british exploitation and resistance

www.masocialma.blogspot.in

BRITISH EXPLOITATION

AND RESISTANCE

04


Advent of British in India


British Direct Rule in India


Battle of Plassey in 1757

1st

War of Independence 1857


Impact of the

British Policies

• Farmers were the

Immediate Victims

• Land Revenue

Policies Destroyed

them

• Increased only the

Income of British


Land Revenue

System

Regions

Permanent

Settlement

Bengal,

Bihar, Orrisa

Ryotwari

System

South Indian

Regions

Mahalwari

System

North West

Regions

Different Land Revenue Policies of British


Zamindars of

India During

British


Features of Permanent Settlement

(Zamindari System)

Tax was Collected by Zamindars

Zamindar was the Owner of the Land

He had the Power to Collect Tax

Farmers Became the Tenants

To Pay up to 60% of the Yield

as Tax

Even at the Time of Poor

Yield, Tax was to be Paid

Tax to be Paid in Cash


Features of Ryotwari System

Tax was Collected Directly From Farmers

(Ryots)

Farmers were the owners of the Land

Excessive Tax was Imposed

Tax was Frequently Increased

Thomas Munro


Features of Mahalwari System

Tax was Collected by Village Headman

Excessive Tax was Imposed

Entire Village (Mahal) as a Unit


Permanent

Settlement

Ryotwari

System

Mahalwari

System

Region

Tax

Collected by

Land Owner

Other

Features

Activity 1

Complete the Table that Depicts the Features of Different

Land Revenue Systems by the British


Permanent

Settlement

Ryotwari

System

Mahalwari

System

Region Bengal,

Bihar Orissa

South India North West

India

Tax

Collected by

Zamindars Company

Directly

Village

Headman

Land Owner Zamindars Farmers Land Lords

Other

Features

Tax Burden to Farmers

High Tax was Imposed

Tax was Increased Frequently


Land Revenue Policies of the

British Affected the Agriculture……

₹ Unable to Pay Tax

₹ Loan from Moneylenders

₹ High Rate of Interest

₹ Loan by Mortgaging Agricultural Land

₹ Could not Pay back Loan

₹ Land was Seized by the Moneylenders


Commercialization of Agriculture

Before British Agriculture for Family

& Village Needs only

During British Market Needs

Commercial Crops than Food Crops

Effects

Less Production of Food Crops

High Price for Food Items

Poverty, Famine etc


Indigo

Cotton

Sugar Cane

Tea

Jute

Wheat

Bengal

Bihar

Maharashtra

Punjab

Uttar Pradesh

Assam

Kerala

Bengal

Punjab


Crops Region

Activity 2

Prepare a Table that Shows the Different Crops &

Corresponding Region


Turbulent Indigo Fields

Textile Industry

During Industrial Revolution

Indigo Contribution

Year %

1780 30 %

1810 95 %


Indigo Fields


Farmers were given an Advance

Heavy Tax Burden

Tempted to get High Price

Compelled to Cultivate Indigo

Got Low Price due to British Agents

Later Artificial Colors were Invented

Farmers became Miserable


The Indigo Revolt


The Indigo Revolt

In 1859 Farmers of Bengal Revolted

Many Educated Supported it

Govt. Appointed a Commission

Commission Found that Indigo

Farming was Uneconomic & to Stop


Peasant Revolts in Kerala

Around 22 Peasant Revolts in Malabar

Against Exploitation & Suppression of

Landlords & British

Malabar Special Police (MSP) to

Suppress the Revolt

William Logan as the Enquiry

Commission

Commission Pointed out that the

Unfair Land Revenue System of British

was the Cause


Malabar Special Police (MSP)


Causes of Mappila Rebellion


Mappila Rebellion 1921

Muslims in Malabar were

Mappilas

British treated Janmis

(Landlords) as Land Owners

Farmers Leased Land

Janmis Exploited

With the Help of British

Atrocities & Eviction of

Tenants

Farmers Revolted


Mappila Rebellion


Tribal Revolts

Santhal

Revolt

Kol’s

Revolt

Munda

Revolt

Kurichiya

Revolt

Naikada’s

RevoltRevolt of

Kachanags

Pahariya

Revolt

Khasi

Revolt

Bhil

Revolt

Kolis

Revolt

Forest Act

made them Miserable


Santhal

Revolt -

1855Sido & Kanhu

Livelihood Gathering Forest

Produce, Cattle Rearing, Shifting

Cultivation, Hunting

Prohibited to

Enter Forest

High Tax for

Forest

Produce

Collected


Kurichiya

Revolt -1812

Organized by Kurichiya &

Kurumba (Wayanad)

Led by Rama Nambi

Reasons

Excessive Tax

Tax in Cash than in Kind

Seizing of Agricultural Land

“The anti-British struggles of Illiterate Tribal communities were

more Aggressive, Intense and Continuous than any other sects

including Peasants” - K Suresh Singh ( Historian )


Munda Revolt

o 1899-1900

o Chota Nagpur

o Birsa Munda

o 1899 Attack

of Churches &

Police Stations

o 1990 Defeat

of Mundas

o 1922 Birsa

Died of cholera

in Jail

Birsa Munda – Munda Revolt


Revolt of Kols

Chota Nagpur

1844-1882

Ghonu

Suppression of the

Revolt after extensive

military operations by

British and death of

Ghonu.


Revolt of Bhil

Banswara and Dungapur

(Rjasthan)

1913

Govind Guru

It began as a purification

movement, but later

developed into a political;

failure of their attempts to

set up a Bhil Raj due to

British armed intervention.


Pahariya

Revolt

1772-1780

Revolt of Khasi

Khasi Hills (Assam &

Meghalaya)

1829-32

Tirut Singh and Bar Manik

khasis to drive away the

British form their territory;

surrender of all khasi

chiefs, including Tirut Singh

1832


Activity 3

Collect the Different Tribal Uprisings of India against British

and Prepare a Table

Tribal Revolt Leaders Region


Tribal Revolt Leaders Region

Santhal Sido & Kanhu Rajmahal Hills

Kol’s Ghonu Chota Nagpur

Munda Birsa Munda Ranchi

Kurichiya Raman Nambi Waynad (Kerala)

Kachanags Sambhudan Kachar (Assam)

Naikada’s Roopsing Gobar, Johriya Rajasthan, Gujarat

Pahariya

Khasi Tirath Singh. Khasi hills and

Jaintia Hills

Bhil Govind Guru Banswara (Rajastan)


NAME OF

THE TRIBE

AREA

AFFECTED

YEAR LEADER (S)

Chuars

Nanbhum an

Barabhum

(West Bengal)

1768 &

1832

Not available

Bhils Khandesh

1818 to

1848

Not available.

Hos

Singhbhum and

Chota Nagpur

1820, 1822

and 1832

Not available

Kolis

Sahyadri Hills

(Gujarat and

Maharashtra)

1824, 1828,

1839 and

1844-48

Not available

Khasis

Khasi Hills

(Assam &

Meghalaya)

1829-32

Tirut Singh and

Bar Manik

(Chief of

Nounklow &

Molim

respectively

Singphos Assam 1830-39 Not available

Kols Chota Nagpur 1831-32 Buddho Bhagat

Koyas

Rampa Region

(Chodavarm in

Andhra

Pradesh)

1840, 1845,

1858, 1861-

62, 1879-

80, 1922-24

Alluri

Ditaramaraju

(1922-24)

NAME OF

THE TRIBE

AREA AFFECTED YEAR LEADER (S)

Konds

Khondmais

(orissa)

1846-48,

1855 and

1914

Chakra Bisayi

Santhals

Rajmahal Hills

(Bihar)

1855-56 Sidhu & Kanhu

Naikdas

Panch Mahals

(Gujarat)

1858-59 &

1868

Rupsingh and

Joria Bhagat

Kucha

Nagas

Cacher 1882 Sambhudan

Mundas Chota Nagpur 1899-1900 Birsa Munda

Bhils

Banswara and

Dungapur

(southern

Rjasthan)

1913 Govind Guru

Oraons Chota Nagpur 1914-15 Jatra BHagat

Thadoe

Kukis

Manipur 1917-19

Jadoang and his

neice Rani

Gaidinliu

Chenchus

Nallamala Hills

(Andhra

Pradesh)

1921-22 Hanumanthu

List of Tribal Movements in 19th and 20th Century


Decline of Traditional Industries

British Policies

Ruined Agriculture & Handicrafts

Import of Machine-made Textiles

Cheap & Easy to be Sold

Expansion of Railway

To Carry Goods Easily to Towns & Villages

Weavers Lost their Village Market

To Carry Raw Materials

High Tax for Exported Indian Textiles

Ruined Agriculture & Handicrafts


Decline of Traditional Industries

British Forced the Weavers

To Work at Small Wage

To Exchange their Products at Cheap Price

Many Gave up their Work

Due to Exploitation & Torture

Searched for Another Job

Decline of Textile Industry

Urban Areas became least Inhabited

Migrated to Villages & Engaged in Agriculture

Fragmented Fields & Stagnant Production


“The Armour of the Isolated

Self Sufficient Village was

Pierced by the Steel Rail, and

its Life Blood Ebbed away ”

- D H Buchanan ( An American

Traveler)


Activity 4

Analyse the Reason for the Decline of the Indian Textile

Industry and Complete the Diagram Below

Decline of Indian Textile Industry


British Policies

& Exploitation

High Tax on

Indian Textile

Export of Raw

Materials

Introduction

of Railway

Import of

Machine Goods

Decline of Indian

Textile Industry


Condition of Handicrafts in the Village

Village

Industries

Cause of Decline

Pottery Import of Aluminum

Vessels

Tanning Export of Raw Leather

to Europe

Carpentry Use of Machines


British Started

Plantation

Textile

Jute

Steel

Paper

Industries in India

Opium Factory

Condition of Workers

Continued Working Hours

Small Wages

Unhealthy Accommodation

Lack of Trade Unions


What led to the Riot?

Economic Miseries

of Farmers & Craftsmen

Military Called as

Sepoy & their Low Salary

Religious use of

New Cartridge of Rifles

Political Doctrine

of Lapse & other Laws


Military & Religious

Causes


During the Riot

Attacked Moneylenders

Active Participation of All

Common People, Kings, Farmers,

Craftsmen, Soldiers, Leaders …

Hindu - Muslim Unity

Many were Killed

Captured Delhi & Declared

Bahadur Sha II as Emperor of India


After the Riot

Riot was a Failure due to Less Military

Marked in the History of India

Brought Changes in Administration

British Parliament Took Over India

Economic Exploitation Continued

Concentrated in Certain Areas only

Lack of Well Organisation


Bahadur Shah II seized by

William Hodson during

Indian Mutiny of 1857-1858


British Parliament Took Over India’s

Administration


Bahadur Shah II

Delhi

Rani Lakshmi Bai

Begum Hazret

Lucknow

Nana Saheb Thantia Thopi

Kanpur

Ahammedullah

Faizabad

Centres of Revolt & Leaders


Activity 5

Prepare a Table Which shows the Centres of Revolt and

Leaders of 1857 Revolt

Centres of Revolt Leaders


Around 2 Crores of

People Died Spread

Over 24 Famines


Nationalism

Sense of Unity

among the People

of a Country

without

Ca

ste

Creed

Re

gio

n

Religion

INC was formed

in Dec 1885 in

Bombay

72 Delegates

from all over India

Led Anti-British

Struggle

Indian National Congress

www.masocialma.blogspot.inFirst Indian National Congress 1885


Drain Theory

Dadabai Naoroji

“ Poverty & Un-British Rule in India ”

Studied the Facts on the Deterioration

of Indian Economy based on Data

Huge Amount of Money was

Flowing to Britain Every Year

This Drain of Wealth was

the Root Cause of Poverty


How did the Indian Wealth Flow

to Britain?

Export Indian Raw Materials

Import Sale of British Products

Salary & Pension to British

Tax from India

Dadabai Naoroji

Romesh

Chandra Duttwww.masocialma.blogspot.in

Gopal Krishna

Gokhale

Economic Nationalism

Common People were

Aware that …..

Economic Policy of

British made India Poor

Poverty & Exploitation

were the Creation of

British

Need anti-British Attitude


WE

Hindu

Muslim

Division of Bengal 1905

Most of the Earlier Leaders were

from Bengal Nursery of

Indian National Movement

CurzonBy Curzon

Policy of

Divide & Rule

People

Protested

Cancelled it

in 1911


Swadeshi Movement

To strengthen Economy & National

Movement

Consumption of Indigenous Products

Boycott & Burning of Foreign Goods

Many Indian Companies

Massive Participation

Tata


Many Indian Companies

− Textile Mills

− Soap Factories

− Matchbox Companies

− National Banks

− Insurance Companies

− Bengal Chemical Store (Bengal)

− Tata Steel Plant (Maharashtra)

− Steam Navigation Comp. (Tamil Nadu)

Chidambaran

Pillai


Massive Participation

− Washer men Not to Wash

Foreign Cloths

− Priests Not to use Foreign items

for Rituals & Prayers

− Women Boycotted Foreign

Bangles & Utensils

− Students Quit Schools


Boycotting

of

Foreign

Goods


Lal Bal Pal

“ Swaraj is

Better than the

best form of

Foreign Rule”

“Swaraj is my

Birth Right, I

shall Have it”

- B.G. Tilak


Activity 6

Discuss and Point out the Outcome of Swadeshi Movement

in India


Additional Activities

1. Explain the Role of B.G. Tilak for the Inspiration of

national Movement.

2. What is Economic Nationalism?

3. How can you say that the First War of Independence was

not a Failure. Explain?

4. Which were the Major Problems Faced by the Industrial

Workers in India During the British Rule?

5. Write a short note on Mappila Revolt in Kerala.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.



Michael Angelo M.A. MA (Phi.,His.)

HSA(Social Science)

St. Mary’s H.S. [email protected]

9746953695


mailto:[email protected]

british exploitation and resistance

Documents