ce l t w i th the E t ruscan f rom the Phoen ic ian.

T h i s , o f c o u r s e , s i g n i f i e s H e b r a i c o r S h e m i t i c c o n n e c t i o n .

Mrs . H a m i l t o n G r a y , i n h e r h i s t o r y o f E t r u r i a , a l s o g o e s

f a r t o p r o v e a S h e m i t i c o r i g i n a l t o t h e l a n g u a g e o f t h e

E t r u r i a n s . In these ex t rac t s we have endeavoured to

g a t h e r u p s o m e o f t h e i r d e d u c t i o n s , a s t h e y g o v e r y f a r t o

c o n f i r m o u r v i e w o f t h e e a r l y a r r i v a l i n t h e s e i s l a n d s ,

B r i t a i n a n d I r e l a n d , o f t h e H e b r e w r a c e .

O u r f i r s t q u o t a t i o n s w i l l b e f r o m B e t h a m ' s w o r k s .

" I t i s n o l o n g e r d e n i e d t h a t t h e P h o e n i c i a n s w e r e t h e

e a r l i e s t t r a d e r s w i t h t h e s e i s l a n d s. " W i t h t h e s e w e a s s o -

c i a t e H e b r e w s f r o m t h e f a c t t h a t c o n s t a n t l y i n S c r i p t u r e

I s r a e l i s r e f e r r e d t o a s h a v i n g b e e n s c a t t e r e d v e r y e a r l y

a m o n g t h e n a t i o n s ( 1 C h r o n . v i i . 2 1 - 2 4 ; N u m . x i v .1 - 4 ,

w i t h N e h . i x . 17 ; Ps . cvi . 2 6 , 2 7 ; Ezek . xx . 2 1 - 2 3 ) . T h e s e

r e f e r e n c e s a r e b o r n e o u t b y t h e t e s t i m o n y o f , E s c h y l u s ,

*This is the word rendered "Covenan t o f t he Peop l e ."

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4 4 B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y T R A C E DF R O M

H e c a t a e u s o f A b d e r a a n d D i o d o r u s S i c u l u s . E v e n L a t h a m

suggests tha t the eponymous of the Danai of Greece i s none

o t h e r t h a n t h e t r i b e o f D a n , a n d w e k n o w f r o m 1 M a c c a b e e s

x i i . a n d J o s e p h u s t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e s e w i t h t h e J e w s .

M r . W . E w a r t G l a d s t o n e , i n h i sJ u v e n t u s M u n d i , c o n n e c t s

these Danai with the Tuatha de Danaan of Ireland.

I r i s h t r a d i t i o n a l s o c o n n e c t s t h e o r i g i n a l i n h a b i t a n t s w i t h

G r e e c e .

Dr . Pritchard, in his P h y s i c a l H i s t o r y o f M a n k i n d ,g i v e s

us the c lue to t race the Iber ian t r ibes in Spa in to a Phoeni -

c i a n o r i g i n a l , t h r o u g h I t a l y , o r p r o b a b l y P h o c e a n . T h e

L i g u r i a n , t h e C e l t , a n d t h e I b e r i a n a r e t h e s o u r c e f r o m

w h e n c e t h e G a u l s , t h e C y m r y , a n d m a y b e t h e B e l g c e a n d

t h e B r i t o n c a m e . ( T h e p r e s e n t B e lg i u m i n h a b i t a n t s , o f

c o u r s e , a r e n o t i n c l u d e d ) .

T h e s e a r e t r a c e d b a c k t h r o u g h t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n i n t o

t h e l o c a l i t i e s r o u n d a b o u t G r e e c e . No doub t they found

o t h e r r a c e s w h e n t h e y c a m e i n t o t h e s e s e v e r a l s e t t l e m e n t s

on thei r way, but the super ior s tock ru les over or absorbs

t h e w e a k e r e l e m e n t s , e x c e p t i n c a s e s w h e r e t h e a b o r i g i n e s ,

h a v i n g r e t i r e d i n t o t h e m o u n t a i n s o r f a s t n e s s e s , h a v e b y

t h i s m e a n s p r e s e r v e d t h e i r o r i g i n a l .

W h e r e B e t h a m a s s u m e s P h o e n i c i a n s u p e r i o r i t y w e i n f e r

i t t o b e m o s t l y H e b r e w , f o r t h e P h c e n i c i a n i s H e b r e w a n d

C a n a a n i t e , w h o , o w i n g t o I s r a e l ' s n e g l i g e n c e a n d s i n

i n m i x i n g w i t h t h e m c o n t r a r y t o G o d ' s c o m m a n d , t h e s e

C a n a a n i t e s h a v e b e e n a s n a r e t o t h e m e v e r s i n c e ( E x o d .

x x i i i . 3 2 , 3 3 ; N u m . xxxiii . 5 2 - 5 6 ) . W e y e t a w a i t t h e i r

e x p u l s i o n f r o m o u r m i d s t , a s f o r e t o l d i n E z e k ,x x v i i i . 2 1 - 2 4

a n d Z e c h . x i v .21 , or may we hope , be t te r s t i l l the i r conver-

s ion .

E X T R A C T S

F r o m P r e f a c e . I t w o u l d n o w a p p e a r , f r o m t h e S a n c o -

n i a t h o n a n d e l s e w h e r e , t h a t t h e w o n d e r f u l c i v i l i s a t io n o f

t h e w o r l d r a d i a t e d f r o m a n d w i t h t h e P h o e n i c i a n p e o p l e

[ S a y r a t h e r H e b r e w . - L . G . A .R . ] b o t h t o t h e E a s t a n d t o

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E 4 5

t h e W e s t , a n d c a r r i e d w i t h t h e m t h e r e l i g i o n o f B u d d h i s m

a n d D r u i d i s m , i n t h e m e t e m p s y c h o s i s , t h e c h i e f d o g m a o f

b o t h . I n t h e s u r p r i s i n g h i s t o r y o f t h e P h o e n i c i a n p e o p l e

m a y b e f o u n d a s o l u t i o n o f t h e A r a b i a n f i c t i o n o f t h e

P h o e n i x. O n t h e f a l l o f t h e e m p i r e o f t h e S a b e a n s ( P h o e n i -

c i a n s o f A r a b i a ) t h e S y r i a n P h o e n i x o f Ty r e a r o s e i n s t i l l

g r e a t e r g l o r y ; a n o t h e r i n E t r u r i a ; a n o t h e r i n C a r t h a g e .

O t h e r P h o e n i x e s m a y h a v e a r i s e n i n I n d i a , for c e r t a i n l y t h e

w i s d o m o f t h e C a b i r i , t h e m y s t e r i e s o f c o m m e r c e , a n d

c o n s e q u e n t s c i e n c e p r e c e d e d t h e e n o r m o u s s u p e r s t i t i o n o f

t h e B r a h m i n s .

P . 2 . T h a t C a e s a r f o u n d B r i t a i n t h i c k l y i n h a b i t e d b y a

b r a v e a n d g a l l a n t p e o p l e , h a v i n g l a r g e c i t i e s a n d w e l l -

d i s c i p l i n e d s o l d i e r s, f i g h t i n g i n c h a r i o t s o f w a r , w h i c h h e

t e l l s u s w e r e g u i d e d w i t h s k i l l a n d d e x t e r i t y , i s a f a c t t h a t

c a n n o t b e q u e s t i o n e d . . . . Few attempts have been made

to t race the or ig in of the inhabi tan ts o f the Br i t i sh I s les by

t h e l a n g u a g e u s e d , a l t h o u g h , a s w i l l b e p r o v e d b y t h e

c o n t e x t , t h i s i s n o t o n l y t h e b e s t , b u t m a y b e s a i d t o b e

t h e o n l y m e a n s n o w l e f t u s o f d i s c o v e r i n g t h e i r t r u e o r i g i n

a n d a n t i q u i t y . . . .

P . 3 . E v e n i f a p e o p l e b e e x t e r m i n a t e d , a n d t h e i r l a n -

g u a g e l o s t a n d f o r g o t t e n , s o m e t r a c e s o f t h e l a t t e r w i l l b e

f o u n d i n t h e t o p o g r a p h i c a l n a m e s o f t h e c o u n t r y t h e y

o n c e i n h a b i t e d . . . .

C a e s a r t e l l s u s t h e B r i t o n s w e r e m o r e l e a r n e d t h a n t h e

G a u l s , a n d t h a t t h e l a t t e r u s e d a c h a r a c t e r , f o r w r i t i n g

t h o s e a f f a i r s w h i c h h a d n o t r e f e r e n c e t o t h e i r r e l i g i o n ,

s i m i l a r t o t h e G r e e k C h a r a c t e r - a s t r o n g p r o o f t h a t t h e G a u l s

a n d t h e B r i t o n s , o f C a e s a r ' s d a y , w e r e a l i t e r a t e a n d w e l l -

i n f o r m e d p e o p l e , a n d n o t a s e t o f i g n o r a n t a n d u n i n f o r m e d

b a r b a r i a n s , a s h a s b e e n a s s e r t e d . And here a question

sugges ts i t se l f . F rom whom d id the Gau l s ob ta in the i r

a l p h a b e t ? Cer ta in ly f rom the Phoenic ians , the navigat ing

people f rom whom the Gauls and the Br i tons received thei rs :

a n d b o t h m u s t h a v e h a d t h e i r o r i g i n f r o m o n e g r e a t s o u r c e .

T h a t t h e I r i s h l a n g u a g e a f f o r d s t h e m e a n s o f d i s p e r s i n g t h e

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46 B R I T I S H H I S T O R YT R A C E D F R O M

m i s t a n d o b s c u r i t y w h i c h h a n g s o v e r t h e h i s t o r y o f m a n y

o f t h e i n h a b i t a n t s o f E u r o p e , t h e r e i s n o t t h e s h a d o w o f a

d o u b t . A l r e a d y h a s i t b e e n a s c e r t a i n e d t h a t t h e G a e l i c o r

Hiberno-Cel t ic , was the language spoken by the Br i tons . . .

I t m a y b e a d d e d a l l t h e C e l t i c n a t i o n s . . . Many o f the

p e o p l e w h o o c c u p i e d I t a l y b e f o r e t h e R o m a n p e r i o d , a s

t he U m b r i , have long been considered of Cel t ic or ig in , but

t h e y h a v e b e e n e r r o n e o u s l y t h o u g h t a d i f f e r e n t p e o p l e f r o m

t h e r e s t o f t h e E t r u s c a n s. I t i s n o w n e a r l y d e m o n s t r a b l e

t h a t t h e a n c i e n t p e o p l e o f I t a l y w e r e P h o e n i c i a n c o l o n i e s.

T h e B r i t i s h R o m a n s a r e s a i d t o h a v e p i q u e d t h e m s e l v e s

o n t h e e l e g a n c e a n d p o l i s h o f t h e i r s p o k e n L a t i n. A m o n g s t

t h e s e L a t i n w a s t h e c o l l o q u i a l l a n g u a g e a t t h e f a l l o f t h e

Roman Empire, except among the Picts and ancient

C a l e d o n i a n s . T h e y s p o k e ( p . 5 ) t h e l a n g u a g e n o w c a l l e d

We l s h , a n d w e r e t h e p e o p l e w h o b e c a m e t h e c o n q u e r o r s

o f t h e W e s t e r n s i d e o f B r i t a i n , n o w c a l l e d C u m b e r l a n d ,

W a l e s a n d C o r n w a l l , a t t h e s a m e t i m e a s t h e S a x o n s c o n -

q u e r e d t h e E a s t p o r t i o n , n o w c a l l e d E n g l a n d . T h e k i n g -

d o m o f t h e P i c t s i n S c o t l a n d w a s c o n q u e r e d a n d t h e p e o p l e

e x t e r m i n a t e d b y t h e I r i s h S c o t s a b o u t t h e f i f t h c e n t u r y o f

our er a . I t ought not therefore to be a mat ter of surpr ise

t h a t t h e I r i s h l a n g u a g e s h o u l d b e a m e a n s o f i n t e r p r e t i n g

t h e a n c i e n t g e o g r a p h i c a l n a m e s o f c o u n t r i e s w h e r e i t w a s

o n c e s p o k e n u n i v e r s a l l y . Although the Romans forced

t h e i r l a n g u a g e o n t h e p e o p l e o f t h e i r n e w p r o v i n c e s , y e t

b o t h p r o p e r n a m e s o f m e n a n d p l a c e s c o n t i n u e d t h e s a m e .

He then brings the people as Phoenician mariners,

s h o r t l y a f t e r t h e b u i l d i n g o f T y r e a n d S i d o n , a l o n g t h e

w h o l e c o a s t s o f t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n , t h e E u x i n e a n d t h e

A d r i a t i c ; t h r o u g h t h e S t r a i t s o f G i b r a l t a r t h e y f o u n d

Cadiz (or Gadir ) , and coas t ing a long the Spanish peninsula

e v e n t u a l l y r e a c h e d B r i t a i n . The Miles ians are a lso Phceni-

c i a n s . T h e s e a l l b r o u g h t t h e C a d m e a n P h o e n i c i a n l a n -

g u a g e ; t h i s i s t h e o r i g i n o f t h e C e l t i c l a n g u a g e . T h e

E t r u s c a n s , b e i n g ' P h o e n i c i a n s , h a d t h e i r s f r o m t h e s a m e

s o u r c e . T h e E t r u s c a n s w er e e v i d e n t l y a h i g h l y c u l t i v a t e d ,

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E47

c i v i l i s e d , c o m m e r c i a l a n d n a v i g a t i n g p e o p l e , a n d m i g h t

j u s t l y a n d r e a s o n a b l y h a v e b e e n s u p p o s e d t o h a v e s p r u n g

f r o m a p e o p l e o f a s i m i l a r c h a r a c t e r .

T h e o n l y n a t i o n e m i n e n t l y c o m m e r c i a l , n a v i g a t i n g a n d

c o l o n i s i n g a m o n g t h e n a t i o n s o f W e s t e r n A s i a w e r e t h e

P h o e n i c i a n s o f T y r e a n d i t s n e i g h b o u r h o o d , b u t t h e y a r e

scarcely ever thought of as being the navigat ing Pelasgoi ,

T y r r h i n i a n d E t r u s c a n s [ O r P e l e g , T y r e a n d H e b r e w. -

L . G . A . R .], y e t c e r t a i n l y t h i s m i g h t h a v e b e e n c o n s i d e r e d

t h e m o s t p r o b a b l e c o n c l u s i o n.

L A N G U A G E S ( p p . 43 et seq .)

T h e E t r u s c a n l a n g u a g e i s e n t i r e l y c o m p o s e d o fr o o t s

e v e r ys y l l a b l e ( w i t h v e r y f e w , i f a n y , e x c e p t i o n s ) i s a w o r d

.

T h e I b e r n o - C e l t i c , l i k e i t s E t r u s c o - P u n i c a n c e s t o r , w a s o n c e

a b s o l u t e l y , a n d s t i l l i s s u b s t a n t i a ll y , a m o n o s y l l a b i c l a n -

g u a g e , a n d c a n b e a n a l y t i c a l l y r e d u c e d i n t o i t s e l e m e n t s.

T h e E t r u s c a n i s , i n f a c t , t h e s i m p l e u n c o m p o u n d e d C e l t i c

o r P h o e n i c i a n , a n d t h e C e l t s w e r e P h o e n i c i a n c o l o n i s t s ,

se t t l ed , indeed , a t d i ffe ren t per iods , bu t a l l essen t ia l ly and

s u b s t a n t i a l l y o n e r a c e , h a v i n g t h e s a m e l a n g u a g e , m a n n e r s ,

c u s t o m s a n d h a b i t s; e a c h , p e r h a p s , h a v i n g a p e c u l i a r

s h a d e o f d i f f e r e n c e i n d u c e d b y p a r t i c u l a r l o c a l c i r c u m -

s t a n c e s o r o t h e r a c c i d e n t s .

I t i s n o t a l t o g e t h e r a n e w i d e a t h a t t h e I r i s h C e l t i c w a s

d e r i v e d f r o m t h e s a m e s o u r c e a s t h e l a n g u a g e o f t h e m o s t

ancient inhabi tants of I ta ly . T h e v e r y l e a r n e d a n d a b l e

Dr. O ' B r i e n , t h e c o m p i l e r o f t h e f i r s t p u b l i s h e d I r i s h d i c -

t i o n a r y, i n h i s p r e f a c e t o t h a t w o r k , g i v e s a l o n g l i s t o f

w o r d s i n I r i s h h a v i n g a s t r o n g a f f i n i t y w i t h t h e L a t i n a n d

G r e e k , " w h i c h " (he says) " s h o u l d , I p r e s u m e , b e e s t e e m e d

a s t r o n g p r o o f t h a t t h e lingua prisca of t h e a b o r i g i n e s of

I t a l y , f r o m w h i c h t h e L a t i n o f t h e t w e l v e t r i b e s , a n d a f t e r -

w a r d s t h e R o m a n l a n g u a g e , w a s d e r i v e d , c a n b e n o t h i n g

e l se b ut a d i al e c t o f th e or i gi n al C el t ic ; a d i a l e c t , i n d ee d ,

w h i c h i n p r o c e s s o f t i m e r e c e i v e d s o m e m i x t u r e o f G r e e k ,

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4 8B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y

T R A C E D F R O M

e s p e c i a l l y t h e ] F o l i c , f r o m t h e c o l o n i s t s , o r r a t h e r a d v e n -

t u r e r s , w h i c h a n c i e n t l y c a m e t o I t a l y f r o m t h e P e l o p o n -

n e s u s , a g r e e a b l e t o t h e s a y i n g o f D i o n y s i u s o f H a l i c a r n a s -

su s. T h e l a n g u a g e u s e d b y t h e R o m a n s i s n e i t h e r a b s o -

l u t e l y b a r b a r o u s n o r G r e e k , b u t a m i x t u r e o f b o t h ;in

many respects it is similar to the IEolic language ." *

S a n c t e s M a r m o c c h i n u s , i n h i s M S . e s s a y i n d e f e n c e o f

the Etruscan language (in the possession of Antonio

M a g l i o b e c h i ) , a n d S i g i s m u n d T i t u s , i nH i s t o r y o f E t r u r i a ,

a MS

. i n t h e C h i s i a n L i b r a r y , t h i n k t h a t t h e l E t r u s c a n w a s

m i x e d u p w i t h t h e H e b r e w , b u t t h a t P e t e r F r a n c i s G i a m -

bullarius and Gulielmo Postillo, in his commentary

o n t h e o r i g i n o f t h e E t r u s c a n s , s a y s i t w a s m i x e d w i t h t h e

Aramean and Syr iac. B a l d u s c o n s i d e r s i t C h a l d e a n a n d

H e b r e w. J a c o b u s M a n t i n u s , a J e w , a n d T h e s e u s A m b r o -

s i u s , c o n s i d e r i t A s s y r i a n o r H e b r e w. B o c h a r t b e l i e v e s i t

t o b e P h o e n i c i a n o r P u n i c , b e c a u s e D i o n y s i u s H a l i c a r n a s s us ,

in h i s f i r s t book , says tha t the Tuscanshad nothing common

w i t h o t h e r p e o p l e ,e i t h e r i n m a n n e r o r l a n g u a g e . . . The

e s s e n c e o f t h e l a n g u a g e s o f t h e E t r u s c a n s a n d t h e C e l t s

m a y f a i r l y b e c o n s i d e r e d i d e n t i c a l .

I t i s cur ious tha t , l ike the Hebrew, the ad jec t ive i s o f ten

r e p e a t e d t o e x p r e s s a s u p e r i o r d e g r e e o f c o m p a r i s o n .

P . 9 1 :T h e E t r u s c a n c h a r a c t e r s o n t h e E u g e b i a n T a b l e s

a r e r e a d , a f t e r t h e m a n n e r o f t h e H e b r e w s a n d C h a l d e a n s ,

f rom r igh t to le f t .

P . 9 5 :M a n y o f t h e p a s s a g e s i n t h e s e i n s c r i p t i o n s ( t h e

E u g e b i a n T a b l e s ) w e r e f o u n d s o p a l p a b l y I r i s h . . . a s t o

l eave l i t t l e doubt tha t the whole was of poss ib le in te rpre ta -

t i o n b y m e a n s o f t h e I r i s h l a n g u a g e . . .The Eugebian

T a b l e s N o s . 5 to 1 treat of the discovery of Ireland. . .

I t i s s ta ted tha t a Phoenic ian vesse l p roceeded in a s t rong

c u r r e n t a l o n g t h e c o a s t o f S p a i n , b e y o n d C a p e O r t e g a l , t h e n

*We are told by the greatest of Celtic Scholars, Prof. R e i n a c h o f P a r i s ,

that the Ancient Britons came from Phrygia. Any one wishing to be con-

firmed in this fact cannot do better than compare the Bardic and Etruscan

c h a r a c t e r s ( f a c i n g p l a t e ) w i t h t h e P h r y g i a n i n s c r i p t i o n given in Rawlinson's

H e r o d o t u s . , Vo l I., Ap p . B k . I ., p . 6 6 6 .

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B A R D I C A N D E T R U S C A N C H A R A C T E R S C O M P A R E D

T h e f i r s t t w o o f t h e s e t a b l e t s i s r e a d f r o m r i g h t t o l e f t; the last from left to right

.

These specimens of tablets found at Eugubia and Perugia, in Italy, are

r e p r o d u c e d f r o m S i r W m. B e t h a m ' s " E t r u r i a - C e l t i c a

. T h e o r i g i n a l s , a c c o r d i n g

t o t h i s a u t h o r i t y , g i v e u s t h e c o l o n i z a t i o n o f I r e l a n d f r o m I t a l y s o m e t i m e b e f o r e

70 0 B .c .

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C O I N S OF E T R U R I A

T h e H e a d o f J a n u s a n d C l u b o f H e r c u l e s , O l d e s t M a r i n e r ' s

C o m p a s s E x t a n t .

T h e s e c o i n s f r o m E t r u r i a , b e l o n g t o a m a r i t i m e p e o p l e w h o e x p r e s s u p o n

t h e m t h e i r m e t h o d o f n a v i g a t i o n b y S u n , M o o n , a n d S t a r s i n c l e a r w e a t h e r , o r

b y C o m p a s s i n f o u l. T h i s m a r i n e r ' s c o m p a s s b e a r s u p o n i t t h e f a c t o f i t s o r i g i n

f r o m t h e D a n i t e v e n t u r e r s , b y t h i s s y m b o l t h e E a g l e a n d t h e A d d e r. T h e

h e a d l a n d o f C a p e O r t e g a l a n d W e x f o r d a r c t h e t w o n e a r e s t p o i n t s o f S p a i n a n d

I r e l a n d r e s p e c t i v e l y. S i r W m

. B e t h a m a l s o c a l l s a t t e n t i o n t o t h e H e b r e w

n a m e o f J eh o v a h a n d th e s ym b o l s p r o c l ai m i n g t h a t "T h y w a y i s i n t h e s e a ,

a n d T h y p a t h s i n t h e g r e a t w a t e r s , a n d T h y f o o t s t e p s a r e n o t k n o w n

" (P s .

lxxvii . 1 9 ). W h a t o t h e r p e o p l e t h a n a H e b r e w c o u l d h a v e d e v i s e d s u c h t r u t h s ?

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E 49

ca l led " T h e N o r t h e r n H e a d l a n d o f t h e O c e a n " (on which,

i t a p p e a r s , a f i r e b e a c o n w a s k e p t b u r n i n g f o r t h e b e n e f i t

o f m a r i n e r s a t n i g h t ) , f o r t w e l v e d a y s i n a d i r e c t i o n d u e

n o r t h , o b s e r v e d b y t h e P o l a r S t a r , w h e n t h e y s a w l a n d ,

c a m e t o a p o i n t , w h i c h t h e y n a m e d C a r n a , or the Turn ;

in another place it is called Tu s c e r , o r t h e f i r s t T u r n , b e i n g

t h e f i r s t d e v i a t i o n f r o m t h e d i r e c t n o r t h e r n t r a c k . T h e y

s a w a l s o a l a r g e b l a c k r o c k i n t h e m i d d l e o f t h e s e a . T h e y

w e n t r o u n d t h i s p o i n t a n d g o t i n t o s m o o t h w a t e r , a n d w e r e

f r e e f r o m t h e h e a v y s e a s a n d s w e l l s t h e y h a d s o l o n g

e n c o u n t e r e d .

T h e y c a l l e d t h i s Ca r n a s e r t u s c e r , o r t h e F r e e t u r n o f t h e

f i r s t d e v i a t i o n . Tha t po in t o f l and bea r s the name o f

C a r n a s o i r e P o i n t , and the rock the Tusca r Rock . The

p e n i n s u l a i s n o w i n t h e p a r i s h o f C a r n e , i n t h e c o u n t y o f

Wexford .

T h e m a r i n e r s , h a v i n g g o t i n t o s m o o t h w a t e r , p r o c e e d e d

t o e x a m i n e t h e c o a s t , a n d s o o n d i s c o v e r e d t h e e n t r a n c e

i n t o t h e r i v e r S l a n e y, w h i c h t h e y e n t e r e d i n s a f e t y . The

f l e x a n d r e f l e x o f t h e t i d e s a r e d e s c r i b e d w i t h e x t r a o r d i n a r y

a c c u r a c y - d e c l a r e d t o b e g o v e r n e d b y a c e r t a i n l a w a n d

i n f l u e n c e d b y t h e m o o n .

M R S . H A M I L T O N G R A Y

i n h e r H i s t o r y o f E t r u r i a , 1 8 4 3 , gives us very corroborat ive

e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e E t r u s c a n s c a m e o r i g i n a l l y f r o m E g y p t .

S h e b r i n g s t h e m t h r o u g h H e l l a s ( G r e e c e ) ; s o m e a l o n g t h e

c o a s t a s U m b r i ; o t h e r s b y s h i p i n t o I t a l y . T h e s e f i r s t

c o l o n i s t s , w h e t h e r P e l a s g i c , U m b r i o r E t r u s c a n s , h a d n o

i m a g e s , o n l y o n e s u p r e m e G o d , w h o s e n a m e , f r o m r e v e r e n -

t i a l f e e l i n g , t h e y n e v e r p r o n o u n c e d . . . T h e u n p r o n o u n c e -

a b l e n a m e o f t h e i r o n e G o d i s , l i k e a g a r b l e d t r a d i t i o n o f

the Hebrew Jehovah, brought into the land by Cadmus

(the Hebrew wi o

z , o r K i d i m , t h e m e n o f t h e E a s t ) .

T h e d y n a s t i e s o f E t r u r i a w e r e t w e l v e ; the names of

t h e i r c i t i e s a r e H e b r e w . M a n y e x a m p l e s a r e g i v e n . T h e n

A

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5 0 B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y T R A C E D F R O M

t he w ri te r sa ys : " W e m a y b e t o l d t h a t t h e e x a m p l e s g i v e n

a r e E a s t e r n , n o d o u b t ; b u t t h a t t h e y a r e H e b r e w , a n d n o t

P h o e n i c i a n . St . A u g u s t i n e , h o w e v e r , t e l l s u s t h a t t h e

P u n i c o r P h o e n i c , o r P h o e n i c i a n l a n g u a g e s p o k e n i n h i s

d a y , w h e n i t w a s s t i l l a l i v i n g t o n g u e , w a s v e r y l i k e t h e

H e b r e w , a n d t h a t t h e C a n a a n i t i s h w a s a m e d i a t e t o n g u e ,

b e t w e e n t h e E g y p t i a n a n d t h e H e b r e w - a s i n g u l a r t e s t i -

m o n y ."

Besides the twelve s ta tes in Etrur ia , these were d ivided

i n t o f o u r b a n d s , a l l s u b j e c t t o t h e s a m e l a w s a n d i n f u l l

communion one wi th the o ther . Everything was for

u t i l i t y - t h e u t i l i ty a n d b e n e f i t o f a l l , t h e p o o r a s m u c h a s

t h e r i c h , t h e p l e b e i a n a s m u c h a s t h e n o b l e , t h e c o m m o n

r e l i g i o n , t h e c o m m o n s e c u r i t y , t h e c o m m o n w e a l t h , a n d

w e h a d a l m o s t s a i d t h e c o m m o n c o m f o r t .

"R o m e a d o p t e d a n d r e t a i n e d t h e t w e l v e r o d s w i t h o u t

a n y r e g a r d t o t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e m , e a c h o n e r e p r e s e n t i n g a

tribe. T h e y r e m i n d u s o f t h e t w e l v e r o d s , e a c h c o n v e y i n g

t h e s a m e m e a n i n g - t h a t i s , e a c h r e p r e s e n t i n g a t r i b e -

w h i c h t h e H e b r e w p r i n c e s h a d b y G o d ' s c o m m a n d l a i d u p

i n t h e t a b e r n a c l e . "

T h e c o l o n i s a t i o n o f E t r u r i a i s s e t f o r t h , a n d h o l d i n g t h e

v i e w s w e d o , t h a t t h e D a n a i c a m e i n t o G r e e c e a n d i n t o

T h e s s a l y a n d T h r a c e , a n d t h e n w e n t o v e r t h e B l a c k S e a t o

C o l c h i s a n d P h r y g i a , w e c a n f o l l o w o u r a u t h o r i n a l l s h e

asser t s . A l s o a s t o t h e c o m i n g i n t o I t a l y o f t h e H e r a c l e ;

a n d t h e T r o j a n s l a t e r o n .

S h e a l s o a s s e r t s t h a t t h e o l d e s t Tu s c a n ( E t r u s c a n ) l a n -

g u a g e i s l i k e t h e H e b r e w . A l s o t h a t t h e E t r u s c a n s , l i k e

t h e J e w ( s i c ) , h a d p a s s e d a l o n g s o j o u r n i n g i n E g y p t . S h e

says : " I ti s a l m o s t e q u a l l y i n t e r e s t i n g t o r e m a r k t h e s t r o n g

b r o t h e r l y l i k e n e s s b e t w e e n t h e E t r u s c a n s a n d t h e H e b r e w s

. . .The resemblance between the two peoples is so

s t r o n g , a r i s i n g f r o m a n i d e n t i t y o f c i r c u m s t a n c es i n m a n y

r e s p e c t s , t h a t t h e J e w s , w h e n t h e y b e c a m e a c q u a i n t e d

w i t h E t r u s c a n s , b e l i e v e d t h e m t o b e t h e c h i l d r e n o f E s a u ,

t h e b r o t h e r o f J a c o b , a n d c a l l e d t h e m a r a c e f r o m E d o m

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E51

(pp . 427, 428) . U n f o r t u n a t e l y f o r t h i s a r g u m e n t ,the

E d o m i t e s w e r e n e v e r i n E g y p t .

" To t h e m a l o n e w e t r a c e i n t h e f i r s t i n s t a n c e t h ec i v i -

l i s a t i o n o f I t a l y, w h e r e N i e b u h r , M u l l e r a n d M i c a l i p r o v e

tha t the Greeks had no inf luence unt il a f ter the year 300 of

R o m e ; and if this be true it is to Etruria and to her great

E t r u s c a n c o l o n y , t h e l o r d l y a n d w o r l d - e m b r a c i n g Rome,

t h a t w e o w e t h e c i v i l i s a t i o n o f E u r o p e i n g e n e r a l , a n d o f

our own island, Great Britain, in particular " ( p . 4 3 0 ) .

I t w i l l b e s e e n t h a t S i r W m . B e t h a m a r r i v e s a t t h e s a m e

c o n c l u s i o n s , b u t b r i n g s t h e m i n t o B r i t a i n .

F r o m " A N C I E N T P I L L A R S T O N E S O F S C O T L A N D "

By G E O R G E M O O R E , M.D ., M .R . C . P ., London

P . 29 : We h a v e e v i d e n c e o n t h e s a r c o p h a g u s o f A s h m u -

nazer, king of Sidon (for translation of the inscription by

P r o f . D i e t r i c h , q u o t e d i n T h e L a n d a n d t h e B o o k , by

W. M . T h o m p s o n , D . D ., p . 1 3 8 ) , w h o p o s s i b l y l i v e d i n t h e

t i m e o f J o s h u a , t h a t t h e P h o e n i c i a n s t h e n u s e d H e b r a i c

l a n g u a g e a n d w r o t e i t i n c h a r a c t e r s a k i n t o t h e A r i a n .

P . 4 8 : The Newton Stone,A b e r d e e n s h i r e .

A s p r e s e n t e d i n E n g l i s h c h a r a c t e r s .

B e g o o t a .

B e m i t h i m - A i t t i e .

A o r h a b h a m h i v h e h .

M i p o n a y i n n a z r A .

Le yah Kaman .

B'hi j 'ha tani hodhi .

T h e l i t e r a l t r a n s l a t i o n l i n e b y l i n e

I n t h e t o m b .

With the dead (is) Aittie .

The l ight of the darkness of a perver ted people .

W h o s h a l l b e c o n s e c r a t e d p u r e p r i e s t .

To God ? Like the vessel .

O f p r a y e r m y g l o r y c o v e r m e .

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5 2 B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y T R A C E D F R O M

D o u b t l e s s i f t h e a b o v e t r a n s l a t i o n w e r e p u t i n t o t h e

h a n d s o f a H e b r e w s c h o l a r t o b e r e n d e r e d i n t o m o d e r n

H e b r e w w e s h o u l d h a v e a v e r y d i f f e r e n t i n s c r i p t i on f r o m

that on the s tone , but what we have there would be no less

H e b r a i c , t h o u g h f a r m o r e a r c h a i c .

P . 1 0 2 , 1 0 3 : M ax M ul le r st at es , " A m o n g t h e s c i o n s o f

t h e A r i a n s t o c k w h i c h s t r u c k r o o t i n A s i a b e f o r e t h e A r i a n s

r e a c h e d t h e s h o r e s o f E u r o p e s t a n d s t h e l a n g u a g e o f t h e

Afghans . " B u t t h e S a c c e w e r e t h e a n c e s t o r s o f a t l e a s t

s o m e o f t h e t r i b e s o f t h e A f g h a n s , a n d t h e y c a m e f r o m t h e

A r i a o f t h e M e d e s , a n d p o s s i b l y c o n v e y e d t h e A r i a n n a m e

o f A f g h a n i s t a n i t s e l f , a s w e h a v e r e a s o n t o b e l i e v e a t r i b e

o f t h e s a m e p e o p l e , d e n o m i n a t e d A r i i b y T a c i t u s , a l s o c o n -

v e y e d t h e n a m e i n t o G e r m a n y t h r o u g h T h r a c e , w h i c h w a s

a l s o c a l l e d A r i a , a c c o r d i n g t o S t e p h a n u s . Herodotus

s a y s t h a t t h e M e d i a n s , w e r e A r i i( A p t o c ) ,

and we can we l l

s u p p o s e t h a t t h e S a c c e m i g h t a d o p t , o r b e k n o w n b y , t h e

s a m e n a m e , s i n c e t h e e a r l i e s t p o s s i b l e r e c o r d w e h a v e o f

t h i s p e o p l e c o n n e c t s t h e m w i t h t h e h i l l c o u n t r y o f M e d i a ,

a n d a l s o i n a d i r e c t m a n n e r w i t h t h e d e p o r t e d t r i b e s o f

I s r a e l ( t h e R e u b e n i t e s , t h e G a d i t e s a n d t h e h a l f - t r i b e o f

M a n a s s e h , 1 C h r o n . v . 26), w h o w e r e p l a c e d b y T i g l a t h -

P i l e s e r i n t h e m o u n t a i n d i s t r i c t o f G r e a t M e d i a , a r e g i o n

e x p r e s s l y c a l l e d ' A r a (k 7 n i n 1 C h r o n . v . 26, but the cities

o f t h e M e d e s i n 2 K i n g s x v i i . 6) . H e n c e t h e m o s t n a t u r a l

w a y o f a c c o u n t i n g f o r t h e n a m e A r i a i s t h a t t h e w o r d i s

t h e p r o p e r S e m i t i c d e s i g n a t i o n o f a n y m o u n t a i n o u s r e g i o n.

I f w e n o w t u r n t o C o l o n e l R a w l i n s o n ' s r e a d i n g o f t h e

b l a c k o b e l i s k d i s c o v e r e d i n t h e r u i n s o f t h e p a l a c e o f N i m -

r o d , a n d a t p r e s e n t i n t h e B r i t i s h M u s e u m , w e s h a l l f i n d i t

r e c o r d e d t h a t a c e r t a i n k i n g , t h e r e n a m e d , a s i t a p p e a r s ,

T e m e m b e r , i n v a d e d t h e c o u n t r y o f t h e A r i a n s , w h o h a d

r e b e l l e d , a n d h e c a p t u r e d t h e i r p r i n c i p a l c i t i e s - B e t h -

T e l a b o n , B e t h - E v e r a k a n d B e t h - T s i d a ( s e e Nineveh and

i t s P a l a c e s b y B e n o n i ) . T h e p e o p l e , o r a t l e a s t t h e i r

leader, appear to be named Esakska, as if ,p n v , - I s a a c . . . .

t h e i n v a s i o n o f t h e A r i a n s , o r m o u n t a i n - t r i b e s , w a s a b o u t

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E5 3

67 0 B . c . . . .( p . 104). T h a t t h e p e o p l e h e r e c a l l e d A r i a n s

w e r e H e b r e w s i s e v i d e n t f r o m t h e n a m e s o f t h e i r c i t i e s .

T h i s e a r l y r e c o r d s u f f i c i e n t l y c o n n e c t s t h e A r i a n s w i t h t h e

I s r a e l i t e s , a n d i n d i c a t e s a l s o a p o s s i b l e o r i g i n o f t h e n a m e

S a c c e a s a p p l i e d t o a p e o p l e w h o o c c u p i e d t h e s a m e r e g i o n ,

a n d w e r e s o n u m e r o u s t h a t t h e P e r s i a n s n a m e d t h e p l a c e

af ter them, Sakia .

B u t i f I s r a e l i t e s , h o w c a m e t h e y t o b e c a l l e d S a c c e o r

S a k a i ? F i r s t , b e c a u s e t h e y b o a s t e d o f t h e i r d e s c e n t f r o m

I s a a c i n t h e i r o w n c o u n t r y , a n d w e r e c a l l e d I s a a c;

an d

s e c o n d l y , b e c a u s e t h i s h a p p e n e d t o f a l l i n w i t h t h e w o r d

S a k a i , w h i c h s i g n i f i e s " t r i b e s "i n M e d i a a n d P e r s i a , a

n a m e t h e r e f o r e b y w h i c h t h e y w e r e n o t o r i o u s . That they

c a l l e d t h e m s e l v e s B e t h - I s a a c ( p n r r , no

s ) i n t h e i r o w n

c o u n t r y w e k n o w f r o m t h e p r o p h e t A m o s ( v i i . 9 , 16) (p .

106) . Tha t the Sacasun i o f Armenia were o f the same

s t o c k ast h e S a x o n s o f E n g l a n d i s d e e m e d s u f f i c i e n t l y

e v i d e n t b y t h o s e w h o h a v e m o s t d e e p l y s t u d i e d t h e s u b -

ject. ( S e e

O r i g i na n d P r o g r e s s o f t h e S c y t h i a n s o r G o t h s ,

by John Pinkerton, 1 7 8 8 ;S h a r o n T u r n e r ' s

H i s t . o f

A n g l o - S a x o n s , et c . )

P l i n y s a y s t h e S a k a i w h o s e t t l e d i n A r m e n i a w e r e n a m e d

S a c a s s a n i , a n d S t r a b o s a y s t h e y g a v e t h e n a m e o f S a c a s e n a

t o t h a t p a r t o f A r m e n i a w h i c h t h e y o c c u p i e d . P t o l e m y

m e n t i o n s a b r a n c h o f t h e S a k a i b y t h e n a m e o f S a x o n e s .

P . 1 0 8 : T h a t t h e r e w a s a n e a r l y i n t e r c o u r s e b e t w e e n

G r e e c e a n d S c o t l a n d i s p r o v e d b y t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e t h a t

t h e c o i n s o f P h i l i p o f M a c e d o n i a , o f A l e x a n d e r , a n d a l s o o f

t h e B r u t i i i n M a g n a G r e c i a , w e r e f o u n d o n t h e e s t a t e o f

C a i r n b u l g , i n A b e r d e e n s h i r e , i n1 8 2 4 .

I t h a s b e e n o u r o b j e c t h i t h e r t o t o g a t h e r t o g e t h e r a l l t h e

e v i d e n c e w e c o u l d t o s h o w t h a t t h e B r i t i s h b y w h a t e v e r

name they ar r ived in these i s lands were or ig inal ly Hebrews .

W e h a v e s h e w n r e a s o n t o a s s u m e t h a t t h e e a r l i e s t m i g r a n t s

w e r e e x p e l l e d f r o m E g y p t s h o r t l y a f t e r t h e d e a t h o f J o s e p h

and were never in bondage . T h e r e a r e s c r i p t u r a l h i n t s

t h r o w n o u t , s u c h a s I C h r o n . iv, 21 , 22 , wi th Gen. xxxviii,

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54 B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y T R A C E D F R O M

xlvi, 12 ; N u m . x x v i , 20 , 21, th e Z a r h i t e s seem t o be

omit ted , e x c e p t s o f a r a s " o f Ze r ah , th e fa m il y of t he

Z a r h i t e s . " B u t i n I C h r o n . i i , 6 i t i s s ta ted " And the sons

o f Z e r a h;

Z i m r i a n d E t h a n , a n d H e m a n a n d C a l e o l a n d

Dara: f i v e of t h e m in a l l " : a n d i n I K i n g s i v ,

3 1 , S o l o -

m o n ' s W i s d o m i s c o n t r a s t e d w i t h t h a t o f "E t h a n , t h e

E z r a h i t e a n d H e m a n a n d C h a l e o l a n d D a r d a , t h e s o n s o f

Mahol . " T h e r e m u s t b e t h e r e f o r e a r e a s o n f o r t h i s . I t

i s a s u g g e s t i o n m e r e l y , b u t w e t h i n k b o r n e o u t b y s u b s e -

quent h is tory, s ince envy very probably drove the Zarhi tes

a n d S h e l a n i t e s i n t o c o - p a r t n e r s h i p . T h e n a m e " E r t h e

f a t h e r o f L e c a h a n d L a a d a h t h e f a t h e r o f M a r e s h a h . . .

who had dominion in Moab . . . a n d t h e s e w e r e a n c i e n t

t h i n g s " ; l e a d s u s t o i n f e r t h a t t h e o r i g i n a l n a m e o f

I r e l a n d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e t e s t i m o n y o f P o m p o n i u s

Mela (p . 3 5 ) as given by Postellius and Camden was

J u r i n . T h i s m a y h a v e b e e n f u r t h e r e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t

m e n o f E p h r a i m I C h r o n . v i i , 21 , c o m p a r e t h e n a m e s w i t h

S h e l a h a n d L a a d a h , l e f t E g y p t l o n g b e f o r e t h e o p p r e s s i o n .

In Numbers x x v i , 3 6 E r a n i s a S o n o f S h u t h e l a h a n E p h r a i -

m i t e , w h i c h c o n n e c t s u p w i t h I C h r o n . v i i , 2 1 : f o l l o w n o w

t o v e r s e 24 , a n d w e f i n d t h e f i r s t c i t i e s b u i l t b y t h e s e H e -

brews in Pales t ine before the days of Thothmes i i i , and we

f i n d t w o o f t h e s e c i t i e s n a m e d J a c o b - e l a n d J o s e p h - e l o n h i s

t a b l e t s a s a m o n g s t t h e t o w n s h e t o o k i n S y r i a . P u t t i n g

t h e s e t w o n a m e s E r o f J u d a h a n d E r a n o f E p h r a i m t o g e -

t h e r w i l l a c c o u n t f o r P o m p o n i u s M e l a ' s a s s e r t i o n t h a t

J e w s w e r e a m o n g s t t h e e a r l i e s t c o l o n i s t s o f I r e l a n d a n d

gave the name Er in to the country, Jurin .

With this supposition in mind it is well to read " J o s e p h u s

c o n t r aApion " ( B k . I , sec 14 ) . The names of t r ibes enter-

ing Br i ta in of the pre-cap t iv i ty e ra a re a l l Hebrew in or ig in

( s e e C a n o n Ly s o n ' s O u r B r i t i s h A n c e s t o r s ) . T h e i r l a n g u a g e ,

c u s t o m s a n d r e l i g i o n a s w e l l a s c o d e s o f l a w w e r e a l l

H e b r a i c .

I t i s b e f o r e s p e a k i n g o f t h e p o s t - c a p t i v i t y 771-676 B.C .

a n d o n w a r d s e r a , w h i c h w i l l i n t r o d u c e l a t e r o n t h e s o - c a l l e d

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E5 5

A n g l o - S a x o n s t o c k , t h a t w e w i s h t o s a y a w o r d a s t o t h e

I b e r i a n , C e l t , G a l l i c , B r y t h o n , L i g u r e a n d C y m r y . I b e r i a ,

a n d A l b a n i a , a n d , m a y w e n o t s a y, C e l t a r e v e r y o l d n a m e s .

W e h a v e h e l d t h a t C e l t i s d e r i v e d f r o m C a l t o r C h a l d a i , t h e

o r i g i n a l h o m e o f o u r f o r e - f a t h e r A b r a h a m . Then turn to

p . 2 1 , 2 2 , 2 3 w h i c h l e a d s u s b a c k t o H e r c u l e s ( S a m s o n ) f o r

t h e n a m e s C e l t i c a , B r y t h o n a n d C y m r y a n d p .23 l inks up

the or ig ina l inhabi tan ts o f Greece wi th the Iber ian , the Cel t

a n d G a u l . W e m u s t n o t b e s t a g g e r e d a t t h e s i m i l a r i t y o f

t h e n a m e s C i m m e r i o i a n d C y m r y o c c u r r i n g i n t h e p r e -

c a p t i v i t y e r a f o r i t i s a w o r d w h i c h o c c u r s i n H o m e r

(Cimmer ian darkness ) , i t s roo t a l so i s in Hos . x ,5 ; Zeph . i,

4 a n d I I K i n g s x x i i i , 5 as C h e m a r i m " idolatrous priests "

l o n g b e f o r e t h e w o r d K u m r i o r B e t h - K h u m r i a p p e a r s a s a

d e s i g n a t i o n o f t h e t e n t r i b e s o n t h e A s s y r i a n t a b l e t s o r t h e

Behis tun inscr ip t ions in Pers ia .

FIRST HISTORICAL M O V E M E N T OF TH E KELTS, G A U L S

A N D K Y M R Y

I t w a s n o t o u r i n t e n t i o n o f f o l l o w i n g u p a l l t h e b a t t l e s ,

w a r s , o r s t r u g g l e i n t e r a l i a o f t h e s e r a c e s a g a i n s t t h e i r

e n e m i e s o r a m o n g t h e m s e l v e s ; b u t p e r h a p s i t w o u l d b e

w e l l h e r e t o g i v e a q u o t a t i o n f r o m D r . A r n o l d ' s H i s t o r y o f

Rome, Vol I, p . 5 4 3 . T h e R e v. W . M . H . M i l n e r i n h i s

I s r a e l ' s W a n d e r i n g s f r o m w h o m w e a r e a b o u t t o q u o t e , h a d

n o t , w h e n h e w r o t e i n 1 8 8 1 , s e e n " Vi l la lpando on Ezekie l ,"

as to the very ear ly colonizat ion of Spain before the days

o f S o l o m o n . T h i s w e w i l l s p e a k o f d i r e c t l y . T h i s i s D r .

A r n o l d ' s r e m a r k : -

" I f w e a r e d i s p o s e d t o r e l y o n t h e s t a t e m e n t o f D i o d o r u s

and Appian , tha t the Gau l s who invaded Greece were

K i m b r i , i t m a y b e v e r y p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e r e w a s a m o r e

g e n e r a l m o v e m e n t a m o n g t h e K e l t i c t r i b e s i n t h e f o u r t h

c e n t u r y o f R o m e , t h a n t h e G r e e k o r t h e R o m a n s w e r e a w a r e

o f . The Kymry, b reak ing in upon the Gae l , may have

p e r s u a d e d o r f o r c e d s o m e o f t h e i r t r i b e s t o m a r c h s o u t h -

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5 6 B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y T R A C E D F R O M

w a r d s ; t h e t w o n a t i o n s m a y h a v e p o u r e d i n t o I t a l y t o g e -

t h e r , a n d w h i l e t h e G a e l i c t r i b e s s e t t l e d t h e m s e l v e s o n t h e

P o , o r o n t h e c o a s t o f t h e A d r i a t i c , t h e m a s s o f t h e K y m -

r i a n s m a y h a v e p r e s s e d f o r w a r d r o u n d t h e h e a d o f t h e

g u l f , a n d s o p e n e t r a t e d i n t o P a n n o n i a a n d T h r a c e . N o r

c o u l d w e d e n y t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f s o m e K y m r i a n s h a v i n g

r e m a i n e d i n I t a l y w i t h t h e G a e l ; a n d i f w e b e l i e v e t h a t t h e

n a m e o f B r e n n u s was rea l ly borne by the leader of the a t tack

o n R o m e , a n d t h a t t h i s w o r d i s n o o t h e r t h a n t h e K y m r i a n

` B r e n h i n , ' w h i c h s i g n i f i e s K i n g o r l e a d e r , t h e n w e m u s t

c o n c l u d e t h a t a l t h o u g h t h e m a s s o f t h e i n v a d e r s w e r e G a e l ,

yet not only were Kymrians joined with them, but that a

K y m r i a n c h i e f c o m m a n d e d t h e w h o l e e x p e d i t i o n ." M r .

M i l n e r g o e s o n t o s a y , o u r e v i d e n c e i s s t r o n g e r , b y t h e

number of u n d e s i g n e d c o i n c i d e n c e s p o i n t i n g t o t h e p r e s e n c e

of I s rae l i t es among these "G a u l s . "

I t was probably in the year 400 B .c .,t h a t t h e l a s t K e l t i c

band crossed the Alps . These were Kymrians, whose

s u p e r i o r i t y t o t h e G a e l w a s i m m e d i a t e l y s h o w n . Their

n a m e Senones cf . S i m e n i , S e m o n n , S e n m o g a d , a n d o t h e r

s i m i l a r f o r m s , n o t i m p r o b a b l y a L a t i n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f

Simeon, a n d s u r v i v e d a m o n g t h e G a e l a s a reminiscence of

the Kymrian supremacy . I n t h e p l a i n s o f t h e P o t h e y

e x t e r m i n a t e d o r a b s o r b e d t h e E t r u s c a n s ( s u c h a s w e r e l e f t

o f t h e m s e e p . 46, 47, L . G .A . R .) .

" T h e y a d v a n c e o n R o m e . T h i s w a s t h e f i r s t c o n t a c t o f

` t h e r e m n a n t o f J a c o b ' w i t h t h e f o u r t h g r e a t W o r l d - E m p i r e

as ye t in i t s ea r ly in fancy . I n o n e g r e a t b a t t l e R o m e w a s

f o r a m o m e n t t r o d d e n d o w n a n d t o r n i n p i e c e s , a n d t h e r e w a s

n o n e t o d e l i v e r . T h i s i s k n o w n i n h i s t o r y a s t h e B a t t l e o f

the Al l ia . T h e e n g a g e m e n t i t s e l f i s w e l l d e s c r i b e d b y Dr .

A r n o l d , i n t h e f o l l o w i n g w o r d s :-"The Gaulish leader

s h o w e d m o r e t h a n a b a r b a r i a n ' s a b i l i t y . W i t h t h e b r a v e s t

o f h i s w a r r i o r s h e a s s a i l e d t h e r i g h t o f t h e R o m a n p o s i t i o n ;

t h e s o l d i e r s o f t h e p o o r e r c l a s s e s ( i n t h e R o m a n a r m y ) ,

u n u s e d t o w a r , a n d u n t r a i n e d i n ' t h e m a n a g e m e n t o f t h e i r

a r m s , w e r e a p p a l l e d b y t h e y e l l s , a n d borne down by the

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5 8 B R I T I S H H I S T O R YT R A C E D F R O M

2 6 7 t h e y o c c u p i e d a d i s t r i c t i n t h e h e a r t o f A s i a M i n o r ,

w h i c h r e c e i v e d t h e n a m e o f G a l a t i a . In 2 6 1 B . C . t h e y d e -

f e a t e d a n d s l e w A n t i o c h u s 1 , t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e i n S y r i a o f t h e

f o r m e r E m p i r e o f A l e x a n d e r . They gradually became a

t e r r o r t h r o u g h o u t A s i a . " C h r o n o l o g i c a l T a b l e s o f A n c i e n t

H i s t o r y . "

These I s rae l i t es formed a grea t par t o f the ear ly conver t s

to Chr is t iani ty, remaining in the same dis t r ic t unt i lA . D .

2 6 7 , w h e n i n c o m p a n y w i t h o t h e r C h r i s t i a n s , t h e y w e r e

c a r r i e d a s p r i s o n e r s t o t h e c o u n t r y o n t h e N o r t h - W e s t o f

t h e B l a c k S e a .

E A R L Y COLONIZATION OFS P A I N

W e h a v e s h o w n e l s e w h e r e t h e e a r l y m i g r a t i o n s o f I s r a e l

i n t o S p a i n b e f o r e t h e t i m e o f S o l o m o n , c u l l e d f r o m" Jews

in Br i ta in " b y t h e R e v . D r. M a r g o l i o u t h , h o w t h a t m a n y

w e r e s e t t l e d a t S e g o n t i u m o n t h e r i v e r I b e r u s ( p . 19) and

there i t i s recorded by Vi l la lpando on Ezekie l tha t Hebrew

i n s c r i p t i o n s a t t r i b ut e d t o S o l o m o n ' s t i m e e x i s t e d a t a t o w n

a f t e r w a r d s c a l l e d " M u r v i e d r o , " b e a r i n g a H e b r e w e p i t a p h

t o A d o n i r a m t h e c o l l e c t o r o f S o l o m o n ' s t r i b u t e m o n e y .

Another Hebrew inscr ip t ion was a lso d iscovered, these both

a r e g i v e n i n f u l l H e b r e w c h a r a c t e r b y M a r g o l i o u t h . W e

k n o w a l s o o f t w o p o r t s , G a e l - a g ( G a l i c i a ) a n d B u a i s c e

( B i s c a y ) , o n t h e n o r t h c o a s t o f S p a i n w h e r e t h e t i n t r a d e o f

the so ca l led " P h o e n i c i a n s " t o o k p l a c e ( s e e m y " Studies in

J e r e m i a h , " p . 32 ) . T h e s e a n d f o r m e r a d v e n t u r e r s c a l l e d

I b e r i a n a n d C e l t a n d a l s o G a l a t i i ( G a u l s ) , t r a v e r s e d s o m e o f

t h e m t h r o u g h F r a n c e , h e n c e i t s a n c i e n t n a m e o f G a u l , t h e y

m i x e d w i t h t h e i r K i m m e r i a n b r e t h r e n a n d m a n y c a m e o v e r

i n t o B r i t a i n b e f o r e t h e s e p a r a t i o n o f t h e B r i t i s h I s l a n d s

f r o m t h e c o n t i n e n t t o o k p l a c e . ( S e e t e s t i m o n y o f E p h o r u s

p . 2 1 ) . M a n y r e m a i n e d s t i l l o n t h e c o n t i n e n t a n d , a s w e h a v e

s e e n a b o v e i n t h e R e v. W . M

. H . M i l n e r ' s e v i d e n c e , w e r e

u t i l i z e d b y G o d t o p u n i s h b o t h t h e F o u r t h Wo r l d E m p i r e

f o r i t s o v e r t h r o w o f E t r u r i a ( G o d ' s p e o p l e t h a t w e r e l e f t

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E 59

there) , and then passed on to the res t ra in ing of the T h i r d

Wo r l d E m p i r e a s a b o v e r e l a t e d .

W e m u s t r e m e m b e r t h a t i t w a s G o d ' s o r i g i n a l p u r p o s e t o

b r i n g H i s p e o p l e b y m a n y w a y s a n d u n d e r m a n y n a m e s i n t o

these i s lands f i rs t of a l l , and then fur ther West and East

a n d N o r t h a n d S o u t h , a s w e f i n d H e h a s;

B o s t o n , V i r g i n i a ,

I n d i a , C a n a d a , S o u t h A f r i c a , A u s t r a l i a a n d N e w Z e a l a n d ,

tha t in the sca t te r ing of I s rae l He might b r ing upon a l l na t -

i o n s t h e b l e s s i n g s p r o m i s e d t o A b r a h a m , I s a a c a n d J a c o b o r

Israel .

W e n o w p a s s o n t o t h e c o n n e c t i o n o f S a x o n s E a s t w i t h

S a x o n s We s t b e f o r e o u r e n q u i r y a s t o t h e A n g l o - S a x o n s .

T h e H e b r e w i n s c r i p t i o n s ( p . 41 , 42) f o u n d i n t h e C r i m e a

a n d r o u n d a b o u t t h a t l o c a l i t y i s t h e c o n n e c t i n g l i n k o f

a p p a r e n t l y t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f I s r a e l b o t h s .c . a n d A .D .

a n d s h o u l d b e a s u f f i c i e n t a n s w e r t o a l l c r i t i c i s m .

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C O N N E C T I O N O FS A X O N S E A S T A N D S A X O N S

W E S TWhave a l ready refer red to Dr. G e o r g e M o o r e ( s u p r a

pp . 12 to 15) in hisS a x o n s E a s t a n d W e s t . I f o u r

readers wi l l look back they wi l l see the inscr ip t ion

w e h a v e a l r e a d y c u l l e d f r o m h i s w o r k . It is now our

i n t e n t i o n t o e x t r a c t f u r t h e r f r o m t h i s b o o k a f e w s e n t e n c e s

o u t o f t h e v e r y m a n y w h i c h h h e l p o u r r e s e a r c h .

F r o m p . 9 5 : " W e a r e a b o u t t o s h o w s o m e t h i n g v e r y l i k e

p o s i t i v e p r o o f t h a t t h e S a c c e a n d t h e G e t o e w h o f o r m e r l y

i n v a d e d I n d i a s p r a n g f r o m t h e s a m e s o u r c e a s t h e S a x o n s

and Goths of the West, and were connected with the

I s r a e l i t e s , o r w i t h a p e o p l e w h o e m p l o y e d t h e i r l a n g u a g e . "

P p . 1 0 5 - 6: The Israelites of the captivities under Tiglath-

P i l e s e r a n d S h a l m a n a s e r w e r e i n M e d i a a n d i n t h e c o u n t r y

about the Chebar . I think that those who dwelt in

A s s y r i a a c q u i r e d t h e n a m e o f S a c c e , a n d t h a t t h o s e i n

M e d i a w i l l b e f o u n d i n t h e B u d i i ( / 3 o u & o c ) , s a i d b y H e r o d o t u s

t o b e a t r i b e o f M e d e s ( H e r . i . 101) . . . . As a Hebrew

w o r d i t w o u l d s i g n i f y t h e s e p a r a t e d p e o p l e ( - i n ) , T h e r e

i s a n o t h e r p e o p l e n a m e dS u k h i i n t h e i n s c r i p t i o n s d e c i -

p h e r e d b y R a w l i n s o n . T h i s p e o p l e d w e l t b y t h e C h e b a r ,

p r o b a b l y o n t h e s i t e o f t h e m o d e r n Z a c h o o r S a c h o . These

p e o p l e m a y p o s s i b l y b e i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h e S a c c e o r S a k h a i ,

w h o a f t e r w a r d s g o t c o n f o u n d e d w i t h t h e S c y t h i a n s , i n

c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h e i r b e i n g m i x e d w i t h t h e m . Could we

f i n d t h e w o r d S a c c e s p e l t i n c h a r a c t e r e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e

th ree le t te rs tha t form the roo t o f the word I saac , p n s , the

q u e s t i o n w o u l d b e a l m o s t d e c i d e d , f o r t h e w o r d i s t o o

p u r e l y H e b r e w i n i t s f o r m t o h a v e a n y o t h e r d e r i v a t i o n

t h a n t h a t a s s i g n e d t o i t i n H o l y W r i t ( G e n . x x i . 6) . N o w

I t h i n k w e h a v e t h e w o r d p r e c i s e l y i n t h o s e e q u i v a l e n t s

60

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E61

i n t h e S c y t h i c v e r s i o n o f t h e B e h i s t u n i n s c r i p t i o n , s o a b l y

p r e s e n t e d t o u s i n t h e m e m o i r t h e r e o n b y M r . E . Norr i s

( J o u r n a l , R . A .S ., V o l . XV . , A r t . I ., p. 206) . T h i s v e r s i o n

m a y o r m a y n o t b e S c y t h i a n ; i t i s e n o u g h f o r o u r p u r p o s e

t h a t w e f i n d t h e w o r d w e w a n t i n s c r i b e d o n a r o c k i n P e r s i a

a b o u t t h e t i m e o f C y r u s . T h e w o r d c o n s i s t s o f t h r e e

c h a r a c t e r s , w h i c h M r. N o r r i s r e n d e r s S a a k h a , b u t w h i c h

i n H e b r e w e q u i v a l e n t s w o u l d p r o b a b l y s t a n d a s p nY, th e

v e r y w o r d I s a a c w i t h o u t t h e i n i t i a l y o d , w h i c h p r o p e r l y

m a k e s n o p a r t o f t h e n a m e .

P . 149: M a y n o t t h e v e r y n a m e o f t h e s e p e o p l e ( G e t c e )

b e d e r i v e d f r o m t h a t o f t h e i n h a b i t a n t s o f G a t h ( H e b r e w

n . ) ? I n c i d e n t a l l y w e r e m a r k t h a t H e r o d o t u s ( i v . 9 4 )

s a y s t h e G e t c e t h o u g h t t h e m s e l v e s i m m o r t a l ; n o t d y i n g ,

b u t g o i n g a t t h e i r d e c e a s e t o Z a l m o s i s . . . T h e G e t c e a r e

m i x e d u p w i t h t h e S a c c e a s t h e G i t t i t e s w e r e w i t h t h e

I s r a e l i t e s , a n d b y a n d b y w e s h a l l s e e t h e y u s e d t h e s a m e

l a n g u a g e .

P . 2 6 0 :A t t e n t i o n s h o u l d b e d i r e c t e d t o a c o u n t r y

n a m e d G a t h i n t h e B y r a t h i n s c r i p t i o n s , l i n e 5 . Th i s mus t

b e t h e l a n d o f t h e G e t c e o r G e t i . . .N o w , t h i s w a s t h e

early seat of theG o t h s , a n d i n t h e i m m e d i a t e n e i g h b o u r h o o d

o f t h e S a c o e. I n t h e B u d d h i s t i c i n s c r i p t i o n s o f t h e r o c k s

o f I n d i a , a t l e a s t , w e s h a l l f i n d t h a t t h e G o t h s a n d S a x o n s

w e r e a s s o c i a t e d i n t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a r e l i g i o u s d o m i n i o n

e x t e n d i n g f r o m B a c t r i a t o a l l p a r t s o f t h e E a s t . . . We ,

a t l eas t , f ind an anc ien t G o t h l a n d ,as wel l as a Saxon race ,

m e n t i o n e d i n t h e e a r l i e s t r e c o r d s o f B u d d h i s m , a n d t h i s

B u d d h i s m i s , I c o n c e i v e , u n m i s t a k a b l y c o n n e c t e d w i t h a

p e o p l e u s i n g t h e H e b r e w l a n g u a g e . The name of Goth,

a s a l r e a d y s u r m i s e d , w a s t r a n s f e r r e d f r o m P a l e s t i n e t o

t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d o f t h e C a s p i a n S e a , w h e r e t h eG e k c

a n d t h eS a c c e , the Goths and Saxons , are h is tor ica l ly found

t o g e t h e r .

P . 2 6 1: T h e i n h a b i t a n t s o f t h e c o u n t r y o f G a t h , o r G o t h ,

s p o k e t h e s a m e l a n g u a g e a s t h e I s r a e l i t e s .

P . 289: A s , t h e n , i t h a s b e e n s h o w n i n t h i s v o l u m e t h a t

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62 B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y T R A C E DF R O M

t h e t e a c h e r s o f B u d d h i s m w e r e o f H e b r e w o r i g i n , w e c o n -

c l u d e t h a t t h e y w e r e i n s t r u c t o r s a n d r u l e r s o v e r t w o

c l a s s e s o f p e o p l e h a v i n g s u c h d i s t i n c t i o n a n d s u c h s i m i l a r i -

t i e s , t o w h o m o u r r e s e a r c h e s c o n d u c t u s , t h e G e t o e a n d t h e

Sacce-the Goths and the Saxons-which we know were

t o g e t h e r s c a t t e r e d a s c o n q u e r o r s o v e r t h e c o u n t r i e s i n d i -

c a t e d . W e c a n n o t h e r e s t a y t o p r o v e t o w hi c h t h e c h a r a c -

t e r s r e s p e c t i v e l y b e l o n g e d ; but the evidence already

a d v a n c e d , t o g e t h e r w i t h m u c h t h a t c a n n o t b e a d d u c e d ,

poin ts to the probabi l i ty tha t the so-ca l led A r i a n c h a r a c t e r

w a s t h a t e m p l o y e d b y t h e G e t o e , a n d t h a t t h e s o - c a l l e d

L i t c h a r a c t e r , o f w h i c h w e h a v e g i v e n s o m a n y s p e c i m e n s ,

w a s t h a t o f t h e S a c c e .

I n b o t h c a s e s t h e a l p h a b e t s a r e v e r y s i m p l e a n d p e r f e c t .

Th e A r i a n , l ike Hebrew, has three s ib i lants , i f not four ;

t h e o t h e r h a s , s e e m i n g l y , b u t o n e - a t l e a s t , t h e i n s c r i p -

t i o n s p r e s e n t a m a r k e d d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n s a n d s h . A

c u r i o u s c i r c u m s t a n c e , i f t h i s a l p h a b e t b e t h a t o f t h e

S a c c e a n d t h e S a c c e b e , a s w e s u p p o s e , d e s c e n d a n ts o f t h e

E p h r a i m i t e s; f o r t h e i n a b i l i t y t o p r o n o u n c e t h e s h i b b o l e t h

was thei r pecul iar i ty in Samaria.

P . 290 : T h e Arian is c o n s t r u c t e d m o r e o n t h e p r i n c i p l e

o f t h e P h o e n i c i a n o r P u n i c .

W e g o b a c k t o p. 224 and cu l l : Y e t w e m u s t f i r s t d i r e c t

a t t e n t i o n e s p e c i a l l y t o t h o s e s y m b o l s w h i c h , a d o p t e d b y

t h e S a c c e a n d t h e B u d d h i s t s , h a v e b e e n r e c e i v e d b y o u r -

s e l v e s , a n d r e m a i n w i t h u s a s n a t i o n a l e m b l e m s a n d m a r k s

o f o u r o r i g i n f r o m t h o s e S a x o n s o f t h e E a s t . A m o n g s t

t h e e m b l e m s s e e n i n t h e c o i n s o f B u d d h i s t k i n g s t h e t r i d e n t

h a s b e e n m e n t i o n e d. T h i s i s n o w p e c u l i a r t o B r i t i s h c o i n s ,

b u t t h e s h i e l d o f B r i t a n n i a , a n d t h e L i o n a t h e r f e e t , a r e

a l s o B u d d h i s t a n d a n c i e n t S a x o n s y m b o l s .

O u r b a n n e r o f u n i o n , w i t h t h e c r o s s o f S t. George on i t ,

m a y b e s e e n e n g r a v e d o n t h e g a t e s o f t h e l a r g e t o p e a t

Sanchi , or Sachi ; i t i s r e m a r k a b l e t h a t t h e s t a r b a n n e r i s

t h e r e a l s o . T h e L i o n a n d t h e U n i c o r n ( o r t h e i r p r o t o t y p e s )

m a y b e s e e n c r o u c h i n g i n p e a c e a t t h e f e e t o f B u d d h a a s h e

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E63

s i t s o n h i s m a r b l e t h r o n e a t t h e e n t r a n c e o f t h e v a s t r o c k

temple of Ajanta . W e h a v e s e e n i t s t a t e d t h a t t h e g r o u p

i s n o t a s h e r e d r a w n , b u t i n s e v e r a l p a r t s o f t h e g a t e s o f

t h e T e m p l e .

The creature we vulgarly call a unicorn is more naturally

p o r t r a y e d t h e r e , f o r t h e p e o p l e w h o c h i s e l l e d o u t t h a t

c a v e r n o u s c a t h e d r a l k n e w i t s n a t u r e b e t t e r t h a n t o p r e s e n t

17,,,

££ '

4

b u t o n e h o r n , t h o u g h t h e y w e l l k n e w , a s w e k n o w f r o m

A s s y r i a n m o n u m e n t s , t h a t i t w a s o f t e n c o n v e n t i o n a l l y s o

r e p r e s e n t e d .

N o t e . -The topes of Sachi, 20 miles north-east of Bhopal,

a r e r e c k o n e d t o d a t e f r o m B .C . 300 at least.- L

. G . A . R .

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6 4 B R I T I S HH I S T O R Y T R A C E D F R O M

P p . 2 7 0 - 2 7 6

T H E I N S C R I P T I O N S AT G I R N A R A N D D E L H I

Sec . 1 : G o f o r t h , d i l i g e n t l y p e r s u a d e t h e m ,

0 D a n , a r i s e f o r t h e i r o v e r t h r o w .

Exalted suffering is the law of their offspring, 0

L o r d ;

Be i t s o ;y e t s u r e l y t h o u , 0 G o d ( J a v ) , w i l t b e

w i t h t h e m ,

Thou, 0 Lord Almighty, wilt be in their midst .

Sec . 4 : Go to, even life is but Sak .

S e c .8 :

The hidden treasure of exalted truth is with me .

P . 280 : T h o s e w h o a r e c i r c u m c i s e d s h a l l b e f o r

my Goths .

l i k e t h e n o i s e o f t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f L e h i ( c o m p .

Jud . xv . 1 4 , 1 5 ) .

They shall flourish by Sak .

P . 2 8 4 :W e h a v e s e e n p r o o f t h a t t h e S a c c e , b e i n g

B u d d h i s t s , r e a l l y a s s e r t e d t h e i r d o m i n i o n i n t h o s e p a r t s ,

b o t h a s t e a c h e r s a n d c o n q u e r o r s .

T h e G r e e k i s n a m e d i n t h e f o u r t h s e c t i o n a s . . c a u s i n g

t h e c a l a m i t y . I t i s probable tha t many of these Is rae l i tes

e s c a p e d i n t o t h e N o r t h a n d W e s t a f t e r t h e d i v i s i o n o f

A l e x a n d e r ' s E m p i r e , f i r s t i n t o f o u r a n d t h e n i n t o t w o

e m p i r e s. T h i s i s t h e l i k e l y m e a n i n g o f Z e c h . vi . 1 - 8 . T h e

era would agree wi th 3 9 0 years of Ezek . iv . 5 ; s i n c e I s r a e l ' s

c a p ti v i ty L . G . A . R . . . o t h e r e n e m i e s t a k e a d v a n t a g e o f t h e

G r e e k i n v a s i o n o f N o r t h - We s t e r n I n d i a t o o v e r t h r o w t h e

S a c c e .C o n c e r n i n g t h e G o t h s , s o p l a i n l y n a m e d i n t h e

f o u r t h s e c t i o n , t h e l a n g u a g e t h e r e e m p l o y e d s u f f i c i e n t l y

i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e y w e r e i n v o l v e d i n t h e s a m e t r o u b l e . . .

I t w o u l d a p p e a r f r o m t h i s t h a t t h e G o t h s were not the pre-

d o m i n a n t p a r t y , b u t t h e S a c c e . T h e p e r i o d a t w h i c h t h e

Goths and Sacce coalesced in those countr ies was , as far as

w e c a n g a t h e r . . . ab ou t 10 0 s .c ., w h e n t h e P a r t h i a n s , w i t h

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E65

S c y t h i a n a i d , r e s t o r e d t h e i r d o m i n i o n i n C a b u l a n d t h e

Punjab, which had been interrupted by the inroads o f t h e

G o t h s . I t w a s t h e n t h a t t h e G o t h s o f t h o s e p a r t s b e c a m e

B u d d h i s t s , a n d h e n c e f o r t h c o - o p e r a t e d w i t h t h e S a c c c , t h e y

being peoples , as we have seen, us ing the same language . . .

being, f rom thei r or ig in and in the i r d ispers ion, i n t i m a t e

w i t h e a c h o t h e r .

E

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T

A R E T H EA N G L O - S A X O N S T H E C H I L D R E N O F

J O S E P H ?

H E w o r d A n g l o - S a x o n i s a c o n s t r u c t w o r d f o r m e d o f

t w o w o r d s , A n g l e a n d S a x o n . T h e y n e i t h e r o f t h e m

originated in modern t imes , nor were e i ther words of

E u r o p e a n d e r i v a t i o n . T h e y f i r s t a p p e a r i n t h e F a r E a s t ,

and are each applied to different branches of the same race .

I f w e w e r e t o c r i t i c a l l y e x a m i n e t h e w o r d s w e s h o u l d f i n d

t h e m b o t h H e b r e w .

The word 5 . v ( E n g l e ) f i r s t a t t a c h e s t o t h e " c a l f " w h i c h

A a r o n m a d e a n d J e r o b o a m c o p i e d , n e i t h e r o f w h i c h w a s

i n t e n d e d b y t h e m a k e r t o d e f l e c t f r o m t h e T r i n i t y o f

D i v i n e Wo r s h i p , n o r t o i n t r o d u c e B a a l i s m ( s e e 1 K i n g s x v i .

3 1 , 3 2 ; 2 K i n g s x . 2 8 - 3 1 ) ; b u t i t i s c a l l e d a n i d o l ( A c t s v i i .

4 0 , 4 1 ) , t h o u g h t h e y m e a n t t h e m a s e m b l e m s o f J e h o v a h .

T h e v e r d i c t o f S c r i p t u r e t h e r e u p o n i s : " T he y m ad e a

c a l f i n H o r e b a n d w o r s h i p p e d t h e g o l d e n i m a g e . Thus

t h e y c h a n g e d t h e i r g l o r y i n t o t h e s i m i l i t u d e o f a n o x t h a t

e a t e t h g r a s s . T h e y f o r g a t G o d , t h e i r S a v i o u r "(Ps . c v i .

19-21) . " Thy cal f [Engle] , 0 Samaria , ha th cas t thee off .

. . . T h e c a l f o f S a m a r i a s h a l l b e b r o k e n i n p i e c e s "

(Jer . x x x i . 18 ; Hos . v i i i . 5, 6) .

T h a t t h i s c o n c e r n s t h e i r i d o l a t r o u s w o r s h i p i s e v i d e n t ,

for in Malachi iv . 2 o f I s r a e l i t i s s a i d : " B u t u n t o y o u t h a t

fear my name shall the sun of righteousness arise with heal-

i n g i n h i s w i n g s ; a n d y e s h a l l g o f o r t h a n d g r o w u p a s

c a l v e s ( + ! 5 i 5) A n g l i o f t h e s t a l l ."

T h e A n g l e s , w h e n t h e y c a m e i n t o B r i t a i n , g a v e t h e i r

n e w h o m e t h e n a m e o f A n g e l n , e v e n t o A n g l e s e y . The

p l a c e t h e y h a d r e c e n t l y l e f t w a s A n g l i n , i n J u t l a n d ; we

a l s o c o m e a c r o s s E n g e l h o l m i n t h e C a t t e g a t a n d E n g e l n i n

66

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E 67

Sweden . T h i s c lear ly t r a c e s t h e s e E n g l e s back in to

Sweden . We shal l t race them from the East shor t ly .

T h e w o r d S a x o n i s m u c h m o r e s u r e , f o r i t o r i g i n a t e d i n

t h e v e r y l o c a l i t y i n t o w h i c h I s r a e l o f t h e N o r t h e r n K i n g d o m

w a s t a k e n c a p t i v e. T h e f i r s t m e n t i o n o f S a k i n i t s n a t i o n a l

character i s in Genesis xxi . 1 2 . " I n I s a a c s h a l l t h y s e e d

b e c a l l e d "(Gen . x v i i . 19 ) . W e n e v e r f i n d I s r a e l c a l l e d

i n t h e n a m e o f I s a a c u n t i l I s r a e l w a s r e j e c t e d b y G o d ; t h e n ,

i n A m o s v i i. , w e h a v e t h e n a m e I s a a c t w i c e a s a n e q u i v a l e n t

of I s rae l . Verse 9 , "t he h ig h pl ac es of I sa ac " ; v e r s e

16 , "d r o p n o t t h y w o r d a g a i n s t t h e H o u s e o f I s a a c . "

W i t h i n s e v e n t y y e a r s t h e n a m e I s r a e l c e a s e d t o e x i s t , b u t

w e i m m e d i a t e l y c o m e u p o n a p e o p l e i n t h e v e r y p l a c e w h e r e

I s r a e l w a s l o s t a s B e t h - K h u m r i , B i t - O m r i o n t h e A s s y r i a n

t a b l e t s ; the same name on the Behistun Rock being

r e n d e r e d i n P e r s i a n a s S a k a i. These same Beth-Khumri

w e r e c a l l e d b y P r o f . R a w l i n s o n i n h i s" Herodotus "

G i m i r r a ; h e g o e s t o s h o w t h e s e t o b e S a k a i a n d C i m b r i

a n d C y m r y . P i n c h e s f i n d s t h e n a m eSar-ili, " P r i n c e o f

G o d , " w i t h J a c o b ' s a n d J o s e p h ' s n a m e s o n t h e m o n u m e n t s ,

a n d i d e n t i f i e s t h e S a r - i l i w i t h t h e B e t h - K h u m r i. Prof .

S a y c e , i n c o n f i r m a t i o n o f t h i s v i e w , h a s a p a r a g r a p h m o d e r -

n i s i n g P r o f . R a w l i n s o n ' s w o r d s. A f t e r s t a t i n g t h a t C y r u s

w a s a M a n d a , t h a t t h e M a n d a w e r e G i m i r r a , h e s a y s : -

" I t w o u l d s e e m t h a t t h e M a n d a o f E k b a t a n a w e r e t h e

S c y t h i a n s o f c l a s s i c a l h i s t o r y. As we have seen Teuspa ,

the Kimmerian, and his people are termed Manda by

E s a r - h a d d o n , a n d i n t h e i n s c r i p t i o n s o f D a r i u s t h e G i m i r r a -

Umurgah o f the Baby lon ian t ex t co r respond wi th the

S a k a - H u m u v a r k a o f t h e P e r s i a n t e x t . T h e S a k a - H u m u -

v a r k a a r e t h e A m y r g i a n S a k c e o f H e r o d o t u s ( V I I ., 64),

w h o , h e t e l l s u s , w e r e t h e S c y t h i a n s o f t h e G r e e k s . " (Higher

C r i t i c i s m a n d t h e M o n u m e n t s , A . H . S a yc e , pp . 5 2 0 a n d 5 2 1 ;

s e e a l s o p p . 4 5 1 , 4 8 3 - 4 8 6 , 5 0 8 ,an d 519 f o r c o n n e c t i o n s .)

T h e r e i s a p e o p l e * c a l l e d b y H e r o d o t u s t h e E g l i , w h o

S e n n a c h e r i b ( a f t e r 7 0 5 B .c .) r e c o r d s h i s e x p e d i t i o n t o t h e m o u n t a i n o u s

c o u n t r i e s o f t h e K a s s u a n d t h e Y a s u b i g a l l e a n s , n o r t h o f E l a m ( P i n c h e s '

C o n t a c t o f H e b r e w s w i t h A s s y r i a n s , p . 3 7 3 ) .

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68B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y T R A C E D F R O M

a p p e a r e d i n B a c t r i a a n d c l o s e t o t h e S a c c e( H e r o d o t u s , I I I .,

9 2, Rawlinson, App . B k . V I I ., E s s a y I .) . T h e s e a r e s a i d

b y H a n n a y t o b e S a c h s , a n d t h e i r r e a l n a m e t o h a v e b e e n

A y y a t , ( A n g a i ) . There were Sar-angai and Dar-angai .

H a n n a y s u g g e s t s t h e i r o r i g i n t o b e B e t h - S a k o r B e t h -

K h u m r i , a n d b o t h t h e s e A n g l a i a n d ./Eglai to be the tribes

of Ephra im and Manasseh. Samar-Kand (a sort of New

S a m a r i a ) i n t h e c o u n t r y n o w c a l l e d B u k h a r a . Bukher,*

a n o x ;E g l a h o r E n g l a h , h e i f e r o f t h e w i l d o x , o x - a n t e l o p e

o r u n i c o r n . M r . J a y o s w a l s t a t e s t h a t S u m e r i a n c i v i l i s a -

t i o n o n c e e x t e n d e d r o u n d t h e s e p a r t s , a n d t h a t S a m a r c a n d

p r o b a b l y m e a n s " R e g i o n o f S u m e r . "

M r . Hannay prefers Samarcand, " p a r t o f " or " o f f -

s h o o t f r o m " Samaria . (European and other Races, pp . 3 2 2 ,

3 2 3 - 3 2 6 .)

Whils t in th i s reg ion of Bokhara i t i s wel l to remember the

p r o p h e c y o f A m o s v i i i . 1 1 c o n c e r n i n g I s r a e l: " Behold

t h e d a y s c o m e , s a i t h t h e L o r d G o d , t h a t I w i l l s e n d a

f a m i n e i n t h e l a n d , n o t a f a m i n e o f b r e a d , n o t a t h i r s t f o r

w a t e r , b u t o f h e a r i n g t h e Wo r d o f t h e L o r d : a n d t h e y s h a l l

w a n d e r f r o m s e a t o s e a , a n d f r o m t h e n o r t h e v e n t o t h e

e a s t , t h e y s h a l l r u n t o a n d f r o t o s e e k t h e Wo r d o f t h e L o r d

and shall not find it . " T h i s a p p l i e s e s p e c i a l l y t o t h e t r a d i -

t i o n t h e r u l i n g r a c e o f J a p a n h a v e c o n c e r n i n g t h e i r p r o -

g e n i t o r s , w h o c a m e f r o m t h e W e s t e r n S e a a n d w e r e l e d

i n to Japan by one whose name was J imnu-Tennu , des -

c e n d e d f r o m O s e e , a n d t h e l e a d e r s a r e c a l l e d S u m e r a i.t

But Hosea v . 6 says : "T h e y s h a l l g o w i t h t h e i r f l o c k s

a n d w i t h t h e i r h e r d s t o s e e k t h e L o r d; but they shal l not

f ind Him; He hath withdrawn Himself from them

. "

This as to the eas tern migrants .

Then in verse 15 ; " I will go and return to my place, till

* 15 3 Bekor, firstling (Lev . x x v i i . 2 6 ; D e u t . x x xi i i . 1 7 ) . f 111 Z 3

Bekorah, firstborn (Jer. xxxi . 9) . C o m p . B o k a r a a n d P a r t h i a . P a r , a

b u l l o c k , a c a l f.

tFor interesting suggestions on this point seeE p i t o m e of t h e A n c i e n t

H i s t o r y o f J a p a n . By N . M c L e o d. A l s o a n a r t i c l e i n The Covenant People

o n " T he J a pa ne se . " B y G e o r g e D a n n .Augus t , 1910 .

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E 69

they acknowledge thei r offence , and seek My face ; in their

a f f l i c t i o n t h e y s h a l l s e e k M e e a r l y ." This as to the

w e s t e r n .

S o w e h a v e t w o p r o p h e c i e s c o n c e r n i n g t h i s p e o p l e , o n e

t o w a r d s t h e e a s t a s w e b e l i e v e b o r n e o u t i n J a p a n , t h e

other people repent ing, and th is i s tha t por t ion spoken of

in 2 Esdras xiii . 39-46 : "A n d w h e r e a s t h o u s a w e s t t h a t h e

g a t h e r e d a n o t h e r p e a c e a b l e m u l t i t u d e t o h i m ; t h o s e a r e

t h e T e n T r i b e s w h i c h w e r e c a r r i e d a w a y p r i s o n e r s o u t o f

t h e i r o w n l a n d i n t h e t i m e o f O s e a t h e K i n g w h o m S a l -

m a n a s a r t h e K i n g o f A s s y r i a l e d a w a y c a p t i v e , a n d h e

c a r r i e d t h e m o v e r t h e w a t e r s , a n d s o c a m e t h e y i n t o a n o t h e r

l a n d . B u t t h e y t o o k t h i s c o u n s e l a m o n g t h e m s e l v e s , t h a t

they would leave the mul t i tude of the heathen, and go in to

a f u r t h e r c o u n t r y , w h e r e n e v e r m a n k i n d d w e l t , t h a t t h e y

m i g h t k e e p t h e i r s t a t u t e s , w h i c h t h e y n e v e r k e p t i n t h e i r

o w n l a n d .A n d t h e y e n t e r e d i n t o E u p h r a t e s b y t h e n a r -

r o w p a s s a g e s o f t h e r i v e r . . . . F o r t h r o u g h t h a t c o u n t r y

t h e r e w a s a g r e a t w a y t o g o , n a m e l y o f a y e a r a n d a h a l f ;

a n d t h e s a m e r e g i o n i s c a l l e d A r s a r e t h. Then dwelt they

there till the latter time. "

H e r o d o t u s a l s o b r i n g s t h e C i m m e r i a n r a c e i n t o E u r o p e

w h e r e a p o r t i o n o f t h e m s e t t l e i n t h e v e r y r e g i o n w h e r e

S e r e t h c i t y a n d r i v e r n o w a r e , t o t h e W e s t w a r d a n d N o r t h -

w a r d c o r n e r o f t h e B l a c k S e a , w h i c h a f t e r t h e m w a s c a l l e d

t h e C i m m e r i a n S e a . H e r e w e f i n d C i m m e r i a o f t e n c r o p p i n g

up. B u t t h e e v i d e n c e o f t h e H e b r e w g r a v e s t o n e s , * i n t h e

r e g i o n o f t h e C r i m e a ( t h e s e h a v e n o w b e e n r e m o v e d t o

t h e S t. P e t e r s b u r g M u s e u m , P e t r o g r a d ) , i s t e s t i m o n y t o

t h e f a c t t h a t I s r a e l i t e s w e r e i n t h a t l o c a l i t y . The names

Saxon and Pic t , a lso Br i ton and Ligure , a re a l l found here

o n a n c i e n t m a p s p o i n t i n g b a c k t o B .C . t i m e s . Rawlinson

c o n n e c t s t h e s e C i m m e r i a n s w i t h t h e K i m b r i o f t h e R o m a n s

and the Cymry of Wales. T h e s e C y m r i h a v e a t r a d i t i o n

t h a t t h e y c a m e f r o m a r e g i o n a b o u t D e f r o b a n i (i .e ., C o n -

* S e eI s r a e l ' s Wa n d e r i n g s , p . 95

. B y O xo n i an . A l s o Oriental Records,

b y D r. R u l e , a n d q u o t e d h e r e p

. 41 .

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70 B R I T I S H H I S T O R YT R A C E D F R O M

s t a n t i n o p l e a f t e r w a r d s ) a n d i n t h e i r Traditional Annals

o f t h e C y m r i , p . 2 5 , s p e a k i n g o f t h e i r s o j o u r n " i n t h e l a n d

o f H a v , w h e r e C o n s t a n t i n o p l e n o w s t a n d s , " t h e y e v e n -

tua l ly : -

" R e b e l l e d a g a i n s t G o d a n d H i s f u n d a m e n t a l T r u t h s ;

s i n n i n g a n d c o m m i t t i n g i n j u s t i c e w i t h d a r i n g t r a n s g r e s -

s ion ; f o r w h i c h H e p o u r e d u p o n t h e m H i s r e t r i b u t i v e v e n -

g e a n c e ; w h e r e u p o n d i s p e r s i o n a n d d e v a s t a t i o n e n s u e d;

u p o n w h i c h t h e y b e c a m e n e a r l y e x t i n c t , h a v i n g l o s t t h e i r

t e r r i t o r i e s a n d n a t i o n a l r i g h t s. T h e n s o m e b e t o o k t o

t h e m s e l v e s t h e i r c o n s c i e n c e s; r e c o v e r e d t o m e m o r y t h e

n a m e o f t h e D e i t y a n d H i s t r u t h; a n d a d h e r i n g t o t h o s e

p r i n c i p l e s , t h e y c o n d u c t e d t h e m s e l v e s u n d e r t h e i n f l u e n c e

o f c a u t i o u s r e a s o n i n t h e i r s i n k i n g s t a t e. God now, ou t

o f H i s g r a c e a n d u n u t t e r a b l e l o v e , i m b u e d t h e m w i t h

l a u d a b l e i n t e n t i o n s ; p l a c i n g a m o n g t h e m w i s e a n d h o l y

men, who under the upho ld ing o f God and His peace ,

a n d i n t h e r e f u g e o f H i s T r u t h a n d J u s t i c e , a c q u i r e d a

r i g h t k n o w l e d g e o f e v e r y s u p e r i o r i t y c o n d u c i v e t o t h e w e l l -

b e i n g o f t h e r a c e o f t h e C y m r y . T h u s c i r c u m s t a n c e d

t h e y p r o c e e d e d i n t h e i r a d o p t e d c o u r s e , a d m i t t i n g i n t o

t h e i r t r a i n a l l t h a t w o u l d j o i n t h e m , f r o m c a m p t o c a m p ;

a n d i n t h i s m a n n e r r e t r e a t e d , u n t i l t h e y e s c a p e d f r o m t h e

n a t i o n s w h i c h h a d a s s a i l e d t h e m w i t h d e v a s t a t i o n a n d

p l u n d e r ." Rol l o f T r a d i t i o n a n d C h r o n o l o g y a p e d I o l o M S S .,

pp . 4 7 , 4 2 6 .

I n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h i s w e a r e t o l d t h e s e C y m r y r e -

m a i n e d i n t h i s r e g i o n s o m e c o n s i d e r a b l e t i m e . H e r e w e

f i n d t h e n a m e s B r i t o - L a g c e , t h e B r i t a i n a n d L i g u r e , P i c t ,

S a x o n , D a n e a n d W a l e s ( i n W a l l a c h i a ).

I t mus t no t be a s sumed tha t the Anglo -Saxons who

c a m e f r o m t h e E a s t , a n d i n t o t h i s p a r t , w e r e t h e o r i g i n a l

C i m m e r i a n o r C y m r y w h o f i r s t c a m e i n t o B r i t a i n , t h o u g h

b y s o m e m e a n s u n k n o w n t o u s , t h e n a m e w a s a t t a c h e d t o

bo th .

*The o r i g ina l s o f the se Wes twa rd Cimmeri a (Cymr i) C immer i an i s m os t

l i k e l y t a k e n f r o m 2 K i n g s x x i i i . 5 ; Hos . x . 5 ; Z e p h .i . 4 1 3 + 1 D ] r e n d e r e d

` i d o l a t r o u s p r i e s t." Chemar im . S u p r a also pp . 1 8 , 1 9

.

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E G Y P TA N D P A L E S T I N E 71 ~ ~

THE F I R S T A R R I V A L S I N B R I T A I N

T h e t r a d i t i o n a t t a c h i n g t o t h e s e f i r s t - c o m e r s i n t o B r i t a i n

var ies in the ta le . I t i s s u p p o s e d t h e y w e r e G o m e r i a n

b e c a u s e o f t h e i r n a m e , b u t e v e r y o n e o f t h e i r t r a d i t i o n s

b e a r s a n e v i d e n t t r a c e o f B i b l e s c i e n c e a s t h e f o u n d a t i o n

of their folk-lore . T h e s t o r y o f M o s e s i s t h e h a n d e d - d o w n

h i s t o r y o f E i n e g a n , " t h e T h r e e P i l l a r s , " " t h e T e n W o r d s , "

t h e b r e a k i n g o f t h e p i l l a r s , t h e i n c o m m u n i c a b l e n a m e o f

t h e D e i t y : a l s o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e L a w s o f M o s e s w e r e a d -

m i n i s t e r e d i n t h e s e i s l a n d s . S o m e t r a c e b a c k t h e a r r i v a l

o f t h e f i r s t - c o m e r s t o a b o u t 1 , 5 0 0 B .C ., o t h e r s t o t h e t i m e

o f t h e T r o j a n W a r . They brought with them Druidism,

which is the nearest approach to Hebrewism . Their

s p e e c h w a s a l s o t h e n e a r e s t t o H e b r e w , a n d t h e i r w o r s h i p

o f t h e T r i u n e G o d w i t h o u t i m a g e s o r i d o l a t r y o f t h a t k i n d .

The content ion as to the i r or ig inal ances t ry a t one t ime

w a s d e c i d e d a s J a p h e t i c , b u t t h e d o u b t f u l a s s e r t i o n o f

P o m p o n i u s M e l a , a s t o l d b y C a m d e n ' s H i s t o r y o f B r i t a i n ,

p . 9 6 3 ,i s n o w b e g i n n i n g t o f i n d s t r o n g a d v o c a t e s , v i z .,

t h a t I r e l a n d w a s c a l l e d J u r i n , q u a s i J e w s l a n d , b e c a u s e i n

t h e d i s t a n t p a s t t h e J e w s ( s i c ) , w h o w e r e g r e a t s o o t h s a y e r s ,

k n e w t h a t t h e f u t u r e E m p i r e o f t h e W o r l d w o u l d c o m e t o

t h e s e p a r t s . And so they co lon i sed i t . H e s a y s t h e

Syrians and the Tyr ians d id the same . T h e V e t u s C h r o n i c o n

H o l s a t u e says : " T h e J u t e s a r e J e w s o f t h e t r i b e o f D a n ,

a n d t h e J u t e s , A n g l e s a n d S a x o n s w e r e k i n d r e d n a t i o n s . "

A y m e t t S a m m e s (1676), in his H i s t o r y o f B r i t a i n , says

t h a t f r o m t h e i r l a n g u a g e , w h i c h w a s H e b r e w , h e w o u l d

p r o n o u n c e t h e m H e b r e w s w e r e i t n o t t h a t t h e H e b r e w s

k e p t t o t h e i r o w n s o i l .

B u t t o r e t u r n.

W E S T W A R D M A R C H O F T H E A N G L O - S A X O N S

W e s e e m t o l o s e t h e n a m e A n g l i o r A n g a i c o m i n g i n t o

W e s t e r n A s i a , a n d p i c k u p A s c e o r A s a - l a n d . (But see infra,

p . 80-92 etc . , Alexander del Mar on the Northern route f rom

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72 B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y T R A C E D F R O M

L a k e B a i k a l w h e r e.,Egli and Angai are first met with) . These

appear to have formed the larger par t of the people , under

O d i n , w h i c h c a m e i n t o S c a n d i n a v i a . The Cymry and the

S a x o n s m u s t h a v e t r a c e d u p t h e c o u r s e o f t h e D a n u b e .

T h e y m i n g l e d w i t h t h e T e u t o n s t o a t t a c k R o m e . We find

also the Br i t i sh , the Ligure , and the Pic ts in the West of

E u r o p e w h o h a v e e a c h a l s o l e f t t h e i r n a m e s b e h i n d t h e m .

T h e r e w e r e s e v e n n a t i o n s o f B r i t a n n i i n t h e N o r t h - w e s t

o f E u r o p e i n t h e t i m e o f o u r L o r d . I n t h e ex t r e me so u th

o f I t a l y t h e r e w a s t h e f i r s t h i s t o r i c a l l y r e c o g n i s e d k i n g d o m

o f t h e B r i t a n n i . * I n t h e e x t r e m e n o r t h o f C o n t i n e n t a l

E u r o p e , J u t l a n d , J u t e l a n d o r J e w s l a n d , c a l l e d a l s o D a n -

mark , was anc ien t ly ca l led Br i t t i a .

I n t h e Archceologica l Journal , N o . 1 5 7 , 1 8 8 3 , i n a n

ar t ic le g iv ing the names of these d i fferent se t t lements of

B r i t o n s , P t o l e m y , T a c i t u s a n d P r o c o p i u s m e n t i o n t h e

A n g l i , t h e S a x o n s a n d t h e F r i s o n e s a s b e i n g s u b j e c t s o f

t h e K i n g o f t h e B r i t t o n e s , a n d t h i s a t t h e v e r y t i m e ( P r o c o -

p i u s ) t h a t t h e J u t e s , S a x o n s a n d A n g l i a n s w e r e m a k i n g

such a success fu l invas ion of Br i ta in , our i s land .

Though Armorica was greatly peopled by Ancient

B r i t o n s d u r i n g t h e t i m e o f t h e R o m a n o c c u p a t i o n , a n d

a l s o b y r e f u g e e s f r o m B r i t a i n d u r i n g t h e A n g l o - S a x o n c o n -

q u e s t , y e t i t a p p e a r s l i k e l y t h a t t h e N o r t h m e n f r o m S c a n -

d i n a v i a o v e r f l o w i n g J u t l a n d , S c h l e s w i g - H o l s t e i n a n d H o l -

l a n d s e t t l e d l a r g e l y i n A r m o r i c a , a n d m i n g l i n g w i t h t h e s e

became known as Normans .

W e i n t e n d n o w t o c o n f i n e o u r s e l v e s m o r e p a r t i c u l a r l y

t o t h e S c r i p t u r a l a r g u m e n t. To d o t h i s , f i r s t w e m u s t a s k

o u r s e l v e s , W h o a r e t h e c h i l d r e n o f J o s e p h ?

J o s e p h h i m s e l f w e k n o w a s t h e b e l o v e d s o n o f J a c o b

t h r o u g h R a c h e l , h i s o w n c h o i c e. T h e y w e r e n o t t h e

c h i l d r e n o f e i t h e r L e a h o r t h e c o n c u b i n e s , w h o w e r e , s o

t o s p e a k , f o r c e d u p o n J a c o b. T h e s t o r y o f J o s e p h , c o n -

t r a s t e d w i t h J a c o b ' s o t h e r c h i l d r e n , w h e n c r i t i c a l l y e x a -

m i n e d , b e a r s o u t t h e f a c t t h a t G o d b l e s s e s e s p e c i a l l y t h e

*Ritson's " C e l t s . "

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E73

p u r e in h e a r t . J o s e p h m a r r i e d t h e d a u g h t e r ofP o t i -

p h e r a h , P r i e s t o f O n . S o w e m u s t n o t b e s u r p r i s e d i f i n

e t h n o l o g y t h e d e s c e n d a n t s o f J o s e p h , E p h r a i m a n d M a n a s -

s e h , a r e s o m e t i m e s c a l l e d E g y p t i a n . In fact, Joseph

h i m s e l f , w e b e l i e v e , w a s k n o w n a s " Egyptus " i n t h e

mythological s tor ies of Danaus f ly ing f rom Egyptus.

A r e c e n t w r i t e r i n E u r o p e a n a n d O t h e r R a c e O r i g i n s ( H a n -

n a y ) m a k e s t h e B e t h - S a k a n d t h e M a s s a - g e t o e l a r g e l y t o b e

E g y p t i a n. I r i s h t r a d i t i o n m a k e s S c o t a t o b e a n E g y p t i a n

P r i n c e s s. T h e r e i s n o t h i n g s t r a n g e i n t h i s , e s p e c i a l l y w h e n

o n e r e m e m b e r s J o s e p h ' s m a r r i a g e w a s i n E g y p t ; h i s sons

and grandsons and many generations were born there.

W h e n J o s e p h a n d h i s b r e t h r e n w e n t u p o u t o f E g y p t w i t h

a g r e a t r e t i n u e t o b u r y J a c o b , t h e i r f a t h e r ( G e n . 1 . 1 1 ) , t h e

w h o l e c o m p a n y w e r e t a k e n f o r E g y p t i a n s. W h e n M o s e s

f l e d f r o m P h a r a o h i n t o t h e l a n d o f M i d i a n J e t h r o ' s d a u g h -

ters called him " a n E g y p t i a n " (Exod. ii . 1 9 ) . B u t w h o a r e

t h e s o n s o f J o s e p h ? T h e m a n n e r o f t h e i r b i r t h i n a s t r a n g e

l a n d ; t h e n a me o f t h e f i rs t bo r n M a na s se h "Forget t ing ,"

"For God hath made me forget a l l my to i l , and my fa ther ' s

h o u s e " ; a n d E p h r a i m " Frui t fu l , " " For God hath

caused me to be f ru i t fu l in the land of my aff l i c t ion ," car ry

w i t h t h e m s o m e f o r e c a s t o f t h e i r f u t u r e . T h e o n e a p p l i e s

s o w e l l t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a , a n d t h e o t h e r t o

B r i t a i n , b o t h s i n c e t h e t i m e o f E l i z a b e t h .

T h e f i r s t t h i n g w e h a v e b r o u g h t b e f o r e u s i s t h e e s p e -

c i a l l y m a r k e d s c e n e r e c o r d i n g t h e b l e s s i n g o f t h e s o n s o f

J o s e p h. T h i s b l e s s i n g i s i n t h e E p i s t l e t o t h e H e b r e w s

a l l u d e d t o a s " B y f a i t h J a c o b , w h e n h e w a s a - d y i n g ,

blessed both the sons of Joseph. "

T h e f i r s t t h i n g w e n o t i c e i s t h a t t h e s e t w o b o r n i n E g y p t

were to be admitted into the Patriarchal family in exactly the

same manner Gen. x l v i i i . , " A s R e u b e n a n d S i m e o n t h e y

s h a l l b e m i n e . " N e x t c o m m a n d i n g J o s e p h t o b r i n g M a n a s -

s e h a n d E p h r a i m n e a r t o h i m , J o s e p h p l a c e d t h e m a c c o r d i n g

a s h e w i s h e d t h e m t o r e c e i v e t h e b l e s s i n g , M a n a s s e h t o -

w a r d s J a c o b ' s r i g h t h a n d a n d E p h r a i m t o w a r d s h i s l e f t .

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7 4 B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y T R A C E D F R O M

The old man, however, guiding his hands wi t t ingly, crossed

his own hands , and so reversed the posi t ion , notwi ths tand-

i n g . H e t h e n u t t e r e d t h e s e m o s t w o n d e r f u l w o r d s : " G o d ,

b e f o r e w h o m m y f a t h e r s A b r a h a m a n d I s a a c d i d w a l k , t h e

God which fed me a l l my l i fe long unto th is day, the Angel

w h i c h r e d e e m e d m e f r o m a l l e v i l , b l e s s t h e l a d s ;and le t

m y n a m e b e n a m e d o n t h e m , a n d t h e n a m e o f m y f a t h e r s

Abraham and Isaac ; a n d l e t t h e m g r o w i n t o a m u l t i t u d e

i n t h e m i d s t o f t h e e a r t h . "

Let us dwel l upon th is por t ion f i rs t. T h e D i v i n e P r e -

s e n c e w a s t o b e w i t h t h e m t o p r e s e r v e a n d s u s t a i n t h e m ,

a n d f i n a l l y t o r e d e e m t h e m a n d g i v e t h e m His b less ing .

T h i s A n g e l i s n o d o u b t t h e L o r d J e s u s C h r i s t .

H o w w o n d e r f u l l y e x a c t i s t h i s c a r r i e d o u t i n t h e P s a l m

l x x x . : " O, T h o u S h e p h e r d o f I s r a e l t h a t l e a d e s t J o s e p h

l i k e af l o c k , T h o u t h a t s i t t e t h b e t w e e n t h e C h e r u b i m s ,

befo re Ephra im, Ben jamin and Manasseh , s t i r up thy

s t r e n g t h a n d c o m e a n d s a v e u s ."

I n T h e H i s t o r y o f t h e C y m r y i t i s s t a t e d

I n t h e Plain y r A i p h t ,Arch

. M y r. 1

.40 .

" C h r i s t J e s u s , C h r i s t i a n s a r e p r o s t r a t e b e f o r e t h e e ,

U n t i l a r e l o d g e d i n s h e l t e r

S i x h u n d r e d t h o u s a n d

O f t h e h u n t e d H e b r e w s . "

B a r b e r ' s , S u g g e s t i o n s

T he ti tl e o f t he po em , " A i - P h u t , " l a n d o f P h u t ( f o r

E g y p t ) , i s A r c h a i c a n d S e m i t i c .

B u t t h e w o n d e r f u l f e c u n d i t y o f t h i s p e o p l e i s s u c h a s t o

m a k e u s a s t o n i s h e d . We mus t r emember tha t Pu l , K ing

o f A s s y r i a , c a m e u p a g a i n s t I s r a e l i n 7 7 1 B .C ., a n d t h o u g h

M e n a h e m b o u g h t h i m o f f i t a p p e a r s f r o m 1 C h r o n . v . 2 6

t h a t h e c a r r i e d c a p t i v e t h e t r i b e s t o t h e e a s t o f J o r d a n

w h i c h T i g l a t h - P i l e s e r i n 7 4 0 B .C . c o m p l e t e d w h e n h e t o o k

a l l Gal i lee and Naphta l i . These are ca l led Yasubi-Gal leans ,

a n d t h i r t y y e a r s a f t e r w e r e f i g h t i n g a g a i n s t S e n n a c h e r i b .

W h a t m a y h a v e s t i r r e d t h e m u p w a s t h e influx o f 2 0 0 , 1 5 0

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E 7 5

o f t h e i r o w n r a c e , w h o m S e n n a c h e r i b h a d b r o u g h t c a p t i v e

o u t o f a l l t h e c i t i e s o f J u d a h i n 7 1 3 B .C . Most of these were

p r o b a b l y f u g i t i v e E p h r a i m i t e s f r o m S a m a r i a , a n d t h i s

a c c o u n t s f o r t h e n a m e s S u m e r a i , S a m a r c a n d i n B o k h a r a ,

a l s o A n g a i , A g l e i . I t i s in t h i s r e g i o n , A r m e n i a a n d C a s -

p a n i a , t o t h e e a s t o f t h e C a s p i a n , t h a t t h e f i r s t c o l o n i s i n g

p r o p e n s i t y o f t h e c a p t i v e I s r a e l i t e s , u n d e r t h e n a m e s o f

K a s s i , K a d u s i , K a s a t i r a , S a c c e , S a c a s s e n i , M a s s a - g e t c e

a n d K i m m e r i , d e v e l o p e d , a n d w e r e a l l i n c l u d e d i n t h e

g e n e r a l n a m e S c y t h i a n s . H e r e i t i s t h e y f i r s t g r e w i n t o

" a m u l t i t u d e i n t h e m i d s t o f t h e e a r t h . " A s f i s h e s s p a w n

t h e y t h r e w o u t t h e i r o f f s p r i n g . H o s e a x i i i . 1 5 s a y s o f

E p h r a i m , " T h o u g h h e b e f r u i t f u l a m o n g h i s b r e t h r e n ,

a n e a s t w i n d w i l l c o m e " ; and jus t before , verse 13 , "Th e

s o r r o w s o f a t r a v a i l i n g w o m a n s h a l l c o m e u p o n h i m; h e i s

an unwise son, for he should not s tay long in the p lace of

t h e b r e a k i n g f o r t h o f c h i l d r e n . " I t w a s e v i d e n t l y G o d ' s

p u r p o s e t o d r i v e h i m i n t o t h e p l a c e p r e p a r e d b e f o r e o f

God by means o f an Eas t Wind . I t i s i n t h i s r e g i o n w e

f i r s t c o m e a c r o s s t h e B r e t t i , w i t h t h e S a c h i o r S a c c e ( P r o c o -

p i u s i v . 2 4 ) , n e a r L a k e B a i k a l . ( S e e i n f r a p a g e 8 2 , 8 3

" A le x an de r d e l M a r " q u o t a t i o n .) An East wind would

d r i v e t h e m W e s t .

We r e c a l l t h a t t h e G e t c e * a r e m e n t i o n e d b y H e r o d o t u s a s

t h e n o b l e s t a n d m o s t j u s t n a t i o n , a n d o u r a n c e s t o r s a r e s a i d

t o h a v e c o m e i n t o t h e s e i s l a n d s w i t h t h e m o t t o , " T h e T r ut h ,

t h e w h o l e T r u t h , a n d n o t h i n g b u t t h e T r u t h . " S u c h i s

s a i d t o h a v e b e e n t h a t o f t h e A n g l o - S a x o n s , a n d w h e n

t h e y c a m e i n t o B r i t a i n a n d j o i n e d t h e i r b r e t h r e n a f t e r

m o r e t h a n a t h o u s a n d y e a r s o f s e p a r a t i o n t h e y f o u n d t h e

Bri tons asser t ing " T h e T r u t h i s G o d , " " G od i s T ru th ,"

" The Truth must prevai l . "

S o l i t e r a l l y w a s t h e W o r d o f G o d , t h r o u g h h i s s e r v a n t

Jacob , p r imar i ly fu l f i l l ed. T h e y

"g r e w i n t o a m u l t i t u d e

i n t h e m i d s t o f t h e e a r t h . " T h i s n o t i n P a l e s t i n e , b u t i n

t h e i r a f f l i c t i o n.

* R a w l i n s o n ' s H e r o d o t u siii .

p a g e 8 4 a l s o n o t e 2 . see also the next chapter

c o n n e c t i n g G o t h s , S a x o n s , e t c.

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7 6 B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y T R A C E D F R O M

JACOB'S BLESSING TO M A N A S S E H

" H e also s h a l l become a p e o p l e a n d h e a l s o s h a l l b e

g r e a t." There are some who trace Manasseh and Gad

t o g e t h e r , a s t h e y w e r e l o c a t e d e a s t o f J o r d a n a n d r e p r e -

s e n t t h e m ( s e e l a s t s e n t e n c e o n p a g e 7 4 ) a s t h a t g r e a t

n a t i o n t o t h e n o r t h o f M e d i a a n d e a s t o f t h e C a s p i a n c a l l e d

t h e M a s s a - g e t c e . B e t h i s a s i t m a y , t h e s e v e r al n a t i o n s

o f G e t c e , S y g e t o e , T h y s s a - g e t o e , M w s o - g e t c e , M a s s a - g e t c e ,

w e r e a l l G a u t h e i ( t h e y t o o k t h i s n a m e b e c a u s e t h e y w e r e

j e a l o u s f o r t h e g l o r y o f G o d: " Or te ll ius " ) . Ortellius

s a y s t h e y a s s u m e d t h i s n a m e i n T a r t a r y.

T h e s e p a r a t e n a t i o n a l i t i e s o f I s r a e l i t e s a r e n o t t o b e

w o n d e r e d a t , s i n c e w e k n o w t h e y w e r e t a k e n c a p t i v e a t

d i f f e r e n t p e r i o d s a n d w e r e n o t a l l l o c a t e d i n t h e s a m e s p o t .

T h e i r o f t e n f i g h t i n g w i t h e a c h o t h e r i s a p r e d i c t i o n o f

I sa iah ix. 19-21

: "N o m a n s h a l l s p a r e h i s b r o t h e r " . . .

" t h e y s h a l l e a t t h e f l e s h o f h i s o w n a r m , M a n a s s e h ,

Ephra im ; a n d E p h r a i m , M a n a s s e h , a n d t h e y t w o a g a i n s t

Judah . "

After a l l the t r ibes had se t t l ed in Br i ta in and as la te as

t h e t i m e o f Q u e e n E l i z a b e t h a g r e a t s e p a r a t i o n b e g a n t o

b e e f f e c t e d . T h i s w a s b r o u g h t a b o u t b y i n d e p e n d e n c y o f

s pi r i t ca us e d b y El iz ab e t h ' s ow n " A c t o f U n i f o r m i t y . "

Consc ience work ing in some who though t the Eng l i sh

C h u r c h h a d n o t s e p a r a t e d s u f f i c i e n t l y f r o m R o m a n r i t u a l ,

f o r m e d t h e i r o w n c o m m u n i t i e s . T h i s l e d t o p e r s e c u t i o n ,

s o t h a t t h e d i s a f f e c t e d f l e d t o A n t w e r p a n d H o l l a n d a n d

f i n a l l y t o A m e r i c a . H e r e t h e y c o l o n i s e d g r e a t l y a n d i n

c o u r s e o f t i m e s e t u p t h e G r e a t R e p u b l i c - t h e P e o p l e o f

t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . A f t er a s e ri e s o f b a t tl e s t he y p r o-

c l a i m e d t h e i r i n d e p e n d e n c e i n 1 7 7 6 . T h i s a l s o i s t h e

s u b j e c t o f p r o p h e c y i n I s a i a h x l i x . 20 : " T h e c h i l d r e n

w h i c h t h o u s h a l t h a v e a f t e r t h a t t h o u h a s t l o s t t h e o t h e r

shall say again in thine ears, the place is too strait for me,

g i v e p l a c e t o m e t h a t I m a y d w e l l . "

This Colony is the only one we have los t . W e m a y n o t

s e e t h a t a l l M a n a s s e h h a s l e f t E p h r a i m ; nor i s i t perhaps

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E77

n e c e s s a r y t o s u p p o s e i t , o r t h a t n o n e o f E p h r a i m a r e w i t h

Manasseh .B u t t h e b a c k b o n e o f t h a t p o r t i o n o f I s r a e l

w h i c h i s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i s c o m p o s e d o f M a n a s s e h

a n d t h e b a c k b o n e o f t h a t p o r t i o n o f I s r a e l i n B r i t a i n i s

Ephraim . I t i s God ' s p lan to ass imi la te o thers wi th I s rae l

w h o a r e w i l l i n g t o k e e p G o d ' s c o v e n a n t a n d r e g a r d H i s

Sabbath . Whoever he be-German, Austrian, Italian

R u s s i a n , e v e n J e w - h e h a s t o a g r e e t o t h e l a w s o f f r e e -

d o m , t h e l a w o f t h e l a n d . In course of t ime these fore igners ,

e v e n J e w s , b e c a m e p a r t a n d p a r c e l o f t h e l a n d o f t h e i r

a d o p t i o n . We b e l i e v e w e a r e r i g h t i n s a y i n g t h i s i s a p e c u -

l i a r i t y a m o n g s t J e w s w h o b e c o m e C h r i s t i a n , t h a t t h e y i n

t i m e l o s e a l l t o u c h w i t h t h e i r b r e t h r e n o f J u d a h .

T h e p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a n u m b e r s

r o u g h l y 1 1 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 , a n d t h e i r t e r r i t o r i a l p o s s e s s i o n s a b o u t

3 , 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 s q u a r e m i l e s .

JACOB ' S BLESSING TO E P H R A I M

His younger brother shal l be greater than he (Manasseh) ,

a n d h i s s e e d s h a l l b e a m u l t i t u d e o f n a t i o n s . B e f o r e t h e

s e p a r a t i o n o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s f r o m B r i t a i n o u r p o s s e s -

s ions were , as to ex ten t o f t e r r i to ry, very l imi ted , a l though

we commenced acqu i r ing por t s immedia te ly a f t e r the

Spanish Armada . W e h a d c o l o n i s e d N e w f o u n d l a n d , t a k e n

p o s s e s s i o n o f T a b l e B a y i n S o u t h A f r i c a , f o u n d e d M a d r a s ,

Bengal, Montreal, taken Jamaica, acquired Bombay,

C a p e C o a s t , S t . Helena , Calcut ta , Gibra l tar, Nova Scot ia ,

N e w B r u n s w i c k , Q u e b e c a n d h a d a g o o d f o o t i n g i n C a n a d a ,

a n d t h e n h o i s t e d t h e B r i t i s h F l a g i n N e w Z e a l a n d a n d t h e

F a l k l a n d I s l e s , b e s i d e s s e c u r i n g s o m e o t h e r i s l a n d s .

I m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r t h e A m e r i c a n I n d e p e n d e n c e w e a c -

q u i r e d A u s t r a l i a , C a p e C o l o n y , M a l a c c a , C e y l o n , a n d h a v e

b e e n m a r c h i n g o n a t a p r o d i g i o u s r a t e e v e r s i n c e , s o t h a t

b e f o r e t h i s w a r b r o k e o u t w e h a d a c q u i r e d 4 4 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 o f

subjects and 11,500,000 square mi les .

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78 B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y T R A C E D

Since which we have added Egypt, Sinai, Cyprus,

A r a b i a , u n d e r o u r p r o t e c t o r a t e , B u s r a a n d m a n y G e r m a n

p o s s e s s i o n s , a n d m a y w e n o t s a y c o m e i n t o p o s s e s s i o n o f

m o s t a l l t h e l a n d p r o m i s e d t o A b r a h a m i n G e n e s i s x v . 1 8 .

T h e m e t h o d o f t h e s e a c q u i r e m e n t s a r e s t a t e d f u l l y i n

G e n e s i s x l i x. a n d D e u t e r o n o m y x x x i i i . , but as our part is

p r i n c i p a l l y a c q u i r e d t h r o u g h t h e s o n s o f J o s e p h w e c a n n o t

d o b e t t e r t h a n c o n c l u d e i n t h e w o r d s o f J a c o b t o E p h r a i m

and Manasseh, " I n t h e e s h a l l I s r a e l b l e s s , s a y i n g , G o d

make thee as Ephraim and as Manasseh," and he put

E p h r a i m b e f o r e M a n a s s e h. A n d o f M o s e s " t h e y a r e t h e

t e n t h o u s a n d s o f E p h r a i m a n d t h e t h o u s a n d s o f M a n a s -

se h . "

All wealth, every mineral , every industry, al l cat t le , the

r i c h e s t p r o d u c t s o f t h e e a r t h , a r e t h e b l e s s i n g s o f t h e s e t w o

lads, so that at present at least one-half of al l the world 's

p r o d u c t s b e l o n g t o t h e r a c e w h i c h G o d h a s b l e s s e d. We

m u s t r e m e m b e r i t i s n o t f o r o u r s e l v e s , b u t t o o c c u p y t o

m a k e t h e d e s o l a t e e a r t h t o b e i n h a b i t e d , t o b u i l d t h e o l d

w a s t e s , t o r a i s e u p t h e d e s o l a t i o n s o f m a n y g e n e r a t i o n s ,

a n d t o b r i n g t h e w o r l d t o i t s M a k e r ; t o p r e a c h t o t h e m t h e

g o s p e l o f P e a c e a n d L o v e , a n d l e a d t h e m t o a c c e p t J e s u s

a s t h e i r S a v i o u r a n d t h e i r K i n g .

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C O N N E C T I N G G O T H S , S A X O N S , A N G L I A N D

B R E T T I

T

O the believer in our Israelitish origin, and to those

who can trace the British back to their home in Pales-

t i n e , o r e v e n f r o m E g y p t , t h e r e i s r e v e a l e d i n t h e

h i s t o r y o f o u r r a c e a w o n d e r f u l p r e p a r a t i o n f o r t h e f u t u r e

p o s i t i o n t h a t i t w a s f o r e o r d a i n e d t h a t i t s h o u l d o c c u p y .

B u t a l t h o u g h m a n y o f u s h a v e s o m e i d e a a s t o the pere-

g r i n a t i o n s o f o u r f o r e f a t h e r s , i t w o u l d a s t o n i s h m a n y t o

k n o w h o w s t r a n g e l y c o m p l e x h a s b e e n t h e e x p e r i e n c e

t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e y h a v e b e e n c a l l e d t o p a s s . W e h a v e

heard of the pre-historic wanderings of the tribes ; by this

w e m e a n t h e t i m e s a n t e c e d e n t t o H e r o d o t u s . W e h a v e

g a t h e r e d f r o m t h e a n c i e n t m y t h o l o g i c a l wri ters the evi -

d e n c e s t h e y b r i n g , w h i c h p r o v e t o u s t h e b r e a k i n ga w a y o f

v e r y m a n y H e b r e w s f r o m E g y p t , t h e W i l d e r n e s s a n d f r o m

Palestine, prior to the time when kings ruled, when" ev er y

m a n d i d t h a t w h i c h w a s r i g h t i n h i s o w n e y e s ." F r o m

these wri t ings , when they have Scr ip ture author i ty tob a c k

t h e m , w e h a v e e n d e a v o u r e d t o p i e c e t o g e t h e r t h e history

o f t h e A n c i e n t B r i t o n s u n t i l w e h a v e l o d g e d t h e m in the

h o m e " p r e p a r e d o f G o d "f o r t h e m - t h e B r i t i s h I s l a n d s .

T h e p o r t i o n o f I s r a e l w e k n o w m o s t o f u n d e r t h eO l d

T e s t a m e n t t i m e s i s t h a t p a r t o f t h e n a t i o nw h i c h k e p t

themselves to the Land of Promise until, for their iniquities

a n d gr o s s re b e l li o n a ga i n s t G o d a nd H i s g o od n es s , t he y

w e r e t u r n e d o u t o f t h e i r l a n d a n d t o l d: " G o y e , s e r v e y e

e v e r y m a n h i s i d o l s a n d h e r e a f t e r a l s o , i f y e w i l l n o t h e a r k e n

u n t o M e ; b u t p o l l u t e y e M y h o l y n a m e n o m o r e w i t h y o u r

gifts and with your idols ."

T h i s p o r t i o n b e c a m e l o s t a m o n g t h e S c y t h i a n hordes ,

a n d s o s w a l l o w e d u p a m o n g s t t h e G e n t i l e s a s t o b e to all

7 9

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8 0 B R I T I S H H I S T O R YT R A C E D F R O M

i n t e n t s a n d p u r p o s e s l o s t a n d t o t h e o u t w a r d e y e i n d i s -

t inguishable f rom thei r surroundings .

N o w , t h i s r a c e o f H e b r e w s i n t e r m i x e d i n f o u r o r f i v e

d i f f e r e n t g r o u p s a n d a t d i v e r s t i m e s , r a n g i n g f r o mB .C .

7 7 1 - 6 7 8 , a s w e g a t h e r f r o m H o l y S c r i p t u r e. I t i s q u i t e a

different c lass of wri ter who now comes to our ass is tance.

W e l e a v e t h e m y t h o l o g i c a l , t r a d i t i o n a l a n d a n c i e n t , a n d

s t e p o v e r t h e b o r d e r i n t o t h e h i s t o r i c . H e r o d o t u s , E r a t o s -

t h e n e s , S t r a b o , P l i n y a n d a w h o l e h o s t o f w r i t e r s , n o t f o r -

g e t t i n g Z e n o p h o n , u n t i l w e c o m e t o m o r e m o d e r n t i m e s -

C a e s a r , H o r a c e , V i r g i l , P t o l e m y , T a c i t u s , D i o n C a s s i u s ,

J o s e p h u s a n d t h e A p o c r y p h a l w r i t i n g s . C o m p a r a t i v e l y

r e c e n t w o r k s a r e J o r n a n d e s , M a i m o n i d e s g o i n g i n t o t h e

E a r l y C h r i s t i a n a n d M i d d l e A g e s , a n d w e a r r i v e a t S i r

I s a a c N e w t o n , P e t a v i u s , S i r W a l t e r R a l e i g h , P i n k e r t o n ,

H u m e , B o c h a r t , a n d a u t h o r s t o o n u m e r o u s t o m e n t i o n w h o

wil l supply us wi th here a l i t t l e and there a l i t t l e o f the i r

r e s e a r c h e s .

B u t t h e a u t h o r w e a r e n o w a b o u t t o q u o t e f r o m d e a l s

w i t h a p o r t i o n o f o u r r a c e w h i c h w e n t t o t h e e x t r e m e e a s t

o f t h e C a s p i a n S e a , i n t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d o f L a k e B a i k a l

a n d b r i n g s t h e s e a l s o i n t o B r i t a i n . I t c a n n o t f a i l t o b e

n o t i c e d h o w h a r d y a n d e x p e r i e n c e d t h e s e p e o p l e m u s t h a v e

b e c o m e t o f i t t h e m f o r t h e i r m a r i t i m e a n d c o s m o p o l i t a n

w o r k , a l s o h o w i n g r a i n e d w e r e c e r t a i n p r i n c i p l e s w h i c h

d i s t i n g u i s h t h e m f r o m a l l t h e s u r r o u n d i n g G e n t i l e r a c e s.

W e w i l l n o w q u o t e f r o m A n c i e n t B r i t a i n R e v i s i t e d ,

( N e w Y o r k , 1 9 0 0 ) .

B y A L E X A N D E R D E L M A R

T h e R o m a n a r c h a e o l o g i s t , D r. V i c e n z o d e V i t , i n t h e

A r c h c a o l o g i ca l J o u r n a l , V o l . X I ., h o l d s t h a t B r i t a i n ( E n g -

l a n d ) a n d B r e t a g n e ( F r a n c e ) a r e n a m e d a f t e r B r i t t i a o r

J u t l a n d . P l i n y , w h o l i v e d f o r 3 0 y e a r s i n t h e n o r t h e r n

countr ies and was wel l acquainted wi th them, says ( N a t u r a l

His tory, IV . , x x x i . 1 0 6 ) t h a t t h e M e n a p i a n s , S c a l d s , I o x a n -

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E81

d r i a n s , F r i s i a n s a n d B r i t a n n i c o m p o s e d t h e i n h a b i t a n t s

o f t h e L o w C o u n t r i e s. H y g i n u s , w h o w r o t e De Castrorum

Munitions d u r i n g t h e r e i g n o f T r a j a n , m e n t i o n s ( c h . 29

a n d 3 0 ) t h e B r i t t o n e s a s f u r n i s h i n g a l l i e s t o t h e R o m a n s ,

t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e C a n t a b r i , G e t c e a n d D a c i a n s - a l l G o t h s .

T h e B r i t t o n e s i n J u v e n a l , x v . 124, and" B r i t a n n i a " in

M a r t i a l , x i. 3, relate to Brittia, not to Albion

. The " Bri -

t a n n i a "conquered by Augustus

(Georgics , i i i . 2 5 ) w e r e

N e t h e r l a n d e r s, n o t I s l a n d e r s , f o r A u g u s t u s n e v e r w a s i n

Bri ta in . O n a b r o n z e d i p l o m a o f D o m i t i a n , A .D . 8 5 , b o t h

B r i t a n n i c a a n d B r i t t o n u m o c c u r - a c o n c l u s i v e p r o o f t h a t

t h e y r e l a t e d t o t w o d i f f e r e n t p e o p l e s . . . . P r o c o p i u s

( G o t h i c W a r s , i v . 20) m e n t i o n s t h e i s l e ( t h e p e n i n s u l a o f

J u t l a n d w a s t h e n d e e m e d a n i s l a n d ) o f " B ri tt ia ," wh ic h

i s s i t u a t e b e t w e e n B r i t a i n ( A l b i o n ) a n d T h u l e ( S c a n d i n a v i a ) ,

a b o u t 200 s t a d i a f r o m t h e R h i n e . I t i s i n h a b i t e d b y

A n g l e s a n d F r i s i a n s c a l l e d" B r i t t o n e s . . ."

B r i t a i n w a s k n o w n t o t h e P h o e n i c i a n s a t h o u s a n d y e a r s

b e f o r e o u r e r a , a n d m a y h a v e b e e n k n o w n t o t h e V e n e t i

of the Euxine at a still earlier date. I t w a s k n o w n t o t h e

C a r t h a g i n i a n s a s e a r l y a s 6 0 0B . c ., and to the Greeks before

t h e t i m e o f H e r o d o t u s , f o r h e m e n t i o n s i t a s t h e C a s s i t e -

r ides , o r Tin I s lands . . . .

A t e v e r y s t e p o f h i s p r o g r e s s t h r o u g h o u t t h e B r i t i s h

I s l e s t h e a n t i q u a r i a n m e e t s w i t h t h e r e m a i n s o f a n i n v a d i n g

o r c o l o n i s i n g r a c e , w h o i n p o i n t o f t i m e m u s t h a v e p r e c e d e d

t h e R o m a n s , a n d y e t w h o w e r e n e i t h e r a b o r i g i n a l s , P h o e n i -

c i a n s , G r e e k s , I b e r i a n s , G e r m a n s , n o r G a u l s. T h e s e c o l o -

nis ts were ta l l , powerful men, fa i r-hai red , b lue-eyed, and

a c c u s t o m e d t o t h e s e a . . . .T h e s e e v i d e n c e s a l l p o i n t t o

t h e Ve n e t i a n d o t h e r N o r s e t r i b e s o f t h e B a l t i c . . .. Tha t

the masters of Ies t ia a t th is per iod (Taci tus) were indeed

N o r s e m e n i s n o t o n l y p r o v e d f r o m t h e s i m i l a r i t y o f t h e i r

l a n g u a g e w i t h t h e B r i t i s h a n d t h e c l o s e r e s e m b l a n c e o f

a n c i e n t N o r s e a n d e a r l y E n g l i s h , i t i s c o n f i r m e d b y t h e

s i t u a t i o n o f t h e G o t h i c m e t r o p o l i s o f Ve n e t a n d b y o t h e r

c i r c u m s t a n c e s .. . .

T h e r e i s n o t h i n g t o c o n n e c t t h e m

F

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8 2 B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y T R A C E D F R O M

with Germany ; t h e r e i s e v e r y t h i n g t o c o n n e c t t h e m w i t h

N o r w a y , l e s t i a , D e n m a r k a n d t h e L o w C o u n t r i e s . . .

T h a t r e m o t e l y t h e N o r s e m e n i s s u e d f r o m t h a t c o n q u e r i n g

r a c e o f S c y t h i a w h i c h s u b d u e d s u c c e s s i v e l y t h e v a r i o u s

p o w e r f u l n a t i o n s w h o e n c o m p a s s e d i t s a r i d b u t e l e v a t e d

a n d b r a c i n g t a b l e l a n d s t h e r e c a n b e b u t l i t t l e r e a s o n a b l e

doubt .

T h e p r o o f l i e s i n t h e i r R u n i c i n s c r i p t i o n s a n d t h e n a m e o f

t he Sun-god Ies , wh ich they bes towed upon numerous

p r o v i n c e s , r i v e r s a n d t o w n s . T h e s e i n s c r i p t i o n s c o m -

m e n c e o n t h e Y e n - I e s e i R i v e r , n e a r L a k e B a i k a l a n d c o n -

t i n u e w e s t w a r d t o B r i t a i n , l e s l a n d ( I c e l a n d ) a n d G r e e n -

l a n d . D u r i n g t h e w h o l e o f t h i s v a s t d i s t a n c e , u n t i l B r i t a i n

i s p a s s e d , t h e R u n i c i n s c r i p t i o n s a n d p l a c e - n a m e s d e r i v e d

f r o m l e s a r e c o n f i n e d b e t w e e n t h e 5 0 t h a n d 6 0 t h p a r a l l e l

o f N o r t h l a t i t u d e , a n i s o t h e r m a l z o n e w h o s e u n i f o r m

cl imate affords s t rong corroborat ion of the theory deduced

f r o m a r c h e o l o g i c a l e t y m o l o g y . Westward of the Yen-

I e s e i t h e N o r s e m e n a p p e a r t o h a v e c r o s s e d a n d n a m e d t h e

Ieshem or Ishim, an affluent of the Irtish, in Siberia . Next

w e f i n d t h e m i n I e s t i a o r E s t y a , n o w E s t h o n i a . I n B r a n -

d e n b u r g t h e y w e r e k n o w n a s t h e I e s i d i n i , o r S i d i n i . . . .

Advanc ing wes tward . . . t h e y s u c c e s s i v e l y c r o s s e d a n d

n a m e d t h e A m - J e s u s , n o w t h e E m s , a n d t h e I e s s e l , o r

Y e s s e l , n o w t h e S a a l . l e s l e b en , o r E i s l eb e n , a t o w n o f

M e r s e b u r g , o n t h e S a a l , a n a f f l u e n t o f t h e L o w e r R h i n e ;

l e s s e n , a d i s t r i c t o f t h e L o w e r R h i n e ; I e s e r l o h n , a t o w n

o f W e s t p h a l i a b e l o w C o l o g n e ; I e s e n d y c k , a t o w n o n t h e

Blie, eight miles east of Sluys, in Flanders ; Ober-Iesse l and

A m - I s i a , i n F r i s i a ( n o w E m d e n ) ; a n d I s i g n y , a t o w n n e a r

B a y e a u x , o n t h e n o r t h c o a s t o f F r a n c e , a l l c o m m e m o r a t e

i n t h e i r n a m e s a d i v i s i o n o f t h a t N o r s e o r S a x o n r a c e w h o

eventually fell beneath the sword of Charlemagne.*

A n o t h e r d i v i s i o n p a s s i n g t o t h e n o r t h w a r d o f t h e B a l t i c

l e f t t h e i r m a r k i n t h e n a m e s o f t h e U p s a l a a n d I e s k i l s t u n a ,

n e a r S t o c k h o l m a n d I e s l o f a n d l e s t a d , t o w n s i n G o t l a n d ,

* C o m p a r e I s a i a h 1 x v. 13

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E 8 8

t h e l a t t e r s i t u a t e d 2 6 m i l e s s o u t h - e a s t o f L u n d o r L u n d e n .

F r o m S c a n d i n a v i a t h e y u n d o u b t e d l y c r o s s e d t o B r i t a i n ,

w h e r e o n e o f t h e i r t r i b e s w a s c a l l e d t h e l e s e n i o r I c e n i .

They bui l t or dwel t near a town cal led Lunden,* or London,

s i t u a t e d u p o n a r i v e r w h i c h t h e y c a l l e d t h e T a m - I e s , a n d

t he Romans the Tam-Issus . [ A m o n g s e v e r a l r e m a i n s o f

v e r y a n c i e n t N o r s e c o u n c i l - r i n g s M a l l e t f o u n d o n e a t

L u n d e n i n S c a n i a . I t was therefore a p lace of impor tance .

T h i s L u n d e n i s a t t h e s o u t h e r n m o s t e x t r e m i t y o f t h e S w e -

dish peninsula. T h e r e a r e o t h e r L u n d e n s , b o t h i n S w e d e n

and in Denmark. T h e I s e n i a n d T r i n o b a n t e s , w h o o c c u -

p i e d t h e c o u n t r y n e a r L o n d o n , i n B r i t a i n , w h e n t h e R o m a n s

f i r s t took possess ion of i t , were probably les t ians , o r Goth ic

t r i b e s , andi t m a y b e r e a s o n a b l y c o n j e c t u r e d t h a t ,

f o l l o w i n g a n a l m o s t u n i v e r s a l c u s t o m , t h e n a m e o f t h e

p l a c e w a s b r o u g h t b y t h e i r f o r e f a t h e r s f r o m t h e i r a n c i e n t

h o m e s i n G o t l a n d o r l e s t i a .]

T h e y a l s o b u i l t a t o w n n a m e d O x f o r d , o n t h e b a n k s o f a

r i v e r w h i c h t h e y c a l l e d t h e I e s o r I s s u s. T h e g r e a t a n t i -

q u i t y a n d G o t h i c n a m e s o f t h e s e r i v e r s c a n n o t b e d o u b t e d ,

for i t was a l so the name of the pr inc ipa l r iver o f the Goth ic

V e n e t i , w h o a g e s b e f o r e h a d c o l o n i s e d t h e s h o r e o f t h e

Euxine . H e c a t m u s i n S t r a b o , x i i . 3 , 2 5 .

T h e r o c k - c u t t i n g s o f t h e Ye n - I e s e i a r e i n G r e a t P e r m i a ,

n e a r t h e c i t y o f T z e r d y n , o n t h e b a n k s o f t h e T o m m ,

b e t w e e n T o m s k o i a n d K u s n e t s k o i , a n d a r e s c u l p t u r e d o n

t h e r o c k s t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e Ye n - I e s e i f l o w s . They com-

p r i s e R u n i c l e t t e r s , t h e s i g n o f t h e C r o s s f r e q u e n t l y r e -

p e a t e d , a s p o k e d w h e e l , a h e a r t , a n d a c h a s e o n h o r s e b a c k

a f t e r w o l v e s . T h e i r g e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s s i m i l a r t o t h e

a n c i e n t r o c k - c u t t i n g s o f S w e d e n a n d I c e l a n d r e p r e s e n t e d

i n t h e w o o d - c u t s p u b l i s h e d b y D u C h a i l l u .

T h e J a k u h t i ( J a k u i s o n e o f t h e n a m e s o f B u d d h a ) , a

p a g a n n a t i o n o f t e n t r i b e s , c o m p r i s i n g a b o u t 3 0 , 0 0 0 t a x -

p a y e r s , s t i l l l i v e a l o n g t h e R i v e r L e n a n e a r J a k u t s k o i .

T h e y c a l l t h e m s e l v e s Z a c h i. P r o c o p i u s ( i v . 24 ) m e n t i o n s

t h e Z a c h i o r Z e c h i , p r o b a b l y r e l a t e d t o t h e S a c c e o r S a x o n s .

*Also Lindum, now Lincoln,

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84 B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y T R A C E D F R O M

Th e Kalmucks , who worsh ip Buddha , des igna te h im as

Zacha or Xaca . F o r m e r l y t h e Z a c h i l i v e d n e a r L a k e

B a i k a l , w i t h t h e B r e t t i o r B r a t t i , f r o m w h o m t h e y a f t e r -

w a r d s s e p a r a t e d . T h e y a d o r e a t r i u n e g o d , o n e o f w h o s e

p e r s o n a g e s t h e y s u s p e n d i n e f f i g y u p o n a t r e e w h i l s t i n t h e

a c t o f w o r s h i p .

W h a t e v e r d o u b t s m a y r e m a i n w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e g e n e a -

logy of the Norse t r ibes , there can be few wi th respect to

t h e i r e a r l y s e t t l e m e n t a n d c o n q u e s t o f B r i t a i n . Let us

b e g i n w i t h t h e e v i d e n c e s a f f o r d e d u s b y t h e n a m e s o f t h e

t r i b e s a n d p l a c e s . T h e e a r l i e s t n a m e s t h a t h a v e b e e n

p r e s e r v e d o f t h e t r i b e s n o r t h o f t h e H u m b e r a r e N o r s e o r

G o t h i c . T h u s p a r t s o f N o r t h u m b r i a , M e r s e a n d t h e L o -

t h i a n s w e r e i n h a b i t e d b y t h e O t t o d i n i , p r o b a b l y f r o m

O t t o , a c o m m o n n a m e a m o n g N o r s e c h i e f t a i n s . A t a l a t e r

p e r i o d t h e O t t o d i n i w e r e c l a s s e d w i t h t h e M c e a t o e - a n o t h e r

p r o o f o f N o r s e o r i g i n . O t h e r p a r t s o f N o r t h u m b r i a a n d

T e v i o t d a l e w e r e i n h a b i t e d b y t h e G a d e n i , p r o b a b l y a

c o r r u p t i o n o f G a t e n i o r G e t c e. T h e S e l g o v c e p o s s i b l y

g o t t h e i r n a m e f r o m t h e N o r s e S i l o r S i l d; t h e N o v a n t c e ,

Damni , Epidi i , Gerones , Carnonacoe, Car in i , Carnavi i , Logi

a n d C a n t c e w e r e p e t t y t r i b e s w h o o c c u p i e d o t h e r p o r t i o n s

o f S c o t l a n d a t t h e p e r i o d o f A g r i c o l a ' s c o n q u e s t. T h e y

h a v e u s u a l l y b e e n c l a s s e d w i t h t h e M c e a t c e , p r o b a b l y

i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h e M e r t o e , w h o m P t o l e m y l o c a t e s i n t h e

north-west part of Sunderland. . . . Moeatce is the

o r i g i n a l n a m e o f t h e t r i b e w h i c h w a s a f t e r w a r d s c a l l e d

indifferent ly Mceatce or Gaetoe--a fac t due to the absence

o f t h e l e t t e r G i n t h e e a r l y r u n e s a n d t h e r e s e m b l a n c e o f

G t o M i n t h e l a t e r o n e s. T h e V e n i c o n t e s o f F i f e , w h o h a d

a t o w n n a m e d O r r e a , w h i c h w a s n e a r t h e R i v e r O r e , w e r e

p r o b a b l y N o r s e m e n , a l l t h e s e n a m e s b e i n g N o r s e . D u n g e -

n e s s , F i f e n e s s , A r u n d e l , D o v e r , C a n t e r b u r y o r C a n t a b r i ,

O r a i l , O x f o r d , O r f o r d , N a z e , N o r e a n d m a n y o t h e r E n g l i s h

n a m e s o f p l a c e s a r e d e r i v e d f r o m N o r w e g i a n p r o t o t y p e s

as Arenda l , Dovre , Oxenford , Ness and Nor. Indeed,

N o r s e n a m e s o f p l a c e s a b o u n d all o v e r B r i t a i n , a s L o n d o n ,

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E 87

w e r e b y t h e m r e s u r r e c t e d f r o m t h e a n c i e n t c o m m o n w e a l t h

o f R o m e a n d i m p l a n t e d i n t h e e a r l y c h a r t e r s o f F r a n c e

a n d E n g l a n d.

R e l y i n g s o l e l y u p o n e v i d e n c e s w i t h d a t e s , w e a r e w a r -

r a n t e d i n c o n c l u d i n g t h a t t h e G o t h s o c c u p i e d n o t o n l y t h e

C i m m e r i a n B o s p h o r u s , P o n t u s , T h r a c i a a n d M a e s i a , b u t

a l s o t h e s h o r e s o f t h e B a l t i c f r o m t h e G u l f o f B o t h n i a t o

t h e F i r t h o f F o r t h; i n a w o r d , t h a t t h e y e n c i r c l e d t h e

n o r t h e r n a n d e a s t e r n f r o n t i e r o f c l a s s i c a l E u r o p e , i n c l u d i n g

Scandinavia, as early as the fifth century of our era, possibly

m u c h e a r l i e r .

The re l ig ion of the Goths , so fa r as i t i s known to us , was

m u c h c o r r u p t e d ; t h e n u m e r o u s p l a c e - n a m e s i n t h e n o r t h

w h i c h b e g i n w i t h I e s , t h e o c t o n a r y d i v i s i o n o f t h e y e a r ,

the octonary rates of gold and silver, the sacrifice of horses,

a n d m a n y o f t h e i r f e s t i v a l s b e l o n g t o t h e S o l a r w o r s h i p.

T h e w o r s h i p o f B h a d r , B a l d e r , T e u t , T a t o r W o d e n a n d

o f t h e M o t h e r o f G o d ; t h e s a c r e d s i g n o f t h e s v a s t i c a , a n d

t h e a b s e n c e o f c a s t e - t h e s e a r e B u d d h i c . On the o the r

h a n d , t h e f e s t i v a l o f t h e v e r n a l e q u i n o x , t h e t r i u n e g o d s h i p

o f T h o r , Wo d e n a n d F r i c a , t h e r i t e o f b a p t i s m , t h e s a c r i f i c e

of human beings , the ins t i tu te of h i rsars , and the code of

r e t t s a r e B r a h m i n i c a l . T h e r u ni c l e t t e r s , w h ic h a r e p e c u -

l i a r t o t h e G o t h s , a n d w h i c h h a v e b e e n f o u n d e i t h e r o n

bedrocks , or heavy boulders , or s labs a l l the way f rom the

b a n k s o f t h e Y e n - l e s i r i v e r t o G r e e n l a n d a n d , e x c e p t i n

t h e l a s t - n a m e d c a s e , a l w a y s b e t w e e n l a t i t u d e 5 0 ° a n d 6 0 °

nor th , point to the v ic in i ty of tha t vas t in land sea , Lake

Baikal, as their original habitat . S tar t ing f rom this point ,

p r o b a b l y a s e a r l y a s t h e e i g h t h c e n t u r y b e f o r e o u r s e r a , t h e

B a l t i c G o t h s a p p e a r t o h a v e d e s c e n d e d t o t h e W h i t e S e a

a n d m a d e t h e i r w a y r o u n d t o t h e C a p e a n d r e c o n n o i t r e d

the coas t of Norway, which, in the Sagas , i s ca l led Halga-

l a n d , o r t h e H o l y L a n d , p r o b a b l y i n r e f e r e n c e t o t h e

r e l i g i o u s r e s t o r f r e e d o m w h i c h t h e y h a d h o p e d t o d e r i v e

f r o m t h e i r r e m o v a l t h i t h e r . I t i s l i k e l y t h a t m a n y s u c h

v o y a g e s w e r e m a d e a n d m a n y c o l o n i e s p l a n t e d i n H a l g a -

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8 8 B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y T R A C E D F R O M

l a n d b e f o r e t h e m a i n b o d y o f t h e m o r e n o r t h e r n G e t c e

v e n t u r e d t o c r o s s t h e s t e p p e s a n d a p p r o a c h t h e i r f u t u r e

c o u n t r y o n h o r s e b a c k . T h e i r r o u t e i s i n d i c a t e d b y t h e

p l a c e - n a m e o f t h e g o d I e s , w h i c h , l i k e a w o o d m a n ' s " blaze "

t h r o u g h a f o r e s t , t h e y l e f t w h e r e v e r t h e y d w e l t . Th i s

n a m e w i l l b e f o u n d i n R u s s i a a n d a l o n g b o t h s h o r e s o f t h e

B a l t i c S e a , a s f a r w e s t a s B r i t a i n - c i r c u m s t a n c e s w h i c h

r e n d e r i t p r o b a b l e t h a t t h e s e m i g r a t i o n s w e r e s p r e a d o v e r

a l e n gt h y p er i o d . S o m e p o r t i o n s o f t h i s i n t e r v a l m a y b e

f i l l e d u p f r o m t h e m e a g r e a n n a l s o f t h e M a s s a - g e t c e a n d

o t h e r d e s e r t t r i b e s m e n t i o n e d b y H e r o d o t u s ; b u t f o r t h e

m o s t p a r t i t i s b l a n k . A t t h e e n d o f t h i s t i m e t h a t i s t o

s a y , w h e n P y t h e a s v i s i t e d t h e B a l t i c - t h e G o t h s e n c i r c l e d

Nor the rn Europe , and the same gods were worsh ipped

a n d a s i m i l a r d i a l e c t c e r t a i n l y s p o k e n i n E s t h o n i a , N o r t h

B r i t a i n , a n d N o r t h e r n F r a n c e , a n d p r o b a b l y a t e v e r y s e a -

p o r t b e t w e e n N o v g o r o d , L e i t h a n d t h e m o u t h o f t h e L o i r e ,

w h e r e C a e s a r f o u n d a p o w e r f u l c o l o n y o f t h e Ve n e t i .

T h e G o t h s o f B r i t a i n , t h o u g h p r o u d o f t h e i r R o m a n

ci t izenship and loyal in the i r adhes ion to the empire , had

l o n g n e g l e c t e d t h e i r k i n s m e n , t h e S a c a e o f t h e B a l t i c . The

p e r s e c u t i o n s o f t h e A u g u s t i n e s i n d u c e d t h e m t o r e m e m b e r

t h e i r r e l a t i v e s a n d r e n e w t h e i r f o r m e r i n t i m a c y . T h e

g r o w t h o f t h e R o m a n h i e r a r c h y o n l y s e r v e d t o r e u n i t e t h e

G o t h i c t r i b e s a n d r a c e s . T h e y n o l o n g e r s o u g h t a l l i a n c e s

w i t h R o m a n f a m i l i e s , b u t w i t h e a c h o t h e r . T h e m a r r i a g e

o f T h u r b e r , K i n g o f t h e " S c o t s , " t o t h e d a u g h t e r o f F r o u d e

II I . o f D e n m a r k , A . D . 3 1 0 - 2 4 , i s a n i n s t a n c e o f t h i s k i n d ;

i t d o u b t l e s s f o u n d m a n y f o l l o w e r s b o t h a m o n g t h e n o b l e s

a n d t h e c i t i z e n s.

D u r i n g t h e t h i r d a n d f o u r t h c e n t u r i e s t h e G o t h s o f t h e

B a l t i c o r g a n i s e d n u m e r o u s m a r i t i m e e x p e d i t i o n s , w h i c h

w e r e d i s p a t c h e d e a s t a n d w e s t t o d e s p o i l t h e r i c h a n d n o w

m o r e a n d m o r e d e t e s t e d s h r i n e s o f R o m e . O n e o f t h e s e ,

d e s c e n d i n g t h e D n e i p e r , r e i n f o r c e d a n a n c i e n t c o l o n y o f

t h e s a m e r a c e i n M a e s i a a n d D a c i a w h i c h w o n i t s i n d e p e n -

d e n c e f r o m t h e R o m a n E m p i r e . (Note . - T h e e c c l e s i a s t i c a l

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E 89

a c c o u n t o f t h e o c c u p a t i o n o f L o w e r M w s i a i s d i f f i c u l t t o

u n d e r s t a n d a n d i m p o s s i b l e t o b e l i e v e .)

I t i s n o w n e c e s s a r y t o a l l u d e t o t h e G o t h s w i t h i n t h e

R o m a n E m p i r e . Between A .D . 2 8 4 a n d 3 0 4 a t l e a s t s i x

c o l o n i e s o f G o t h s w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d i n G a u l u n d e r t h e

R o m a n e m p e r o r s , o r p r o - c o n s u l s.

O f t h e s e , t h r e e w e r e i n

N o r m a n d y , a t o r n e a r B e a u v a i s , A m i e n s a n d C a m b r i a ; on e

o n t h e M o s e l l e , n e a r T r e v e s ; o n e a t T r o y e s , i n C h a m p a g n e ;

o n e a t L a n g r e s , i n t h e H a u t M a r n e . A p o r t i o n o f t h e s e

w e r e t h e N o r s e - B u r g u n d i a n p r i s o n e r s t a k e n e i t h e r b y P r o -

b u s i n 2 7 5 o r b y M a x i m i n i a n H e r c u l e s i n 2 8 7 . Al l of these

c o l o n i s t s w e r e e m p l o y e d a s w o o d c u t t e r s , s h e p h e r d s a n d

h u s b a n d m e n ; a n d , e x c e p t w h e n i t w a s f o u n d p r a c t i c a l

o r e x p e d i e n t t o e n r o l t h e m i n t h e l e g i o n s , t h e y w e r e d e n i e d

t h e u s e o f m i l i t a r y w e a p o n s . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e y w e r e

p e r m i t t e d t o a c q u i r e l a n d a n d r e t a i n t h e i r n a t i o n a l r e l i g i o n

and cus toms ; a m o n g t h e l a t t e r w a s t h e i r i n c l i n a t i o n

a l w a y s t o s e t t l e n e a r t h e s e a o r a n a v i g a b l e w a t e r c o u r s e .

T h e R o m a n p a t r i c i a n s o f G a u l p r o b a b l y e x u l t e d i n t h e

t h o u g h t t h a t t h e s e p a g a n s , l a t e l y a n o b j e c t o f t e r r o r t o t h e

f r o n t i e r s , n o w p e a c e f u l l y c l e a r e d a n d c u l t i v a t e d t h e i r

f a r m s , d r o v e t h e i r c a t t l e t o t h e n e i g h b o u r i n g f a i r , k e p t

t h e i r r o a d s a n d p u b l i c w o r k s i n o r d e r , a n d e n h a n c e d b y

t h e i r p r e s e n c e t h e v a l u e o f l a n d. T h e i r p a s s i o n a t e l o v e

o f f r e e d o m , t h e i r r a c i a l d e t e s t a t i o n o f a n h i e r a r c h y , a n d

t h e r e b e l l i o u s d e s i g n s a g a i n s t R o m a n r u l e w h i c h w e r e a p t

t o b e f o s t e r e d b y s u c h p r e j u d i c e s w e r e f o r g o t t e n ; for

t h e r e a p p e a r s t o h a v e b e e n n o w a r n i n g o f t h e c o m i n g

s t o r m . H o w e v e r , c o m e i t d i d . Obtaining the ass is tance

o f t h e i r r e l a t i v e s a n d f r i e n d s i n S c a n d i n a v i a a n d o f a l l i e d

o r s u b j e c t t r i b e s i n S c y t h i a , l e s t i a , S a x o n y a n d D e n m a r k ,

t h e v a r i o u s c o m m u n i t i e s o f G o t h s c o m b i n e d i n t h e f o u r t h

c e n t u r y a n d s w e p t , c h i e f l y i n t w o t o r r e n t s , o n e t h r o u g h

N o r t h e r n G a u l , t h e o t h e r a l o n g t h e v a l l e y o f t h e D a n u b e .

A u g u s t i n e o f H i p p o h a s l e f t u s a h i g h l y - c o l o u r e d p i c t u r e

o f t h e d e v a s t a t i o n w h i c h m a r k e d t h e i r p a t h f r o m D e n m a r k

t h r o u g h H o l l a n d t o t h e s i e g e s o f T o u r n a y , R e i m s , A m i e n s

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9 2 B R I T I S H H I S T O R YT R A C E D

a r e o f G e r m a n o r i g i n w e r e d e r i v e d n o t f r o m t h e e m p i r e ,

w h e t h e r P a g a n o r C h r i s t i a n , b u t f r o m t h e e a r l i e r c o m m o n -

w e a l t h .

T h e r a c e t h a t c o n q u e r e d B r i t a i n n e v e r k n e w w h a t i t w a s

t o h a v e a m a s t e r ; t h e y c a m e f r o m t h e d e s e r t a n d t h e s e a ,

w h o s e g a l e s w e r e n o t b u r d e n e d w i t h t h e s i g h s o f R o m a n

v a s s a l a g e ; t h e y n e v e r b e n t t h e k n e e t o P o n t i f i c a l R o m e ;

t h e y n e v e r a c k n o w l e d g e d t h e s u z e r a i n t y o f t h e C h u r c h ;

a n d t h e y p r o m p t l y r e b e l l e d w h e n e v e r a t t e m p t s w e r e m a d e

t o f o r c e u p o n t h e m e i t h e r t h e w o r s h i p o r t h e s p i r i t u a l

d o m i n i o n o f C a e s a r .

D e l M a r a r g u e s i n c h a p t e r X I V .

T h a t t h e G e r m a n s a r e n o t G o t h s .

H e s h o w s G e r m a n s n e v e r w e r e a m a r i t i m e p e o p l e .

T h e G e r m a n s , o r A l e m a n n i , w e r e s i t u a t e s o u t h o f

S a x o n y .

T h e G e r m a n s k n e w n o t h i n g o f t h e s e a a n d n e v e r

e n t e r e d B r i t a i n .

T h e f e w ( i f a n y ) w h o c a m e m a y h a v e c o m e a s g u e s t s o f t h e

G o t h s , n o t a s c o n q u e r o r s .

I n c h a p t e r X V .

B y t h e e i g h t h c e n t u r y t h e C h u r c h h a d c o n q u e r e d i n

G a u l , n o t m e r e l y , a s i n B r i t a i n , a n u m b e r o f s e p a r a t e

chief ta ins whose fea l ty might be los t a t any t ime ; i t h a d

utilised the ancient priests of Hesus to evangelise (as it was

d e e m e d ) a n e n t i r e p e o p l e .

T h e R e v . D r . H e n r y ( H i s t . Brit . , I ., i ., 155) i d e n t i f i e s

the Gaulic and Galician god Hesus with the Hebrew

N'Izzuz, "T h e L o r d M i g h t y i n B a t t l e . " The name i s

o m i t t e d i n t h e E n g l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n o f P s a l m x x i v . 8 ,

a l t h o u g h i t a p p e a r s i n t h e o r i g i n a l H e b r e w .

W e d o n o t c o n t i n u e t o s e t u p C h r i s t m a s - tr e e s a n d m i s t l e -

toe boughs for nothing ; t h e y m a r k s o m e o f t h e n u m e r o u s

c o n c e s s i o n s w h i c h o u r f o r e f a t h e r s , s t r u g g l i n g a g a i n s t a

w o r l d f i l l e d w i t h l o w f o r m s o f r e l i g i o n , w e r e o b l i g e d t o

m a k e t o D r u i d i s m .

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H I S T O R Y O F T H EA N G L O - S A X O N S

N quoting from Sharon Turner we must remember

Iwhat has been previously stated, and to which Du

C h a i l l u a g r e e s , i n h i s w o r k e n t i t l e d The V i k i n g A g e ,

viz. , t h a t t h e B r i t i s h a n d A n g l o - S a x o n a r e n o t G e r m a n .

T h e f a c t t h a t m a n y o f t h e m p a s s e d t h r o u g h t h a t r e g i o n

now known as Germany does not constitute them as

Germans .

W e k n o w i t w a s a t o n e t i m e t h e g e n e r a l o p i n i o n t h a t w e

w e r e T e u t o n i c , b u t a m o r e c r i t i c a l a n d t r u t h f u l a n a l y s i s o f

t h e d i f f e r e n c e o f s p e c i e , l e a d s u s t o a b e t t e r o p i n i o n . S i r

Wal te r Ra le igh has d rawn a t t en t ion to wha t we have

a l w a y s p r o p o u n d e d , t h a t t h e c r a n i u m o f t h e G e r m a n a n d

t h e B r i t i s h a n d A n g l o - S a x o n , a r e d i a m e t r i c a l l y o p p o s e d .

A s t o t h e i d i o m a t i c s t r u c t u r e o f l a n g u a g e t h e B r i t i s h a n d

A n g l o - S a x o n i s n e a r e s t t o t h e H e b r e w ;w h e r e a s t h e G e r -

m a n i s a k i n t o t h e A s s y r i a n . The two languages may

h a v e m u c h i n c o m m o n i n w o r d s , b u t l a n g u a g e i t s e l f i s n o

p r o o f e x c e p t t h a t o f c o n t a c t .

I t wi l l be seen tha t the Saxons ' b i r th -p lace i s the reg ion

of Is rae l ' s grave and le t us remember tha t the Saki on the

B e h i s t u n R o c k a r e t h e B e t h K h u m r i o r K i m m e r i a n s o f t h e

A s s y r i a n t a b l e t s .

I t i s n o t o u r i n t e n t i o n t o q u o t e m o r e t h a n i s n e c e s s a r y t o

p r o v i d e s t o r y i n s u c h a w a y a s t o t r a c e t h e p e o p l e f r o m t h e

A r a x e s , o r C o u n t r y o f t h e M e d e s , i n t o t h e s e i s l a n d s . All

t h e s e e x t r a c t s a r e f r o m S h a r o n T u r n e r ' s f i r s t v o l u m e .

T h e y t r a c e t h e p e o p l e t h r o u g h E u r o p e b u t b y d i f f e r e n t

p a t h s t o t h o s e p r e v i o u s l y r e f e r r e d t o .

T h e C e l t i c o r A n c i e n t B r i t i s h a r e B . C . i m m i g r a n t s .

T h o s e o f G o t h i c d e r i v a t i o n a r r i v i n g i n t h e i s l a n d s , o f w h o m

w e a r e i n s t r u c t e d , a r e o f A .D .i m m i g r a t i o n .

93

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9 4 B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y T R A C E D F R O M

T h i s d o e s n o t i m p l y t h a t t h e s e t w o w e r e o r i g i n a l l y d i s -

t inc t , but tha t the names they are here known by in Europe

w e r e a s h e r e s t a t e d . C e l t a n d t h e n G o t h .

S H A R O N T U R N E R

( B O O K I . CHAPTER I .)

D r . P e r c y i n 1 7 7 0 s t r u c k o u t a c l e a r a n d c e r t a i n p a t h b y

dis t inguishing the Kel t ic f rom the Gothic t r ibes ; and by

a r r a n g i n g t h e p r i n c i p a l l a n g u a g e s o f E u r o p e .

CELTIC

I

A n c i e n t G a u l i s h A n c i e n t B r i t i s h A n c i e n t I r i s h

W e l s h I r i s h

A r m o r i c a n Erse

Cornish Manx

P r e f a c e t o M a l l e t ' s N o r t h e r n A n t i q u i t i e s , Vo l . I . p. x x i v .,

E u r o p e h a s b e e n p e o p l e d b y t h r e e g r e a t s t r e a m s o f p o p u l a -

t i o n f ro m t h e E as t ; w hi c h ha v e fo l l ow e d ea c h ot h e r , a t

in te rva ls so d i s t inc t , as to possess languages c lear ly separ-

able from each other . T h e e a r l i e s t o f t h e s e , w e s h a l l

f i n d t o h a v e c o m p r i s e d t h e K i m m e r i a n a n d K e l t i c r a c e .

T h e s e c o n d c o n s i s t e d o f t h e S c y t h i a n a n d S a r m a t i a n ,

G o t h i c t r i b e s , f r o m w h o m m o s t o f t h e m o d e r n n a t i o n s o f

c o n t i n en t a l E u r o p e h av e d e s c e n d ed . T h e t h i r d , a n d m o s t

r e c e n t , c o m p r e h e n d s t h e S l a v o n i a n a n d S a r m a t i a n n a t i o n s ,

w h o w e r e b o r d e r i n g o n t h e s e c o n d r a c e s , a s t h e y s p r e a d

G O T H I C

Old Saxon , ,

or F r a n c o - t h e o - t i s eC u m b r i c

Anglo -Saxon or

II c e l a n d i c

English Norwegian

Lowland Sco tch G e r m a n D a n i s h

B e l g i c S u a b i an Swedish

P r u s s i c Swiss

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EGYPT AND PALESTINE 9 5

over Germany ; a n d w h o h a v e n o w e s t a b l i s h e d t h e m s e l v e s

i n P o l a n d , B o h e m i a , R u s s i a a n d t h e i r v i c i n i t i e s . It is

f r o m t h e t w o f i r s t g e n e r a o f t h e E u r o p e a n p o p u l a t i o n t h a t

t h e a n c i e n t i n h a b i t a n t s o f E n g l a n d d e s c e n d e d .

O f t h e s e , t h e K i m m e r i a n s w e r e t h e m o s t a d v a n c e d i n

the North-west, and the Kelts towards the West and

South . . . . L i b e r t y w a s t h e s p r i n g a n d p r i n c i p l e o f t h e i r

p o l i t i c a l a s s o c i a t i o n s . . . N e i t h e r c h i e f n o r p r i e s t w a s

s u f f e r e d t o h a v e m u c h p o w e r . I n f l u e n c e , n o t a u t h o r i t y ,

w a s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e s h a d o w y g o v e r n m e n t w h i c h

t h e y r e s p e c t e d , a n d i t w a s t h e s a c r e d c u s t o m o f a l m o s t

a l l t h e i r t r i b e s t h a t a n a t i o n a l c o u n c i l s h o u l d b e a n i n s e p a -

r a b l e p o r t i o n o f t h e s o v e r e i g n t y o f e a c h ; i n w h i c h a l l

l e g i s l a t i o n s h o u l d o r i g i n a t e ; by which the executive

p o w e r o f t h e c h o s e n r u l e r s h o u l d b e c o n t i n u a l l y c o n t r o l l e d ;

i n w h i c h a l l g e n e r a l m e a s u r e s o f t h e S t a t e s h o u l d b e c o n -

s i d e r e d a n d d e t e r m i n e d , a n d a l l t a x e s i m p o s e d ; a n d t o

which every freeman that was aggrieved might appeal

for redress . We h a v e d i r e c t h i s t o r i c a l e v i d e n c e o f t h i s f a c t

a m o n g a l l t h e G e r m a n a n d G o t h i c t r i b e s , a n d s u f f i c i e n t

i n t i m a t i o n t h a t i t h a d o n c e p r e v a i l e d a m o n g t h e K i m -

m e r i a n s a n d t h e K e l t s . . . . A f i e r c e a n d j e a l o u s s p i r i t

o f c o n t r o l n e v e r l e f t t h e m . A s e a c h m a n c h o s e t o b e p r i n -

c i p a l l y h i s o w n a v e n g e r . . . . Yet amid these habits

a f e a r l e s s a n d e n t e r p r i s i n g s p i r i t a n d a p e r s o n a l d i g n i t y

a n d h i g h - m i n d e d t e m p e r w e r e n o u r i s h e d , a n d t h e h a r d y

a n d m a n l y v i r t u e s b e c a m e p l e a s i n g h a b i t s . . . . And of

t h e s e r u d e r n a t i o n s , f r o m w h i c h t h e B r i t i s h p o p u l a t i o n

h a s b e e n f o r m e d , i t w i l l b e o b v i o u s t o e v e r y e n q u i r e r , t h a t

s o m e o f t h e p e c u l i a r h a b i t s a n d i n s t i t u t i o n s , w h i c h w e r e

w e l l a d a p t e d t o t h e i r f r e e r l i f e , a n d w h i c h o r i g i n a t e d f r o m

t h e i r p e c u l i a r n e c e s s i t i e s a n d c i r c u m s t a n c e s , h a v e b e c o m e

t h e s o u r c e o f o u r g r e a t e s t i m p r o v e m e n t s i n l e g i s l a t u r e ,

s o c i e t y , k n o w l e d g e a n d g e n e r a l c o m f o r t .

T h e S a x o n s , F r a n k s , B u r g u n d i a n s , G o t h s a n d N o r t h m e n

h a v e b e e n d i s t i n g u i s h e d b y t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

T h e n a t i o n s t h a t a p p e a r e d t h e e a r l i e s t i n c i v i l i z e d s t a t e ,

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9 6 B R I T I S H H I S T O R YT R A C E D F R O M

w e r e t h e E g y p t i a n s , P h o e n i c i a n s , A s s y r i a n s , C h i n e s e a n d

B a b y l o n i a n s ;a n d t h e s e h a v e n e v e r b e e n k n o w n i n t h e

n o m a d i c o r b a r b a r i c s t a t e . I n a l a t e r a g e , p a r t l y o f f s e t s

f r o m t h e s e , o r f r o m a k i n d r e d s e e d , t h e C a r t h a g i n i a n s ,

G r e e k s , P e r s i a n s , H i n d u s a n d R o m a n s e m e r g e d : of whom

t h e G r e e k s a n d R o m a n s b e g a n , a t f i r s t , t o a c t i n t h e i r

u n c i v i l i s e d c o n d i t i o n .

S o m e o f t h e s e n a t i o n s - b o t h o f t h e e a r l i e r a n d t h e

later improved-the Phoenicians, Carthaginians and

G r e e k s , e i t h e r v i s i t e d B r i t a i n , o r w e r e a c q u a i n t e d w i t h i t ;

a n d t h e R o m a n s u l t i m a t e l y c o n q u e r e d a n d o c c u p i e d i t .

C H A P T E RII

T h e W e l s h , t h e G a e l i c , t h e I r i s h , t h e C o r n i s h , t h e

A r m o r i c , t h e M a n x , a n d t h e a n c i e n t G a u l i s h t o n g u e , a r e

t h e r e l a t e d l a n g u a g e s w h i c h h a v e p r o c e e d e d f r o m t h e

Kimmerian or Keltic source. The Anglo-Saxon, the

F r a n c o - T h e o t i s e , t h e M o e s o - G o t h i c a n d t h e I c e l a n d i c o f

f o r m e r t i m e s ;a n d t h e p r e s e n t G e r m a n , S u a b i a n , S w i s s ,

D u t c h , S w e d i s h , D a n i s h , N o r w e g i a n , O r k n e y a n , E n g l i s h

a n d L o w l a n d S c o t c h , a r e r a m i f i c a t i o n s o f t h e g r e a t G o t h i c

o r S c y t h i a n s t o c k .

S o t h a t w e p e r c e i v e a t o n c e , t h a t t h e K i m m e r i a n o r

K e l t i c n a t i o n s , t o h a v e r e a c h e d t h e W e s t e r l y p o s i t i o n s ,

m u s t h a v e f i r s t i n h a b i t e d E u r o p e ; t h a t t h e S c y t h i a n o r

G o t h i c t r i b e s m u s t h a v e f o l l o w e d n e x t ; a n d t h a t t h e

S a r m a t i a n o r S l a v o n i c p e o p l e , w e r e t h e l a t e s t C o l o n i s t s .

O t h e r n a t i o n s h a v e e n t e r e d i t , a t m o r e r e c e n t p e r i o d s , a s

the Huns and Romans: a n d s o m e o t h e r s h a v e e s t a b l i s h e d

p a r t i a l s e t t l e m e n t s , a s t h e L y d i a n s i n T u s c a n y ; t h e G r e e k s

a t M a r s e i l l e s , a n d i n I t a l y ;t h e P h o e n i c i a n s a n d C a r t h a -

g i n i a n s i n S p a i n .

T h a t t h e K i m m e r i a n s w e r e i n E u r o p e b e f o r e t h e S c y t h i a n

t r ibes , we learn f rom Herodotus the fa ther of Grecian his-

t o r y. H e s t a t e s , a p p a r e n t l y f r o m t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o f t h e

S c y t h i a n s t h e m s e l v e s , t h a t t h e K i m m e r i a n s a n c i e n t l y

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98B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y T R A C E D F R O M

f o r m i d a b l e i r r u p t i o n f r o m w h i c h M a r i u s r e s c u e d t h e R o m a n

S t a t e .

A t t h i s p e r i o d a g r e a t b o d y o f t h e m q u i t t e d t h e i r s e t t l e -

m e n t s o n t h e B a l t i c , a n d i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h o t h e r t r i b e s

e n t e r e d t h e g r e a t H e r c y n i a n f o r e s t , w h i c h c o v e r e d t h e l a r g e r

p a r t o f a n c i e n t G e r m a n y . R e p u l s e d b y t h e B o i o i , t h e y

d e s c e n d e d o n t h e D a n u b e. P e n e t r a t i n g i n t o N o r i c u m a n d

I l l y r i c u m , t h e y d e f e a t e d t h e R o m a n c o n s u l N a r b o , a n d a

f e w y e a r s a f t e r w a r d s , h a v i n g b y t h e i r a m b a s s a d o r s t o

Rome sol ic i ted in vain the Senate to ass ign them lands for

thei r habi ta t ion , for which they offered to ass is t the Ro-

mans in the i r wars , they defeated four o ther consuls in as

many successive battles and entered Gaul . H a v i n g

r a v a g e d a l l t h e c o u n t r y b e t w e e n t h e R h o n e a n d t h e P y r a -

nees , they spread in to Spain wi th the same spi r i t of deso-

lation. R e p u l s e d t h e r e b y t h e C e l t i b e r i , t h e y r e t u r n e d t o

F r a n c e , a n d j o i n i n g w i t h t h e T e u t o n s , w h o h a d a l s o w a n -

d e r e d f r o m t h e B a l t i c , t h e y b u r s t i n t o I t a l y w i t h a f o r c e

t h a t h a d a c c u m u l a t e d i n e v e r y r e g i o n w h i c h t h e y h a d t r a -

v e r s e d. Rome was thrown into consternation by their

p r o g r e s s , a n d i t r e q u i r e d a l l t h e t a l e n t s a n d e x p e r i e n c e o f

M a r i u s , S c y l l a , a n d t h e b e s t R o m a n o f f i c e r s t o o v e r t h r o w

t h e m .

B o t h t h e s e w r i t e r s ( S t r a b o a n d P l a t o ) r e p r e s e n t t h e m

( t h e K i m m e r i a n s ) o n t h e N o r t h - w e s t e r n s h o r e s o f E u r o p e ,

o r o n t h o s e c o a s t s o f t h e G e r m a n O c e a n f r o m w h i c h t h e

S a x o n s a n d t h e D a n e s m a d e a f t e r w a r d s e x p e d i t i o n s i n t o

Bri ta in .

T h u s f a r w e h a v e p r o c e e d e d u p o n t h e a u t h e n t i c a u t h o r i -

t i es which remain to us in the c lass ic wr i te rs o f the pr imeval

p o p u l a t i o n o f E u r o p e . F r o m t h e s e i t i s m a n i f e s t t h a t t h e

e a r l i e s t i n h a b i t a nt s o f t h e N o r t h o f E u r o p e w e r e t h e K i m -

m e r i a n s o r K i m b r i ;and that they spread over i t f rom the

K i m m e r i a n B o s p h o r u s t o t h e K i m b r i c C h e r s o n e s u s , t h a t

i s f r o m T h r a c e a n d i t s v i c i n i t y t o J u t l a n d a n d t h e G e r m a n

O c e a n , t o t h a t o c e a n f r o m w h i c h t h e p a s s a g e i s d i r e c t t o

Bri ta in . . .I t i s a g r e e d b y t h e B r i t i s h a n t i q u a r i a n s t h a t

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E 9 9

th em o s t a n c i e n t i n h a b i t a n t s o f o u r i s l a n d w e r e c a l l e d

Cymry (pronounced Kumri): t h e y a r e s o n a m e d i n a l l

t h a t r e m a i n s o f B r i t i s h l i t e r a t u r e . The Welsh, who are

t h e i r d e s c e n d a n t s , h a v e a l w a y s c a l l e d t h e m s e l v e s C y m r y .

T h e y ( t h e T r i a d s ) s t a t e t h a t t h e C y m r y w e r e t h e f i r s t

i n h a b i t a n t s o f B r i t a i n . . .They add , tha t Hu Cadern ,

o r H u t h e S t r o n g , o r M i g h t y , l e d t h e n a t i o n o f t h e K y m r y

t h r o u g h t h e H a z y S e a ( o r G e r m a n O c e a n ) i n t o B r i t a i n , a n d

t o L l y d a w , o r A r m o r i c a , i n F r a n c e ;and that the Kymry

c a m e f r o m t h e E a s t e r n p a r t s o f E u r o p e , o r t h e r e g i o n s w h e r e

C o n s t a n t i n o p l e n o w s t a n d s . . .

B u t u p o n i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e r e m a i n s o f a n t i q u i t y , w e

f ind another ancient people , p laced in some of the Western

r e g i o n s o f E u r o p e , a t t h e t i m e w h e n G r e e k h i s t o r y b e g i n s .

T h e y w e r e c a l l e d KEXTOt,a n d a f t e r w a r d s

F a A a r a t ;an d

C a e s a r s a y s o f t h e m , t h a t t h e y c a l l e d t h e m s e l v e s C e l t o e , o r

K e l t c e , t h o u g h t h e R o m a n s g a v e t h e m t h e a p p e l l a t i o n o f

G a l l i .

P a u s a n i u s s a y s" T h e y h a v e b u t l a t e l y c a l l e d t h e m s e l v e s

y a A a T a t ,

t h e y a n c i e n t l y c a l l e d t h e m s e l v e sKEATOt

. "

T h e K e l t o i . . .appear to have been one of the branches

of the Kimmerian stock. . . . That the Keltce were

K i m m e r i a n s i s e x p r e s s l y a f f i r m e d b y A r r i a n ( S t r a b ol i b . i .) .

I n a n o t h e r p l a c e h e s a y s , M a g n e t u s w a s u t t e r l y d e s t r o y e d

b y t h e T r e r e s , a K i m m e r i a n n a t i o n ( l i b . x i v .) .

A s t h e K i m m e r i a n s t r a v e r s e d t h e N o r t h o f E u r o p e , f r o m

E a s t t o We s t , t h e K e l t s s e e m t o h a v e p r o c e e d e d m o r e t o t h e

South and South-West. S o m e g e o g r a p h e r s , b e f o r e P l u -

t a r c h , e x t e n d e d t h e c o u n t r y o f t h e K e l t s a s f a r a s t h e s e a o f

A z o p h ( P l u t . in Mario) .

The Kelts had certainly been much spread upon the

C o n t i n e n t , i n t h e t i m e s a n t e r i o r t o C a e s a r , a n d h a d s h a k e n

b o t h G r e e c e a n d R o m e b y p e r i l o u s i n v a s i o n s. From the

e a r l i e s t o f t h e i r p r e d a t o r y m i g r a t i o n s w h i c h h a s b e e n r e -

c o r d e d b y t h e c l a s s i c a l w r i t e r s , w e f i n d , t h a t t h e y w e r e i n

t h e o c c u p a t i o n o f F r a n c e a b o u t 6 0 0 y e a r s b e f o r e t h e C h r i s -

t i a n e r a. A t t h a t p e r i o d , t h e i r p o p u l a t i o n i n t h i s c o u n t r y

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10 0 B R I T I S H

H I S T O R Y T R A C E D F R O M

w a s s o a b u n d a n t , t h a t t h e i r c h i e f s r e c o m m e n d e d t w o o f

t h e i r p r i n c e s t o l e a d a n u m e r o u s b o d y o v e r t h e A l p s i n t o

I t a l y. One large multitude passed them near Turin,

d e f e a t e d t h e T u s c a n s , a n d f o u n d e d M i l a n : a n o t h e r p a r t y

s e t t l e d a b o u t B r i x i a a n d V e r o n a , w h i l e s u c c e e d i n g a d v e n -

t u r e r s s p r e a d t h e m s e l v e s o v e r o t h e r d i s t r i c t s . The reign

o f T a r q u i n i u s P r i s c u s a t R o m e m a r k s t h e c h r o n o l o g y o f

t h e s e e x p e d i t i o n s.

N o t e . - L i v y s t a t e s t h a t w h e n T a r q u i n i u s P r i s c u s r e i g n e d ,

the chief sovere ignty of the Kel tce was wi th the Bi tur iges

( t h e i n h a b i t a n t s o f t h a t p a r t o f F r a n c e w h e r e B o u r g e s i s

n o w s i t u a t e d ) a n d t h a t t h e s e g a v e a K i n g t o K e l t i c u m

( L i v y , l i b . v . c . 3 4 ) .

T h e n e x t m o v e m e n t o f t h e K e l t s , i n t h e I t a l i a n S t a t e s ,

t h a t h a s b e e n t r a n s m i t t e d t o u s , o c c u r r e d a b o u t 1 8 0 y e a r s

a f t e r t h e p r e c e d i n g m i g r a t i o n , w h e n B r e n n u s l e d t h e m t o

t ha t a t t ack upon Rome i t se l f , i n which they became

m a s t e r s o f t h e c i t y , k i l l e d i t s S e n a t e , a n d h a d n e a r l y t a k e n

i t s C a p i t o l , w h e n C a m i l l u s r e s c u e d t h e p e r i s h i n g r e p u b l i c

f r o m i t s b a r b a r i c c o n q u e r o r s.

O n e h u n d r e d a n d t e n y e a r s a f t e r w a r d s , G r e e c e s u f f e r e d

f r o m t h e i r r u p t i o n s o f t h i s p r o l i f i c p e o p l e u n d e r a n o t h e r

Brennus . T h e K e l t s b u r s t f r o m I l l y r i a i n t o M a c e d o n i a

and Thrace, poured thence into Thessaly, passed the

S t r a i t s o f T h e r m o p h y l c e a s X e r x e s h a d d o n e , a n d p r o c e e d e d

t o a t t a c k D e l p h o s , w h e n t h e y w e r e a f f e c t e d a n d d e s t r o y e d

b y t h a t p a n i c w h i c h t h e r e p u t a t i o n o f t h e p l a c e , a n d t h e

c o n t r i v a n c e s o f i t s p r i e s t h o o d p r o d u c e d , a n d w h i c h p r e -

s e r v e d G r e e c e f r o m t h e i r f u r t h e r d e s o l a t i o n s . Pausanius

(At t ic lib. i . p

. 6, 8) . T h e s e e v e n t s o c c u r r e d a b o u t 2 8 0

y e a r s b e f o r e t h e S a v i o u r ' s b i r t h.

That colonies of Kel t ic race entered the Br i t i sh i s lands

f r o m G a u l , h a s a l w a y s a p p e a r e d t o o u r a n t i q u a r i e s s o

p r o b a b l e , t h a t t h e r e i s s c a r c e l y a n y c i r c u m s t a n c e s o n w h i c h

t h e y a r e s o c o r d i a l l y a g r e e d . The Welsh t r ad i t ion may

t h e r e f o r e r e a d w i t h o u t i n c r e d u l i t y , w h i c h d e d u c e s t w o

c o l o n i e s f r o m G a u l , n o t K y m r y , o r K i m m e r i a n s , b u t o f

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E 10 1

K i m m e r i a n o r i g i n; t h e o n e f r o m A r m o r i c a , t h e o t h e r f r o m

Gascony. T h e d i s t i n c t i o n t a k e n a s t o t h e i r o r i g i n s u i t s t h e

s i t u a t i o n o f t h e K e l t s , w h o , t o u s e t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e

T r i a d , w e r e t h e f i r s t r a c e o f t h e K y m r y . The Armorican

e m i g r a t i o n w a s o f t h e t r i b e c a l l e d B r y t h o n , a n a m e w h i c h

r e c a l l s t o o u r r e c o l l e c t i o n t h a t P l i n y f o u n d a p e o p l e c a l l e d

B r i t a n n i r e m a i n i n g i n G a u l i n h i s t i m e ( l i b . iv . c . 8 1 a n d

D i o n y s i u s ) .

The colony from Gascony was the Llcegrwys, whose

n a m e b e c a m e a t t a c h e d t o t h a t p a r t o f t h e i s l a n d w h i c h

t h e y o c c u p i e d ; f o r t h e l a r g e s t p a r t o f E n g l a n d h a s b e e n

a l w a y s c a l l e d L l c e g r b y t h e W e l s h p o e t s a n d c h r o n i c l e r s.

Taci tus expresses h i s be l ie f , tha t the Gauls peopled Br i ta in ,

and Bede der ives i t s inhabi tants f rom Armorica (5 th Tr iad ;

a l s o A r c h c e o l , p . 5 8 ) .

The posi t ion of the Kel ts on the mar i t ime regions of the

W e s t o f E u r o p e , b r i n g i n g t h e m m o r e w i t h i n r e a c h o f i n t e r -

c o u r s e w i t h t h e c i v i l i z e d n a t i o n s o f a n t i q u i t y , w h o f r e -

q u e n t e d t h e o c e a n , t h e y h a d b e g u n t o f e e l t h e i n f l u e n c e o f

t h e s u p e r i o r p r o g r e s s o f t h e i m p r o v e d p a r t o f t h e w o r l d .

T h e G r e c i a n s e t t l e m e n t o f t h e P h o c e a n s a t M a r s e i l l e s ,

w h i c h h a d o c c u r r e d a b o u t 5 4 0 y e a r s b e f o r e t h e C h r i s t i a n

era , had f lour ished in to weal th and consequence .

T h e y s u b d u e d s o m e o f t h e K e l t i c r e g i o n s a r o u n d t h e m ,

founded c i t i es in i t , bu i l t a sp lendid temple to the Ephes ian

D i a n a , r a i s e d l a r g e f l e e t s , p u r s u e d e x t e n s i v e n a v i g a t i o n s ,

o f w h i c h t h e v o y a g e o f P y t h e a s , t o w a r d s I c e l a n d i s a n

i n s t a n c e , a n d b e c a m e d i s t i n g u i s h e d f o r t h e e l e g a n c e o f

t h e i r m a n n e r s , t h e i r l o v e o f l i t e r a t u r e a n d s p i r i t o f p h i l o -

s o p h y . T h e y m a d e t h e i r c i t y s o a t t r a c t i v e f o r i t s i n t e l l e c -

t u a l r e s o u r c e s , t h a t s o m e o f t h e n o b l e s t o f t h e R o m a n s

l i v e d a t M a r s e i l l e s , i n p r e f e r e n c e t o A t h e n s ; and they

d i f f u s e d s u c h a t a s t e f o r G r e c i a n c u s t o m s a r o u n d t h e m ,

t h a t t h e G a u l s u s e d G r e e k l e t t e r s , a n d w r o t e t h e i r c o n t r a c t s

i n G r e e k . T h e K e l t i c i n v a d e r s o f G r e e c e m u s t h a v e a l s o

introduced many beneficial improvements into their

n a t i v e c o u n t r y, f o r S t r a b o m e n t i o n s , t h a t t r e a s u r e s t a k e n

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E 1 0 3

THE SCYTHIAN TRIBES

T h e f i r s t a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e S c y t h i a n t r i b e s i n E u r o p e

m a y b e p l a c e d a c c o r d i n g t o S t r a b o a n d H o m e r a b o u t t h e

E i g h t h , o r a c c o r d i n g t o H e r o d o t u s , i n t h e S e v e n t h c e n t u r y

before the Chr is t ian era . H e r o d o t u s l i k e w i s e s t a t e s , t h a t

the Scythians declared thei r na t ion to be more recent than

a n y o t h e r , a n d t h a t t h e y r e c k o n e d o n l y o n e t h o u s a n d y e a r s

b e t w e e n T a r g i t a u s , * t h e i r f i r s t K i n g , a n d t h e a g g r e s s i o n o f

D a r i u s. T h e f i r s t s c e n e s o f t h e i r c i v i l e x i s t e n c e , a n d o f

t h e i r p r o g r e s s i v e p o w e r , w e r e i n A s i a t o t h e E a s t o f t h e

A r a x e s .tHere they mul t ip l i ed and ex tended the i r

t e r r i t o r i a l l i m i t s , f o r s o m e c e n t u r i e s u n k n o w n t o E u r o p e.

T h e i r g e n e r a l a p p e l l a t i o n a m o n g t h e m s e l v e s w a s S c o l o t i ,

b u t t h e G r e e k s c a l l e d t h e m S c y t h i a n s , S c u t h a i o r N o m a d e s

( H e r o d , Melp . 5 , 7 , 6 , 1 1 ) .

To t h i s j u d i c i o u s a n d p r o b a b l e a c c o u n t o f H e r o d o t u s , w e

a d d t h e i n f o r m a t i o n c o l l e c t e d b y D i o d o r u s . He says,

t h a t t h e S c y t h i a n s , f o r m e r l y i n c o n s i d e r a b l e a n d f e w ,

p o s s e s s e d a n a r r o w r e g i o n o n t h e A r a x e s; b u t b y d e g r e e s ,

t h e y b e c a m e m o r e p o w e r f u l i n n u m b e r s a n d i n c o u r a g e .

T h e y e x t e n d e d t h e i r b o u n d a r i e s o n a l l s i d e s , t i l l a t l a s t

t h e y r a i s e d t h e i r n a t i o n t o g r e a t E m p i r e a n d g l o r y ( D i o

Sic, p . 127) .

O n e o f t h e i r K i n g s b e c o m i n g v a l i a n t a n d s k i l f u l ( p . 9 6 )

i n t h e a r t o f w a r , t h e y a d d e d t o t h e i r t e r r i t o r y t h e m o u n -

ta inous regions about Caucasus , and a l l the p la ins towards

t h e o c e a n , a n d t h e P a l u s M c e o t u s , w i t h t h e o t h e r r e g i o n s

n e a r t h e T a n a i s . In the course of time they subdued

m a n y n a t i o n s , b e t w e e n t h e C a s p i a n a n d t h e M c e o t i s , a n d

b e y o n d t h e T a n a i s. T h u s a c c o r d i n g t o D i o d o r u s , t h e n a -

t i o n i n c r e a s e d , a n d h a d k i n g s w o r t h y o f r e m e m b r a n c e .

T h e S a k a i , t h e M a s s a g e t a i , a n d t h e A r i m a s p o i , d r e w t h e i r

o r i g i n f r o m t h e m ( D i o S i c p . 127) .

The Massagetce seem to have been the most Eastern

b r a n c h o f t h e S c y t h i a n n a t i o n . Wars a r i s ing be tween

* T h i s t h o u s a n d y e a r s b r i n g s o n e b a c k t o M o s e s .

t T h i s i s e x a c t l y t h e r e g i o n w h e r e d e p o r t e d I s r a e l w a s p l a c e d , B .c . 72 1 .

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1 0 4 B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y T R A C E D F R O M

t h e m , a n d t h e o t h e r S c y t h i c t r i b e s , a n e m i g r a t i o n f r o m t h e

l a t t e r t o o k p l a c e , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e a c c o u n t w h i c h H e r o d o t u s

selects as in his opinion the most authentic ( M e l p .11), w h i c h

o c c a s i o n e d t h e i r e n t r a n c e i n t o E u r o p e .

T h e e m i g r a t i n g S c y t h i a n s c r o s s e d t h e A r a x e s , p a s s e d

o u t o f A s i a , a n d i n v a d i n g t h e K i m m e r i a n s , s u d d e n l y a p -

p e a r e d i n E u r o p e i n t h e s e v e n t h c e n t u r y b e f o r e t h e C h r i s -

t i a n e r a . P a r t o f t h e K i m m e r i a n s f l y i n g i n t o A s i a M i n o r ,

s o m e o f t h e S c y t h i a n h o r d e s p u r s u e d t h e m , b u t t u r n i n g

i n a d i r e c t i o n d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h a t w h i c h t h e K i m m e r i a n s

t r a v e r s e d , t h e y m i s s e d t h e i r i n t e n d e d p r e y, a n d f e l l u n i n -

t e n t i o n a l l y u p o n t h e M e d e s . T h e y d e f e a t e d t h e M e d e s ,

p r e s s e d o n t o w a r d s E g y p t , a n d g o v e r n e d t h o s e p a r t s o f

A s i a f o r t w e n t y - e i g h t y e a r s , t i l l C y a x a r e s , t h e K i n g o f

M e d i a , a t l a s t e x p e l l e d t h e m(Herod Cl io xv

. 103-106) .

T h e S c y t h i a n t r i b e s , h o w e v e r , c o n t i n u e d t o f l o c k i n t o

E u r o p e a n d i n t h e r e i g n o f D a r i u s , t h e i r E u r o p e a n c o l o n i e s

w e r e s u f f i c i e n t l y n u m e r o u s a n d c e l e b r a t e d a s t o i n v i t e t h e

a m b i t i o n o f t h e P e r s i a n M o n a r c h , a f t e r h i s c a p t u r e o f

B a b y l o n , b u t a l l h i s e f f o r t s a g a i n s t t h e m f a i l e d ( M e l p .) .

I n t h e t i m e o f H e r o d o t u s t h e y h a d g a i n e d a n i m p o r t a n t

f o o t i n g i n E u r o p e . T h e y s e e m t o h a v e s p r e a d i n t o i t ,

f r o m t h e T a n a i s t o t h e D a n u b e , a n d t o h a v e t h e n t a k e n a

W e s t e r l y d i r e c t i o n ; b u t t h e i r k i n d r e d c o l o n i e s i n T h r a c e

h a d e x t e n d e d a l s o t o t h e S o u t h . Their most northward

r a m i f i c a t i o n i n E u r o p e w a s t h e t r i b e o f R o x o l a n o i w h o

d w e l t a b o v e t h e B o r y s t h e n e s , t h e m o d e r n D n e i p e r .

S H A R O N T U R N E R (cont inued)

S T R A B O says : " A b o v e t h e B o r i s t h e n e s d w e l t t h e l a s t

of the known Scuthoi, the Roxolanoi . " I t would be

i m p e r t i n e n t t o t h e g r e a t s u b j e c t o f t h i s h i s t o r y , t o e n g a g e

i n a m i n u t e r d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e S c y t h i a n t r i b e s . They have

b e c o m e b e t t e r k n o w n t o u s , i n r e c e n t p e r i o d s , u n d e r t h e

n a m e o f G e t c e a n d G o t h s , t h e m o s t c e l e b r a t e d o f t h e i r

b r a n ch e s . T h a t t h e G e t c e w e r e G o t h s c an n o t b e d o u b t e d .

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E 10 5

T h e G e t c e w e r e t h e s a m e a s t h e D a c i , o r a s t h e y w e r e m o r e

ancient ly ca l led Davi . (Geta and Danus , St rabo vi i .)

O f t h e v a r i o u s S c y t h i a n n a t i o n s w h i c h h a v e b e e n r e -

c o r d e d , t h e S a k a i , o r S a c c e , a r e t h e p e o p l e f r o m w h o m t h e

d e s c e n t o f t h e S a x o n s m a y b e i n f e r r e d , w i t h t h e l e a s t v i o l a -

t i o n o f p r o b a b i l i t y . S a k a i - S u n a , o r t h e s o n s o f t h e S a k a i ,

a b b r e v i a t e d i n t o S a k s u n , w h i c h i s t h e s a m e w o r d a s S a x o n ,

s e e m s a r e a s o n a b l e e t y m o l o g y o f t h e w o r d S a x o n . T h e

S a k a i , w h oin L a t i n a r e c a l l e d S a c o e , w e r e a n i m p o r t a n t

b r a n c h o f t h e S c y t h i a n n a t i o n . T h e y w e r e s o c e l e b r a t e d

t h a t t h e P e r s i a n s c a l l e d a l l t h e S c y t h i a n s b y t h e n a m e o f

S a c c e , a n d P l i n y , w h o m e n t i o n s t h i s , r e m a r k s t h e m a m o n g

t h e m o s t d i s t i n g u i s h e d p e o p l e o f S c y t h i a (l ib . vi

. c. 19) .

S t r a b o p l a c e s t h e m E a s t w a r d o f t h e C a s p i a n , a n d s t a t e s

them to have made many incursions on the Kimmerians

a n d T r e r e s , b o t h f a r an d n e a r . T h e y s e i z e d B a c t r i a n a ,

a n d t h e m o s t f e r t i l e p a r t o f A r m e n i a , w h i c h f r o m t h e m

d e r i v e d t h e n a m e S a k a s i n a , t h e y d e f e a t e d C y r u s , a n d t h e y

r e a c h e d t h e C a p p a d o c e s o n t h e E u x i n e ( S t r a b o x i . p . 7 7 6 ,

778) . T h i s i m p o r t a n t f a c t o f a p a r t o f A r m e n i a h a v i n g

b e e n n a m e d S a k a s i n a i s m e n t i o n e d b y S t r a b o i n a n o t h e r

p l a c e (p . 1 2 4 ) a n d s e e m s t o g i v e a g e o g r a p h i c a l l o c a l i t y

t o o u r p r i m e v a l a n c e s t o r s , a n d t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e P e r s i a n

w o r d s t h a t o c c u r i n t h e S a x o n l a n g u a g e , a s t h e y m u s t

have come into Armenia from the Northern regions of

P e r s i a .

T h a t s o m e o f t h e d i v i s i o n s o f t h i s p e o p l e w e r e r e a l l y

c a l l e d S a k a - s u n a , i s o b v i o u s f r o m P l i n y , f o r h e s a y s t h a t

t h e S a k a i , w h o s e t t l e d i n A r m e n i a , w e r e n a m e d S a k a s s a n i

( l i b , vi . c . 11 ) , w h i c h i s b u t S a k a - s u n a , s p e l t b y a p e r s o n

u n a c q u a i n t e d w i t h t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e c o m b i n e d w o r d s .

A n d t h e n a m e S a c a - s e n a w h i c h t h e y g a v e t o t h e p a r t o f

Armenia they occupied, is nearly the same sound as

S a x o n i a . I t i s a l s o i m p o r t a n t t o r e m a r k t h a t P t o l e m y

m e n t i o n s a S c y t h i a n p e o p l e , s p r u n g f r o m t h e S a k a i , b y t h e

name of Saxons . If the Sakai, who reached Armenia,

w e r e c a l l e d S a c a s s a n i , t h e y m a y h a v e t r a v e r s e d E u r o p e

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1 0 6B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y T R A C E D F R O M

w i t h t h e s a m e a p p e l l a t i o n. I t i s n o t a t a l l i m p r o b a b l e

b u t t h a t s o m e o f t h e s e m a r a u d i n g S a k a i , o r S a c a s s a n i , w e r e

g r a d u a l l y p r o p e l l e d t o t h e W e s t e r n C o a s t s o f E u r o p e , o n

w h i c h t h e y w e r e f o u n d b y P t o l e m y , a n d f r o m w h i c h t h e y

m o l e s t e d t h e R o m a n E m p i r e i n t h e t h i r d c e n t u r y o f o u r

er a .

T h e r e w a s a p e o p l e c a l l e d S a x o i , o n t h e E u x i n e , a c c o r d -

i n g t o S t e p h a n u s( d e U r b e t p o p ., p . 6 5 7 ) . W e m a y c o n s i d e r

t h e s e a l s o o f t h e s a m e p a r e n t a g e ; w h o i n t h e w a n d e r i n g s

o f t h e S a k a i f r o m A s i a t o t h e G e r m a n O c e a n , w e r e l e f t o n

the Euxine, as others had chosen to occupy Armenia.

W e m a y h e r e r e c o l l e c t t h e t r a d i t i o n a l d e s c e n t o f O d i n

p r e s e r v e d b y S n o r r e i n t h e E d d a a n d h i s h i s t o r y. This

g r e a t a n c e s t o r o f t h e S a x o n a n d S c a n d i n a v i a n c h i e f t a i n s

i s r e p r e s e n t e d t o h a v e m i g r a t e d f r o m a c i t y o n t h e E a s t

o f t h e T a n a i s , c a l l e d A s g a r d , a n d a c o u n t r y c a l l e d A s a l a n d ,

w h i c h i m p l y t h e c i t y a n d l a n d o f t h e A s c e o r A s i a n s .

A s t h e r a m i f i c a t i o n s o f t h e S c y t h i a n s , S a x o n s a n d G o t h s

s p r e a d t o w a r d t h e G e r m a n O c e a n , t h e S c l a v o n i c ( S a r m a -

t i a n ) h o r d e s f o l l o w e d a f t e r t h e m f r o m A s i a.

[ S a u r o - M a t a i A s s u r - M e d e s .- L . G .A . R .]

T h e m o s t a n c i e n t n a t i o n s o f I t a l y a n d G r e e c e , a n d t h o s e

on the coas ts of the Medi ter ranean, the IEgean Sea and the

A d r i a t i c , a p p e a r t o m e t o h a v e s p r u n g p a r t l y f r o m P h o e n i -

c i a n a n d E g y p t i a n c o l o n i z a t i o n s , a n d p a r t l y f r o m t h e m i -

g r a t i o n s o f t h e K i m m e r i a n a n d K e l t i c r a c e s. . . . Meric

C a s a u b o n h a s t a k e n s o m e p a i n s t o s h o w t h a t t h e S a x o n

l a n g u a g e h a s g r e a t a f f i n i t y w i t h t h e G r e e k ( D e L i n g S a c.

234-376) .

T h e s i t u a t i o n o f t h e S a x o n s o n t h e s e a - c o a s t o f t h a t p a r t

o f E u r o p e , w h i c h w a s i n t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d o f s o m e f e r t i l e

p r o v i n c e s o f t h e R o m a n E m p i r e , a n d y e t r e m o t e e n o u g h

t o e l u d e t h e i r v e n g e f u l p u r s u i t ; a n d t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f a n

i s l a n d , w i t h a n h a r b o u r s o a m p l e , a n d y e t s o g u a r d e d

a g a i n s t h o s t i l e a s s a u l t s , a s H e l i g - l a n d a f f o r d e d , w e r e c i r -

c u m s t a n c e s p r o p i t i o u s t o a s y s t e m o f p i r a c y . T h e t r i b e s

o n t h e s e a - c o a s t s , f r o m t h e m o u t h s o f t h e R h i n e t o t h e

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E 1 0 7

Bal t ic , had f rom the days of Caesar been gradual ly forming

t h e m s e l v e s t o m a r i t i m e e x e r t i o n s . . . T h i s e v e n t , w h i c h

t inged wi th new and las t ing colours the des t iny of Europe,

b y d e t e r m i n i n g t h e S a x o n s t o p i r a t i c a l e n t e r p r i s e s , w a s

t h e d a r i n g a c h i e v e m e n t s o f t h e F r a n c s , w h o m P r o b u s ,

d u r i n g h i s b r i e f s o v e r e i g n t y , h a d t r a n s p o r t e d t o t h e P o n t u s

( s e e p . 1 0 9 i n f r a ) .

A m o n g o t h e r s , a n u m e r o u s b o d y o f F r a n c s , o r r a t h e r t h e

c o n t i g u o u s t r i b e s u n i t e d , w e r e t r a n s p l a n t e d t o t h e E u x i n e .

. . . T h e y s o o n a f t e r s e i z e d t h e e a r l i e s t o p p o r t u n i t y o f

a b a n d o n i n g t h e i r f o r e i g n s e t t l e m e n t . They possesssed

t h e m s e l v e s o f m a n y s h i p s , p r o b a b l y t h e v e s s e l s i n w h i c h

t hey had been ca r r i ed f rom the German Ocean to the

E u x i n e , a n d f o r m e d t h e d a r i n g p l a n o f s a i l i n g b a c k t o t h e

Rhine .

I t s n o v e l t y a n d i m p r o b a b i l i t y p r o c u r e d i t s s u c c e s s ; and

the necess i t i es which a t tended i t , l ed them to grea t explo i t s .

Compel led to land wherever they could for suppl ies , safe ty

a n d i n f o r m a t i o n , t h e y r a v a g e d t h e c o a s t s o f A s i a a n d

G r e e c e . R e a c h i n g a t l e n g t h S i c i l y , t h e y a t t a c k e d a n d

r a v a g e d S y r a c u s e w i t h g r e a t s l a u g h t e r . Beaten about by

t h e w i n d s , o f t e n i g n o r a n t w h e r e t h e y w e r e , n e e d i n g s u b -

s i s t e n c e , a n d e x c i t e d t o n e w p l u n d e r b y t h e s u c c e s s f u l

d e p r e d a t i o n s t h e y h a d a l r e a d y m a d e , t h e y c a r r i e d t h e i r

t r i u m p h a n t h o s t i l i t y t o s e v e r a l d i s t r i c t s o f A f r i c a . T h e y

w e r e d r i v e n o f f b y a f o r c e s e n t f r o m C a r t h a g e , b u t , s a i l i n g

a t l a s t t o E u r o p e , t h e y c o n c l u d e d t h e i r r e m a r k a b l e v o y a g e

b y r e a c h i n g i n s a f e t y t h e i r n a t i v e s h o r e s .

I n t h i s s i n g u l a r e n t e r p r i s e , a s y s t e m t o e n d u r e f o r a g e s

r e c e i v e d i t s b i r t h . . . O n l a n d , t h e R o m a n t a c t i c s a n d

disc ip l ine were genera l ly invincible , but a t sea , they who

m o s t f r e q u e n t i t a r e u s u a l l y t h e m o s t e x p e r t a n d s u c c e s s f u l .

T h e S a x o n s p e r c e i v e d t h i s c o n s e q u e n c e : the i r s i tua t ion

o n t h e o c e a n t e m p t e d t h e m t o m a k e t h e t r i a l ; t h e y s o o n

a f t e r w a r d s b e g a n t h e i r d e p r e d a t i o n s , a n d b y t h i s n e w

h a b i t e v i n c e d t h e i n c i t i n g a n d i n s t r u c t i v e e f f e c t s o f t h e

F r a n k i s h a d v e n t u r e .

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1 0 8 B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y T R A C E D F R O M

T h e p i r a c i e s o f t h e F r a n c s a n d S a x o n s a r e n o t m e n t i o n e d

in the imper ia l wr i te rs an te r ior to th i s nav iga t ion , bu t they

s e e m t o h a v e b e c o m e f r e q u e n t a f t e r i t , f o r w i t h i n a f e w

y e a r s s u b s e q u e n t , t h e F r a n k s a n d t h e S a x o n s s o i n f e s t e d

t h e c o a s t s o f B e l g i u m , G a u l a n d B r i t a i n , t h a t t h e R o m a n

G o v e r n m e n t w a s c o m p e l l e d t o s t a t i o n a p o w e r f u l f l e e t a t

B o u l o g n e o n p u r p o s e t o c o n f r o n t t h e m . T h e c o m m a n d

w a s e n t r u s t e d t o C a r a u s i u s , a M e n a p i a n , o f t h e m e a n e s t

o r i g i n , b u t a s k i l f u l p i l o t , a n d a v a l i a n t s o l d i e r . .. The

E m p e r o r , i n f o r m e d o f t h e t r e a s o n s o f C a r a u s i u s , o r d e r e d

h i s p u n i s h m e n t . A p p r i s e d o f h i s i m p e n d i n g f a t e , h e t o o k

r e f u g e i n a u g m e n t e d g u i l t , a n d d e s p e r a t e t e m e r i t y ; h e

b o l d l y a s s u m e d t h e p u r p l e , a n d w a s a c k n o w l e d g e d E m p e r o r

b y t h e l e g i o n i n B r i t a i n .. .

T h e u s u r p a t i o n o f C a r a u s i u s ,

a n d t h i s e d u c a t i o n o f t h e S a x o n s t o t h e e m p i r e o f t h e o c e a n

l a s t e d s e v e n y e a r s .

S i x t y y e a r s a f t e r w a r d s , a s i m i l a r o c c u r r e n c e a d v a n c e d

t h e S a x o n p r o s p e r i t y . M a g n e n t i u s , a n o t h e r u s u r p e r o f

t h e b l o o d y a n d r e s t l e s s s c e p t r e o f R o m e , h a v i n g m u r d e r e d

C o n s t a n s , e n d e a v o u r e d t o p r e s e r v e t h e p e r i l o u s d i g n i t y b y

a n a l l i a n c e o f f r a t e r n i z a t io n w i t h t h e F r a n k s a n d S a x o n s ,

w h o m i n r e t u r n h e p r o t e c t e d a n d e n c o u r a g e d . . . Hence,

t h e n e a r e r w e a p p r o a c h t h e p e r i o d o f t h e i n v a s i o n o f E n g -

l and , we f ind the Francs less and less un i ted wi th the Saxons

o n t h e o c e a n , a n d e v e n w a r s b e g i n t o b e f r e q u e n t b e t w e e n

the rival friends .

B u t t h o s e a l l i e s o f t h e S a x o n s w i t h w h o m t h e h i s t o r y o f

B r i t a i n i s m o s t c o n n e c t e d w e r e t h e J u t e s a n d A n g l e s . . .

T h e l i t t l e b a n d f i r s t i n t r o d u c e d i n t o E n g l a n d b y H e n g i s t

a n d H o r s a w e r e J u t e s . T h e i r n a m e h a s b e e n w r i t t e n w i t h

all the capr ices of or thography, asG e a t u m , G i o t c e , J u t c e ,

Gutce , Gea tan i , Jo tun i , Je tce , Ju tee , Ju i toe , Vi tae , e tc . , e t c .

T h e V e t u s C h r o n i c u m H o l s a t i o e , p . 54 , says the Danes and

J u t e s a r e J e w s o f t h e t r i b e o f D a n 1

W h i l e t h e S a x o n s w e r e i n t h i s s t a t e o f p r o g r e s s i v e g r e a t -

ness , in the four th century ( A . D . 3 6 8 ) t h e p r o s p e r i t y a n d

c o n t i g u i t y o f B r i t a i n i n v i t e d t h e i r f r e q u e n t v i s i t s , a n d

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E 1 0 9

t h e i r a t t a c k s w e r e f a v o u r e d b y t h e i n c u r s i o n s o f o t h e r

enemies , who are ca l led by the h is tor ians Pic t i , Scot i and

A t t a c o t t i .

A l l t h e i m p r o v e m e n t s o f G e r m a n y , b e y o n d w h a t R o m e

i m p a r t e d , h a v e a r i s e n f r o m t h e S a x o n a n d t h e F r a n k i s h

m i n d . T h e y k e p t f r o m i t t h e m o r e b a r b a r o u s p o p u l a t i o n

o f t h e S l a v o n i a n s a n d t h e H u n s , a n d t h e r u d e h e r o e s o f

S c a n d i n a v i a a n d t h e B a l t i c. . . S o o n a f t e r t h e t e r m i n a -

t i o n o f t h e f o u r t h c e n t u r y , t h e S a x o n i n v a s i o n o c c u r r e d .

[The se t t l ings of Br i tons in Armorica i s sa id to have been

o n t h e d i s b a n d i n g o f t h e a r m y o f M a x i m u s , w h o l e d t h e

British into Gaul and Spain and proclaimed himself

E m p e r o r . T h i s e n d e d i n c i r . 8 8 8 . But Du Bos thinks

t h i s c o l o n i z a t i o n t o o k p l a c e i n 5 1 3 , and Sharon Turner

agrees in this .]

Alar ic , a t the c lose of the four th century, uni ted under

h i s s o v e r e i g n t y t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e G o t h i c n a t i o n . . . The

G o t h i c n a t i o n h a d s l o w l y b u t s t e a d i l y a d v a n c e d t o c o n s e -

q u e n c e a n d p o w e r. .

. A l m o s t a l l n a t i o n s f r o m I l l y r i c u m

t o G a u l a p p e a r e d i n a r m s . . . Of these the Goths were the

m o s t a d v e n t u r o u s a n d s u c c e s s f u l . . . T h e y i n v a d e d D a c i a .

O n e R o m a n E m p e r o r , A l e x a n d e r , u s e d t h e r u i n o u s p o l i c y

o f p a y i n g t h e m a n a n n u a l s u b s i d y , a n d t h e i r h i s t o r y

a f t e r w a r d s i s t h a t o f c o n t i n u a l p r o g r e s s i o n . Many bar-

b a r i c n a t i o n s j o i n e d t h e m . U n d e r D e c i u s , a b o u t t h e y e a r

2 5 0 , t h e G o t h i c K i n g p a s s e d t h e D a n u b e a t t h e h e a d o f

70,000 m e n , a n d r a v a g e d T h r a c e a n d M a c e d o n i a : o t h e r s

a f t e r w a r d s i n v a d e d A s i a , a n d w i t h f l e e t s a s s a i l e d t h e

P o n t u s . In 26 7 t h e G o t h s , H e r u l i a n d S c y t h c e p l u n d e r e d

the Archipelago, and devas ta ted Greece (see p . 1 0 7 s u p r a ) .

A l l t h e t a l e n t s o f A u r e l i a n w e r e i n s u f f i c i e n t t o p r e s e r v e

t h e p r o v i n c e s o f t h e D a n u b e . He the re fo re abandoned

D a c i a t o t h e w a r l i k e n a t i o n s w h o w e r e t h r e a t e n i n g i t , a n d

t r a n s p l a n t e d t h e f r i e n d l y p o p u l a t i o n t o t h e r i g h t b a n k o f

t h e D a n u b e . P r o b u s , p u r s u i n g t h i s p o l i c y, c a u s e d 1 0 0 , 0 0 0

B a s t a r n c e t o c r o s s t h e D a n u b e , a n d t o s e t t l e i n t h e S o u t h e r n

p r o v i n c e s , w h i c h h a d b e e n d e p o p u l a t e d i n t h e s e c o n t e s t s .

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11 0B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y

T R A C E D F R O M

To t h e s a m e d i s t r i c t s h e a l s o t r a n s p l a n t e d t h e F r a n k s a n d

t h e S a x o n s . B u t a l l t h e s e m e a s u r e s w e r e i n e f f e c t i v e t o

r e s i s t t h e p e r p e t u a l a d v a n c e o f t h e e n t e r p r i s i n g G o t h s ,

b e c o m i n g i n e v e r y c a m p a i g n b e t t e r d i s c i p l i n e d b y t h e s e

i n c r e a s i n g c o n t e s t s w i t h t h e R o m a n a r m i e s , a n d b y t h e

educat ion of the i r chief ta ins in the Roman service , dur ing

t h e i n t e r v a l s o f p e a c e .

T h e a m b i t i o n a n d s p i r i t o f t h e G o t h i c n a t i o n i n c r e a s e d

w i t h t h e i r i m p r o v e m e n t s a n d p o w e r ; a n d w h e n A l a r i c

appeared to lead them, they discovered themselves to be as

s u p e r i o r t o t h e R o m a n s i n t h e i r m i l i t a r y q u a l i t i e s , a s t h e y

w e r e i n t h e i r p o l i t i c a l i n s t i t u t i o n s , a n d i n s o m e o f t h e

m o r a l v i r t u e s .

I n t h e y e a r 3 7 6 , t h e W e s t e r n w o r l d h a d b e e n a l a r m e d b y

t h e i r r u p t i o n o f t h e H u n s. A f t e r s w e l l i n g t h e i r a r m y b y

t h e n a t i o n s t h e y c o n q u e r e d , t h e y h a d r u s h e d o n t h e G o t h i c

tribes. U n a b l e t o r e p u l s e t h e f e r o c i o u s i n v a d e r s , t h e G o t h s

h a d p r e c i p i t a t e d t h e m s e l v e s o v e r t h e D a n u b e. S t a t i o n e d

by the Emperor Valens in Lower Moesia , the Goths revol ted ,

p e n e t r a t e d i n t o T h r a c e , d e f e a t e d a n d k i l l e d t h e i r i m p e r i a l

b e n e f a c t o r s i n 3 7 8 a t A d r i a n o p l e ; a n d f r o m t h i s d i s a s t r o u s

d a y n e v e r a b a n d o n e d t h e R o m a n t e r r i t o r y .

A m o n g t h e G o t h s , w h o w e r e a l l i e d t o t h e R o m a n a r m i e s ,

A l a r i c p a s s e d h i s y o u t h. B o r n i n t h e i s l a n d o f P e u c e ( a n

i s l a n d a t t h e m o u t h o f t h e D a n u b e , f o r m e d b y t w o o f i t s

d i s c h a r g i n g t o r r e n t s . S t r a b o . Dion Perieg .) o n t h e E u x i n e

o f o n e o f t h e p r i n c i p a l f a m i l i e s o f t h e G o t h s . . . H e

s o l i c i t e d a n a p p o i n t m e n t i n t h e R o m a n a r m i e s , a n d h e

w a s o n l y e n t r u s t e d w i t h t h e c o m m a n d o f t h e b a r b a r i a n

b a t t a l i o n s. T h o u g h b y b i r t h a b a r b a r i a n h i m s e l f , h e f e l t

t h e s u p e r i o r i t y o f h i s a s s u m i n g m i n d , a n d w a s d i s g u s t e d

b y t h e d e g r a d a t i o n . In Thrace, in Macedon, and in

T h e s s a l y , h e s h o w e d t h e t e r r o r s o f h i s d i s c o n t e n t ; he

o b t a i n e d t h e p a s s a g e o f t h e i m m o r t a l i s e d T h e r m o p o l e e ,

o v e r r a n B c e o t i a , A t t i c a , a n d t h e P e l o p o n e s s u s ; an d

t h o u g h h i s s u p e r s t i t i o n p r o t e c t e d A t h e n s f r o m h i s f u r y ,

t h e o t h e r f a m e d c i t i e s i n G r e e c e , C o r i n t h , A r g o s a n d

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E1 11

S p a r t a n o w e n f e e b l e d a n d d e g e n e r a t e d w e r e c o n q u e r e d b y

h i s v a l o u r , h i s f o r t u n e , o r h i s n a m e .

W h e n S t i l i c h o a d v a n c e d w i t h t h e i m p e r i a l t r o o p s , t o

c h a s t i s e t h e d a r i n g i n v a d e r , A l a r i c b y a g r e a t e x e r t i o n o f

s k i l l , e s c a p e d t o E p i r u s , a n d e x t o r t e d f r o m t h e t i m i d

m i n i s t e r s o f t h e B y z a n t i n e C o u r t , t h e t i t l e a n d a u t h o r i t y

of governor of the Eas tern I l lyr icum . H e w a s s o o n a f t e r -

w a r d s r e c o g n i s e d K i n g o f t h e Vi s i g o t h s .

S h a r o n T u r n e r g o e s o n t o s h o w w h a t n o w o c c u r r e d i n

B r i t a i n , h o w M a x i m u s c o l l e c t e d a n u m e r o u s a r m y f r o m

B r i t a i n , G a u l a n d G e r m a n y , a n d B r i t a i n d e s p o i l e d o f h e r

s o l d i e r y a n d m i l i t a r y a p p a r a t u s b e c a m e t h e p r e y o f h e r

n o r t h e r n a n d e a s t e r n f o e s . Britain appealed to Rome,

w a s o n c e m o r e r e s c u e d f r o m t h e s p o i l e r s . A s s o o n a s h e r

r e s c u e r s w e r e g o n e t h e f o e s a g a i n r e t u r n e d . A g a i n t h e

R o m a n t r o o p s m u s t h a v e c o m e t o t h e r e s c u e , f o r i n 40 6

t h e t r o o p s i n B r i t a i n r e v o l t e d a n d c h o s e C o n s t a n t i n e a s

t h e i r E m p e r o r a f t e r o n e o r t w o o t h e r i n a d e q u a t e l y s e l e c t e d .

A g a i n B r i t a i n w a s d e n u d e d o f h e r y o u n g m e n t o s e r v e i n

t h e a r m i e s o f C o n s t a n t i n e , w h o p a s s e d o u t o f B r i t a i n i n t o

G a u l a n d S p a i n c a r r y i n g a l l b e f o r e h i m . H o n o r i u s , t o

whom Constant ine had respect fu l ly s ta ted , tha t h is d igni ty

h a d b e e n f o r c e d u p o n h i m , a p p e a r e d t o a c q u i e s c e i n h i s

r e t a i n i n g i t , a n d s e n t h i m t h e i m p e r i a l r o b e s . ( Z o s i m u s , p .

37 4 .)

Dur ing th is d iv is ion of the imper ia l power, Alar ic again

a s s e m b l e d a w i l l i n g a r m y , a n d a p p e a r e d u p o n t h e R o m a n

frontier . . . In 4 0 8 ,h e o v e r w h e l m e d r e s i s t a n c e , a n d b e -

sieged Rome. A r a n s o m o b t a i n e d a s h o r t s e c u r i t y , b u t

d e t e r m i n e d h i s s u p e r i o r i t y .In the next year, he assa i led

i t a g a i n , a n d c o n d e s c e n d e d t o a c c e p t f r o m a n E m p e r o r o f

h i s o w n n o m i n a t i o n t h e t i t l e o f m a s t e r g e n e r a l . Every

doubt was now removed; he saw his i r res is t ib le power,

and the succeed ing summer was marked by the d i smal

catas t rophe of a th i rd s iege and successful assaul t , whose

f e r o c i o u s c r u e l t i e s w e m i g h t n o t i c e w i t h a b h o r r e n c e . (Aug .

2 4 , 4 1 0.)

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1 1 2 B R I T I S HH I S T O R Y T R A C E D F R O M

Amid th is complexi ty of rebel l ion and sub-rebel l ion , the

W e s t e r n p r o v i n c e s o f t h e R o m a n s t a t e w e r e s a c r i f i c e d t o

t h e r e v e n g e o f t h e m i l i t a r y c o m p e t i t o r s. C o n s t a n t i n e

c o u l d n o t r e p e l t h e t o r r e n t , b e c a u s e t h e f l o w e r o f h i s a r m y

w a s i n S p a i n . B r i t a i n a n d G a u l e x p e r i e n c e d a l l i t s f u r y.

T h e c i t i e s e v e n o f E n g l a n d w e r e i n v a d e d. To whatever

q u a r t e r t h e y a p p l i e d f o r h e l p , t h e a p p l i c a t i o n w a s i n v a i n.

H o n o r i u s w a s t r e m b l i n g b e f o r e A l a r i c a n d C o n s t a n t i n e

c o u l d n o t e v e n s a v e G a u l . . . n o w o n d e r t h a t t h e B r i t o n s ,

t h u s a b a n d o n e d , a r m e d t h e m s e l v e s , d e c l a r e d t h e i r c o u n t r y

i n d e p e n d e n t , a n d d r o v e t h e b a r b a r i c i n v a d e r s f r o m t h e i r

c i t i e s ; t h a t H o n o r i u s s e n t l e t t e r s t o t h e B r i t i s h S t a t e s ,

e x h o r t i n g t h e m t o p r o t e c t t h e m s e l v e s ; and that the

R o m a n s n e v e r a g a i n r e c o v e r e d p o s s e s s i o n o f t h e i s l a n d .

( S .T . d i s c r e d i t s t h e a s s e r t i o n o f G i l d a s a s t o t h e i m p o t e n c e

o f t h e B r i t i s h; h e a l s o d e n i e s C a m d e n ' s a s s e r t i o n t h a t

B r i t a i n r e t u r n e d t o h e r a l l e g i a n c e t o R o m e.)

W h e n Z o s i m u s m e n t i o n s B r i t a i n , f o r t h e l a s t t i m e , i n

his h i s tory, he leaves the na t ives in a s ta te of independence

o n R o m e , s o g e n e r a l l y a r m e d a s t o h a v e a c h i e v e d t h e e x -

p l o i t s o f R o m a n s o l d i e r s , a n d t o h a v e d r i v e n t h e i n v a d e r s

f r o m t h e i r c i t i e s . T h i s a p p e a r s t o b e a u t h e n t i c h i s t o r y .

W e m a y a s s u m e t h e g o v e r n i n g p o w e r s o f t h e i s l a n d , a t

t h e p e r i o d , t o h a v e b e e n t h e c i v i t a t e s o r t h e t e r r i t o r i a l

d i s t r i c t s , b e c a u s e t h e E m p e r o r w o u l d o f c o u r s e h a v e w r i t t e n

t o t h e p r e d o m i n a n t a u t h o r i t y . T h i s w a s t h e s t a t e of t h e

is land in or af ter the year 4 1 0 , and to this we may add

f r o m o t h e r s t h a t t h e R o m a n s n e v e r r e g a i n e d p o s s e s s i o n

o f i t . T h e r e i s e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e y a s s a i l e d t h e l i b e r t i e s o f

A r m o r i c a , b u t n o n e t h a t t h e y c o n t e s t e d w i t h t h e B r i t o n s

t h e e n j o y m e n t o f t h e i r i n d e p e n d e n c e. . . . The lamenta-

t i o n s o f G i l d a s c o n c u r w i t h t h e o b s c u r e i n t i m a t i o n s o f

Nennius to prove, tha t a considerable par t of the in terval

b e t w e e n t h e e m a n c i p a t i o n o f t h e i s l a n d a n d t h e a r r i v a l o f

t h e S a x o n s , w a s o c c u p i e d i n t h e c o n t e s t s o f a m b i t i o u s

p a r t i s a n s. T h e c l e r g y p a r t o o k o f t h e c o n t e n t i o n s o f t h e

day .

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1 14 B R I T I S H H I S T O R Y

T R A C E D F R O M

pecul ia r c u s t o m s , o f t h a t f e m a l e m o d e s t y , a n d o f t h a t

v i g o u r a n d d i r e c t i o n o f m i n d , t o w h i c h G r e a t B r i t a i n o w e s

t h e s o c i a l p r o g r e s s w h i c h i t h a s s o e m i n e n t l y a c q u i r e d.

S o m e p a r t s o f t h e c i v i l i s a t i o n w h i c h t h e y f o u n d i n t h e

i s l a n d a s s i s t e d t o p r o d u c e t h e g r e a t r e s u l t . T h e i r d e s o -

l a t i o n s r e m o v e d m u c h o f t h e m o r a l d e g e n e r a c y w e h a v e

b e f o r e a l l u d e d t o .

T h e a c c i d e n t a l a r r i v a l o f s o m e 3 0 0 S a x o n s , A. D . 449,

u n d e r H e n g i s t a n d H o r s a j u s t a t t h e t i m e w h e n t h e B r i t o n s

w e r e b e i n g t e r r i b l y h a r a s s e d b y t h e P i c t s a n d S c o t s l e d t h e

B r i t o n s t o i n v i t e t h e i r v i s i t o r s t o a s s i s t i n r e p e l l i n g t h e

e n e m y . T h e s u c c e s s w h i c h f o l l o w e d i n d u c e d t h e B r i t o n s

t o sugges t tha t more Saxons migh t be employed wi th

advantage . H e n g i s t a c c o r d i n g l y s e t o f f a n d b r o u g h t a

m u c h l a r g e r n u m b e r . I n t h e c o u r s e o f s i x o r s e v e n y e a r s

t h e t r i b a l s q u a b b l e s o f t h e B r i t i s h a m o n g t h e m s e l v e s l e d t o

a p e r m a n e n t s e t t l e m e n t o f S a x o n s u n t i l i n t i m e t h e s e

S a x o n s t u r n e d u p o n t h e i r h o s t s a n d c o n q u e r e d t h e K i n g -

d o m o f K e n t f o r t h e m s e l v e s . T h u s b e g a n t h e i n r o a d o f

t h e S a x o n s w h i c h n e v e r c e a s e d u n t i l i n c o u r s e o f m a n y y e a r s

t h e y h a d e s t a b l i s h e d t h e m s e l v e s i n t h e c o u n t r y .

C O N C L U S I O N

S o f a r w e h a v e f o l l o w e d S h a r o n T u r n e r , w h o , i t w i l l b e

seen, is borne out in his classical researches of 1 20 y e a r s a g o

b y t h e s p a d e a n d s h o v e l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f m o d e r n d i s c o v e r y.

These inves t igat ions are a lso in l ine and keeping wi th the

p r o p h e c i e s i n G o d ' s H o l y W o r d , a s t o t h e f u t u r e o f t h e

l o n g - l o s t , n o w f o u n d , H o u s e o f I s r a e l h e r e b r o u g h t t o -

g e t h e r i n t o t h e B r i t i s h I s l a n d s .

T h u s w e r e b r o u g h t t o g e t h e r t h e p o s t - e x i l i c w i t h t h e p r e -

exi l ic por t ions of Is rae l . T h e s e , w i t h o n l y o c c a s i o n a l

coming together a t in tervals , had been separa ted for about

o n e t h ou s a n d ye a r s . T h e y a r e n o w c o m e b o n e t o h i s b o n e ,

a w a i t i n g o n l y t h e a r r i v a l o f t h e N o r m a n t o c o m p l e t e t h e

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E G Y P T A N D P A L E S T I N E1 1 5

w h o l e b o d y o f t h e N o r t h e r n K i n g d o m o f I s r a e l , n o w i n t h e

p l a c e p r e p a r e d o f G o d . 2 S a m . vii . 1 0 . , R e v . x i i . 6 , 1 4 .

The walking of the House of Judah to the House of Is rae l

in the Nor th country, and thei r re-occupat ion of Pales t ine

a n d t h e l a n d o f p r o m i s e , i s a n e v e n t t h a t c a n n o t b e f a r o f f ,

a n d w e m a y h o p e i s a l r e a d y b e g u n .

From analogy, tha t i s , the former rending of the var ious

s e c t i o n s o f o u r p e o p l e f r o m E u r o p e , a s w e l l a s t h e c o m i n g

o v e r o f t h e H u g u e n o t s ;w e m a y w e l l a s s u m e t h a t t h e r e -

t u r n o f t h e J e w m u s t a l s o b e a t t e n d e d b y g r e a t a n d t e r r i b l e

u p h e a v a l s . I t i s n o t t o b e e x p e c t e d t h a t s o m e t h i n g l i k e

7 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 o f p e o p l e , n o w i n a p i t i a b l e c o n d i t i o n a n d v e r g i n g

u p o n s t a r v a t i o n a n d d e a t h , n o t t o m e n t i o n u n d e r t h e h e e l

o f a m o s t c r u e l p o g r o m i s m , w i l l b e p e a c e a b l y r e s t o r e d t o

t h e i r o w n l a n d. National jealousy and envy would be

s u r e t o e x c i t e t h e c u p i d i t y o f m i l i t a r i s m. B u t t h r o u g h i t

a l l God has promised to br ing his people by a way theyknow

no t . I t i s H i s p o we r a l o ne t h a t w i l l e na b l e I sr a e l , th e B r i -

t i s h a n d A n g l o - S a x o n , i n c l u d i n g t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f

A m e r i c a , t o a c c o m p l i s h H i s p u r p o s e s .

T h e p r o p h e t J e r e m i a h x v i . 1 4 - 2 1 g i v e s u s s o m e i d e a

o f w h a t w e m a y e x p e c t . The " f i s h e r s " a re w i th ou t d ou bt

t h e G o s p e l M e s s e n g e r s w o r k i n g a m o n g s t t h e J e w s i n t h e

" R u s s i a n P a l e " a s i t u s e d t o b e c a l l e d. T h e s u c c e s s

at tending these effor ts seems to be meet ing wi th a cer ta in

a m o u n t o f e n c o u r a g e m e n t , b u t i t m a y b e G o d ' s w i l l t o

l e a d t h e m t o a s k w h y t h e B r i t i s h A n g l o - S a x o n R a c e a l o n e ,

o u t o f a l l t h e n a t i o n s , a r e t h e i r b e n e f a c t o r s , a n d t o s e e

a l s o h o w G o d h a s b l e s s e d u s , a n d c a u s e d u s t o b e a b l e s s i n g

t o a l l t h e w o r l d. S o m e s u c h p h i l o s o p h i c r e a s o n i n g m a y

lead them to see tha t i t i s because we have accepted Jesus

a s o u r M e s s i a h ;and as th i s charac te r i s t ic i s tha t a l lo t ted

t o I s r a e l , t h i s m a y s e t t h e m t h i n k i n g t h a t p e r h a p s , w e

after all, are their lost brethren. O f c o u r s e , e n v y o n t h e

p a r t o f s o m e w o u l d r e s u l t , b u t o t h e r s w o u l d c e r t a i n l y

w a l k T O t h e H o u s e o f I s r a e l a n d c h o o s e a l s o o u r M e s s i a h .

Then "t h e d r a w n e t " o f M a t t . x i i i . 47-49 , the las t phase

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The following pamphlet and Essays we have

c o m p r e h e n d e d i n t h i s w o r k a s b e i n g n e c e s s a r y

t o s t r e n g t h e n t h e a r g u m e n t s h e r e c o n t a i n e d

PALESTINE INTO BRITAIN

Short Summary of Scriptural, Historical, Ethnological,

N u m i s m a t i c a l a n d E c c l e s i a s t i c a l A r g u m e n t s , E s t a b l i s h i n g

t h e p r o o f s t h a t I s r a e l i s i n B r i t a i n .

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I N T R O D U C T O R Y

TH E A u t h o r b e g s t o s t a t e t h a t t h i s t i t l e i s n o t c r i b b e d .

I t be longs to a pamphle t wr i t ten in 1 8 8 3 b y h i m s e l f , t r e a t -

i n g o f t h e s u b j e c t , b u t o n v e r y d i f f e r e n t l i n e s a n d a l s o

e t y m o l o g i c a l l y . That pamphlet had a very rapi d sale .

The present one is a reproduct ion, wi th a few emendat ions ,

o f t h i s p a m p h l e t a n d w a s p u b l i s h e d i n 1 9 0 8 ,w h e n a n e d i t i o n

o f 1 0 , 0 0 0 w a s e x h a u s t e d w i t h i n t h e y e a r . T h i s e d i t i o n ,

h o w e v e r , i s m u c h e n h a n c e d i n v a l u e b y h a v i n g a r e p r o d u c -

t i o n o f c o i n s , w h i c h w e r e e x h i b i t e d o n s h e e t s w h e n t h e

A u t h o r h a d b e e n l e c t u r i n g i n v a r i o u s p l a c e s , a n d m a n y

fr iends have suggested that these should not be eventual ly

lost, but printed off for circulation .

T h e l i f e t i m e o f t h e a u t h o r h a s b e e n s p e n t u p o n t h i s

i n t e r e s t i n g a n d G o d - h o n o u r i n g c a u s e ; a n d h e c a n r e c a l l

h i s e a r l y y e a r s u n d e r D r . C u m m i n g , o f C r o w n C o u r t , 5 8

y e a r s a g o , w h o f i r s t l e d h i m t o s e e t h a t w e w e r e G o d ' s

W i t n e s s e s , a n d a g a i n u n d e r R e v . N . G o df r e y, o f S t . Jude's,

S o u t h s e a , i n 1 8 6 1 cir ., w h o m a i n t a i n e d t h a t t h e C h u r c h

has no bus iness to appropr ia te the b less ings to I s rae l whi l s t

l e a v i n g a l l t h e c u r s e s t o t h e u n f o r t u n a t e J e w s . B u t t h e s e

two, under God, set the Author a-thinking . W i l s o n ' s

Watchman of Ephraim a n d t h e S p i r i t o f G o d i n H i s W o r d

did the rest .

T e n y e a r s o f c o n s t a n t s t u d y , m a i n l y i n t h e B r i s t o l

M u s e u m , l e d t o t h e f i r s t e s s a y h e e v e r w r o t e , T h e B i b l e

a n d t h e B r i t i s h N a t i o n , in 1 8 8 2 , f o l l o w e d b y E g y p t a n d t h e

B r i t i s h F l e e t , 1 8 8 3 ; t h e n P a l e s t i n e t o B r i t a i n andTh e

B r i t i s h i n t h e S o u d a n t h e s a m e y e a r . A l l t h e s e q u i c k l y

r a n o u t o f p r i n t , h a v i n g b e e n v e r y w e l l r e c e i v e d . T h e s u b -

ject is yet, he is sure, but in its infancy, but as we are bid-

den :" A s k M E o f t h i n g s t o c o m e c o n c e r n i n g M y S o n s ,

119

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1 2 0 I N T R O D U C T I O N

a n d c o n c e r n i n g t h e w o r k o f M y h a n d s c o m m a n d y e M e "

( I s a . x l v . 1 1) ; a n d o u r L o r d s a y s , " Ve r i l y I s a y u n t o y o u

ye shall not have gone over the cities of Israel till the Son

o f M a n b e c o m e " ( M a t t . x . 2 3) ; let us establish who the

sons are , and take care we br ing them al l in to the k ingdom .

L . G . A . R O B E R T S .

A r d l e y R e c t o r y , B i c e s t e r .

S e p t e m b e r 1 5 t h , 1 9 1 0 .

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P A L E S T I N E I N T O B R I T A I N B Y S E A

P

A L E S T I N E i s t h e l a n d p r o m i s e d t o A b r a h a m , I s a a c

a n d J a c o b . ( G e n . xii . 7 : x i i i . 1 4 - 1 7 : x v . 18 : x v i i . 8

x x v i. 3, 4 : x x v i i i . 1 3 - 1 5 : x x x v . 1 1 , 1 2 : x l v i . 1 - 4 . ) I t

is to be their everlasting possession, although they were but

s t r a n g e r s i n t h e l a n d . I t i s t o b e t h e i r s a f t e r t h e y h a v e

s p r e a d a b r o a d t o t h e WEST, to the East, to the North and to

t h e S o u t h . W h e n t h e y h a v e b e c o m e a N a t i o n a n d a C o m -

pany of Nat ions, but as Joseph, Lord paramount over a l l .

Their former possession, through Israel their seed, was but

an earnest of their future inheritance .

F o r A b r a h a m i s y e t t o b e t h e h e i r o f t h e w o r l d ( R o m. iv .

1 3 ) .

T h e i r H o m e w a s t o b e f o r t h e p r e s e n t i n t h e

ISLES OF THE WEST

( 2 S a m . v i i. 1 0 , 1 1 ; I sa . xxiv . 13-16 : x l i i . 6-12 : x l i x .

1 , 8 , 1 2 ; Jer . x x x i . 1 , 2 , 7 , 1 0 ) . I t i s h e r e t h e y a r e t o r e n e w

t h e i r s t r e n g t h ( I s a . x l i . 1) and return to God (Zech . x . 8 , 9 ) .

T h i s w a s G o d ' s p r e d e t e r m i n e d p l a n a n d f o r e k n o w l e d g e.

J u d a h i s t o r e t u r n t o P a l e s t i n e a s a t r i b e ; but Israel only

representa t ively . ( E z e k . xxxix . 2 8 ; Jer . ii i . 14 .)

The inheri tances acquired by the Ten Tribes are to be

theirs in perpetuity . ( O b a d . 17 ; 2 Sa m . v i i . 1 0 .)

To accomplish this , some were sent to take possession

of the islands long before . T h e w r a t h o f m a n i s m a d e t o

p r a i s e H i m ( G e n . xxxvii . 2 : 1 . 1 5 - 2 1 ) ,w h i c h l e d t o t h e

flight of Danaus, the son of Bela, from Egyptus his brother.

D a n i s t h e s o n o f B i l h a h a n d b r o t h e r o f J o s e p h w h o w a s

o v e r a l l t h e E g y p t i a n s . This was the f i rs t secess ion f rom

I s r a e l . T h i s i s p r o b a b l y a l l u d e d t o i n E z e k i e l x x . 5-9 .

A n o t h e r s e c e s s i o n t o o k p l a c e (1 C h r o n . v i i . 21-24) . A

12 1

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1 2 2 P A L E S T I N E I N T O B R I T A I N

t h i r d s e c e s s i o n was a f t e r t h e Exodus . W h e n in t h e

Wilderness (Num . x iv. 1 -4) s ta tes tha t they sa id " L e t u s

make a captain ." Nehemiah ix . 1 7 t e l l s u s t h e y d i d s o

( c o m p a r e P s . c v i . 2 6 , 2 7 ; Ezek . xx . 2 1 - 2 3 ) .

H e c a t c e u s o f A b d e r a ( 6 t h c e n t u r y B . c . ) quoted b y D i o d o r u s

Siculus (5 0 B . c .)i . 2 7 , 4 6 , 5 5 , s a y s

"T h e m o s t d i s t i n g u i s h e d o f t h e e x p e l l e d f o r e i g n e r s

( f r o m E g y p t ) f o l l o w e d D a n a u s a n d C a d m u s i n t o G r e e c e ;

b u t t h e g r e a t e r n u m b e r w e r e l e d b y M o s e s i n t o J u d a e a .

I n X s c h y l u s ' S u p p l i c a n t s ( 6 t h c e n t u r y B . c .), Danaus and

h i s d a u g h t e r s a r e r e p r e s e n t e d a s a" s e e d d i v i n e , " e x i l e s

f r o m E g y p t , f l e e i n g f r o m t h e i r b r o t h e r E g y p t u s ; since

they feared an unholy a l l iance , they appear to have passed

t h r o u g h S y r i a a n d p e r h a p s S i d o n i n t o G r e e c e .

C o m p a r e a l s o P e t a v i u s (cir . 1 6 3 0 A .D .) H i s t o r y o f t h e

W o r l d , a n d S i r W a l t e r R a l e i g h ( c i r . 1 5 8 6 A .D .) H i s t o r y o f

t h e W o r l d , ( p u b . 1786). B k . II . , p . 2 4 0 .

F r o m t h e s e w e g a t h e r t h a t t h e r e w e r e t h r e e m i g r a t i o n s

i n t o G r e e c e .

T h e 1 s t cir. 1 6 8 6 B

.c ., t h e t i m e o f J o s e p h ' s d e a t h . T h e

2nd cir . 1 4 5 6 B .c .,w h e n I s r a e l w a s i n t h e Wi l d e r n e s s . T h e

8r d cir . 1 2 9 6 B .C .,w h e n J a b i n , K i n g o f C a n a a n a f f l i c t e d

I s r a e l , a n d D a n a b o d e i n s h i p s a n d A s h e r i n h i s s e a p o r t s

( J u d . v . 17) . N . B . - T h e s e d a t e s a r e t h e i r s .

T h e w h o l e o f t h e t r i b e o f D a n s e e m s t o h a v e l e f t P a l e s t i n e

pr ior to the t ime of Jeroboam II (1 Chron . v . 17) , and they

do not appear in th is genealogy .

T h e p e r e g r i n a t i o n s o f D a n a r e b e s t s e e n i n H o m e r ' s

Iliad, D a n a i a n d D a r - d a n a i b e i n g m e n t i o n e d 1 4 7 t i m e s ,

a n d i n O d y s s e y 1 8 t i m e s - G l a d s t o n e ' s Juventus Mundi .

Latham's ethnology of Europe p . 1 5 7 , s u g g e s t s t h e

E p o n y m u s o f D a n a i i s t h e t r i b e o f D a n. Josephus shows

u s t h e i n t e r m i x t u r e o f D a n a n d N a p h t a l i w i t h t h e P h o e -

n i c i a n s o f T y r e ( J o s e p h : A n t . iii . 4,1 K i n g s v i i . 14

2 C h r o n . ii . 1 4 ) . S e e a l s o E z e k i e l x x v i i. 6 a s t o A s h e r a n d

v e r s e 1 9 a s t o D a n . T h e o r i g i n a l w o r d i n t h e H e b r e w

b e i n g t h e n a m e o f t h e t r i b e A s h e r .

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P A L E S T I N E I N T O B R I T A I N 1 2 8

T h a t t h e L a c e d o e m o n i a n s o f G r e e c e w e r e o f t h e s t o c k o f

A b r a h a m w e s e e b y t h e i r l e t t e r t o O n i a s , t h e h i g h p r i e s t

o f t h e J e w s cir . 1 8 0 B .c . G l a d s t o n e t e l l s u s t h e T u a t h a d e

D a n a a n s o f I r e l a n d c a m e f r o m t h e D a n a i o f G r e e c e . (1

M a c c a b e e s x i i : J o s p. A n t . x i i , i v

. 1 0 , also Ant . x ii i . , v . 8 .

J u v e n t u s M u n d i . )

T h e r e l a t i o n s h i p i s b o t h c l a i m e d a n d a c k n o w l e d g e d , a n d

the seal of the letter of the Lacedwmonians is an eagle with

a dragon in its claws, the symbol of Dan .

T h e n a m e B r i t a i n g i v e n t o t h e s e i s l a n d s o c c u r s f i r s t i n

p r o p h e c y ( I s a. x li i . 6 : xlix . 8 ) , " I w i l l

g i v e T H E E ( C h r i s t )

to L e - B r i t h - a m" ( H e b .) . The word Britain did not

o r i g i n a t e i n t h e s e i s l a n d s , b u t c a m e i n t o t h e m w i t h t h e

r a c e .

In Greece and Asia Minor, Prytanes, Brytaneum,

Brigia , Br igantes , Phyrgia fo l low the race .

I n T h r a c e , B r i t o - L a g c e , P r y d a i n . I n I t a l y t h e f i r s t

k i n g d o m o f t h e B r i t a n n i e x i s t e d , w h e r e B r u t t i u m n o w i s

(Ritson's C e l t s , 1 8 2 7 , n o t e p . 4 1 ) . " I t ma y be o bs er ve d ,

however, that besides these Britanni of Gaul, the Brutti, a

p e o p l e o f I t a l y , i n m o d e r n C a l a b r i a , w e r e i n l i k e m a n n e r

c a l l e d b y t h e G r e e k s BRETTION, a n d t h e i r c o u n t r y B R E T T I A

or B R E T T A N I A ( s ee S al ma su is es E x er c it a ti o ns o n S o li m us

pp . 196, 2 2 7 ) . P a u l W a r n f r i d ( o r P a u l u s D i a c o n u s , ci r .

750 A .D . ) m e n t i o n s t h e d e a t h o f S i n d u a l d u s , K i n g o f t h e

Bretoni or Britanni, a n a t i o n o f I t a l y , w h o w a s h a n g e d

b y N a r s e s , t h e i m p e r i a l c h a r t u l a r y " ( D e g e s t i s L a n g o b a r -

durum Iii ., c h a p . 8) . T h i s w a s w h e n t h e l a s t o f t h e G o t h s

w e r e f o r c e d t o l e a v e I t a l y , A .D . 553 . I n S p a i n a l s o

o c c u r s E b u r o - B r i t i u m . G e o g r a p h i a A n t i q u e s , C e l l a r i u s

1703 .

I n N .W . E u r o p e w e h a v e B r i t t i a , a n c i e n t n a m e o f D e n -

m a r k , a n d s e v e n n a t i o n s o f B r i t a n n i . Archaeological

J o u r n a l , N o . 1 5 7 , 1 8 8 3 , in A .D . 85 .

T h e y b r o u g h t w i t h t h e m a l a n g u a g e c l o s e l y a k i n t o

Hebrew, and have been proved by Dr . M a r g o l i o u t h t o

r e t a i n m a n y H e b r e w s e n t e n c e s i n C o r n w a l l t o t h e p r e s e n t

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1 2 4 P A L E S T I N EI N T O B R I T A I N

d a y .* Poste's Gaulish and British Coins s ay s there are

6 , 0 0 0 w o r d s in t h e E n g l i s h language d e r i v e d f r o m t h e

H e b r e w . C a n o n L y s o n ' s O u r B r i t i s h A n c e s t o r s gives 5,000 .

B a r b e r ' s S ug ge st io n o f A nc ie nt B ri to ns s h o w s t h a t t h e

C y m r y l a n g u a g e w a s H e b r e w , a n d t h e y w e r e c a l l e d " T h e

P e o p l e o f J e h o v a h ." T a l i e s e n , t h e W e l s h b a r d o f t h e

sixth century, tells us his " l o r e i s w r i t t e n i n H e b r a i c ."

A y l e t t S a m m e s , 1 6 7 6 , says, he would call us Hebrew from

o u r l a n g u a g e , b u t w e m u s t b e P h o e n i c i a n .

P A L E S T I N E I N T O B R I T A I N B Y L A N D

T h e T e n T r i b e s , o r N o r t h e r n K i n g d o m o f I s r a e l , w e r e

c a l l e d o n t h e A s s y r i a n Ta b l e t s B e t h - O m r i o r B e t h K h u m r i

or Khumro ; t h e s e o n t h e P e r s i a n m o n u m e n t s a r e r e p r e -

sented as the Sakai . These Sakai are a lso ca l led Saccaseni ,

a n d t h i s i s t h e v e r y n a m e A m o s ( v i i . 9 - 1 6 ) s a y s w a s a p p r o -

p r i a t e d b y t h e H o u s e o f I s r a e l K i n g d o m , i m m e d i a t e l y

b e f o r e t h e y w e n t i n t o c a p t i v i t y . T h e s e K u m r i a r e a l s o

shown to be Cimmeri i come into the very regions whither

Ti g l a t h - P i l e s e r , S a r g o n , S e n n a c h e r i b and Esarhaddon

h a d t r a n s p l a n t e d t h e m .

T h e s e c o n d B o o k o f E s d r a s ( x i i i . 3 9 - 4 6 ) tells us the ten

t r i b e s e n t e r e d t h e n a r r o w p a s s e s o f t h e r i v e r E u p h r a t e s

t h e y h a v i n g b e e n p r e v i o u s l y p l a c e d b y S h a l m a n e s e r o v e r

t h e w a t e r s; a n d c a m e i n t o a l a n d w h e r e n e v e r m a n k i n d

d w e l t , a r e g i o n c a l l e d A r - s a r e t h . T h e n t h e y d w e l t t h e r e

unt i l the la t ter t ime. This Ar-sare th i s a local i ty to the

n o r t h - w e s t o f t h e B l a c k S e a a n d t h e v e r y r e g i o n f r o m

w h e n c e c a m e t h e f i r s t W e l s h c o l o n y. This is also the very

l o c a l i t y o f t h e K i m b r i a n d S a x o n s b e f o r e t h e i r c o m i n g

f u r t h e r W e s t .

H e r o d o t u s b r i n g s t h e g r e a t S c y t h i a n n a t i o n f r o m t h e

v e r y s a m e r e g i o n , b o r d e r i n g o n t h e A r a x e s a n d s o u t h o f

* T h e J e w s i n G r e a t B r i t a i n . Rev . M o s e s M a r g o l i o u t h . 1 8 4 6 ; p p . 31-

4 6 , a l s o A p p e n d i x . H e b r e w s i n E a s t A n g l i a . By t h e s a m e , 1 8 7 0 . Hebrew

C h r i s t i a n W i t n e s s . B y t h e s a m e , 1 8 7 7 .

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T H E R O Y A L D Y N A S T Y O F C O N S T A N T I N E T H E G R E A T

B A C K T O T H E B R I T I S H K I N G B E L L T H E G R E AT, B .C . 100

R O Y A L C H R I S T I A N D Y A TI

A N C I E N T B R I T A I N

Or L

H f JFr,

6 ~r~~ jt s ~ f ~ E l r lj 1

;

y(1 /1?(

r t ' i - - s h y

T h i s p e d i g r e e i s r e p r o d u c e d f r o m St. Pwcl i n B r i t a i n . A l o r g a n p , 1 9 2

.

S e e a l s o R o y a l H o u s e o f B r i t a i n C h a r t .

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P A L E S T I N E I N T O B R I T A I N 1 2 5

t h e s o u r c e o f t h e E u p h r a t e s , i n f a c t , t h e d i s t r i c t o f G o z a n

a b o u t 6 5 0 B . c .,a n d l o c a t e s t h e m t o t h e n o r t h a n d w e s t o f

t h e B l a c k S e a i n a d i s t r i c t k n o w n a f t e r w a r d s a s c o l o n i s e d

b y D a c i a n s a n d G e t c e . T h e s e a r e d e s c r i b e d a s t h e m o s t

r i g h t e o u s o f n a t i o n s , w h o s a i d t h e i r G o d w a s t h e o n l y t r u e

Go d ; t h a t w h e n D a r i u s c a m e a g a i n s t t h e m t h e y w e r e t h e

y o u n g e s t o f t h e n a t i o n s , b e i n g j u s t a t h o u s a n d y e a r s o l d

a n d t h e i r g r e a t h e r o w a s Z a l m o s i s , t h e y a l s o b o a s t e d o f

t h e p r o w e s s o f H e r c u l e s , w h o w a s n o n e o t h e r t h a n t h e

Samson of Dan . T h i s t a k e s t h e o r i g i n o f t h e p e o p l e b a c k

to the t ime of Moses .

M . Paul du Chai l lu in h is ear ly h is tory of the Engl ish-

s p e a k i n g N a t i o n s , T h e V i k i n g A g e , c l e a r l y b r i n g s t h e

Northmen or Scandinavians from the very region of

A r - s a r e t h o r D a c i a a n d G e t c e , t o t h e n o r t h c o a s t o f E u r o p e

t h r o u g h S o u t h R u s s i a P o l a n d , a n d P r u s s i a , a n d i n t o t h e

Bri t i sh I s lands .

T h a t t h e s e a r e n o t G e r m a n t r i b e s i s c l e a r l y e v i d e n c e d

f r o m t h e f a c t o f t h e i r l a n g u a g e , w h i c h , a l t h o u g h e m b r a c -

i n g m a n y w o r d s s i m i l a r t o t h e G e r m a n , y e t i n i d i o m a t i c

s t r u c t u r e a n d g r a m m a t i c a l v a r i a t i o n , i s r a d i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t .

C o m p a r e t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e v e r b a n d t h e c o m p l e x g e n d e r s

a n d t e r m i n a t i o n s o f t h e G e r m a n a n d t h e n c o m p a r e t h e

B r i t i s h l a n g u a g e w i t h t h e H e b r e w a n d w e s e e w h e n c e t h e

r a c e o r i g i n a t e d . T h e f a c t o f l a n g u a g e a l o n e i s n o t e s t ,

f o r H e b r e w a n d A s s y r i a n a r e s i m i l a r i n c h a r a c t e r , a n d y e t

a r e n o t t h e s a m e r a c e , b u t t h e A s s y r i a n i s p r e c i s e l y s i m i l a r

t o t h e G e r m a n i n t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e v e r b , a n d G e r m a n y ,

w e b e l i e v e , i s v e r y l a r g e l y A s s y r i a n .

" I t w o u l d b e d i f f i c u l t t o a d d u c e a s i n g l e a r t i c l e o r f o r m

o f c o n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e H e b r e w g r a m m a r , b u t t h e s a m e i s

t o b e f o u n d i n W e l s h , a n d t h a t t h e r e a r e m a n y w h o l e s e n -

t e n c e s i n b o t h l a n g u a g e s e x a c t l y t h e s a m e i n t h e v e r y

w o r d s " ( s e e Monthly Magazine, 1796, Vol . II . , p . 543) .

T h e c l o s e c o r r e s p o n d e n c e o f B r i t i s h W e i g h t s a n d M e a -

s u r e s , a s a l s o o f c a p a c i t y i s t r a c e d b y C o l. C o n d e r ( H a n d -

b o o k t o t h e B i b l e , p p . 6 1 - 6 2 ) t o t h e H e b r e w , a n d h e s t a t e s

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1 2 8 P A L E S T I N EI N T O B R I T A I N

f i r s t a p p e a r s i n S y r i a , a n d h a s f o l l o w e d t h e B r i t i s h r a c e

wherever it has come, into these islands .

C o l o n e l C o n d e r t e l l s u s t h a t t h e B r i t i s h w e i g h t s a n d

m e a s u r e s a r e d e r i v e d f r o m t h e H e b r e w a n d a r e n o t f o u n d

i n E u r o p e .

T H E H E B R E W O R I G I N O F T H E E A R L Y

B R I T I S H C H U R C H

The Rev. D r . M o s e s M a r g o l i o u t h i n h i s w o r k J e w s i n

G r e a t B r i t a i n , ( 1 8 4 6 ) proves c lear ly the presence of Hebrews

i n S p a i n i n t h e d a y s o f S o l o m o n . T h i s i s w i tn e s s e d to b y

monuments discovered at Sagentum,* in Spain, wri t ten in

H e b r e w , o n e o f t h e s e i n m e m o r y o f A d o n i r a m , t h e c o l -

l e c t o r o f S o l o m o n ' s t r i b u t e f o r t h e Te m p l e , i t i s s u r m i s e d

that these Hebrews found their way into Bri ta in is more

t h a n p r o b a b l e . Appian .

N u m b e r s o f p l a c e s i n D e v o n s h i r e a n d C o r n w a l l a t t e s t

t o t h e i r p r e s e n c e h e r e . (Also T h e C o m i n g o f t h e S a i n t s .

T a y l o r 1906, pp . 174 et . seq . )

An edict issued by Augustus Caesar B .C . 1 4 r e l e a s e s a l l

Jews in Britain from slavery or taxation .

Ancient Cornish sentences have been t ransl i terated as

being euphonical ly Hebrew, and they turn out to be quo-

t a t i o n s f r o m t h e P s a l m s a n d P r o v e r b s. ( J e w s i n G r e a t

Bri ta in .Margoliouth p . 3 4 - 3 5 .)

Taliesin, the British Bard of the seventh century, states

that " M y l o r e i s w r i t t e n i n H e b r a i c , i n t h e H e b r e w

T o n g u e ."

" C r a n i a B r i t a n n i c a , " q u o t i n g f r o m H o a r e ' sWiltshire

tells of a facsimile of a Hebrew breastplate being found on

the breast of a skeleton dug up in a cist or barrow at Stone-

h e n g e .

The Druidical worship was very s imilar to that of the

Hebrews . (Hulber t ' s Religions of Britain, 1 8 2 5 .) T h e i r

* S p e a k i n g o f S a g e n t u m , t h e r e w a s a C a e r S a g e n t i n B r i t a i n , e v i d e n t l y

t h e s a m e n a m e . The Modern Chichester, Poste's Britannica Researches,

1$53. p p . 1 5 4 - 3 8 6 . , a n d a l s o a n o t h e r S a g e n t i n N o r t h Wales .

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P A L E S T I N E I N T O B R I T A I N 1 2 9

high priest was similarly clad, and had a tiara on his head,

w i t h t h e i n c o m m u n i c a b l e n a m e o f I .A. U . u p o n i t . H e

w a s c l o t h e d i n s p o t l e s s w h i t e , w i t h a g i r d l e r o u n d h i s

w a i s t a n d a b r e a s t p l a t e o f j u d g m e n t u p o n h i s b r e a s t .

T h e y b e l i e v e d i n o n e G o d , w h o m t h e y w o r s h i p p e d u n d e r

t h r e e n a m e s - B e l e n u s , H E S U S , and Taran . Hesus was

t h e i r g r e a t A l l - h e a l , a n d t h e y b e l i e v e d H i m t o b e t h e

S a v i o u r o f t h e W o r l d . W h e n t h e y g a v e u p D r u i d i s m t h e y

n e v e r c h a n g e d t he n am e of H E S U S , w h i c h t h e y o b t a i n e d

f r o m t h e 2 4 t h P s a l m , w h i c h P s a l m t h e y k n e w b y h e a r t .

" T h e L o r d HESUS and mighty, He is the King of Glory ."

( H e b .)

H e c a t c e u s o f M i l e t u s ( 5 5 0 - 4 8 0 B .c . ) te l l s us the Hyper-

boreans had a magnif icent temple in which they ascr ibed

great praise to their God, and sang His praises to the harp ;

also that their priest's office descended from father to son .

H i m i l c o , w h o c a m e t o B r i t a i n i n t h e f o u r t h c e n t u r yB

.c .,

a n d i s q u o t e d b y F es tu s Av ie nu s, sa ys : " I n t h i s H y p e r -

b o r e a n l a n d d w e l l t h e h a r d y B r i t o n s i n t h e i r t w o i s l a n d s ,

f r o m w h e n c e t h e y p l o u g h t h e m i g h t y o c e a n , d o i n g t h e i r

t rade in the i r open boats ." D i o d o r u s S i c u l u s t e l l s u s t h e s e

p e o p l e w e r e m o r e h o n e s t a n d t r u t h f u l t h a n t h e i r n e i g h -

b o u r s o n t h e c o n t i n e n t , a n d d e s c r i b e s t h e m a s a c i v i l i s e d

a n d p r o s p e r o u s p e o p l e .

Dr . Abbadie, A m s t e r d a m i n 1 7 2 3 , said : " U n l e s s t h e t e n

t r i b e s h a v e f l o w n i n t o t h e a i r , o r h a v e p l u n g e d i n t o t h e

c e n t r e o f t h e e a r t h , t h e y m u s t b e s o u g h t f o r i n t h e N o r t h

a n d W e s t , a n d i n t h e B r i t i s h I s l e s . " - P o o l e , A n g l o -

I s r a e l , p . 1 3 1 .

F o r a n o t h e r J e w i sh t e s t i m o n y c o n s ul t B ri ti sh a nd J ew is h

Fraternity, b y R e v . E l i e s e r B a s s i n , i s s u e d b y t h e N o r -

thern British-Israel Council, 1 9 0 9 , price id .

It is to these islands the Hebrew Scriptures point as the

h o m e o f t h e p e o p l e " w h o we r e le f t of t h e sw o rd " a ft e r

t h e y h a d p a s s e d t h r o u g h E u r o p e . I s a i a h x x i v . 1 3 - 1 6 ,

xl . , x l i . , x l i i . , x l i i i . , 2 1 ;xlix . : Jer . xxxi . 1 - 1 0 ( s e e a n t e ) .

I n t h e Roll of T r a d i t i o n a n d C h r o n o l o g y , a p u d I o l o

x

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1 3 0 P A L E S T I N E I N T O B R I T A I N

M S S . p p . 4 6 , 4 7 , 4 2 5, 42 6 , a r e s e ve r al sa y in g s o f t h e

a n c i e n t B r i t o n s : " G o d l e a d i n g , " " I n t h e n a m e o f G o d , "

" T r u t h i s t r u t h , " " T r u t h w i l l b e c o m e T r u t h , " " Truth

w i l l h a v e i t s p l a c e , " " G o d i s T r u t h , " a n d " G o d i s G o d. "

T h i s b e f o r e c o m i n g i n t o t h e c o u n t r y o f D e f f r o b a n i , o r

w e s t o f t h e E x u i n e , t h e c o u n t r y w h e r e C o n s t a n t i n o p l e

n o w s t a n d s . I n t h i s r e g i o n w e a r e t o l d t h e y a g a i n" r e -

b e l l e d a g a i n s t G o d a n d H i s f u n d a m e n t a l t r u t h s , s i n n i n g

a n d c o m m i t t i n g i n j u s t i c e w i t h d a r i n g t r a n s g r e s s i o n , f o r

which He poured upon them H i s r e t r i b u t i v e v e n g e a n c e .

. . . . T h e n s o m e b e t o o k t o t h e m s e l v e s t h e i r c o n s c i e n c e s ,

recovered to memory the name of the Deity and His

t r u t h s , a n d a d h e r i n g t o t h o s e p r i n c i p l e s , t h e y c o n d u c t e d

themselves under the inf luence of caut ious reason in the i r

s i n k i n g s t a t e . G o d n o w , o u t o f Hi s g r a c e a n d u n u t t e r a b l e

l o v e , i m b u e d t h e m w i t h l a u d a b l e i n t e n t i o n s , p l a c i n g a m o n g

t h e m w i s e a n d h o l y m e n , w h o u n d e r t h e u p h o l d i n g o f G o d

a n d H i s p e a c e a n d i n t h e r e f u g e o f H i s t r u t h a n d j u s t i c e

a c q u i r e d a r i g h t k n o w l e d g e o f e v e r y s u p e r i o r i t y c o n d u c i v e

to the wel l -being of the race of the Cymry . T h u s c i r c u m -

s tanced, they proceeded in the i r adopted course . . . until

t h e y e s c a p e d f r o m t h e n a t i o n s t h a t h a d a s s a i l e d t h e m w i t h

d e v a s t a t i o n a n d p l u n d e r . "

" T h e a c h i e v e m e n t o f H u G a d a r n w a s f o r m i n g s o c i a l

o r d e r .

F o r t h e C y m r y o f t h e i s l a n d o f B r i t a i n .

F o r t h e i r r e m o v a l f r o m D e f f r o b a n i . "

I o l o M S S p . 669 .

The above is quoted from T h e T r a d i t i o n a l H i s t o r y o f

t h e C y m r y , b y t h e R e v . J o h n W i l l i a m s a b I t h e l , M .A ., 1 8 6 7 .

A H e b r e w s e n t e n c e a m o n g s t t h e s e C y m r y w a s " G o y i m

Ya h v e h "-people of Jehovah . I n t h e " Gwawd Liud"

t h e y c a l l t h e m s e l v e s b y a H e b r e w n a m e , B r i t h a n , i n a

s t a n z a a l t o g e t h e r H e b r e w .

I n t h e P l a i n y r A i p h t , Arch . Myv 1 . 4 0 - s e e B a r b e r ' s

S u g g e s t i o n s o n t h e A n c i e n t B r i t o n s , p . 178-we have

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1 3 2 P A L E S T I N E I N T O B R I T A I N

p r o c l a i m e d i t a s t h e i r r e l i g i o n , a n d c a l l e d i t s e l f C h r i s t i a n

af ter the name of Chr is t , was Br i ta in . "

P O L Y D O R EV E R G I L ,

i n t h e r e i g n o f H e n r y V I I . , a n d

a f t e r h i m CARDINAL P O L E ( A . D . 1 5 5 5 ) , both rigid Roman

C a t h o l i c s , a f f i r m e d i n P a r l i a m e n t , t h e l a t t e r i n h i s a d d r e s s

t o P H I L I P a n d M A R Y , t h a t " B r i t a i n w a s t h e f i r s t o f a l l

count r ies to rece ive the Chr i s t ian fa i th . "

G E N E B R A R D remarks :-" The glory of Britain con-

s i s ted no t on ly in th i s , tha t she was the f i r s t count ry which

i n a n a t i o n a l c a p a c i t y p u b l i c l y p r o f e s s e d h e r s e l f C h r i s t i a n ,

b u t s h e m a d e t h i s c o n f e s s i o n w h e n t h e R o m a n e m p i r e i t s e l f

w a s P a g a n , a n d a c r u e l p e r s e c u t o r o f C h r i s t i a n i t y . "

" T h e K i n g d o m o f G o d c o m e t h n o t w i t h o b s e r v a t i o n. "

B r i t a i n p r e s e n t e d a g o o d a s y l u m f r o m p e r s e c u t i o n e v e n

at tha t ear ly t ime . B u t t h a t v e r y e a r l y , t h e G o s p e l c a m e

b y t h e h a n d s o f H e b r e w s i s b o r n e o u t b y t h e f i n d i n g o f

t w o m e d a l s b e a r i n g t h e e f f i g i e s o f o u r L o r d , w i t h o u t a

h a l o ; o n e o f t h e s e w a s u n e a r t h e d a t C o r k , i n 1 8 1 2 , u n d e r

t h e f o u n d a t i o n o f o n e o f t h e v e r y f i r s t C h r i s t i a n m o n a s -

t e r ies ever bu i l t in I re land ; the o ther under the ru in of a

Druidica l c i rc le a t Bryn-gwin, in Anglesea , about the same

t i m e . Antiquarians inform us that the Hebrew letter

" A l e p h " o n th e ob v er s e s i d e t o th e ri g h t o f th e ef f i gy

o f o n e o f t h e s e , g i v e s t h e d a t e a s t h e f i r s t y e a r a f t e r t h e

r e s u r r e c t i o n , t h e o t h e r H e b r e w l e t t e r s s i g n i f y i n g J e s u s ,

o n t h e l e f t : t h e w o r d M e s s i a s i s o n t h e c o l l a r , a n d t h e

r e v e r s e s i d e h a s a n i n s c r i p t i o n i n H e b r e w , r e n d e r e d t h u s ,

" M e s si a h t h e P r i nc e , c a m e i n p e ac e , a n d m a n, l i f e , f o r

man became . " T h e o t h e r m e d a l t h e i n s c r i p t i o n i s d i f f e r e n t

b u t a l s o i n H e b r e w , a n d r e a d s , " Nought in Thee was

f o u n d w o r t h y o f D i v i n e w r a t h , " a n d t h e r e i s n o l e t t e r i n g

o n e i t h e r s i d e o n t h e o b v e r s e .

W h e n t h e K i n g d o m o f G o d w a s t a k e n f r o m t h e J e w s i n

A .D . 7 0 , a n o t h e r n a t i o n , Israel, h a d a l r e a d y r e c e i v e d i t .

T h i s n a t i o n i n p r o c e s s o f t i m e w a s t o b r i n g f o r t h t h e f r u i t s

o f t h e k i n g d o m . M a t t . x x i , 4 3 .

T h u s c l e a r l y i t i s s h o w n t h a t " T h i s p e o p l e h a v e I

f o r m e d f o r M y s e l f : t h e y s h a l l s h o w f o r t h M y p r a i s e . "

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" O T H E R S H E E P I H AV E W H I C H A R E

NOT OF THIS FOLD"

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" O T H E R S H E E P I H A V E W H I C H A R E N O TO F

T H I S F O L D "

T H E G AT H E R I N G OF T H E S C A T T E R E DF L O C K INTO TH E

BRITISH ISLES

Wp e d

A T d i d C a i a p h a s m e a n i n J o h n x i . 5 0 , " I t i s e x -

i e n t t h a t o n e m a n s h o u l d d i e f o r t h e p e o p l e a n d

that the whole nation perish not," " And not for that

nat ion only, but that a lso He should gather together in

o n e t h e c h i l d r e n o f G o d t h a t w e r e s c a t t e r e d a b r o a d? "

Y o u w o u l d n o t s a y t h a t C a i a p h a s d i d n o t r e c o g n i s e t h e

" lost sheep of the House of Israel," then scattered abroad,

a n d d i s t i n g u i s h e d b e t w e e n t h e J e w s a n d t h e s e s c a t t e r e d

ones . E v i d e n t l y C a i a p h a s k n e w o f t h o s e o t h e r s h e e p

which were not of th is Jewish fo ld . I t i s t h e s e o u r b l e s s e d

L o r d a l l u d e d t o i n J o h n x . 16 : " O t h e r s h e e p I h a v e

which are not of this fold, them also I must br ing, and

they shall hear my voice, and there shall be one flock, one

s h e p h e r d ." In t h i s v e r y c o n t e x t H e s h o w s t h a tH i s

s h e e p f r o m a m o n g s t t h e J e w s s h o u l d h e a r H i s v o i c e a s

w e l l a s t h e " o t h e r s h e e p , " t h o s e t o w h o m H e s e n t H i s

d i s c i p l e s , " t h e l o s t s h e e p o f t h e H o u s e o f I s r a e l " ( M a t t .

x . 6 ) , " f o r w h o m H e e s p e c i a l l y c a m e " ( M a tt . x v . 24 ;

Ezek . x x x i v .), " those scat tered ones " (Jer . x x x i . 1 0 , 1 1 ) .

A s w e h a v e s e e n , " S h e e p " i s a n a m e e x c e p t i o n a l l y

a p p l i e d t o I s r a e l . T h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e s a m e b y o u r

L o r d i s c o n f i r m e d i n J o h n x x i . , w h e r e h e te l l s S t . P e t e r t o

"feed my lambs," "feed my sheep ." St . Pe ter in h is

first epistle, writing to these lost sheep scattered through-

o u t P o n t u s , G a l a t i a , C a p p a d o c i a , A s i a , a n d B i t h y n i a ,

c a ll s t he m " E l e c t a cc o r di n g t o t h e f or e k n ow l e d ge o f G o d."

H e d e c l a r e s t h e m " a c h o s e n r a c e , a r o y a l p r i e s t h o o d , a

h o l y n a t i o n , a p e c u l i a r p e o p l e , " a n d d e s c r i b e s t h e m a s

18 4

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" O T H E R S H E E PI H A V E " 1 3 5

h a v i n g o n c e g o n e a s t r a y a s s h e e p , b u t n o w ( i n h i s t i m e )

r e t u r n e d u n t o t h e S h e p h e r d a n d B i s h o p o f t h e i r s o u l s.

The genera l v iew is tha t these few (2) became in terspersed

a m o n g s t m a n k i n d a n d h a v e s i n c e d i e d o u t. A most un-

l i k e l y t h i n g , t o s a y t h e l e a s t . T a k i n g J e w s a n d t h e d i s -

p e r s e d a m o n g t h e G e n t i l e s ( H e b r e w s ) w h o b e l i e v e d o n t h e

L o r d J e s u s , t h i s c h o s e n r a c e , t h i s r o y a l p r i e s t h o o d , t h i s

holy nation-vanished ! H o w u n l i k e G o d , w h o p r o -

m i s e d t h a t t h e s e e d o f t h e r i g h t e o u s s h o u l d b e b l e s s e d.

B u t w e k n o w t h e s e w e n t t o t h e i r b r e t h r e n a n d p r o c l a i m e d

t h e G o s p e l , a s t o l d i n I s a i a h x l v i i i . a n d J e r . v i . 1 ; t h e s e

so-ca l led " G a l i l e a n s " i n c o n t e m p t , w e r e j o i n e d b y t h e

m a n y w h o r e p e n t e d a f t e r t h e H o l y S p i r i t c a m e ( A c t s i i .

4 1 , iv . 32, v . 1 4 , v i . 7 , e tc . , et c .) . Of th is union his tory i s

a p p a r e n t l y s i l e n t , b u t p r o p h e c y i m p l i e s i t , a n d t h e E p i s t l e s

o f H e b r e w s , J a m e s a n d P e t e r , a s w e l l a s R e v e l a t i o n v i i.,

conf i rm i t . S o t h e 8 0 t h P s a l m - r e a l i s i n g t o t h e f u l l t h e

p r o p h e c y o f G e n e s i s x l v i i i . 2 0 , " In thee shall Israel bless,

s a y i n g , G o d m a k e t h e e a s E p h r a i m a n d M a n a s s e h , " a n d

a l s o D e u t e r o n o m y x x x i i i . 1 2 , " T h e B e l o v e d o f t h e L o r d

s h a l l d w e l l i n s a f e t y b y h i m ; a n d t h e L o r d s h a l l c o v e r

h i m a l l t h e d a y l o n g , a n d h e s h a l l d w e l l b e t w e e n h i s

s h o u l d e r s " - s p e a k i n g o f B e n j a m i n , s a y s : " G i v e e a r ,

O S h e p h e r d o f I s r a e l , t h o u t h a t l e a d e s t J o s e p h l i k e a f l o c k ;

t h o u t h a t d w e l l e s t b e t w e e n t h e c h e r u b i r n s , s h i n e f o r t h .

Before Ephraim, Benjamin and Manasseh stir up thy

s t r e n g t h a n d c o m e a n d s a v e u s. " T h a t t h i s h a s t o d o

w i t h t h e A t o n e m e n t w r o u g h t f o r u s i s e v i d e n t f r o m t h e

words in verses 14-17, ending wi th "L e t t h y h a n d b e u p o n

t h e m a n o f t h y r i g h t h a n d , u p o n t h e S o n o f M a n w h o m

t h o u m a d e s t s o s t r o n g f o r t h y s e l f " (Isa . x l v i i i .1 , 9 - 1 2 , 1 6 ,

20 ; Je r . v i . 1 ; Z e c h . xi . 4 , 7, 11, 14 ; Is a . ix . 1, 2, 8 , 9 a ) .

N A M E S U N D E R W H I C H ISRAEL " L O S T " W E R E C A L L E D

T h e t w o i n c l u s i v e n a m e s w e r e K i m m e r i a n s a n d S a k a i ,

or by Herodotus known as Scythians . It must not be

a s s u m e d t h a t a l l t h e s e K i m m e r i a n s o r S c y t h i a n s w e r e

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13 6 "O T H E R S H E E P I H A V E "

H e b r e w s , b u t t h e y w e r e t h e m o t i v e p o w e r , a s p r o v e d f r o m

t h e f a c t t h a t t h e K i m m e r i a n s w h o w e r e s u p p o s e d t o b e

G o m e r i , G i m i r r a , w e r e q u i e s c e n t u n t i l I s r a e l c a m e a m o n g s t

t h e m. T h e f i r s t w e h e a r o f t h e m i s f r o m E s a r h a d d o n ' s

d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e e n e m i e s o f A s s y r i a , a s a l r e a d y s t a t e d .

T h e y w e r e p r e s e n t a t t h e o v e r t h r o w o f N i n e v e h , a n d m u c h

l a t e r o n a t t h e t a k i n g o f B a b y l o n u n d e r C y r u s. I n I s a i a h

x i i i . 3 a n a m e , CADUSI ( " m y s a n c t i f i e d o n e s "), is applied,

w h i c h o c c u r s i n Z e n o p h o n i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e S a c a i .

O n a n i n s c r i p t i o n i n H e b r e w w i t h P a l i c h a r a c t e r s , o n t h e

w a l l o f a r o c k t e m p l e i n K a n a r i , a b o u t t w e n t y m i l e s f r o m

B o m b a y , o c c u r t h e n a m e s S a k a , D a n a n d G o t h a i n c o n n e c -

t i o n w i t h t h e d e v a s t a t i o n w r o u g h t u p o n t h e s e b y C y r u s .

( T h e L o s t T r i b e s o r S a x o n s o f t h e E a s t a n d o f t h e W e s t , by

George Moore. ) F o r s t e r , i n O n e P r i m e v a l L a n g u a g e ,

says : " T h e t r i b e s o f S i m e o n , E p h r a i m a n d M a n a s s e h

s e t t l e d o n t h e N .E . o f t h e C a s p i a n S e a . " T h i s i s t h e

r e g i o n w h e r e w e f i n d t h e M a s s a g e t c e . Ano the r peop le

e m a n a t i n g f r o m I s r a e l i s t h e B u d i i ( H e b . " s e p a r a t e d ") .

S o m e o f t h e s e S a k a i a n d B u d i i c a m e s o u t h . Th e se le f t a

c u r i o u s d e v i c e o n t h e g a t e s o f t h e l a r g e t o p e a t S a n c h i ,

or Sachi , ca l led the S ta r Banner . T h i s b a n n e r , c o m p o s e d o f

t w o U n i o n J a c k s o n e a b o v e t h e o t h e r o n t h e r i g h t a n d a

b a n n e r o f s t a r s o n t h e l e f t , s u r m o u n t s t h e L i o n a n d U n i c o r n

w i t h a s h i e l d o r U n i o n J a c k b e t w e e n t h e m . T h i s S a c h i i s

t w e n t y m i l e s n o r t h - e a s t o f B h o p a l , a n d t h e d e v i c e g o e s

b a c k t o 3 0 0 B .C . We h a v e , a g a i n , t h e i n s c r i p t i o n s a t G i r n a r

a n d D e l h i , w h i c h h a v e t h e n a m e s u p o n t h e m o f D a n , S a k

a n d G o t h . W e f i n d t r a c e s o f t h e s e a b o u t 1 0 0 B .C .

Again, Dr . M o o r e , r e f e r r i n g t o C o l o n e l R a w l i n s o n ' s

r e a d i n g o f t h e b l a c k o b e l i s k o n w h i c h a p p e a r s e v e r a l n a m e s ,

w h i c h w e r e H e b r e w : " The people, or at least their leader,

a p p e a r t o b e n a m e d E s a k s k a . " ( I s a a c . ) T h e b a t t l e s p o k e n

o f h e d a t e s a b o u t 670 B .C ., a n d a r g u e s t h a t t h e s e p e o p l e

c a l l e d A r i a n s w e r e H e b r e w s , a n d b y t h e P e r s i a n s c a l l e d

S a k a i . H e t h e n a s s e r t s t h e s e a r e t h e S a c a s u n i o f A r m e n i a ,

i d e n t i f i e d b y P l i n y a s t h e s a m e p e o p l e , a l s o S t r a b o . These

h e c o n n e c t s w i t h t h e S a x o n s o f E n g l a n d . Ptolemy men-

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" O T H E R S H E E P I H A V E " 1 8 9

E s t h s a n d L a p p s . T h e C y m r y , o r r a t h e r t h e C e l t i c h o r d e s

g e n e r a l l y ( f o r i n t h e n a m e o f C i m m e r i i m a y h a v e b e e n

i n c l u d e d m a n y C e l t i c t r i b e s n o t o f t h e C y m r i c b r a n c h ) ,

s p r e a d t h e m s e l v e s b y d e g r e e s o v e r t h e v a s t p l a i n s o f

C e n t r a l E u r o p e l y i n g b e t w e e n t h e A l p s o n t h e o n e s i d e

a n d t h e B a l t i c S e a a n d t h e G e r m a n O c e a n o n t h e o t h e r .

I t p r o b a b l y r e q u i r e d a f r e s h i m p u l s i o n f r o m t h e e a s t t o

p r o p e l t h e C e l t s y e t f u r t h e r w e s t w a r d , a n d t o m a k e t h e m

o c c u p y t h e r e m o t e r r e g i o n s o f G a u l , S p a i n a n d B r i t a i n .

T h i s i m p u l s i o n s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n g i v e n b y t h e G o t h s

a n d a l s o t h e T e u t o n s , w h o b y d e g r e e s p o s s e s s e d t h e m s e l v e s

o f t h e c o u n t r i e s b e t w e e n t h e D a n u b e a n d t h e B a l t i c "

( R a w l i n s o n ' s Herodotus) .T h e s e C e l t s , a s t h e y p u r s u e d

t h e i r w a y s o u t h w a r d , c a m e a c r o s s t h e L i g u r i a n s , a n d i n

S p a i n t h e I b e r i a n s ; b o t h t h e s e w e r e o f f s h o o t s o f t h e s a m e

o r i g i n a l r a c e s o m e c e n t u r i e s b e f o r e . The Celts and the

G a u l s w e r e a k i n d r e d p e o p l e ; t h e y c r o s s e d t h e A l p s i n t o

I t a l y , o v e r r a n t h e w h o l e o f m i d d l e a n d l o w e r I t a l y , p u s h i n g

t h e m s e l v e s e v e n i n t o S i c i l y . W e c o m e a c r o s s t h e B r e t a n n i

i n t h e s o u t h o f I t a l y l o n g b e f o r e . About 280 B .C . vast

h o r d e s o f G a u l s e n t e r e d M a c e d o n i a a n d t h r e a t e n e d G r e e c e .

R e p u l s e d a t A d e l p h i , t h e y c r o s s e d t h e D a r d a n e l l e s , i n -

v a d i n g A s i a M i n o r , a n d p e r m a n e n t l y s e t t l e d i n P h r y g i a

a n d G a l a t i a . H e r e t h e y w e r e a t t h e t i m e th a t t h e G o s p e l

w a s b e i n g p r e a c h e d . T h e S c y t h i a n s t o o k p o s s e s s i o n o f

t h e l a n d d e s e r t e d b y t h e C i m m e r i a n s , b u t t h e l a t t e r l e f t

t h e i r n a m e t h e r e ; t o t h i s d a y t h e r e i s a C i m m e r i a n f e r r y , a

t r a c t c a l l e d C i m m e r i a , a C i m m e r i a n B o s p h o r u s a n d C r i m e a .

I t a p p e a r s l i k e w i s e t h a t s o m e C i m m e r i a n s , w h e n t h e y f l e d

i n t o A s i a ( M i n o r ) t o e s c a p e t h e S c y t h s , m a d e a s e t t l e m e n t

in the peninsula where the Greek c i ty of Sinope was af ter-

w a r d s b u i l t . The main body of the Cimmerians went

w e s t w a r d , a s w e h a v e s t a t e d . T h e r e w a s a l r e a d y a C i m -

m e r i a n s e t t l e m e n t i n T h r a c e l o n g b e f o r e , o f f s h o o t s f r o m

w h i c h h a d p r e v i o u s l y c r o s s e d t h e C i m m e r i a n S e a i n t o

C o l c h i s , a n d g o n e a s f a r a s M e d i a . T h e s e a r e c a l l e d G r e e k s

a n d a r e k n o w n a s A r g i v e a n d t h e A r g o n a u t i c E x p e d i t i o n .

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1 4 0 " O T H E R S H E E P I H A V E "

T h e r e i s a t e n d e n c y t o b r u s h o v e r t h i s s t o r y a n d m a k e

Homer wri te near ly 200 years after his supposed existence;

b u t , a c c e pt i n g a s w e d o wh a t C o l . G a w l e r h a s be e n a t s u c h

l e n g t h a n d l a b o u r t o e s t a b l i s h c o n c e r n i n g t h e p e r e g r i n a -

t i o n s o f D a n , w e a s s e r t t h a t K i m m e r i m i s t h e n a m e o f

t h e s e " idolatrous " ( K e m a r i m ) o f f s h o o t s o f I s r a e l . H o w -

e v e r , l e t e v e r y m a n h a v e h i s o w n o p i n i o n . The Cimme-

r i a n s w e r e i n E u r o p e l o n g b e f o r e t h e S c y t h i a n s p u s h e d t h e

K i m m e r i a n ( I s r a e l o f t h e c a p t i v i t y ) t o t h e w e s t w a r d f r o m

t h e r e g i o n o f t h e C a s p i a n.

I w i l l h e d g e u p t h y w a y w i t h

t h o r n s.

So that they shall not find their paths . T h a t i s ,

t h e y s h a l l b e c o n s t a n t l y d r i v e n W e s t w a r d b y a n E a s t

w i n d , i n t o t h e i r p l a c e , t h e B r i t i s h I s l a n d s .

I n O r i g i n e s C e l t i c c e , Vo l. II . , p . 3 , we read

( s u p r a , p . 2 3 ) :-

• The Brython . - A c c o r d i n g t o P a r t h e n i u s ( E r o t i c a ,

c . 3 0 ) , H e r a k l e s , a s h e w a s p a s s i n g t h r o u g h t h e c o u n t r y o f

the Kel toi , v is i ted Bretannos, who had a daughter named

K e l t i n e . This daughter fell in love with Heracles, and had

b y h i m a s o n n a m e d K e l t o s , f r o m w h o m t h e K e l t o i r e -

c e i v e d t h e i r n a m e ."

• The Brython . . . . b e c a m e a c q u a i n t e d w i t h t h e

T y r i a n H e r a k l e s , o r , i n o t h e r w o r d s , w i t h t h e P h o e n i c i a n

t r a d e r s , " e t c .

• I t h i n k w e m a y i n f e r t h a t t h e B r e t a n n i a n d C i m b r i

w e r e m e r e l y d i f f e r e n t n a m e s f o r t h e s a m e p e o p l e ."

T h e r e i s e v i d e n t l y a f o r m e r s t o c k o f C i m b r i , f o l l o w e d b y

a later, Cimmerii ; the first never went into captivity, the

other did .

D a v i e s , i n C e l t i c R e s e a r c h e s , d e r i v e s t h e n a m e C y m r i o r

K i m m e r i i f r o m G o m e r i . This is as it should be if Israel

c a m e i n t o t h e I s l e s a n d w e r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h G o m e r ( H o s .

i . 3 ; Isa . xxiv . 13-16a ; a n d 2Sa m . vii . 1 0 ) .

T h e T r i a d s .-1 . The three pillars of the race of the Is -

land of Britain . " T h e f i r s t , H u Gadarn, who f i rs t brought

the race of the Cymry into the Island of Britain ; a n d t h e y

c a m e f r o m t h e l a n d o f H a v, c a l l e d Defrobani ( w h e r e C o n -

s tant inople s tands) ."

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1 4 2 O T H E R S H E E P I H A V E .'

" Zadok the Levi te , son of Moses , d ied 4 ,000 years af ter

t h e C r e a t i o n , 7 8 5 of our exile . "

T h e Z a r a i t e e r a o f t h e C r e a t i o n , m a k i n g t h a t e v e n t 3 9 11

B .C .

These Br i tons and Saxons hav ing worked the i r way

a c r o s s E u r o p e , a n d u n d e r v a r i o u s d e s i g n a t i o n s s e t t l i n g

i n t h e N o r t h - W e s t o f E u r o p e , a r e l o c a t e d b y i n s c r i p t i o n s

( in the A r c h a e o l o g i c a l J o u r n a l , N o . 1 5 7 , 1 8 8 3 )which we

h a v e r e f e r r e d t o a l r e a d y i n T h e C o v e n a n t P e o p l e , Vo l .

X V I ., pp . 1 8 5 , 1 8 9 a n d e l s e w h e r e .

F r o m h e r e t h e y c a m e o v e r a s S a x o n s , F r i s i a n s , J u t e s ,

A n g l i a n s , D a n e s , a n d f i n a l l y a s N o r m a n s .

L a t h a m , i n h i s E t h n o l o g y o f t h e B r i t i s h I s l e s , s h o w s t h a t

t h r o u g h o u t t h e w h o l e l e n g t h a n d b r e a d t h o f G e r m a n y t h e r e i s

n o t o n e v i l l a g e , h a m l e t , o r f a m i l y w h i c h c a n s h o w d e f i n i t e

s i g n s o f d e s c e n t f r o m t h e C o n t i n e n t a l a n c e s t o r s o f t h e A n g l e s

of England " ( p . 2 1 7 ) . " T h e G e r m a n . . . i s not to be

found wi th in the four seas " ( p . 2 5 9 ) .

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R A C E A M A L G A M A T I O N

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R A C E A M A L G A M A T I O N 1 4 5

n a t i o n i s d e m o n s t r a t e d f r o m t h e p o i n t o f v i e w a n d t h e u s e

o f e v i d e n c e s s a n c t i o n e d b y t h e m o s t r e c e n t l a b o u r s o f

s c i e n c e ."

" T h a t t h e E n g l i s h p e o p l e e m b r a c e a m u c h l a r g e r i n f u -

s ion of Ancient Br i t i sh b lood than Engl ish h is tor ians have

b e e n a c c u s t o m e d t o r e c o g n i s e , a n d t h a t s o m e o f t h e m o s t

v a l u a b l e a t t r i b u t e s - p h y s i c a l , i n t e l l e c t u a l , a n d m o r a l -

of the `True Briton,' are owing to this fact. "

Quo t ing Pro fesso r Hux ley, who says empha t i ca l ly,

" I n B r it a i n th e T e ut o n ic d i a le c t s ha v e o ve r p ow e r ed t h e

p r e - e x i s t i n g f o r m s o f s p e e c h , a n d t h e p e o p l e a r e v a s t l y l e s s

• T e u t o n i c ' t h a n t h e i r l a n g u a g e . " O f t h e p r a c t i c e o f

s p e a k i n g o f t h e p r e s e n t i n h a b i t a n t s o f B r i t a i n a s a n

• A n g l o - S a x o n " p e o p l e , h e s a y s , " It is, in fact, just as

a b s u r d a s t h e h a b i t o f t a l k i n g o f t h e F r e n c h p e o p l e a s a

` L a t i n ' r a c e b e c a u s e t h e y s p e a k a l a n g u a g e w h i c h i s i n

t h e m a i n d e r i v e d f r o m L a t i n " ( C r i t i q u e s a n d A d d r e s s , p p .

1 7 6 and 177) .

On p . 2 7 h e q uo te s S ir F . Pa lgrave ' s E n g l i s h C o m m o n -

w e a l t h , I ., p . 35 : " B r i t o n s , A n g l o - S a x o n s , D a n e s a n d N o r -

m a n s w e r e a l l r e l a t i o n s ; h o w e v e r h o s t i l e , t h e y w e r e a l l

k i n s m e n , s h e d d i n g k i n d r e d b l o o d . "

P . 33 : " T h e r e s e a r c h e s o f m o d e r n h i s t o r i a n s u n e q u i -

v o c a l l y f a v o u r t h e o p i n i o n t h a t u n d e r t h e n a m e s o f K E A r a s ,

r a A a r a c , G a u l s , G a e l s , G w y d d y l s , C e l t s , C i m m e r i i , C i m b r i ,

Cymry, Brython, Llcegr ians , Scots and Pic ts , only one race

u n d e r d i f f e r e n t t r i b e o r c l a n d i v i s i o n s , p o l i t i c a l o r g a n i s a -

tions, and periods of existence is spoken of . . . h e n c e . . .

o n e p e o p l e ."

P. 58 :

" W e h a v e a c c o m p l i s h e d t h i s p o r t i o n o f o u r t a s k .

T h e s u b s t a n t i a l u n i t y o f r a c e o f t h e e a r l y i n h a b i t a n t s o f

B r i t a i n h a s b e e n s h o w n . T h e m u l t i f a r i o u s t r i b e s , a l l o f

o n e k i n d r e d , t h o u g h a r r i v e d f r o m d i f f e r e n t c o u n t r i e s ,

a c r o s s d i f f e r e n t s e a s , a t d i f f e r e n t p e r i o d s o f t i m e , w e e m -

b ra ce un de r t he on e g en er al de si gn at io n, A N CI E NT

BRITONS ."

P . 2 7 1 : " T h o u g h w e a r e a c c u s t o m e d t o l o o k u p o n t h e

K

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1 4 6 R A C EA M A L G A M A T I O N

N o r m a n s a s a n e w p e o p l e , d i s t i n c t f r o m t h e S a x o n s a n d

t h e D a n e s , i t m u s t n o w b e k e p t i n m i n d t h a t t h e y w e r e s o

i n r e a l i t y , a s f a r a s t h e y w e r e N o r m a n s , o n l y a s a r r i v i n g i n

B r i t a i n a t a l a t e r t i m e a n d f r o m a d i f f e r e n t d i r e c t i on , a n d

s w a y e d b y o p p o s i t e i n t e r e s t s . A s t h e D a n e s w e r e b r e t h r e n ,

t h o u g h n o t l o v i n g - t o t h e S a x o n s , J u t e s a n d A n g l e s , s o

w e r e t h e o l d p u r e N o r m a n s b r e t h r e n , o r r a t h e r s o n s -

t h o u g h n e i t h e r l o v i n g n o r f i l i a l - t o t h e D a n e s . T h e

N o r t h m e n , o r D a n e s , w h o h a d f o r a g e s b e e n t h e p l a g u e o f

B r i t o n s a n d A n g l o - S a x o n s , a n d b o r e r u l e i n t h e c o u n t r y

w h e n W i l l i a m d e m a n d e d t h e c r o w n , w e r e t h e s a m e p e o p l e

e t h n i c a l l y . . . "

P . 2 7 2 : " T h e N o r m a n s b e c a m e q u i t e a s m u c h C e l t s a s

t he Ce l t s became Normans ; t h e p o p u l a t i o n g r e w ; a

f e e l i n g o f k i n d r e d a l s o p r e v a i l e d b e t w e e n t h e o l d i n h a b i -

t a n t s o f N o r m a n y a n d t h o s e o f B r i t t a n y , f o r o r i g i n a l l y

t h e y w e r e t h e s a m e C e l t i c r a c e . "

P . 506 : " T h e f un d a me n t al r u l e of s c i en c e , wh e t he r i n

h i s t o r y o r e l s e w h e r e , i s n o t w h a t h a s b e e n b e l i e v e d , b u t

w h a t i s t r u e . The inquiry in to what i s t rue on the present

s u b j e c t d i s c o v e r s a s t r o n g l i n k o f r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e

C y m r y a n d t h e E n g l i s h . "

W e c a m e a c r o s s t h e f o l l o w i n g i n t h e B a n n e r o f I s r a e l

P r o f e s s o r H u x l e y , i n R a c i a l O r i g i n s , says: "

T h e i n v a -

s i o n o f t h e S a x o n s , t h e G o t h s , t h e D a n e s , a n d t h e N o r m a n s

changed the language of Br i ta in , but added no new physica l

e l e m e n t . T h e r e f o r e w e s h o u l d n o t t a l k a n y m o r e o f C e l t s

a n d S a x o ns , f o r t h e y a r e a l l o n e . I n e v e r l o s e a n o p p o r -

tun i ty of roo t ing up the fa l se idea tha t the Cel t s and Saxons

are different races . "

A g a i n : " I m i s s n o o p p o r t u n i t y o f u p r o o t i n g t h e n o t i o n

t h a t t h e p e o p l e w h o f o r m t h e B r i t i s h N a t i o n a r e d e s c e n d e d

f r o m v a r i o u s r a c e s . A l l t h e d e t a c h m e n t s w h o f l o w e d i n t o

B r i t a i n a r e b r a n c h e s o f t h e s e l f - s a m e s t o c k ."

T h e e d i t o r o f t h e Banner, o n b e i n g a p p l i e d t o , w a s k i n d

e n o u g h t o r e p l y i n t e r a l i a: " A l t h o u g h t h i s s t a t e m e n t

does not appear in any of Huxley 's books that I have read,

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R A C E A M A L G A M A T I O N 1 4 7

i t i s i n t h e r e p o r t o f a l e c t u r e b y h i m a t S t . G e o r g e ' s H a l l ,

L o n d o n , g i v e n i n a w o r k c a l l e d Unorthodox London, b y

t h e R e v . C . M . D a v i s . "

I n H i s t o r y o f t h e N o r m a n C o n q u e s t , B o o k I I ., by Thierry,

o c c u r s : " S u c h w a s t h e f i r s t a p p e a r a n c e i n E n g l a n d o f t h e

N o r t h e r n p i r a t e s , c a l l e d D a n e s o r N o r m a n s , a c c o r d i n g t o

as they came f rom the i s land of the Bal t ic Sea or f rom the

c o a s t o f N o r w a y . T h e y d e s c e n d e d f r o m t h e s a m e P r i m i -

t i v e r a c e a s t h e A n g l o - S a x o n s ."

I n t h e A r c h c e o l o g i c a l J o u r n a l , N o . 1 5 7 , 1 8 8 3 , t h e R e v .

J o s e p h H i r s t , q u o t i n g f r o m a l e a r n e d w o r k o n t h e B r i t o n s

a n d t h e C i m b r i b y D r . V i n c e n z o d e V i t , p u b l i s h e d i n 1 8 8 2

a t Mi lan , shows severa l t r ibes of Br i tons on the Cont inent in

t h e f i r s t c e n t u r y A . D . T h e s e p o s s e s s e d t h e i s l a n d o f

J u t l a n d , t h e n n a m e d a f t e r t h e m B r i t t i a , a n d f r o m h e n c e

c a m e t h e A n g l e s , S a x o n s a n d F r i s i a n s .

F r e e m a n s t a t e s i n The Origin of the English Nation

" T r i b e a f t e r t r i b e , A n g l e s , S a x o n s , J u t e s , F r i s i a n s , p o u r e d

a c r o s s t h e s e a t o m a k e n e w h o m e s i n t h e I s l e o f B r i t a i n . "

" T h u s g r e w u p t h e E n g l i s h n a t i o n - a n a t i o n f o r m e d b y

t h e u n i o n o f v a r i o u s t r i b e s o f t h e s a m e s t o c k . T h e D a n e

h a r d l y n e e d e d a s s i m i l a t i o n , h e w a s a n o t h e r k i n d r e d t r i b e ,

c o m i n g l a t e r t h a n t h e o t h e r s . Even the Norman was a

kinsman ."

Dr . Kei th , F .R . S ., i n a n a r t i c l e i n t h e w e e k l y G r a p h i c ,

D e c e m b e r 4 t h , 1 9 1 5 , s a i d : " I t i s u n d e n i a b l e , f r o m a n

a n t h r o p o l o g i s t ' s p o i n t o f v i e w , t h a t B r i t i s h a n d G e r m a n s

b e l o n g t o o p p o s i t e E u r o p e a n t y p e s . "

Dr . L a t h a m , E t h n o l o g y o f t h e B r i t i s h I s l a n d s , p . 2 1 7 ,

says : " T h r o u g h o u t t h e w h o l e l e n g t h a n d b r e a d t h o f

G e r m a n y t h e r e i s n o t o n e v i l l a g e , h a m l e t , o r f a m i l y w h i c h

c a n s h o w d e f i n i t e s i g n s o f d e s c e n t f r o m t h e c o n t i n e n t a l

a n c e s t o r s o f t h e A n g l e s o f E n g l a n d . T h e r e i s n o t a m a n ,

w o m a n , o r c h i l d w h o c a n s a y , ` I h a v e p u r e A n g l e b l o o d i n

m y v e i n s .' "

On p . 2 5 9 : " H o w e ve r e as y i t m a y be , e it h e r a m o n g t h e

G a e l s o f C o n n a u g h t o r t h e C a m b r o - B r i t o n s o f N o r t h W a l e s ,

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14 8R A C E A M A L G A M A T I O N

t o f i n d a t y p i c a l a n d G e n u i n e K e l t , t h e G e r m a n , e q u a l l y

g e n u i n e a n d t y p i c a l , w h o m w r i t e r s l o v e t o p l a c e i n c o n t r a s t

with h im, i s not to be found wi th in the four seas . "

J o h n R i c h a r d G r e e n , i nThe Making of England, Vol . I .,

p . 5 6 , s a y s : "The whole of the Engle people forsook thei r

earlier seats for the shores of Britain . "

P r o f . S i r W a l t e r R a l e i g h , o f O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y , i n o n e o f

t h e w a r p a m p h l e t s , 1 9 1 4 , s a y s: " T h e al l eg e d c lo s e ki n sh i p

o f E n g l a n d a n d G e r m a n y i s b a s e d o n b a d h i s t o r y a n d d o u b t -

fu l theory " ; a n d f u r t h e r , "The Br i t i sh ha t wi l l no t f i t a

German head ."

P r o f . W . J . R i p l e y , i n h i s w o r k ,The Races of Europe,

states : "T h e s h a p e o f t h e h e a d i s n o w h e l d t o b e o n e o f

t h e b e s t a v a i l a b l e t e s t s o f r a c e k n o w n . . . The mos t

remarkable t ra i t of the popula t ion of the Br i t i sh Is les i s

i n t h e h e a d f o r m , a n de s p e c i a l l y t h e u n i f o r m i t y i n t h i s

r e s p e c t w h i c h i s e v e r y w h e r e m a n i f e s t e d . . . T h e s e f a c t s

i n d i c a t ea r e m a r k a b l e i n v a r i a b i l i t y o f c r a n i a l t y p e c o m p a r e d

w i t h t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d e l s e w h e r e . . . T h u s t h e e t h n o -

l o g i c a l c o m p a r i s o n p r o v e s t h a t t h e Anglo-Saxon peoples

m u s t b e o f a n e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t s t o c k f r o m t h e p r e s e n t

G e r m a n r a c e , a n d t h a t t h e y t h e r e f o r e d o n o t b e l o n g t o t h e

T e u t o n s t o c k ."

T h e M e d i c a l C o r r e s p o n d e n t o fT h e T i m e s , J u n e 6 t h ,

1 9 1 6 , i n a n a r t i c l e o n" T h e S i m i l a r i t y o f E n g l i s h a n d

S c o t t i s h H e a d s , " s a y s : " A n e x t e n s i v e i n v e s t i g a t i o n

on some70 0 s k u l l s f r o m a d i s u s e d C l y d e s i d e g r a v e y a r d

r e v e a l s t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s e a r e i n a l l e s s e n t i a l s i d e n t i c a l

with the Engl ish type of skul l ."

H e q u o t e s D r . Yo u n g , o f G l a s g o w U n i v e r s i t y, w h o s t a t e s

that " S c o t t i s h s k u l l s p r e s e n t e d a n e x c e e d i n g l y c l o s e r e s e m -

blance in the i r genera l form to the se r ies of sku l l s descr ibed

b y D r . R. Macdonald, and known as the Whitechapel

E n g l i s h c r a n i a , w h i c h t h e l a t t e r r e g a r d s a s t h e t y p i c a l

s k u l l o f t h e L o n d o n e r 20 0 y e a r s a g o ."

H e a l s o q u o t e s t h eBritish Medical Journal as saying,

"The more we d ig in to the phys ica l charac te r o f the Engl i sh ,

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R A C E A M A L G A M A T I O N 14 9

S c o t t i s h , W e l s h a n d I r i s h p e o p l e s t h e m o r e d o a n t h r o p o -

l o g i s t s b e c o m e c o n v i n c e d t h a t a l l f o u r n a t i o n a l i t i e s a r e c o m -

p o u n d e d o u t o f e x a c t l y t h e s a m e r a c i a l s t o c k s o f m a n -

k i n d ."

P r o f . R o l a n d G . U s h e r , W a s h i n g t o n U n i v e r s i t y , i n a n

article in Wo m a n ' s Magazine, F e b r u a r y , 1 9 1 5 , on " The

S e c r e t o f E n g l a n d ' s P r e d o m i n a n c e i n E u r o p e , " r e f e r r e d t o

E n g l a n d ' s t e r r i t o r i a l , r a c i a l a n d r e l i g i o u s u n i t y a n d s a i d

"T h e g r e a t e s t a c h i e v e m e n t o f t h e c a r e f u l r e s e a r c h e s o f

t h e l a t e B i s h o p o f O x f o r d i n t o t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l h i s t o r y o f

E n g l a n d w a s t h e c o n c l u s i v e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e f a c t t h a t

b y t h e c l o s e o f t h e 1 3 t h c e n t u r y t h e c o n s c i o u s n e s s i n t h e

p e o p l e o f a n y d i f f e r e n c e i n a n c e s t r y h a d e n t i r e l y d i s a p -

p e a r e d . . . Surely the fact that Englishmen became

c o n s c i o u s o f t h e i r c o m m o n b l o o d i s a s t r i k i n g a n d i m p o r -

t a n t f a c t ."

J a m e s B o n w i c k , i n Th e I r i s h : W h o A r e They? es tab l i shes

t h e P h o e n i c i a n o r i g i n o f t h e I r i s h , a n d q u o t e s H u x l e y u n d e r

the heading of " C el ti c I ri sh ," wh o s ay s : " The a rgument

a b o u t t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e A n g l o - S a x o n s a n d t h e

C e l t s i s a m e r e s h a m a n d a d e l u s i o n . "

In E u r o p e a n a n d O t h e r R a c e s , b y H e r b e r t B r u c e H a n n a y ,

1 9 1 5 (Sampson , Low & Co .), p . 2 44: " I n c o n c l u s i o n , t h e n ,

n o t o n l y d o I d e n y t h a t t h e G e r m a n s a n d t h e E n g l i s h a r e

e t h n i c a l l y i d e n t i c a l , b u t I s h o u l d b e v e r y s o r r y t o b e l i e v e

t h a n a n y b l o o d r e l a t i o n w h a t e v e r e x i s t e d b e t w e e n t h e m a s

r a c e s . "

P . 2 5 6: "

T h i s b o o k i s a n a t t e m p t t o d e m o n s t r a t e

tha t the or ig ins of the var ious peoples who now const i tu te

th e B r i t i s h r a c e - n a m e l y , t h e E n g l i s h , t h e S c o t c h , t h e

Welsh, and the I r i sh of Uls ter (but not the I r i sh proper) ,

s a v e i n s o f a r a s t h e y d e s c e n d e d i n p a r t f r o m t h e D a n e s a n d

t h e l i k e - a r e f o r t h e m o s t p a r t n o t d i v e r s e , a s h a s h i t h e r t o

b e e n h e l d , a n d e s p e c i a l l y n o t G e r m a n , a s w e h a v e s o o f t e n

b e e n t o l d e x - c a t h e d r a , b u t c o m m o n - i n s h o r t , A s i a t i c , i .e .,

G i m i r r i a n and S k u t h i c ."

Th e V e t u s C h r o n i c o n H o l s a t i c e s a y s : "T h e J u t e s a r e

1

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P H Y S I C A L C H A N G E S N O T G O V E R N E D B Y

R A C I A L D E S C E N T M E R E L Y

IN l e c t u r i n g o n t h e o r i g i n o f t h e a n c i e n t B r i t i s h a n d

A n g l o - S a x o n a s b o t h d e r i v a b l e f r o m t h e H e b r e w r a c e ,

w e m u s t r e m e m b e r t h a t t h e C e l t i s s e p a r a t e d f r o m t h e

S a x o n i n h i s a r r i v a l h e r e , b y i n s o m e i n s t a n c e s m o r e t h a n a

t h o u s a n d y e a r s . I f we are r ight , and I thoroughly bel ieve

i t , t h a t t h e a n c i e n t B r i t i s h b u i l t S t o n e h e n g e i n t h e 1 7 t h

c e n t u r y B .C ., w h i c h c o i n c i d e s w i t h t h e f i r s t a r r i v a l o f

H e b r e w s f r o m E g y p t i n t o t h e s e i s l a n d s , a n d a l s o w i t h t h e

very na tura l hes i ta t ion on the par t o f the ch i ldren of Bi lhah

a n d Z i l p a h t o s e r v e u n d e r J o s e p h i n E g y p t ( s e e I E s c h y l u s

S u p p l i c a n t s ) ; a n d t h e s e a r r i v e d b y s e a t a k i n g t h e s o u t h e r n

p a s s a g e t h r o u g h t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n a s m o s t C e l t s a n d G a u l s

d i d , w h e r e a s t h e S a x o n s c a m e p r i n c i p a l l y t h r o u g h E u r o p e

n o r t h w a r d , t h e d i s p a r i t y w o u l d n a t u r a l l y b e v e r y g r e a t .

T h e t h i r t i e t h c h a p t e r o f J o b a n s w e r s t h e q u e s t i o n s a s

t o d e t e r i o r a t i o n a s a l s o v e r s e 3 0 a s t o c o l o u r ( c o m p a r e

L a m e n t a t i o n s i v . 7 - 9 ; v . 1 0 ) . H o l m a n H u n t i n s e a r c h i n g

f o r t h e o r i g i n a l m o d e l f o r a p a t t e r n o f t h e p h y s i c a l t y p e o f

o u r S a v i o u r a r r i v e d a t t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t i t i s n o t t h e

m o d e r n J e w a s h e n o w i s ; t h e A n g l o - S a x o n t y p e h e s e l e c t e d

as the bes t representa t ion . I n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h i s s u b -

j e c t w e a p p e n d t h e f o l l o w i n g

Remarks on The Unity of Man, U r q u h a r t ' s New Biblical

Guide . P r i t c h a r d i n h i s Researches into the Physical

History of Mankind, p r o v e d t h a t s c i e n c e r e f u s e d t o b e r e s -

p o n s i b l e f o r t h e o b j e c t i o n s w h i c h h a d b e e n r a i s e d i n h e r

n a m e . H o w c o m p l e t e l y t h e g r o u n d w a s t a k e n a w a y f r o m

u n d e r t h e f e e t o f t h o s e w h o c o n t e n d e d f o r t h e e x i s t e n c e o f

d i f f e r e n t s p e c i e s o f m e n , m a y b e s e e n f r o m t h e f o l l o w i n g

p a s s a g e e x t r a c t e d f r o m T h e V e s t i g e s o f C r e a t i o n . We n e e d

15 1

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1 5 2R A C E A M A L G A M A T I O N

h a r d l y r e m i n d t h e r e a d e r t h a t T h e V e s t i g e s w a s w r i t t e n t o

a d v o c a t e q u i t e a d i f f e r e n t t h e o r y o f c r e a t i o n f r o m t h a t o f

t h e B i b l e . The Vestiges of Robert Chambers was the

f o r e r u n n e r o f The Origin of Species o f C h a r l e s D a r w i n.

C h a m b e r s ' t h e o r y w a s t h a t t h e r e w e r e t w o o r i g i n s o f m a n ,

" o n e f o r t he A s i a ti c , A m er i c an a n d E u r op e a n v ar i e ti e s ,

a n d a n o t h e r f o r t h e A f r i ca n . " T h e s i g n i f i c a nc e o f w h a t

w e a r e n o w t o q u o t e w i l l t h e r e f o r e b e a p p r e c i a t e d . After

speaking of the s ix leading var ie t ies of the human family,

h e s a y s: " E a ch o f t h e s e i s d i s t in g ui s h e d b y c er t a i n

genera l fea tures of so marked a k ind as to suggest to many

e n q u i r e r s t h a t t h e y h a v e h a d d i s t i n c t a n d i n d e p e n d e n t

or ig ins.

O f t h e s e p e c u l i a r i t i e s , c o l o u r i s t h e m o s t c o n -

s p i c u o u s , t h e C a u c a s i a n s a r e g e n e r a l l y w h i t e , t h e M o n g o -

l i a n s y e l l o w , t h e N e g r o e s b l a c k , a n d t h e A m e r i c a n s r e d.

T h e o p p o s i t i o n o f t w o o f t h e s e i n p a r t i c u l a r , w h i t e a n d

black, is so striking, that of them, at least, it seems almost

n e c e s s a r y t o s u p p o s e s e p a r a t e o r i g i n s . O f l a t e y e a r s ,

h o w e v e r , t h e w h o l e o f t h i s q u e s t i o n h a s b e e n s u b j e c t e d t o

a r i g o r o u s i n v e s t i g a t i o n b y a B r i t i s h p h i l o s o p h e r ( D r .

P r i t c h a r d ) , w h o h a s b e e n r e m a r k a b l y s u c c e s s f u l i n a d d u c -

i n g e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e h u m a n r a c e m i g h t h a v e h a d o n e o r i g i n ,

for anything that can be inferred f rom external pecul iar i -

t i e s .

I t a p p e a r s f r o m t h i s e n q u i r y , t h a t c o l o u r a n d o t h e r

p h y s i o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r s a r e o f a m o r e s u p e r f i c i a l a n d a c c i -

d e n t a l n a t u r e t h a n w a s a t o n e t i m e s u p p o s e d . O n e f a c t i s ,

at the very first, extremely startling, that there are nations,

s u c h a s t h e i n h a b i t a n t s o f H i n d o s t a n , a p p a r e n t l y o n e i n

d e s c e n t , w h i c h , n e v e r t h e l e s s , c o n t a i n g r o u p s o f p e o p l e o f

a l m o s t a l l s h a d e s o f c o l o u r , a n d l i k e w i s e d i s c r e p a n t i n

o t h e r o f t h o s e i m p o r t a n t f e a t u r e s o n w h i c h m u c h s t r e s s

h a s b e e n l a i d . S o m e o t h e r f a c t s , w h i c h m a y b e s t a t e d i n

b r i e f t e r m s , a r e s c a r c e l y l e s s r e m a r k a b l e . In Afr ica there

a r e N e g r o n a t i o n s - t h a t i s , n a t i o n s o f i n t e n s e l y b l a c k

c o m p l e x i o n s , a s t h e J o l o f s , M a n d i n g o e s a n d K a f f i r s , w h o s e

f e a t u r e s a n d l i m b s a r e a s e l e g a n t a s t h o s e o f t h e b e s t

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R A C E A M A L G A M A T I O N1 5 3

E u r o p e a n n a t i o n s . While we have no proof of Negro

r a c e s b e c o m i n g w h i t e i n t h e c o u r s e o f g e n e r a t i o n s , t h e

c o n v e r s e m a y b e h e l d a s e s t a b l i s h e d ;for there are Arabs

a n d J e w i s h f a m i l i e s o f a n c i e n t s e t t l e m e n t i n N o r t h e r n

A f r i c a , w h o h a v e b e c o m e a s b l a c k a s t h e o t h e r i n h a b i t a n t s .

T h e r e a r e a l s o f a c t s w h i c h s e e m t o s h o w t h e p o s s i b i l i t y

o f a n a t u r a l t r a n s i t i o n b y g e n e r a t i o n f r o m t h e b l a c k t o

t h e w h i t e c o m p l e x i o n , a n d f r o m t h e w h i t e t o t h e b l a c k .

T r u e w h i t e s ( a p a r t f r o m A l b i n o s ) a r e n o t u n f r e q u e n t l y

b o r n a m o n g t h e n e g r o e s , a n d t h e t e n d e n c y t o t h i s s i n g u -

l a r i t y i s t r a n s m i t t e d i n f a m i l i e s . T h e r e i s , a t l e a s t , o n e

authent ic ins tance of a se t o f per fec t ly b lack ch i ldren be ing

b o r n t o a n A r a b c o u p l e , i n w h o s e a n c e s t r y n o s u c h b l o o d

h a d i n t e r m i n g l e d . T h i s o c c u r r e d i n t h e V a l l e y o f t h e

J o r d a n , w h e r e i t i s r e m a r k a b l e t h a t t h e A r a b p o p u l a t i o n

i n g e n e r a l h a v e f l a t t e r f e a t u r e s , d a r k e r s k i n s a n d c o a r s e r

hai r, than any other t r ibes of the same nat ion .

" T h e s t y l e o f l i v i n g i s a s c e r t a i n e d t o h a v e a p o w e r f u l

e f f e c t i n m o d i f y i n g t h e h u m a n f i g u r e i n t h e c o u r s e o f

g e n e r a t i o n s , a n d t h i s e v e n i n i t s o s s e o u s s t r u c t u r e . A b o u t

2 0 0 y e a r s a g o , a n u m b e r o f p e o p l e w e r e d r i v e n b y a b a r -

b a r o u s p o l i c y f r o m t h e c o u n t i e s o f A n t r i m a n d D o w n i n

I r e l a n d , t o w a r d s t h e s e a c o a s t , w h e r e t h e y h a v e e v e r s i n c e

b e e n s e t t l e d , b u t i n u n u s u a l l y m i s e r a b l e c i r c u m s t a n c e s ,

e v e n f o r I r e l a n d ;a n d t h e c o n s e q u e n c e i s , t h a t t h e y e x h i b i t

p e c u l i a r f e a t u r e s o f t h e m o s t r e p u l s i v e k i n d , p r o j e c t i n g

j a w s w i t h l a r g e o p e n m o u t h s , d e p r e s s e d n o s e s , h i g h c h e e k

b o n e s , a n d b o w l e g s , t o g e t h e r w i t h a n e x t r e m e l y d i m i n u -

t i v e s t a t u r e . T h e s e , w i t h a n a b n o r m a l s l e n d e r n e s s o f t h e

l i m b s , a r e t h e o u t w a r d m a r k s o f a l o w a n d b a r b a r o u s

c o n d i t i o n a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d ; it is particularly seen in the

A u s t r a l i a n A b o r i g i n e s. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e b e a u t y o f

t h e h i g h e r r a n k s i n E n g l a n d i s v e r y r e m a r k a b l e , b e i n g i n

t h e m a i n , a s c l e a r l y t h e r e s u l t o f g o o d e x t e r n a l c o n d i t i o n s .

` C o a r s e , u n w h o l e s o m e a n d i l l - p r e p a r e d f o o d , ' s a y s B u f f o n ,

` m a k e s t h e h u m a n r a c e d e g e n e r a t e . A l l t h e s e p e o p l e , w h o

l i v e m i s e r a b l y , a r e u g l y a n d i l l - m a d e . Even in F rance ,

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1 5 4 R A C E A M A L G A M A T I O N

t h e c o u n t r y p e o p l e a r e n o t s o b e a u t i f u l a s t h o s e w h o l i v e i n

t o w n s ; a n d I h a v e o f t e n r e m a r k e d t h a t i n t h o s e v i l l a g e s

where the people are r icher and bet ter fed than in o thers ,

t h e m e n a r e l i k e w i s e m o r e h a n d s o m e , a n d h a v e b e t t e r

c o u n t e n a n c e s . ' He migh t have added tha t e l egan t and

c o m m o d i o u s d w e l l i n g s , c l e a n l y h a b i t s , c o m f o r t a b l e c l o t h -

i n g , a n d b e i n g e x p o s e d t o t h e o p e n a i r o n l y a s m u c h a s

h e a l t h r e q u i r e s , c o - o p e r a t e w i t h f o o d i n c r e a s i n g t h e e l e -

g a n c e o f a r a c e h u m a n b e i n g s ."

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ISRAEL IN IRELAND

( We a r e i n d e b t e d t o t h e l a t e R e v . A . B . G r i m a l d i ,M .A .,

for t h i s c h a p t e r .)

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I S R A E L I N I R E L A N D

T H E s e c o n d or t h i r d k n o w n book e n t i r e l y r e l a t i n g

t o t h e s e t t l e m e n t o f Israel in t he I s l e s o f th e West

is t h u s e n t i t l e d : P r e c u r s o r y P r o o f s t h a t I s r a e l i t e s c a m e

from Egypt into Ireland, and that Druids expected the

Messiah, b y J o s e p h B e n J a c o b: L o n d o n , 1 8 1 6 , 1 2 m o . pp .

1 0 8. T h e f o l l o w i n g n o t e s c o n t a i n s o m e o f t h e e v i d e n c e s ,

a r g u m e n t s a n d c o i n c i d e n c e s b y w h i c h t h e a u t h o r s u p p o r t e d

t h e i m p o r t a n t c o n c l u s i o n s w h i c h h e c a m e t o .

I S R A E L I T E E M I G R AT I O N T O I R E L A N D

I r i s h a n t i q u a r i e s s t a t e t h a t t h e P a r t h o l a n i a n s o r f i r s t

s e t t l e r s i n I r e l a n d w e r e d e s t r o y e d b y a p l a g u e . They were

s u c c e e d e d b y t h e N e m e d i a n s , a J a p h e t i c p e o p l e. D u r i n g

t h e i r t i m e c a m e a S e m e t i c p e o p l e , b e i n g a c o l o n y f r o m

A f r i c a ; C a m d e n s a y s a b o u t t h e t i m e o f t h e E x o d e(B . C .

1 5 4 0 , G a l l o w a y ) . These Semites were at first called

A f r i c a n s , a n d t h e y s e t t l e d i n t h e N o r t h o f I r e l a n d. T h e y

dec la red tha t they le f t Afr ica because they des i red to escape

t h e c u r s e u t t e r e d b y N o a h u p o n H a m. A f t e r t h r e e g r e a t

c a m p a i g n s , t h e y e n t i r e l y o v e r t h r e w t h e N e m e d i a n s , a n d

o b t a i n e d t h e c o m p l e t e d o m i n i o n o f t h e i s l a n d.

A s n o n e o f t h e r a c e o f S h e m , e x c e p t H e b r e w s , w e r e i n

Egypt a t the t ime of Moses , these colonis ts must have been

Israel i tes , and the evidence points to the conclus ion that

they were a portion of the tribe of Ephraim . R a b b i

E l e a z e r (" Yolku t " o n E x o d u s x i i i . 1 7 ) s a y s t h e y w e r e

c a l l e d o u t o f E g y p t b y t h e D e i t y , i n a v i s i o n , u n d e r a

p r i n c e l y g e n e r a l o f t h e i r o w n f a m i l y , a n d t h a t t h e y w e r e

of the Royal seed and mighty men of war. Another

J e w i s h a u t h o r (Medrash, p . 5 1 ) s a y s t h a t t h e y w e n t t o

156

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I S R A E L I N I R E L A N D 1 5 7

C a r t h a g e , w i t h w h i c h p l a c e t h e I r i s h h a d a v e r y e a r l y

i n t e r c o u r s e ( O ' H a l l o r a n , H i s t o r y o f I r e l a n d ) . A third

J e w i s h w r i t e r r e c o r d s i n C h a l d e e t h a t t h e y w e n t t o E r i m

(Medrash, p . 1 6 0 ) - t h a t i s , t o E r i n , f o r t h e C h a l d e e u s e s

m for n .

T h e s e E p h r a i m i t e s w e r e h e i r s t o m o s t e x t r a o r d i n a r y

b l e s s i n g s a n d p r o m i s e s o f f u t u r e g r e a t n e s s ( v i d e Ge n .

x l v i i i. , x l i x .) . T h e i r u n p r e c e d e n t e d a d h e s i o n t o t h e f a i t h

w a s a l l u d e d t o b y " J a c o b w h e n h e b l e s s e d E p h r a i m a n d

M a n a s s e h w i t h h i s h a n d s i n t h e s h a p e o f a c r o s s , a n d s a i d , I

know, m y s o n , I k n o w (i .e ., why I b less wi th the cross , and

w h y I g i v e E p h r a i m t h e y o u n g e r s o n t h e c h i e f b l e s s i n g ) . "

J O S E P H ' S Z O D I A C A L V I S I O N

V a r i o u s c i r c u m s t a n c e s s h o w a c o n n e c t i o n w i t h J o s e p h ' s

g r e a t S t a r V i s i o n. T h u s t h e c o m m o n o a t h o f t h e a n c i e n t

I r i sh was "b y t h e s u n , m o o n a n d s t a r s ." When Ugai the

G r e a t i n f l u e n c e d t h e n a t i o n a l E s t a t e s t o s w e a r a l l e g i a n c e

t o h i m s e l f a n d h i s p o s t e r i t y , t h e o a t h t h e y t o o k w a s" by

t h e n e w m o o n a n d s t a r s." The same oath was taken to

Tu a t h a l a n d h i s i s s u e ; and i t was "b y t h e s u n , m o o n a n d

stars " t h a t La o g a ir e v o w ed t o e x o ne r a te t h e p r ov i n c e of

L e i n s t e r f r o m a h e a v y t r i b u t e . When Fearaidhach was

c a l l e d t o t h e t h r o n e a f t e r t h e A t t a c h o t i c w a r t h e F i r b o l g s

s wo re a ll eg ia nc e " b y t h e s u n , m o o n a n d s t a r s " ( G r a t .

L u c ., p . 67 ) .

In a M. S . L i f e o f S t . C o l u m b a i s a n a c c o u n t o f a D r u i d

t e m p l e , o n t h e a l t a r o f w h i c h w a s r e p r e s e n t e d t h e s u n ,

m o o n a n d s t a r s . "I h a v e n o d o u b t b u t t h e s e o r n a m e n t s

of Druidica l bui ld ings had a reference to the hopes of the

H o u s e o f J o s e p h , w h i c h h a d b e e n f o u n d e d u p o n t h e d r e a m

o f t h a t p a t r i a r c h , a n d t h a t t h e y o f f e r n o e v i d e n c e w h a t e v e r

of Divine worship having been paid to such heavenly

b o d i e s . "

C o r d i n e r ( A n t i q u i t i e s o f S c o t l a n d ) gives plates of obelisks,

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1 58 I S R A E L I N I R E L A N D

crosses, etc . , in which may be t raced numerous a l lus ions to

J o s e p h a n d t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e H e b r e w f a m i l y - t h e S u n ,

Moon and Stars, the Vine Branch, the Serpent, two

Scept res un i ted , the Bul l , the Rhinoceros (un icorn) , e tc .

J OS EP H ' S SH EA FS V IS IO N

J o c e l y n (Vita S . P a t r i c i i , c a p . 56) and O'Hal loran record

that Laogaire , the I r i sh k ing contemporary wi th S . P a t r i c k ,

p o s s e s s e d a g r e a t i m a g e C r o m C r o i t h i , w h i c h h e b e l i e v e d

c o u l d r e s o l v e a l l q u e s t i o n s . I t w a s m a g n i f i c e n t l y a d o r n e d

w i t h g o l d a n d s i l v e r , a n d t w e l v e o t h e r b r a z e n i d o l s o f a n

i n f e r i o r d e g r e e s t o o d a r o u n d h i m i n a b e n d i n g p o s t u r e i n

t o k e n o f h i s s u p e r i o r i t y . " I am cer ta in there i s no person

w h o r e a d s J o s e p h ' s f i r s t d r e a m , i n w h i c h h i s s h e a f s t o o d i n

t h e m i d s t , a n d t h e s h e a v e s o f h i s b r e t h r e n s t o o d a l l r o u n d ,

a n d m a d e o b e i s a n c e t o h i s s h e a f , b u t m u s t d i s c o v e r t h a t

t h e f i g u r e s w e r e o n l y i n c o m m e m o r a t i o n o f t h a t d r e a m

a n d i t s f u l f i l m e n t i n E g y p t . "

J o s e p h ' s E g y p t i a n n a m e w a s a R e v e a l e r o f S e c r e t s , a s

w a s p r e t e n d e d o f t h e c h i e f i m a g e . T h e t w e l f t h f i g u r e w o u l d

r e p r e s e n t e i t h e r J a c o b o r M a n a s s e h . A t L o u g h g u i r , n e a r

L i m e r i c k , a n d e l s e w h e r e a r e D r u i d i c a l m o n u m e n t s c o n -

s i s t i n g o f t w e l v e l a r g e s t o n e s , o n t h e i r e n d s , f o r m i n g r e g u -

l a r c i r c l e s .

O ' H a l l o r a n r e m a r k s t h a t a c e n t r e s t o n e , b e i n g i n v a -

r i a b l y h i g h e r a n d t h i c k e r t h a n t h e r e s t , s h o w s a c o i n c i d e n c e

w i t h t h e t w e l v e b r a z e n s t a t u e s a r o u n d C r o m C r o i t h i i n a

b e n d i n g a t t i t u d e , t h u s p e r p e t u a t i n g J o s e p h ' s S h e a f D r e a m

i n m a n y p a r t s o f I r e l a n d .

J O S E P H ' S C O L O U R E D C O A T

A b o u t B . c . 950 a Sumptuary Law was passed which

r e g u l a t e d t h e n u m b e r o f c o l o u r s t o b e w o r n b y p e r s o n s o f

e a c h o r d e r i n t h e S t a t e . T h e P r i n c e m i g h t w e a r 7 ; th e

O l l a m s 6 ; t h e N o b i l i t y 5 ; t h e B i a t a g h s 4 ; t h e M i l i t a r y

O f f i c e r s 3 ; the Sold ie rs 2 ; t h e A r t i s a n s 1 c o l o u r . " Here

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I S R A E L I N I R E L A N D1 59

a g a i n w e f i n d e v i d e n c e o f a d e s c e n t f r o m J o s e p h , w h o s e

f a t h e r m a d e h i m a c o a t o f m a n y c o l o u r s , a n d w h o f o r h i s

w i s d o m w a s e s t e e m e d n e x t t o P h a r a o h ."

" P r o b a b l y t h e p l a i d , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e c o l o u r s o f w h i c h

t h e S c o t c h c l a n s w e r e d i s t i n g u i s he d , o r i g i n a t e d i n J o s e p h ' s

C o a t o f m a n y C o l o u r s .

" T h e t o r n g a r m e n t s , h u n g o n t r e e s n e a r s a c r e d w e l l s ,

h a v e e v i d e n t l y s o m e r e f e r e n c e t o t h e t e a r i n g o f J o s e p h ' s

C o a t o f m a n y C o l o u r s , f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f p e r s u a d i n g J a c o b

t h a t a w i l d a n i m a l h a d d e s t r o y e d h i m . "

J A C O B ' S B L E S S I N G U P O N J O S E P H

A v e r y a n c i e n t I r i s h O r d e r w a s t h e C r a o b h - r u a d h ( r e d

b r a n c h ) . "A n y p e r s o n w h o l o o k s a t t h e R e d B r a n c h o f

the Vine and the descr ip t ion of the House of Joseph in the

S a c r e d W r i t i n g s , w h e r e i t i s f r e q u e n t l y c a l l e d a Vi n e , m a y

f ind some c lue to the ins t i tu t ion of the Order, and be in-

d u c e d t o t h i n k i t h a s a r e f e r e n c e t o t h e s a m e e m i g r a t i o n

a l luded to by Jacob in h i s b less ing of Joseph ,w h o s e b r a n c h e s

r u n o v e r t h e w a l l (Gen . xlix .22) ." " I t s e e m s a s i f t h e

t r a d i t i o n a l h o p e s o f t h e I r i s h n a t i o n h a d p r e p a r e d t h e m

f o r t h e e x t i r p a t i o n o f t h e s e r p e n t a n d a b l e s s i n g t h r o u g h

t h e T r e e , a s w e l l a s t h r o u g h t h e C r o s s , w h i c h J a c o b m a d e

with h i s hands in b less ing Joseph ' s ch i ldren . "

T h e m o r e p i o u s p e o p l e i n I r e l a n d h a v e r e s o r t e d t o z e a l o u s

c o m m u n i o n : "T h e i r b o w - r e s t s u p o n t h e s t r i n g , a n d t h e

b a n d s o f t h e i r a r m s m a y , e r e a v e r y f e w y e a r s e l a p s e , b e

l oosed by the unshor tened a rm of the migh ty God o f

J a c o b , a g r e e a b l y t o t h e p r o p h e c y o f t h a t i l l u s t r i o u s

p a t r i a r c h . "

Upon a sea l of Aberdeen Cathedra l ( in Cordiner) Jacob is

s i t t i n g u p i n h i s b e d , l e a n i n g a g a i n s t i t s h e a d , a n d p a y i n g

homage to the rod or s ta ff in Joseph ' s hand , whi le the la t te r

i s s i t t i n g i n a c h a i r a t t h e f e e t o f h i s f a t h e r. A b o v e i s a

l a rge s ta r and two an te lopes .

Near the k i rk of Holywood, Dumfr ies-shi re , was a " D r u i -

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1 6 0I S R A E L I N I R E L A N D

d i c a l c i r c l e o f t w e l v e s t o n e s , a s I c o n c e i v e r e p r e s e n t i n g

t h e t w e l v e p a t r i a r c h s ; a n d o n e o f t h e m i s b r o k e n i n t o t h r e e

p ieces , which l ie toge ther, as i f represen t ing the th ree d iv i -

s i o n s o f t h e H o u s e o f J o s e p h. "

I n O g y g i a , p .2 0 1 , w e a r e t o l d t h a t S . Pa t r ick and three

b i s h o p s w e r e s i n g i n g h y m n s n e a r a f o u n t a i n a t C r u a c h a n

P a l a c e , w h e n t h e t w o d a u g h t e r s o f K i n g L a o g a i r e e n q u i r e d

o f t h e m r e s p e c t i n g t h e i r r e l i g i o n. " I f w e l o o k a t t h e

b l e s s i n g s o f J a c o b a n d M o s e s o n t h e H o u s e o f J o s e p h , w e

s h a l l s o o n d i s c o v e r w h a t p r o m p t e d t h e q u e s t i o n s o f L a o -

g a i r e ' s d a u g h t e r s ." These Nazarite sons of Ephraim,

who came in to I re land, were not gui l ty of the rebel l ion in

the Wilderness , or the subsequent t ransact ions in the Holy

L a n d , w h i c h b r o u g h t d i s p e r s i o n a n d c a p t i v i t y u p o n t h e

r e m a i n d e r o f t h e f a m i l y . Not having received any law

u n t i l t h e C h r i s t i a n d i s p e n s a t i o n , a n d h a v i n g c a r e f u l l y p r e -

served that fa i th which was once del ivered, they remind me

of the 7 ,000 " ( R o m . x i .4 ) .

T h e n a m e o f t h e c h i e f D r u i d i c

d e i t y w a s E s u s , o r H e s u s , w h i c h m a y b e t r a c e d t o t h e

e x p e c t a t i o n o f a S a v i o u r , w h i c h i n I r i s h i s J o s a , p r o n o u n c e d

E e s a , o r E e s u . " N o t h i n g i s m o r e r e a s o n a b l e t h a n t o

i m a g i n e t h a t t h e s e e d o f J o s e p h s h o u l d l o o k f o r t h a t A n g e l

o r M e s s e n g e r w h o w a s r e p r e s e n t e d i n J a c o b ' s b l e s s i n g a s

r e d e e m i n g h i m f r o m a l l e v i l , a n d w h o s e b e n e d i c t i o n h e

par t icu la r ly implored upon Ephra im and Manasseh .

N o t h i n g i s m o r e r e a s o n a b l e t h a n t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h e y s h o u l d

e x p e c t H i m w h o m i n a n o t h e r y e a r J a c o b c a l l e d t h e D e s i r e

o f t h e E v e r l a s t i n g H i l l s ."

TAURUS, T H E E M B L E M O F J O S E P H

W h e n t h e A r c h D r u i d c u t t h e m i s t l e t o e f r o m t h e o a k i n

w h i c h i t w a s f o u n d , w i t h a g o l d e n h o o k , t w o w h i t e b u l l s w e r e

a f t e r w a r d s s a c r i f i c e d b e n e a t h t h e s a m e o a k t r e e. " Th e

w h i t e b u l l s m a y h a v e a r e f e r e n c e t o t h e t w o t r i b e s w h i c h

s p r u n g f r o m J o s e p h , a n d w h o s e s t a n d a r d w a s S h u r, a b u l l

o r o x . "

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16 2 I S R A E L I N I R E L A N D

w h i c h , c o n t r a r y t o t h e u s u a l o r d e r , i s m e n t i o n e d b e f o r e

t h e N o r t h , S o u t h , o r E a s t , p e r h a p s t o p o i n t o u t t h i s v e r y

e m i g ra t i o n a t t h e f i rs t s p r e a di n g o f h i s s e e d . P o s te l l us ,

i n h i s p u b l i c l e c t u r e s a t P a r i s , s a i d : " T h e J e w s , b e i n g

m o s t w i s e s a g e s a n d l e a r n e d p h i l o s o p h e r s , a n d k n o w i n g

t h a t t h e e m p i r e o f t h e w o r l d s h o u l d b e s e t t l e d i n t h e

s t r o n g e s t a n g l e , w h i c h l i e t h i n t h e W e s t , s e i z e d u p o n t h o s e

p a r t s a t a n e a r l y p e r i o d , a n d I r e l a n d t h e f i r s t . T h e

S y r i a n s a l s o a n d T y r i a n s , t o l a y t h e f o u n d a t i o n o f t h e i r

fu ture empire , endeavoured a l l they could to inhabi t those

regions ."

A m e r g i n , t h e H i g h P r i e s t , a f t e r c o n s u l t i n g t h e S a c r e d

B o o k s , told the Milesians of the prediction of his predecessor

Caicer, " T h a t t h e l a n d r e s e r v e d f o r t h e i r p o s t e r i t y w a s t h e

m o s t W e s t e r n i s l a n d . " H e t o l d t h e m t h a t I r e l a nd w a s t h e

m o s t W e s t e r l y s i t u a t i o n ; h e a s s u r e d t h e m i t w a s t h e

P r o m i s e d L a n d , a n d t h a t t h e p e r i o d h a d a r r i v e d w h e n t h e

p o s s e s s i o n o f i t m i g h t b e o b t a i n e d . " We f i n d t h e A f r i c a n s

before seeking for a Western i s land, and these two c i rcum-

s t a n c e s i n f l u e n c e d m y b e l i e f t h a t s o m e e a r l y p r o p h e t i c

a s s u r a n c e m u s t h a v e b e e n g i v e n r e s p e c t i n g a W e s t e r n

i s land . "

E n o c h p r o p h e s i e d ( J u d e ) a n d J o s e p h i s s a i d t o h a v e a l s o

( E c c l e s . x l i x .) . I t i s v e r y e v i d e n t t h a t e v e n t h e P a g a n s

w e r e i m p r e s s e d w i t h s o m e s t r a n g e n o t i o n s r e g a r d i n g t h e

W e s t . Annan,t h e We s t , w a s c o n s e c r a t e d t o t h e d e a d

. It

comprehended Tartarus and Elysium . O u r L o r d s a y s

m a n y s h a l l c o m e f r o m t h e W e s t , a n d s i t d o w n w i t h A b r a -

h a m . S o t h e p a r a b l e o f t h e L o s t S h e e p ; t h e d i r e c t i o n s

o f t h e A p o s t l e s t o g o t o L o s t I s r a e l a n d w i t n e s s t o t h e e n d s

o f t h e e a r t h ( A c t si .) .

O ' H a l l o r a n s a y s S. J o h n c a m e t o I r e l a n d . Usher and

Erasmus say S. J a m e s v i s i t e d I r e l a n d . The Acts say he

p r e a c h e d t o t h e d i s p e r s e d , a n d h i s Life s a y s h e c a m e t o

S p a i n a n d I r e l a n d . Dr . M c C u i l l e n a n t h i n k s I r e l a n d w a s

c a l l e d H i b e r n i a , f r o m t h e G r e e k H i b e r , m e a n i n g a W e s t e r n

s l a n d ;a n d o t h e r n a m e s o f E r i n i m p l y t h e s a m e .

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I S R A E L I N I R E L A N D 1 0 3

T H E M Y S T I C STONE OF JACOB

J o s e p h b e i n g t h e P r i n c e o f h i s b r e t h r e n i n E g y p t , h i s , a n d

t h e f a m i l y o f E p h r a i m a f t e r h i m , w e r e n a t u r a l g u a r d i a n s

o f t h e S t o n e o n w h i c h J a c o b m a d e h i s v o w a f t e r t h e e x t r a -

o r d i n a r y v i s i o n o f L u z a ; a n d o n t h e l a n d i n g o f t h e M i l e -

s i a n s i n I r e l a n d t h e y f o u n d t h e L i a g F a i l , o r S t o n e o f

Destiny, in the possession of the previous settlers .

O n e o f t h e a n c i e n t n a m e s o f I r e l a n d , b e f o r e t h e l a n d i n g

o f t h e M i l e s i a n s , w a s I r i s - f a i l , f r o m t h e f a m o u s S t o n e o f

D e s t i n y , S a x u m F a t a l e , o n w h i c h t h e i r p r e d e c e s s o r s w e r e

i n v a r i a b l y c r o w n e d . T h i s S t o n e , " T h e B o o k o f C o n q u e s t "

t e l l s us , was car r ied by the Mi les ians to Tara for the perpe-

t u a l c r o wn i n g o f t h e m o n a r c h s o f I r e l a nd . I t w a s a w el l -

k n o w n a n d a c c r e d i t e d p r e d i c t i o n t h a t w h e r e v e r t h e S t o n e

s h o u l d b e l o d g e d t h e I r i s h s h o u l d r u l e , a c c o r d i n g t o a r a n n

o r v e r s e : " T h e S c o t s s h a l l g i v e l a w a n d r u l e t o w h a t e v e r

c o u n t r y t h i s S t o n e i s p l a c e d i n , i f t h e F a t e s a r e t o b e

c r e d i t e d . " T h i s S t o n e w a s a f t e r w a r d s l e n t t o F e a r g u s ,

K i n g o f S c o t i a M i n o r , a n d i n c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h e a f f l i c t i o n s

o f I r e l a n d i t r e m a i n e d i n S c o n e t i l l 1 2 9 8 .

TOWERS, PHARAOH, HARP, DIRGE, IDDEW, EMANA

T h e s e A f r i c a n s e a c h a m p i o n s , o r F o r o r i a n s , a s t h e

E p h r a i m i t e s w e r e s t y l e d i n I r e l a n d , b u i l t t h e c e l e b r a t e d

R o u n d T o w e r s , h a v i n g l a n d e d a t T o r , o r T o r i n i s , o r T o r -

c o n n i n g . At the commencement of a battle the Irish

Army always shouted "Pharroh " r e pe a te d ly , w h ic h m u st

h a v e o r i g i n a t e d f r o m s o m e c i r c u m s t a n c e i n E g y p t . I t i s

q u i t e p o s s i b l e t h a t i n s o m o n a r c h i c a l a c o u n t r y a s E g y p t

t h e s o l d i e r s w e r e i n s t r u c t e d t o s h o u t t h e r e g a l n a m e o r

t i t l e , w h i c h b e i n g P h a r a o h c o u l d e a s i l y b e c o r r u p t e d i n t o

" P h a r r o h. "

T h e F o r m o r i a n l e a d e r M o r e r e t u r n e d t o E g y p t w i t h s i x t y

s h i p s , " I h a v e n o d o u b t t o e m a n c i p a t e h i s b r e t h r e n a n d

t r a n s p o r t t h e m t o t h e W e s t; b u t h e f o u n d t h e E x o d u s h a d

t a k e n p l a c e . "

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1 6 4I S R A E L I N I R E L A N D

E r a n , t h e g r a n d s o n o f E p h r a i m ( N u m . x x v i . 3 6 ) m u s t

b e t h e o r i g i n o f t h e n a m e E r i n , w h i c h t h e y b r o u g h t i n t o

Ire land . T h e y m u s t h a v e a l s o b r o u g h t t h e H a r p w i t h t h e

A n g e l f r o n t , a n d t h e C r o w n w i t h t w e l v e p o i n t s , b o t h

exactly corresponding with King David's. Also the

f u n e r a l l a m e n t a t i o n , l i k e t h e E a s t e r n w a i l i n g , t h e p a t r i a r -

chal government of famil ies , the Hebrew law of re ta l ia t ion

( a n e y e f o r a n e y e ) , t h e n a m e o f T a r a h , a l s o o f E m a n a , a

c i t y o f I r e l a n d , a n d m a n y o t h e r t h i n g s .

T h e We l s h c a l l t h e I r i s h I d d e w a n d t h e c o u n t r y I d d e w o n ,

o r J e w s l a n d . The Hebrew numbers of Ephraim and Erin

a r e p r e c i s e l y t h e s a m e , v i z . , 3 3 0 , a n d t h e H e b r e w w o r d f o r

fa i th fu l c i t y (Isa . x x v i.) is Erin Emana, the name of

Ireland, and one of her ancient royal cities.

S A I N T S , C O I N S , I N S C R I P T I O N S , O A K S , C R O S S ,O N

I r e l a n d w a s c a l l e d t h e I s l a n d o f S a i n t s , a n d I s a i a h ( x x v i.

1 , 2 , 1 5 ) m e n t i o n s t h e L a n d o f S a i n t s . Bede says that

I r e l a n d w a s a l a n d f l o w i n g w i t h m i l k a n d h o n e y .

Simon ( " E s s a y o n I r i s h C o i n s " ) s a y s t h e I r i s h w o r d

M o n a d h s e e m s t o b e d e r i v e d f r o m t h e H e b r e w M o n a h o r

M i n c h , a w e i g h t o r c o i n , a n d m a n y I r i s h m e r c a n t i l e a n d

o t h e r w o r d s a r e d e r i v e d f r o m t h e H e b r e w.

I n m a n y p a r t s o f I r e l a n d H e b r e w i n s c r i p t i o n s h a v e b e e n

f o u n d . S i r J o s e p h W a r e s a y s s o m e h a v e b e e n d u g u p a t

C l o n m a c k n o i s e i n t h e v e r y c e n t r e .

T h e G r e e k s c a l l e d t h e I r i s h t h e S a c r e d N a t i o n b e f o r e

A .D . T h e I r i s h D r u i d s w o r s h i p p e d u n d e r s a c r e d o a k s , a s

the I s rae l i t es d id . T h e D r u i d s h a d a g r e a t v e n e r a t i o n f o r

t h e o a k . T h e l a s t a c t o f J o s h u a w a s t o p l a c e a g r e a t s t o n e

u n d e r a n o a k i n t h e S a n c t u a r y . The Druids formed a

C r o s s o u t o f t h e s a c r e d o a k , a n d a J e w i s h R a b b i s a y s t h a t

M a n a ss e s d e p o si t e d a C r o ss i n t h e T e m p le . O a k s a r e f r e -

quent ly found a t the sacred wel ls in I re land, on which ar e

p laced offe r ings .

C o l o n e l Va l l e n c y m e n t i o n s t h a t t h e r e w e r e I r i s h p r i e s t s

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I S R A E L I N I R E L A N D 1 6 5

of On . In T i r - O n w a s a c e l e b r a t e d O n , o r s t o n e p i l l a r

over la id wi th go ld , ca l led On-o i r ; i t w a s k e p t i n t h e c h u r c h .

J o s e p h m a r r i e d A s e n a t h , t h e d a u g h t e r o f P o t i p h a r , p r i e s t

o f O n ; a n d J o s e p h r e s i d e d i n O n , o r H e l i o p o l i s , t h e c i t y o f

t h e g o l d e n s u n .

S a c r e d w e l l s a r e c o m m o n i n I r e l a n d , a n d J o s e p h ' s e l e v a -

t i o n i n E g y p t w a s b r o u g h t a b o u t b y h i s b e i n g p u t i n a p i t

(Gen . xxxvi i . 2 4 , A N .) ; b u t i n t h e S e p t u a g i n t i t i s c i s t e r n

( a s a r e c o m m o n i n P a l e s t i n e ) , a n d t h e V u l g a t e h as cistern,

a n d F e n t o n h a s w e l l .

I t i s n e a r t h e s e I r i s h w e l l s t h a t t o r n g a r m e n t r a g s a r e

p l a c e d ; and i t was a t the wel l tha t Reuben rent his clothes,

because Joseph was not in the wel l (29) . O n t h e t i t l e - p a g e

o f t h e b o o k i s a w o o d c u t o f a c i r c l e o f t w e l v e s t a r s , a s

referr ing to the s igns of Joseph 's Vis ion . U n d e r n e a t h i s

t h e u n c r o w n e d H a r p o f E r i n , w i t h i t s f e m a l e h e a d ( T e p h i ) .

J o s e p h w a s a l s o p a r t i c u l a r l y c o n n e c t e d w i t h a w e l l , b e i n g a

f r u i t f u l b o u g h b y a w e l l , e s o t e r i c a l ly r e f e r r i n g t o E p h r a i m ,

whose name means f r u i t f u l ( x l i x . 22) .

S u c h a r e s o m e o f B e n - J o s e p h ' s r e m a r k s a n d e v i d e n c e s i n

r e f e r e n c e t o a c o n t i n g e n t o f E p h r a i m i t e s h a v i n g l e f t E g y p t

a n d s e t t l e d i n I r e l a n d.

V i d e B i b l e L i g h t , pp .24-30, e d i t e d b y R e v . R . Douglas ,

M .A . E a s t e r , 1 9 0 0 .

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INDEX TO SCRIPTURAL TEXTS

2 S a m . x x i i i , 1 1 , 1 3 12

Hos . i , i i1 3 , 1 4

Isa . ix, 2 ; M a t t . i v , 1 6 ; Ep h .

v , 1 1 ; 2 K i n g s x x i i i , 5;

Hos.

x, 5 ; x i , 8 ; Z e p h . 1 , 4 ; v i i ,

8 ;1 K i n g s , i i i , 2 6 ; Gen .

2 Kings, xxiii, 5; H o s . x , 5 ;

Z e p h . 1 , 4 68

Gen . xlviii ; Gen . 1, 11 ; Exod .

1 1 , 1 9 73

P s . l x x x ; 1 Chron . v, 2 6 74

Hos . x i i i , 1 5 a n d 1 3 75

Isa . ix, 1 9 - 2 1 ; x l i x , 20 76

Gen . xv .18 77

Gen . x l i x ; D e u t . x x x i i i 78

N u m . x x x i , 2 2 102

2 S a m . vii, 10 ; Rev . x i i , 6 , 1 4 ;

Jer . x v i , 1 4 - 2 1 ; M a t t . xiii,

4 7 - 4 9 115

Isa . xlv, 11 ; Matt . x , 2 3 120

Gen . x i i , 7 ; x i i i , 1 4 - 1 7 ; x v , 1 8 ;

x v i i , 8 ; xxvi, 3-4 ; x x v i i i ,

1 3 - 1 5 ; x x x v , 1 1 - 1 2 ; xlvi,

1-4 ; R o m . i v , 1 3 ; 2 Sam .

v i i , 1 0 , 1 1 ; Isa . x x i v , 1 3 - 1 6;

x l i i , 6 - 1 2; xlix, 1, 8, 12 ;

Jer . x x x i , 1 , 2 , 7 , 1 0 ; I s a .

x l i , 1 ; Z e c h . x , 8 , 9 ; Ezek .

xxxix, 28 ; J e r . i i i , 1 4 ; O b a d .

17 ; 2 S a m . v i i , 1 0 ; Gen .

xxxvii, 2 ; 1 , 1 5 - 2 1 ; Ezek .

x x , 5 - 9 ; 1 Ch ron . v i i , 2 1 - 2 4 121

N u m . x i v , 1 - 4 ; Neh . ix , 17 ;

Ps . cvi, 26-27 ; Ezek . xx,

2 1- 2 3 ; Ju d g . v, 1 7 ; 1 Chron .

v , 1 7 ; 1 K i n g s v i i , 1 4 ;

2 C h r o n . ii, 14 ; E z e k . x x v i i

6 , 1 9 122

Isa . x 1 i i , 6 ; x l i x , 8 123

Isa. l x i i i , 1 3

; S . of S . i , 9 ;

Z e c h . i , 8; v i , 1 - 8 ; x, 3 ;

Ha b . iii, 8-15 ; D e u t . x x x i i i ,

26 ; Rev . vi, 1-8 ; x i x , 1 1 . . 127

Ps . xxiv . ; Isa . xxiv, 13-16 ;

xl . xli, xliii, 21; x l i x ; Jer .

xxx, 1-10129

M a t t . x x i , 4 3 132

xliii, 30 ; J o b i i i , 5 18

Isa . x x v i i i , 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

Gen . x l i x ,1 6 - 1 8 . . . 28

Gen . x x x , 4 - 6;

x i i i , 1 - 2 5

u d g e s x v i i i , 2 ;

29

J u d g e s v, 1 7; E z e k . x x v i i , 1 9 ;

Jud . xviii, 25, 27 -29 ; 31

Gen . i i , 1 7; vii, 13 37. . . . . . .

2 E s d r a s , x i i i , 3 9 - 4 5 . . . . . . . . . . 42

Isa. x1ii, 6

;x l i x ,

8 ;x l i , 8 , 9

;

43

1 C h r o n . v i i , 2 1 - 2 4 ; N u m .

x i v , 1 - 4 ; Neh . ix, 17 ; Ps .

cvi . , 2 6 , 2 7 ; E z e k . xx , 2 1 -

23

xod . x x i i i , 3 2 - 3 3 ; N u m .

6 L x x x i i i , 5 2 - 5 6 ; Ezek . x x v i i i ,

4 41 -24 ;

Z e c h . xiv, 21

1 Chron. v, 26 : 2 K i n g s , x v i i , 6 5 2

1 C h r o n. i v , 2 1 - 2 2 ; Gen .

53xxviii

en . x l v i , 1 2 ; Num . x x v i , 2 0 ,

2 1 , 3 6 ; 1 C h r o n . i i , 6 ; 1

K i n g s i v , 3 1 ; 1 Ch ron . v i i ,

5 41 , 2 4

os . x , 5 ; Z e p h . i , 4 ; 2 Kings

55xiii, 5

ud . xv, 14-15 ; Z e c h . v i , 1 - 8 ;

64ze k . i v, 5

K i n g s x v i , 3 1 - 3 2 ; 2 Kings x,

66

2 8 - 3 1 ; A c t s v i i , 4 0 - 4 1 ; P s .

cvi, 19-21 ;Jer . xxxi, 18 ;

Hos . v i i i , 5 , 6;

Ma l. i v, 2 ;

Gen . x x i , 1 2 ; x v i i , 1 9 ;

Amos vii, 9 ; v i i , 1 6

m o s v i i i , L e v. x x v i i , 2 6 ;

Jer . x x x i ,

67

D e u t . x x x i i i , 1 7;

9 ; Hos . v i , 5 ; Hos . v i , 1 5 ;

2 E s d r a s , x i i i , 3 9 - 4 6

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E ST AB LI SH ED J AN UA RY , 1 9 2 2

"T h e N a t i o n a l M e s s a g e a n d B a n n e r "

T h e w e e k l y o f f i c i a l j o u r n a l o f t h e

B r i t i s h - I s r a e l - W o r l d F e d e r a t i o n

C i r c u l a t i n g t h r o u g h o u t A n g l o - S a x o n d o m .

Shou ld be r ead by eve ry in te l l igen t pe r son .

O v e r l o o c o n t r i b u t o r s , w h o s e a r t i c l e s a r e

u n i q u e , t h r o w i n g s u c h l i g h t o n P r o p h e c y

a n d H i s t o r y a s c a n n o t b e f o u n d i n a n y

o t h e r j o u r n a l .