brief for the national crime victim law institute, arizona voice for crime victims, child justice,...

8/13/2019 Brief for the National Crime Victim Law Institute, Arizona Voice for Crime Victims, Child Justice, Inc., Maryland Crim

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Kh. 2>-6192OK PFATupraga hurt hi tfa Qkota` Ttbtas

@H_LA ^BK@BLL ZB^HLOKA,Zatotohkar,

v.

QKOPA@ TPBPAT HI BGAÔDB,AP BL.,

âsphkàkts.

HK UÔP HI DA^POH^BÔ PH PFAQKOPA@ TPBPAT DHQ^P HI BZZABLT

IH^ PFA IOIPF DO^DQOPNÔAI IH^ PFA KBPOHKBL DÔGA YODPOGLBU OKTPOPQPA BÔ]HKB YHODA IH^ DÔGAYODPOGT DFOL@ MQTPODA OKD. GB^_LBK@ DÔGAYODPOGT ÂTHQ^DA DAKPA^ OKD. KBPOHKBLDAKPA^ IH^ YODPOGT HI DÔGA BK@ KBPOHKBLHÊBKO]BPOHK IH^ YODPOG BTTOTPBKDABT BGODO DQÔBA TQZZH^POKE ÂTZHK@AKPBG_ QKCKHUK

ZBQL ^.R.UHLITHKDhuksal hi âdhr`

TFO^LA_ DBTTOK UHH@UB^@@BKOAL Z.CAB^KA_,M^.^BDFAL GQ^ZF_UOLGA^ DQPLA^ ZODCAÔKE

FBLA BK@ @H^^ LLZ2651 Zakksylvbkob Bva. KUUbsfokethk, @D >:::9(>:>) 994-9:::pbul.whlishkJwolgarfbla.dhg


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(o)

RQATPOHK ZÂTAKPA@Ufbt, oi bky, dbusbl ralbtohksfop hr kaxus natwaak

tfa àiak`bkts dhkùdt bk` tfa vodtogs fbrg hr `bg-beas gust tfa ehvarkgakt hr tfa vodtog astbnlosf okhràr th radhvar rastotutohk ukàr 26 Q.T.D. >>1?8


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v

PBNLA HI BQPFHÔPOATDBTAT

Zbea(s)

Bkàrshk v. Gokkabphlos, Tt. Zbul & TbultTta. Gbroa ^bolwby Dh., 25? K.U. 01 (2?>:) .......... 2:

Nbss v. Eakarbl Ghthrs Dhrp., 21: I.4` 60>(6tf Dor. 2??6)........................................................ 29, >2

Nurrbea v.Qkota` Ttbtas, Kh. 2>-5121 ............................. ?

Dbrrhzzb v. Eraaknbug, ?29 B.>` 114(Zb. >::5) ..................................................................... 29

Dhray v. Fbvakar, 91 K.A. 9? (Gbss. 2?:>).................... 21

Dhrlay v.Qkota` Ttbtas, 119 Q.T. 4:4 (>::?) ................. 2>

A`ghk`s v. Dhgpbekoa EakarblaPrbksbtlbktoqua, 004 Q.T. >19 (2?5?) ................ 20, >1

Cu`lbdac v. Iobt T.p.B, 1:? K.U.>` 9:4(Kan. 2??0) ................................................................... >2

Lhvaly v.Bllstbta Oksurbkda Dh., 916 B.>` 2:?2(Ga. 2??1) ..................................................................... >4

Garrywabtfar v. Koxbk, 2:2 Ake. âp. 2445(25??) ............................................................................ >>

Godfoa v.Erabt Lbcas Ttaal @ovosohk, KbtohkblTtaal Dhrp., 0?1 I.>` >24 (9tf Dor. 2?50) ................. 21

Gusodc, Zaalar & Ebrratt v. AgplhyarsOksurbkda hi Ubusbu, 1:6 Q.T. >69 (2??4) ............. >1

Kaw _hrc v.Iarnar, 016 Q.T. 505 (2?6>) ..................... 1, 5

Khrihlc & Uastark ^bolwby Dh. v. Byars,

146 Q.T. 241 (>::4) ..................................................... 29Khrtfup v. Abcas, 256 Z. >99 (Hclb. 2?26) ............... 21, >2


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PBNLA HI BQPFHÔPOATDhktokua`Zbea(s)

Hsnhrka v. Hfoh, 0?1 Q.T. 2:4 (2??:) ............................ 1, 5

ôdfbr`shk v. Yhlcswbeakwarc, B.E., 11> I.Tupp. 54 (U.@. Gh. 2?6>) .......................................... 26

ôvarb v.Earkar, 009 B.>` 1:6 (K.M. 2?6>) .................... >9

Tbgbktbr v._husui, 19: Q.T. 4:1 (>:2:) ........ 0, 6, 24, 25

Taoàl v.Eraaknare, >9: B.>` 694 (K.M. Tupar.Dt. Lbw. @ov. 2?9?) ..................................................... >>

Tfbàs ôèa Fhlòke Dh. v. Dhnns, Bllak &Fbll Ghrtebea Dh., 4?: Th. >` 9:2(Blb. 2?6:) .................................................................... >>

Tlbtar v.Garsarabu, 90 K._. 246 (K._. 2659) ............... 22

Ttbta ihr Qsa & Nakaiot hi ôdfbr`shk v.Aèawhrtf, >20 Th. >` 15? (Goss. 2?96) ................... >>

Tuggars v.Poda, 2?? Z.>` 2 (Dbl. 2?06) ........................ >4

Pfhgbs v.Dhhc Dhukty Tfaroiis @apbrtgakt,9:0 I.4` >?4 (5tf Dor. >::?) ...................................... 21

Qkota` Ttbtas v.Bugbos, 919 I.4` 205 (>` Dor.>:22) ......................................................................... 5, 2>

Qkota` Ttbtas v. Nbdf, 25> I.4` 1>: (5tf Dor.2???) ............................................................................... 6

Qkota` Ttbtas v. Nakhot, 524 I.4` 2 (2:tf Dor.>:24) ................................................................... 5, 2>, >0

Qkota` Ttbtas v. Nureass, 960 I.4` 001 (0tf Dor.>:2>) ................................................................... 6, 29, 2?

Qkota` Ttbtas v. Ibst, 5:? I.4` 52> (6tf Dor.>:24) ............................................................................... 5


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Qkota` Ttbtas v. Ehr`hk, 4?4 I.4` 2:00(?tf Dor. >::0)................................................................ 2

Qkota` Ttbtas v. Fbrerhva, 520 I.4` 452(9tf Dor. >:24)........................................................ >4, >0

Qkota` Ttbtas v. Cabrkay, 95> I.4` 62 (2st Dor.>:2>) ........................................................................... 1, 9

Qkota` Ttbtas v. Cakka`y, 904 I.4` 2>12(?tf Dor. >:22).............................................................. >1

Qkota` Ttbtas v. Luk`quost, 542 I.4` 2>0(>` Dor. >:24) ............................................................... >0

Qkota` Ttbtas v. Ghkzal, 902 I.4` 1>6(@.D. Dor. >:22) ................................................... 5, 6, 22

Qkota` Ttbtas v. Togghk`s, >41 I.4` 6>9(4` Dor. >:::) ............................................................... 2>

Qkota` Ttbtas v. Qkota` Ttbtas Eypsug Dh.,046 Q.T. 0>> (2?56) ....................................................... 6

Qkota` Ttbtas v. Uollobgs, 114 Q.T. >60 (>::6) .............. 5

Ubrrakv.Zbrcfurst, ?> K._.T. 5>1 (K._. Tup.

Dt. 2?:0) ................................................................. 2:, >2Uaacs v. Dfbnhu`y, ?60 I.>` 261 (9tf Dor.

2??4) ............................................................................. 21

@HDCAPA@ DBTATQkota` Ttbtas v.Cakka`y, Kh. >=:6-D^-::410-

^BM (U.@. Ubsf. Bue. >0, >:2>), ADI

#262 ............................................................................... 2>


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vooo

PBNLA HI BQPFHÔPOATDhktokua`Zbea(s)TPBPQPAT

26 Q.T.D. >>1?(b) ....................................................................... 2> >>1?(n)(2) .............................................. >, 0, 2>, >4, >0

>2 Q.T.D. 602(n)(2)(D) ...................................................... ?

0> Q.T.D. 12-9: ........................................................................ 29 2?64 ............................................................................ 21 ?9:5(b) ....................................................................... >9

B`bg Ublsf Dfol` Zrhtadtohk bk` Tbiaty Bdthi >::9, Zun. L. Kh. 2:?->06, 2>: Ttbt. 165 ............... 1

Aiiadtova Dfol` Zhrkherbpfy Zrhsadutohk Bdt

hi >::5, Zun. L. Kh. 22:-416, 2>> Ttbt. 0::2 ............. 1

HPFA^ BQPFHÔPOAT@hnns, @bk N., at bl., Pfa Lbw hi Phrts(>` a`.

>:22) ................................................................... 9, 25, 2?

Fbrpar, Ihwlar Y., at bl., Fbrpar, Mbgas bkÈrby hk Phrts(4` a`. >::9) ..................... 24, 25, 26, >1

Caathk, U. Zbea, at bl., Zrhssar bk` Caathk hktfa Lbw hi Phrts(1tf a`. 2?60) ........................pbssog

Zrhssar, Uollobg L., Mhokt Phrts bk` TavarblLobnoloty, >1 Dbl. L. âv. 024 (2?45) ........................ >:

âstbtagakt (Pfor`) hi Phrts(>:::) ......................pbssog

Tbkeblos, Pfah`hra ^., Alusova Agphwargakt=

Dhgpaksbtoke tfa Tax Prbiiodca` Zarshkukàr tfa Prbiiodcoke Yodtogs Zrhtadtohk

Bdt, 6: Ihr`fbg L. âv. 0:4 (>:22) ........................ 2>


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Uroeft, Dadol B., Oktrhùdtohk th tfa Lbw hiPhrts, 6 Dbgnroèa L.M. >46 (2?00) ............................. 6

Uroeft, ôdfbr` U., Pfa Lheod bk` Iborkass hiMhokt bk` Tavarbl Lobnoloty, >4 GagpfosTt. Q.L. âv. 01 (@ad. 2??>) ...................................... >:


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OKPAÂTP HI BGODO DQÔBA2Bgodo Duroba Kbtohkbl Droga Yodtog Lbw Okstotuta,Brozhkb Yhoda ihr Droga Yodtogs, Dfol` Mustoda, Okd.,

Gbrylbk` Droga Yodtogs âshurda Daktar, Okd., Kb-tohkbl Daktar ihr Yodtogs hi Droga, bk` Kbtohkbl Hrebk-ozbtohk ihr Yodtog Bssostbkda bra khkprhiot hrebkozb-tohks wfhsa gossohks bra th prhghta tfa oktarasts hidroga vodtogs bk` htfar vodtogs hi bnusa ok tfa mustodasystag tfrhuef vodtog sarvodas, punlod rashurdas, laebl

b`vhdbdy, bk` aùdbtohk.>

Abdf bgodus fbs pravohuslypbrtodopbta` ok dbsas okvhlvoke droga vodtogs roefts.Pfos dbsa okvhlvas iuk`bgaktbl roefts bk` oktarasts hidroga vodtogs bdrhss tfa dhuktry nadbusa ot dhkdarks tfastbk`br` ihr vodtogs, ghst spadoiodblly vodtogs hi dfol`bnusa ogbeas, th radaova rastotutohk ukàr iaàrbl lbw.4

TQGGB^_ HI BÊQGAKPDhkerass fbs akbdta` b dhgprafaksova, gbk`bthry

rastotutohk sdfaga wfhsa progbry bk` hvarbrdfokeehbl os th gbca vodtogs hi droga wfhla Sbk`W th iullydhgpaksbta tfasa vodtogs ihr tfaor lhssas. Qkota`Ttbtas v. Ehr`hk, 4?4 I.4` 2:00, 2:14 (?tf Dor. >::0)(oktarkbl quhtbtohk gbrcs bk` agpfbsos hgotta`). Pfos

2

Lattars dhksaktoke th tfa ioloke hi tfos bgodus nroai fbvanaak iola` wotf tfa Dlarc hi tfa Dhurt. Kh dhuksal ihr b pbrty bu-tfhra` tfos nroai ok wfhla hr ok pbrt, bk` kh parshk hr aktoty htfartfbk bgodo, tfaor gagnars, hr tfaor dhuksal gbà b ghkatbry dhk-tronutohk th tfa prapbrbtohk hr sungossohk hi tfos nroai.

>Pfa gossohk hi abdf hrebkozbtohk os ghra iully àsdrona` ok

bk bppakòx th tfos nroai.

4Bltfhuef tfa targ dfol` phrkherbpfy os dhgghkly usa` th

àsdrona bk ogbea tfbt àpodts b dfol` naoke saxublly bnusa`, otsusa òlutas tfa rabloty hi tfa vodtogozbtohk tfa ogbea àpodts. Dhk-saquaktly, tfrhuefhut tfos nroai, tfa targ dfol` bnusa ogbea osusa` okstab` hi dfol` phrkherbpfy.


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>

stbtuthry sdfaga raprasakts bk ogphrtbkt àvalhpgaktok tfa prhtadtohk hi droga vodtogs, bk` railadts Dhk-

erasss radhekotohk hi tfa fbrgs droga vodtogs suiiarbk` tfa kaa` th dhgpaksbta vodtogs ihr tfaor lhssas.

Tadtohk >>1? os b cay dhgphkakt hi tfos dhkeras-sohkbl sdfaga, raquoroke rastotutohk ihr vodtogs hi saxu-bl-axplhotbtohk hiiaksas ralbta` th dfol` phrkherbpfy.Tadtohk >>1? prhvoàs, ihr sudf hiiaksas, tfbt b rastotu-tohk hràr sfbll òradt tfa àiak`bkt th pby tfa vodtog

tfa iull bghukt hi tfa vodtogs lhssas. 26 Q.T.D. >>1?(n)(2). @aspota tfbt nrhb` ragaòbl gbk`bta,lhwar dhurts fbva hitak ibola` th bwbr` vodtogs hi dfol`bnusa ogbeas iull rastotutohk ihr tfaor lhssas. Ok ibdt,shga dhurts fbva àdloka` th bwbr` bky rastotutohk btbll nadbusa tfay dhul` kht toa tfa vodtogs fbrg th tfapbrtodulbr dhkùdt hi bk okòvoùbl àiak`bkt. Pfbt bp-prhbdf os wrhke bs b gbttar hi lbw, gosukàrstbk`s tfa

kbtura hi b vodtogs fbrg, bk` aradts oksurghuktbnlafur`las th b vodtogs iull radhvary hi far lhssas.

Pfa ibolura hi gbky dhurts th bwbr` rastotutohk ihrbll hi b vodtogs lhssas stags ok pbrt irhg gosbpplodbtohkhi tfa dhgghk lbw thrt prokdoplas tfbt gust na pra-suga` th fbva okihrga` Dhkerasss drbitoke hi >>1?bk` wfodf aiiadtubta Dhkerasss purphsa hi iull bk`

gbk`bthry rastotutohk ihr droga vodtogs. Pfhsa dhg-ghk lbw prokdoplas dhgpal twh dhkdlusohks= (2) th as-tbnlosf tfbt b pbrtodulbr parpatrbthr wbs b dbusa hi tfapsydfhlheodbl trbugb sfa suiiars bk` tfa lhssas sfa fbsokdurra` ùa th tfa dordulbtohk hi ogbeas hi far bnusa, bvodtog kaa` kht astbnlosf tfbt tfa parpatrbthrs dhkùdtwbs b kadassbry hr okàpakàktly suiiodoakt dhkòtohk3bk` (>) drogokbl àiak`bkts wfh drabta, trbiiod ok, phs-

sass, bk` voaw ogbeas hi b vodtogs saxubl bnusa bramhoktly bk` savarblly lobnla ihr tfa iull bghukt hi tfavodtogs lhssas.


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Phrt lbw fbs lhke radhekoza` tfbt, wfara gultoplaparpatrbthrs akebea ok sapbrbta nut ralbta` dhkùdt

dbusoke okmury, bk okòvoùbl parpatrbthr `has kht as-dbpa rasphksonoloty ihr dbusoke tfa okmury sogply na-dbusa, ùa th htfars wrhkeiul dhkùdt, fos dhkùdt wbskaotfar kadassbry khr suiiodoakt th dbusa tfa fbrg. TaaCaathk at bl., Zrhssar bk` Caathk hk tfa Lbw hi Phrts 02, bt >96 (1tf a`. 2?60) (Zrhssar & Caathk). Oi tfalbw wara htfarwosa, kh okòvoùbl dhul` na fal` rasphk-sonla ihr tfa fbrgs parpatrbthrs dhlladtovaly okilodt hk bvodtog, kh gbttar fhw sunstbktobl. Pfbt rasult whul`na okdhksostakt wotf astbnlosfa` thrt prokdoplas bk`whul` iuk`bgaktblly ukàrgoka Dhkerasss purphsasok akbdtoke >>1?.

Iurtfar, thrt lbw eakarblly fhl`s gultopla thrtiab-shrsbk` aspadoblly oktaktohkbl drogokbl bdthrs

mhoktly bk` savarblly lobnla ihr bky okòvosonla okmury

tfay dbusa. Taa âstbtagakt (Pfor`) hi Phrts B26(>:::) (âstbtagakt). Zatotohkar bk` htfars wfh trbiiodok bk` voaw sax bnusa ogbeas dbusa vodtogs sudf bsBgy bk okòvosonla okmury3 tfa psydfhlheodbl fbrg sfasuiiars bk` tfa lhssas sfa fbs okdurra` ùa th tfa dordu-lbtohk hi ogbeas hi far bnusa dbkkht na pbrdala` hut bk`bssoeka` th okòvoùbl parpatrbthrs. Qkàr astbnlosfa`thrt prokdoplas tfbt prhparly okihrg tfa Dhurts rabòkehi >>1?, drogokbl àiak`bkts wfh àbl ok bk` voaw og-beas hi Bgys bnusa sfhul` na fal` mhoktly bk` savarbl-ly lobnla.

Pfa Ehvarkgakt whul` fbva tfa Dhurt ihllhw tfaiorst rula nut bnbk`hk tfa sadhk`, breuoke tfbt >>1?`has kht axprassly raquora mhokt bk` savarbl lobnolotybk` tfbt b vodtogs fbrg os tfahratodblly òvosonla. Taa

Q.T. Nr. >2->>, 0>. Nut avak oi Bgys okmury wara ò-vosonla ok tfahry (bk` ot os kht), mhokt bk` savarbl lobnol-oty eakarblly bpploas wfara, bs fara, prbdtodblòvosohk


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os ogphssonla. Dhkerass ukàrsthh` tfa ukoqua fbrgsuiiara` ny vodtogs sudf bs Bgy. Ny akbdtoke >>1?s

gbk`bta hi iull rastotutohk, Dhkerass àdoà` tfbt, na-twaak Bgy bk` Zatotohkar, Zatotohkar gust nabr tfanuràk hi Bgys lhssas. Iurtfar, tfa Ehvarkgaktsprhphsbl hi b` fhd bpphrtohkgakt àtargokbtohks prh-voàs kh prbdtodbl euo`bkda th òstrodt dhurts dbldulbtokerastotutohk bwbr`s bk` sdbkt bssurbkda tfbt Dhkerassspurphsa hi aksuroke rastotutohk ihr tfa iull bghukt hib vodtogs lhssas woll na aiiadtubta`. 26 Q.T.D. >>1?(n)(2).

BÊQGAKPO. TADPOHK >>1? @HAT KHP ÂRQOÂ B YODPOG PHP^BDA FA^ FB^G PH PFA ZB^PODQLB^ DHK@QDP HIBK OK@OYO@QBL @AIAK@BKP

Pfa vodtogs hi dfol` bnusa ogbeas suiiar erbva

fbrg bt tfa fbk`s hi tfhsa wfh drabta, trbiiod ok, phs-sass, bk` voaw tfhsa ogbeas. Pfay lova wotf iabr, fu-golobtohk, bk` pbok, fbukta` ny tfa ckhwlaèa tfbt og-beas hi tfaor bnusa bra dhktokuhusly bvbolbnla th napbssa` irhg parpatrbthr th parpatrbthr bk` tfbt bky-hka tfay akdhuktar gby fbva saak tfa ogbeas hr gbysaa tfa ogbeas ok tfa iutura. Pfos fbrg prhùdas adh-

khgod lhssas bk` padukobry `bgbeas ihr wfodf Dhk-erass fbs gbk`bta` iull rastotutohk. Pfa okmury bk` ra-sultoke adhkhgod fbrg dbkkht na kabtly pbrdala` hutbk` trbda` th pbrtodulbr okòvoùbl parpatrbthrs, bk`Tadtohk >>1? ogphsas kh sudf raquoragakt. Abdf par-patrbthr dbusas tfa okmury, wfatfar tfa parpatrbthr ostfa 2,:::tf hr 2:,:::tf parshk th voaw tfa ogbeas. Qk-àr dhgghk lbw prokdoplasok loeft hi wfodf Dhkerass

os prasuga` th fbva akbdta` >>1?, saa Tbgbktbr v._husui, 19: Q.T. 4:1, 4>: k.24 (>:2:)bk okòvoùbl,oktaktohkbl vodtogozar os kh lass tfa dbusa hi tfa vodtogs


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okmuroas nadbusa htfars fbva blsh dbusa` tfa okmury nypbrtodopbtoke ok tfa sbga droga.

B. Yodtogs hi Dfol` Bnusa Ogbeas Tuiiar ErbvaFbrg Dbusa` ny Bll Ufh Drabta Zhssass@ostronuta bk` Yoaw Pfhsa OgbeasPfa bduta fbrgs dbusa` th vodtogs hi dfol` bnusa

ogbeas bra wall astbnlosfa`. Bs tfos Dhurt fbs radhe-koza`, tfa gbtarobls prhùda` ny dfol` phrkherbpfars

pargbkaktly radhr` tfa vodtogs bnusa, bk` tfa ogbe-as dhktokua` axostakda dbusas tfa dfol` vodtogs dhk-tokuoke fbrg ny fbuktoke tfa dfol`rak ok yabrs thdhga. Hsnhrka v. Hfoh, 0?1 Q.T. 2:4, 222 (2??:). Ot ostfa iabr hi axphsura bk` tfa taksohk hi caapoke tfa bdtsadrat tfbt saag th fbva tfa ghst prhihuk` aghtohkblrapardussohks. Kaw _hrc v.Iarnar, 016 Q.T. 505, 51?k.2: (2?6>) (oktarkbl quhtbtohk gbrcs bk` nrbdcats

hgotta`). Yodtogs gust eh tfrhuef loia ckhwoke tfbttfa ogbeas hi tfaor trbugb bra ukdhktbokbnla, bk` wolllocaly dordulbta ihravar.

Dhkerass fbs axprassly radhekoza` tfasa fbrgs okprhsdronoke tfa phssassohk hi dfol` bnusa ogbeas. TaaQkota` Ttbtas v. Cabrkay, 95> I.4` 62, ?0 (2st Dor.>:2>). Ot fbs rapabta`ly agpfbsoza`, ok laeoslbtohk

bgakòke tfa lbws ehvarkoke dfol` phrkherbpfy, tfadhktokuoke fbrg tfa òstronutohk bk` phssassohk hi dfol`phrkherbpfy okilodts. O`.3 saa, a.e., Aiiadtova Dfol`Zhrkherbpfy Zrhsadutohk Bdt hi >::5, Zun. L. Kh. 22:-416, tot. O, 2:>(4), 2>> Ttbt. 0::2, 0::2 (Dfol` phrkhe-rbpfy os b pargbkakt radhr` hi b dfol`s bnusa bk` tfaòstronutohk hi dfol` phrkherbpfy ogbeas ravodtogozastfa dfol` abdf toga tfa ogbea os voawa`.)3 B`bg Ublsf

Dfol` Zrhtadtohk bk` Tbiaty Bdt hi >::9, Zun. L. Kh.2:?->06, 1:2(>)(@), 2>: Ttbt. 165, 9>0 (Avary okstbkdahi voawoke ogbeas hi dfol` phrkherbpfy raprasakts b


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rakawa` vohlbtohk hi tfa provbdy hi tfa vodtogs bk` brapatotohk hi tfaor bnusa.).

Nhtf tfa Ehvarkgakt bk` tfa Zatotohkar bdckhw-laèa tfa axtakt bk` kbtura hi tfa fbrg bk` tfa rasult-oke adhkhgod lhssas tfbt vodtogs loca Bgy suiiar. TaaQ.T. Nr. 0: (Bgys fbrg bk` far rasultoke lhssas stag bt labst ok pbrt irhg tfa ckhwlaèa tfbt far ogbeaos naoke eakarblly dordulbta` bk` tfbt b erhup hi pahplabra voawoke far ogbeas. (oktarkbl quhtbtohk gbrcs bk`

nrbdcats hgotta`))3 Zat. Nr. 1: (Bgys prhihuk` suiiar-oke os ùa ok lbrea pbrt th far ckhwlaèa tfbt abdf `by,ukthl` kugnars hi pahpla bdrhss tfa whrl` bra voawokebk` òstronutoke ogbeas hi far saxubl bnusa.).

N. Avary Zarshk Ufh Drabtas @ostronutas Zhs-sassas hr Yoaws Bnusa Ogbeas Dbusas PfaYodtogs FbrgPfa trbugb, iabr, fugolobtohk, psydfhlheodbl okmury,

bk` tfa rasultoke iokbkdobl lhssas suiiara` ny vodtogsloca Bgy dbkkht na òvoà` up bk` bttronuta` poada-ny-poada th pbrtodulbr àiak`bkts. _at tfara dbk na khquastohk tfbt bll wfh fbva prhùda`, phssassa`, òs-tronuta`, bk` voawa` ogbeas hi Bgys bnusa dbusa` farfbrg.0 Taa Cabrkay, 95> I.4` bt ?0-?1 (Pfa Tupraga

0Bs tfa Ehvarkgakt khtas, dbusbtohk os typodblly àsdrona` bs

okvhlvoke twh ossuas= ibdtubl dbusbtohk bk` prhxogbta dbusbtohk.Taa Q.T. Nr. 26. Ibdtubl dbusbtohk bscs wfatfar tfa àiak`bktsdhkùdt dbusa` tfa vodtogs fbrg, bk okquory ihr wfodf tfara osghra tfbk hka tast. Taa @hnns at bl., Pfa Lbw hi Phrts 261, bt9>2 (>` a`. >:22). Zrhxogbta dbusbtohk àlokabtas tfa bpprhprobtasdhpa hi tfa àiak`bkts laebl lobnoloty, bk bkblysos tfbt rasts hkdhksoàrbtohks sudf bs tfa ihrasaabnoloty hi tfa vodtogs fbrg. Taa

o`. âsphkàkt Bgy bptly àsdronas wfy Tadtohk >>1? lbdcs bprhxogbta dbusa raquoragakt, saaâspt Bgy Nr. 25-45, bk` tfaEhvarkgakt parsubsovaly axplboks wfy bky prhxogbta dbusa ra-quoragakt whul` na gat ok tfos dbsa ok bky avakt, saa Q.T. Nr. 41-


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Dhurt fbs rapabta`ly axplboka`, ihr tforty yabrs, tfbtokòvoùbls àpodta` ok dfol` phrkherbpfy bra fbrga`

ny tfa dhktokuoke òssagokbtohk bk` phssassohk hi sudfphrkherbpfy dhktbokoke tfaor ogbea. (dotoke Iarnar,016 Q.T. bt 51?3 Qkota` Ttbtas v. Uollobgs, 114 Q.T.>60, 4:4 (>::6)3 Hsnhrka, 0?1 Q.T. bt 222)).

Tavarbl lhwar dhurts fbva gosbpprafakà` tfa kb-tura hi vodtogs fbrg, bk` fbva arrhkahusly raquora` bspadoiod lokc natwaak bk oàktoiobnla phrtohk hi tfa vod-

togs fbrg bk` tfa dhkùdt hi b pbrtodulbr àiak`bkt.Pfay fbva tfus àkoa` hr logota` rastotutohk th vodtogshk tfa erhuk` tfbt b pbrtodulbr àiak`bkts phssassohkhi b sokela ogbea hi Sb vodtogW wbs kaotfar b kadassbrykhr b suiiodoakt dbusa hi bll hi far lhssas. Qkota` Ttbtasv.Ghkzal, 902 I.4` 1>6, 146 (@.D. Dor. >:22)3 saa blsh,a.e., Qkota` Ttbtas v. Nakhot, 524 I.4` 2, >:, >4 (2:tfDor. >:24)3 Qkota` Ttbtas v. Ibst, 5:? I.4` 52>, 5>>-5>4

(6tf Dor. >:24)3 Qkota` Ttbtas v.Bugbos, 919 I.4` 205,214-211 (>` Dor. >:22). Zatotohkars breugakt okvotastfos Dhurt th ogphsa b sogolbr rastrodtohk. Fa dhktak`stfbt shga avoàkda gust na prasakta` tfbt sfhws tfbtnut ihr b àiak`bkts dhkùdt, tfa lhssas hr `bgbeaswhul` kht fbva hddurra`. Zat. Nr. 0?3 saa blsh o`. bt0?-1: (Bgy fbs gbà kh sfhwoke tfbt far lhssas bratrbdabnla th Zbrhlokas dhkùdt3 Bgy fbs suiiara`tragak`husly irhg far bnusa raebr`lass hi wfbt Zb-

0:. Nadbusa bky prhxogbta dbusa stbk`br` whul` na gat fara okbky avakt, tfos Nroai ihdusas hk dlhsaly ralbta` quastohks tfbt ibllwotfok tfa quastohk prasakta` bs ihrgulbta` ny tfos Dhurt (bk` brablsh b``rassa` ny tfa pbrtoas)= (2) wfatfar tfa vodtog hi b fbrgtfbt wbs dbusa` ny gultopla parshks gust trbda far fbrg th tfapbrtodulbr dhkùdt hi bk okòvoùbl àiak`bkt ok hràr th astbnlosffar roeft th rastotutohk irhg tfbt àiak`bkt, bk` (>) wfatfar b à-iak`bkt wfh, blhke wotf htfars, dbusa` tfa fbrg th tfa vodtog gbyna fal` mhoktly bk` savarblly lobnla ihr tfa vodtogs lhssas.


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rhloka ò`)3 o`. bt 1: (Zatotohkars phssassohk hi twhogbeas hi Bgy wbs kaotfar b kadassbry khr b suiiodoakt

dbusa hi bll hi far lhssas).

Pfa lbw raquoras kh sudf sfhwoke. Kht hkly whul`Zatotohkars stbk`br` gbca radhvary ny vodtogs prbdto-dblly ogphssonla, dhktrbry th tfa axplodot gbk`bta hi >>1?, ot blsh oekhras tfa wall-astbnlosfa` dhgghk lbwnbdcerhuk` hi thrt lobnoloty prokdoplas, bebokst wfodfDhkerass os prasuga` th fbva laeoslbta`. Taa Tbgbk-

tbr, 19: Q.T. bt 4>: k.24 (Dhkerass os ukàrsthh` th lae-oslbta bebokst b nbdcerhuk` hi dhgghk-lbw prokdoplas.(allopsos bk` oktarkbl quhtbtohk gbrcs hgotta`))3 saa blshQkota` Ttbtas v. Qkota` Ttbtas Eypsug Dh., 046 Q.T.0>>, 045 (2?56) (Dhkerass woll na prasuga` th fbva lae-oslbta` bebokst tfa nbdcerhuk` hi hur trbòtohkbl laebldhkdapts). Bs gbky dhurts fbva radhekoza`, tfa dhg-ghk lbw nbdc`rhp bpplodbnla fara os tfbt hi tfa lbw hi

thrts nadbusa, loca thrt lbw, Tadtohk >>1?s purphsa osth biihr` dhgpaksbtohk ihr okmuroas sustboka` ny hkaparshk bs tfa rasult hi tfa dhkùdt hi bkhtfar. Zrhssar& Caathk 2, bt 9 (quhtoke Uroeft, Oktrhùdtohk th tfaLbw hi Phrts, 6 Dbgnroèa L.M. >46 (2?00))3 saa Qkota`Ttbtas v. Nureass, 960 I.4` 001, 015 (0tf Dor. >:2>) (Bplurbloty hi dorduots fbva agplhya` bk hvarlby hi trbò-tohkbl thrt prokdoplas th tfa stbtuthry lbkeubea Shi >>1?W.)3 Ghkzal, 902 I.4` bt 141 k.1 (Bltfhuef >>1?os b drogokbl stbtuta, ot iukdtohks gudf loca b thrt stbtutany òradtoke tfa dhurt th gbca b vodtog wfhla ihr lhssasdbusa` ny tfa rasphksonla pbrty. (dotoke Qkota` Ttbtasv. Nbdf, 25> I.4` 1>:, 1>4 (5tf Dor. 2???) (Iukdtohkblly,tfa Gbk`bthry Yodtogs âstotutohk Bdt os b thrt stbtuta,tfhuef hka tfbt dbsts nbdc th b gudf abrloar arb hi Bk-


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elh-Bgarodbk lbw, wfak drogokbl bk` thrt prhdaaòkeswara kht dlabrly òstokeuosfa`.))).1

Prbòtohkbl thrt lbw prokdoplas aiiadtubta Dhk-erasss purphsas ok akbdtoke >>1? th prhvoà vodtogsrastotutohk ihr tfa iull bghukt hi tfaor lhssas. Qkàrtfhsa prokdoplas, wfara tfa dhkùdt hi gultopla wrhke-`hars dbusas b vodtog fbrg, tfa bdt hi abdf okòvoùbl

wrhke`haros b dbusa hi tfbt fbrg, avak oi tfa okòvoù-bls dhkùdt wbs kaotfar kadassbry khr okàpakàktly

suiiodoakt th dbusa tfa fbrg. Taa Zrhssar & Caathk 02, bt >96 (Ufak tfa dhkùdt hi twh hr ghra bdthrs ossh ralbta` th bk avakt tfbt tfaor dhgnoka` dhkùdt,voawa` bs b wfhla, os b nut-ihr dbusa hi tfa avakt, bk`bpplodbtohk hi tfa nut-ihr rula th tfag okòvoùbllywhul` bnshlva bll hi tfag, tfa dhkùdt hi abdf os b dbusaok ibdt hi tfa avakt.). Bs tfa âstbtagakt axplboks=Ok shga dbsas, thrtohus dhkùdt ny hka bdthr os oksuiio-

doakt, avak wotf htfar nbdcerhuk` dbusas, th dbusa tfaplboktoiis fbrg. Kavartfalass, wfak dhgnoka` wotfdhkùdt ny htfar parshks, tfa dhkùdt hvaràtargokastfa fbrg, o.a., os ghra tfbk suiiodoakt th dbusa tfafbrg. âstbtagakt >5 dgt. i. Ok tfos dordugstbkda,tfa ibdt tfbt tfa htfar parshks Shr parshksW dhkùdt ossuiiodoakt th dbusa tfa fbrg `has kht pravakt tfa bd-thrs dhkùdt irhg naoke b ibdtubl dbusa hi fbrg. O`.Okstab`, ot os akhuef tfbt tfa dhkùdt bt ossua dhktron-

1Pfa ralavbkda hi trbòtohkbl thrt prokdoplas òstokeuosfas

>>1? irhg >2 Q.T.D. 602(n)(2)(D), tfa stbtuta tfa Dhurt os dhk-soàroke ok Nurrbea v. Qkota` Ttbtas, Kh. 2>-5121. Tadtohk602(n)(2)(D) `has kht iukdtohk loca b thrt stbtuta, nut rbtfar loca btypodbl drogokbl lobnoloty prhvosohk= ot ogphsas b saktakda hi ogpros-hkgakt rbkeoke irhg twakty yabrs th loia uphk b àtargokbtohk

tfbt usa hi tfa `rues shl` ny tfa àiak`bkt rasultSa`W ok àbtf hrsarohus nhòly okmury. >2 Q.T.D. 602(n)(2)(D). Prbòtohkbl thrtprokdoplas fbva lottla nabroke hk tfa prhpar oktarpratbtohk hi tfbtprhvosohk.


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utas th b sat hi dhkòtohks tfbt dbusas tfa fbrg th hddur(o.a., tfa okòvoùbls dhkùdt os pbrt hi b suiiodoakt dbus-

bl sat). Taa o`.

Ok htfar whr`s, thrt lbw prhvoàs b strboeftihrwbr`bk` saksonla bkswar th tfa dbusbtohk prhnlag tfbt fbstrhunla` shga lhwar dhurts ok tfa drogokbl rastotutohkdhktaxt= tfara os kh sbiaty ok kugnars. B parpatrbthrdbkkht bvho` rasphksonoloty ihr dbusoke b vodtogs okmu-roas sogply nadbusa htfar parpatrbthrs ralbta` dhkùdt

wbs, dhlladtovaly, kadassbry bk` suiiodoakt th dbusa tfavodtogs okòvosonla fbrg. Oi tfa lbw wara htfarwosao.a., oi b àiak`bkt wara raloava` hi rasphksonoloty oksudf dordugstbkdastfak kh okòvoùbl dhul` na fal`rasphksonla ihr tfa fbrgs parpatrbthrs dhlladtovaly ok-ilodt, kh gbttar fhw sunstbktobl. Phrt lbw bvho`s tfbtokaquotbnla rasult ny radhekozoke tfbt abdf pbrtodopbktdbusa` tfa vodtogs okòvosonla fbrg.

Pfa dhgghk lbw os raplata wotf dbsas bpplyoke tfosprokdopla. Ihr axbgpla, twakty-sox goll hwkars wfhphlluta` b draac wara akmhoka` bk` fal` lobnla ihr `bg-beas avak tfhuef tfa òsdfbrea ny abdf sokela pbrtywhul` kht dbusa bky gbtarobl dfbkea th tfa plboktoii.Ubrrakv.Zbrcfurst, ?> K._.T. 5>1, 5>5 (K._. Tup. Dt.2?:0), bii`, ?4 K._.T. 2::? (Bpp. @ov. 2?:1), bii`, 56

K.A. 15? (K._. 2?:9). Bltfhuef SkWh hka àiak`bktdbusa` tfbt okmuryS,W SbWll hi tfa àiak`bkts ò` dbusaot. O`. bt 5>63 saa blsh Bkàrshk v. Gokkabphlos, Tt.Zbul & Tbult Tta. Gbroa ^y. Dh., 25? K.U. 01, 0? (2?>:)(rbolwby dhgpbky tfbt dbusa` b iora tfbt garea` wotfhtfar ioras th àstrhy plboktoiis prhparty dhul` na fal`lobnla ihr tfa aktora `bgbea), hvarrula` ok pbrt hk htfar

erhuk`s, Nhrsfaog v. Erabt K. ^y. Dh., 264 K.U. 12?

(Gokk. 2?>2). Togolbrly, b dhurt sbw kh òiiodulty okfhlòke b àiak`bkt th fbva dbusa` ilhh` `bgbea thplboktoiis nbsagakt avak tfhuef bkhtfar parshk dhk-


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tronuta` th tfa ilhhòke. Tlbtar v.Garsarabu, 90 K._.246, 205 (K._. 2659) (Ot os kh àiakda ihr b parshk

bebokst wfhg kaeloeakda wfodf dbusa` `bgbea osprhva`, th prhva tfbt wotfhut ibult hk fos pbrt tfa sbga`bgbeas whul` fbva rasulta` irhg tfa bdt hi bkhtf-ar.). Ok sfhrt, thrt lbw fbs ramadta` tfa khtohk tfbt bkokòvoùbl parpatrbthr `has kht dbusa b vodtogs fbrg oktfasa dordugstbkdas.

Lhwar dhurts àtargokoke rastotutohk ukàr >>1?

fbva hitak gossa` tfos iuk`bgaktbl prokdopla. Khtbnlaos tfa @.D. Dorduots Ghkzalàdosohk, wfodf arrhkahuslyraquora` tfbt rastotutohk na nbsa` hk tfa bghukt hi bvodtogs fbrg trbdabnla th b pbrtodulbr àiak`bkt,wfara tfa àiak`bkts dhkùdt wbs kaotfar b kadas-sbry khr b suiiodoakt dbusa hi bll hi Stfa vodtogsW lhssas.Ghkzal, 902 I.4` bt 146. Pfa dhurts rabshkoke dhkilbt-a` bpphrtohkgakt hi `bgbeas prokdoplas (òsdussa` na-

lhw) wotf dbusbtohk, saa o`., bk` ibola` th radhekoza tfbtok tfasa dordugstbkdas thrt lbw àags abdf parpatrb-thrs bdt th na b dbusa hi b vodtogs okmuroas avak wfarabky pbrtodulbr okòvoùbls dhkùdt os kht kadassbry hrsuiiodoakt ny otsali th dbusa tfa okmury.

Ok b`òtohk, tfa Ghkzalrula prhùdas pradosaly tfaokaquotbnla rasult tfa dhgghk lbw rula os àsoeka` th

bvho`= ot labvas b vodtog wotf assaktoblly kh radhvaryavak wfara tfa vodtog wbs dlabrly fbrga` ny tfa be-eraebta dhkùdt hi gultopla parpatrbthrs. Hk ragbk` okGhkzal, tfa òstrodt dhurt bttagpta` th bpply tfa @.D.Dorduots trbdabnoloty raquoragakt bk` ultogbtaly à-dloka` th bwbr` Bgy bky rastotutohk bt bll. Pfa dhurtihuk` ot ogphssonla th ibsfohk b ihrgulb tfbt pokphoktsStfa àiak`bktsW àeraa hi rasphksonoloty ihr Bgys sui-

iaroke. Gag. Hràr, Qkota` Ttbtas v.Ghkzal, Kh. 2=:?-D^->04 (EC), bt 6 (@[email protected]. Khv. 9, >:2>), AID #5:. Htf-ar dorduots ihllhwoke Ghkzals rabshkoke fbva lait vod-


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togs sogolbrly agpty-fbkà`, saa, a.e., Bugbos, 919 I.4`bt 2113 Gokuta Aktry, Qkota` Ttbtas v. Cakka`y, Kh.

>=:6-D^-::410-^BM (U.@. Ubsf. Bue. >0, >:2>), ADI#262, hr fbva sueeasta` tfbt rastotutohk gby na ukb-vbolbnla uklass b vodtog dbk prhvoà avoàkda trbdoke farfbrg th tfa spadoiod àiak`bkt, saa, a.e., Nakhot, 524 I.4`bt >>->4 (ragbkòke th tfa òstrodt dhurt ihr b raàtar-gokbtohk hi tfa phrtohk hi `bgbeas bllhdbnla th Nakhot, oibky (agpfbsos b`à`)).

Pfbt rasult os iuk`bgaktblly bt h``s wotf >>1?bk` ots purphsa. Pfa progbry bk` hvarbrdfoke ehbl hiDhkerasss stbtuthry rastotutohk sdfaga ihr droga vod-togs os th iully dhgpaksbta tfasa vodtogs ihr tfaor lhss-as bk` th rasthra tfasa vodtogs th tfaor hroeokbl stbta hiwall-naoke. Qkota` Ttbtas v.Togghk`s, >41 I.4` 6>9,642 (4` Dor. >:::). âstotutohk dbk na b povhtbl stap ok bvodtogs radhvary. Taa, a.e., Tbkeblos, Alusova Agphw-

argakt= Dhgpaksbtoke tfa Tax Prbiiodca` Zarshk uk-àr tfa Prbiiodcoke Yodtogs Zrhtadtohk Bdt, 6: Ihr`fbgL. âv. 0:4, 046 (>:22). Ph tfbt ak`, >>1? prhvoàstfbt dhurts sfbllhràr rastotutohk ihr bky hiiaksa uk-àr tfos dfbptar bk` tfbt sudf rastotutohk hràr sfbllòradt tfa àiak`bkt th pby tfa vodtog tfa iullbghukt hi tfa vodtogs lhssas. 26 Q.T.D. >>1?(b) &(n)(2) (agpfbsos b`à`). Pfbt lbkeubea labvas kh rhhgihr dhurts th labva vodtogs agpty-fbkà` hk tfa erhuk`tfbt kh okòvoùbl àiak`bkts dhkùdt ny otsali wbskadassbry hr suiiodoakt th dbusa tfa vodtogs fbrg. TaaDhrlay v.Qkota` Ttbtas, 119 Q.T. 4:4, 420 (>::?) (stbt-utas gust na oktarprata` sh tfbt kh pbrt woll na okhp-arbtova hr supariluhus, vho` hr oksoekoiodbkt (oktarkblquhtbtohk gbrcs hgotta`)).


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OO. PFA P^B@OPOHKBL PH^P LBU ZÔKDOZLAT PFBP OK-IH^G PFOT DHQ^PT BKBL_TOT ÂRQOÂ PFBP ZA^ZA-P^BPH^T NA FAL@ MHOKPL_ BK@ TAYA^BLL_ LOBNLAIH^ ÂTPOPQPOHK QK@A^ TADPOHK >>1?@atargokoke wfatfar b àiak`bkt dbusa` b vodtogs

okmury bk` bpphrtohkoke `bgbeas ihr tfbt okmury braòstokdt ossuas. Hkda dbusbtohk os astbnlosfa`, b iur-tfar quastohk gby brosa bs th tfa phrtohk hi tfa thtbl`bgbeas sustboka` wfodf gby prhparly na bssoeka` th

tfa àiak`bkt, bs òstokeuosfa` irhg htfar dbusas.Zrhssar & Caathk 1>, bt 401. Pfbt bpphrtohkgaktquastohk turks, ukàr trbòtohkbl thrt prokdoplas, hkwfatfar tfa vodtogs fbrg dbk prbdtodblly na òvoà`bk` bttronuta` th vbrohus parpatrbthrs. Oi tfa vodtogsfbrg os òvosonla, abdf àiak`bkt os lobnla ihr `bgbeasihr fos phrtohk hi tfa fbrg3 oi kht, àiak`bkts bra fal`

mhoktly bk` savarblly lobnla. Taa 4 Fbrpar at bl., Fbrpar,

Mbgas bk` Erby hk Phrts 2:.2, bt 9-5 (4` a`. >::9)(Fbrpar). Pfasa prokdoplas okihrg tfa Dhurts oktarpra-tbtohk hi >>1? fara, saa Tbgbktbr, 19: Q.T. bt 4>:,k.24, bk` gbk`bta tfbt tfhsa wfh àbl ok bk` voaw og-beas hi Bgys bnusa na fal` mhoktly bk` savarblly lobnlaihr bll hi far fbrg.

B. Phrt Lbw Ogphsas Mhokt Bk` Tavarbl LobnolotyUfara Gultopla Zarshks Dbusa Bk OkòvosonlaOkmury

Prbòtohkbl thrt prokdoplas bpply mhokt bk` savarbllobnoloty wfara gultopla thrtiabshrs dbusa b vodtog bkokòvosonla okmury. Taa âstbtagakt B26. Oi tfa thr-tohus dhkùdt ny gultopla parshks os tfa dbusa hi bk ok-òvosonla okmury, abdf parshk os mhoktly bk` savarblly

lobnla ihr tfa radhvarbnla `bgbeas dbusa` ny tfa thr-tohus dhkùdt. O`.3 saa blshZrhssar & Caathk 1>, bt405 (Ufara twh hr ghra dbusas dhgnoka th prhùda


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sudf b sokela rasult, okdbpbnla hi bky rabshkbnla òvo-sohk, abdf gby na b sunstbktobl ibdthr ok nrokeoke bnhut

tfa lhss, bk` oi sh, abdf os dfbrea` wotf bll hi ot.).

Pfos Dhurt fbs radhekoza` tfasa prokdoplas, axplbok-oke tfbt tfa dhgghk lbw bllhws bk okmura` pbrty thsua b thrtiabshr ihr tfa iull bghukt hi `bgbeas ihr bkokòvosonla okmury tfbt tfa thrtiabshrs kaeloeakda wbs bsunstbktobl ibdthr ok dbusoke, avak oi tfa dhkdurraktkaeloeakda hi htfars dhktronuta` th tfa okdoàkt. A`-

ghk`s v. Dhgpbekoa Eakarbla Prbksbtlbktoqua, 004Q.T. >19, >9: (2?5?) (dotbtohks hgotta`). A`ghk`salbn-hrbta` hk tfa sdhpa hi tfa rula=

B thrtiabshr os kht raloava` hi lobnoloty ihr tfaaktora fbrg fa dbusa` must nadbusa bkhtfarskaeloeakda wbs blsh b ibdthr ok aiiadtoke tfa ok-

mury. Khr bra tfa `bgbeas bebokst fog ògok-

osfa`. B dhkdurrakt thrtiabshr eakarbllygby saac dhktronutohk irhg bkhtfar, nut fa oskht raloava` irhg lobnoloty ihr tfa aktora `bg-beas avak wfak tfa khkàiak`bkt thrtiabshr osogguka irhg lobnoloty. Pfasa prokdoplas, hidhursa, bra okbpplodbnla wfara tfa okmury os ò-vosonla bk` tfa dbusbtohk hi abdf pbrt dbk nasapbrbtaly bssoeka` th abdf thrtiabshr.

O`. bt >9: k.6 (oktarkbl quhtbtohk gbrcs bk` dotbtohkshgotta`).9

Dhgghk lbw dhurts fbva lhke bpploa` mhokt bk`savarbl lobnoloty ok b vbroaty hi dhktaxts wfara gultoplaparpatrbthrs dbusa okòvosonla fbrg. Taa âstbtagakt B26, âphrtars Khta dgt. b (Gbky dhurts, avak na-

9Pfa òsdussohk hi dhktronutohk ok A`ghk`s wbs ralavbkt oktfa dhktaxt hi tfa kaeloeakda ossua ok tfbt dbsa3 dhktronutohk bdtohksbra eakarblly ukbvbolbnla th oktaktohkbl thrtiabshrs. Taa okirb p. >9.


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ihra tfa >:tf daktury, ogphsa` mhokt bk` savarbl lobnol-oty hk okàpakàkt thrtiabshrs wfak tfaor bdts dbusa`

truly okòvosonla fbrg.). Ihr axbgpla, wfara savarblaktotoas agptoa` druà hol okth b draac, wfodf tfarabitaroekota` bk` nurka` plboktoiis ibrg, abdf wbs mhoktly bk`savarblly lobnla ihr tfa aktora `bgbea. Taa Khrtfup v.Abcas, 256 Z. >99, >96 (Hclb. 2?26). Ufara twh ghthr-dydlosts okàpakàktly bk` sogultbkahusly sdbra` plbok-toiis fhrsa, rasultoke ok okmury th plboktoii, abdf wbs

mhoktly bk` savarblly lobnla ihr tfa aktora okmury. TaaDhray v. Fbvakar, 91 K.A. 9?, 9? (Gbss. 2?:>) (Otgbcas kh òiiarakda tfbt tfara wbs kh dhkdart natwaaktfag, hr tfbt ot os ogphssonla th àtargoka wfbt phrtohkhi tfa okmury wbs dbusa` ny abdf. Oi abdf dhktronuta` thtfa okmury, tfbt os akhuef th nok` nhtf.). Togolbrly,gultopla àiak`bkts wfh okàpakàktly òsdfbrea` phl-lutbkts okth tfa bor tfarany drabtoke b kuosbkda th plbok-

toiis wara fal` mhoktly bk` savarblly lobnla ihr tfa aktora`bgbeas dlboga`. Taa Godfoa v.Erabt Lbcas Ttaal @ov.,Kbtl Ttaal Dhrp., 0?1 I.>` >24, >26 (9tf Dor. 2?50).

Pfa rula fbs dhktokuoke votbloty. @aiak`bkts oksuots ukàr 0> Q.T.D. 2?64 bra eakarblly fal` mhoktlybk` savarblly lobnla ihr okòvosonla okmuroas. Taa Pfhgbsv.Dhhc Dkty. Tfaroiis @apt, 9:0 I.4` >?4, 422 (5tf Dor.>::?) (ak nbkd) (wfara àiak`bkts wara mhoktly bk`savarblly lobnla, bllhdbtoke `bgbeas natwaak tfapbrtoas ihr tfa sokela okòvosonla okmury bllaea` ok tfosdbsa wbs ogprhpar)3 Uaacs v. Dfbnhu`y, ?60 I.>` 261,266-26? (9tf Dor. 2??4) (fhlòke nbsa` hk A`ghk`stfbttfa rula hi mhokt bk` savarbl lobnoloty dhkstotuta` iaàr-bl rula hi `bgbeas bllhwoke radhvary hi iull `bgbeasirhg àiak`bkt raebr`lass hi tfa bdtohks hi dhkdurrakt

thrtiabshrs). Bk` gbky dhurts bpplyoke stbta lbw dhk-tokua th ogphsa mhokt bk` savarbl lobnoloty ihr okòvosonla


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okmuroas.5 Taa, a.e., Nbss v. Eakarbl Ghthrs Dhrp., 21:I.4` 60>, 61: (6tf Dor. 2??6) (bpplyoke okòvosonla okmury

rula ukàr Gosshuro lbw th fhl` dbr gbkuibdturar mhokt-ly bk` savarblly lobnla wotf kaeloeakt `rovar wfh strudcplboktoii)3 Dbrrhzzb v. Eraaknbug, ?29 B.>` 114, 191(Zb. >::5) (Mhokt bk` savarbl lobnoloty bs b prokdopla hiradhvary ihr bk okòvosonla okmury dbusa` ny gultoplathrtiabshrs loas bt tfa vary fabrt hi tfa dhgghk lbw hithrt, bk` blsh fbs b shlo` ihuk`btohk ok Zakksylvbkobsstbtuthry lbw.).

Pfa fbrg Bgy suiiars os plbokly okòvosonla. Pfaraos kh prbdtodbl wby th òvoà up tfa trbugb hi b vodtoghi dfol` bnusa ogbeas bk` th bssoek bspadts hi fartrbugb th vbrohus àiak`bkts. Khr os ot phssonla th o-voà padukobry lhssas rasultoke irhg tfbt trbugb. Bgy`has kht spak` tfa iorst iova gokutas hi psydfhlheodbltfarbpy hk okòvoùbl xwfh goeft fbva voawa` far og-

beas bk` tfa kaxt iova òsdussoke okòvoùbl y. Di. Nur-eass, 960 I.4` bt 092 (Eraehry, M., dhkdurroke bk` òs-saktoke ok pbrt, dhkdurroke ok tfa muègakt) (O `h khtnaloava tfbt b ibdt iokàr dhul` gabkokeiully sby pra-dosaly xbghukt hi Yodcys psydfhlheodbl okmuroas waradbusa` ny Nureasss wbtdfoke tfa voàh, tfbt ybghuktwbs dbusa` ny @aiak`bkt # >s wbtdfoke tfa sbga vo`-

5 Bs tfa Dhurt khta` ok Khrihlc & Uastark ^bolwby Dh. v.

Byars, 146 Q.T. 241 (>::4), bltfhuef shga stbtas fbva dhga th ibvhrbpphrtohkgakt sdfagas nbsa` hk dhgpbrbtova ibult, gbky Ttbtasratbok iull mhokt bk` savarbl lobnoloty, avak ghra ratbok ot ok dartbokdordugstbkdas, bk` ghst hi tfa radakt dfbkeas bwby irhg tfa trbò-tohkbl rula fbva dhga tfrhuef laeoslbtova akbdtgakts rbtfar tfbk

muòdobl àvalhpgakt hi dhgghk-lbw prokdoplas. O`.bt 290-291 (dot-oke âstbtagakt 25, âphrtars Khta, tbnlas, bt 212-21>, 214-21?,

N26, âphrtars Khta). Ok Khrihlc, tfa Dhurt fal` tfbt tfa IaàrblAgplhyars Lobnoloty Bdt, 0> Q.T.D. 12-9:, ò` kht gbk`bta bp-phrtohkgakt bghke gultopla àiak`bkts ok pbrt nadbusa mhokt bk`savarbl lobnoloty os tfa trbòtohkbl rula. 146 Q.T.bt 294.


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ah, bk` sh hk.). Prbòtohkbl thrt prokdoplas tfus prh-voà ihr Bgy th radhvar far iull `bgbeas irhg bky à-

iak`bkts wfh voawa` hr trbà` ok ogbeas hi far bnusa,ihr tfay bra mhoktly bk` savarblly lobnla ihr far fbrg.

Pfa Ehvarkgakts prokdopbl dhktaktohk (Q.T. Nr.04) os tfbt >>1? `has khtraquora tfos bpprhbdfavaktfhuef tfos Dhurt eakarblly prasugas tfbt Dhkerassfbs laeoslbta` bebokst tfa nbdc`rhp hi ralavbkt dhgghklbw prokdoplas. Taa Tbgbktbr, 19: Q.T. bt 4>: k.24.

Nut tfa Ehvarkgakt blsh dhktak`s tfbt mhokt bk` sav-arbl lobnoloty `has kht bpply nadbusa b vodtogs fbrg osòvosonla ok tfahry (o.a., th tfa aya hi hgkosdoakda),tfhuef ot gby na fbr` hr parfbps ogphssonla hk tfaibdts th bdtublly parihrg tfa òvosohk. Q.T. Nr. 00 k.25(oktarkbl quhtbtohk gbrcs hgotta`).

Pfa Ehvarkgakts dhktaktohk tfbt tfa fbrg os ò-

vosonla ok tfahry os kht b erhuk` th ramadt mhokt bk`savarbl lobnoloty. Phrt lbw butfhrotoas gbca dlabr tfbt bkokmury gust naprbdtodbllyòvosonla ihr okòvoùbl bllhdb-tohk hi lobnoloty. Taa @hnns at bl., Pfa Lbw hi Phrts 2?>, bt 904 (>` a`. >:22) (@hnns) (okòvosonla okmuroasbra tfhsa tfbt dbkkht na sapbrbta` ok bky prbdtodblwby)3 Fbrpar 2:.2, bt 9 (SPWfa fbrg dbusa` faragust na hi bk okòvosonla kbtura tfbt os kht prbdtodblly

bpphrtohkbnla.)3 Zrhssar & Caathk 1>, bt 405 (okò-vosonla okmuroas bra tfhsa okdbpbnla hi bky rabshkbnla hrprbdtodbl òvosohk). Pfa phssonoloty hi òvosohk ok tfah-

ry (Q.T. Nr. 00 k.25) os sogply orralavbkt. Taa âstbta-gakt B26, âphrtars Khta dgt. b (fosthrodblly mhoktbk` savarbl lobnoloty fbs naak ogphsa` wfatfar tfa ok-

mury wbs hka tfbt wbs truly okòvosonla (sudf bs twh va-fodlas dhlloòke bk` nrabcoke tfa plboktoiis lae) hr wbs

tfahratodblly òvosonla, nut, nadbusa hi prhnlags hi prhhi,dhul` kht na bpphrtohka` nbsa` hk tfa dbusbl rhlas hi


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abdf àiak`bkt (a.e., gbrbuòke dbttla nalhkeoke th sav-arbl àiak`bkts wfh àstrhy b ioal` hi drhps)).

Ok bky avakt, Bgys okmuroas dbkkht na raùdaàvak tfahratodbllyth bthgs hi psydfhlheodbl trbugb.Far fbrg os kht bk beelhgarbtohk hi vbrohus òsdrataokmuroas, pola` hka uphk bkhtfar ny suddassova parpa-trbthrs. Pfa okmury Bgy fbs suiiara`, dbusa` ny tfackhwlaèa tfbt ogbeas hi far bnusa bra ogphssonla thdhktbok bk` dhktokua th na voawa` bebok bk` bebok, bk`

tfa soekoiodbkt lhssas sfa fbs sustboka` bs b rasult brakh ghra tfahratodblly òvosonla tfbk àbtf, nrbok`bgbea, hr tfa thtbl àstrudtohk hi b nuolòke. Di.ôdfbr`shk v.Yhlcswbeakwarc, B.E., 11> I. Tupp. 54,60 (U.@. Gh. 2?6>) (iokòke nrbok `bgbea, nrhcaknhkas bk` pbrbplaeob okòvosonla bs b gbttar hi lbw)3Fbrpar 2:.2, bt >> (Okòvosonoloty dbk gabk tfbt tfafbrg os kht avak tfahratodblly òvosonla (bs àbtf hr th-

tbl àstrudtohk hi b nuolòke))3 Zrhssar & Caathk 1>,bt 405 (àsdronoke àbtf, b nrhcak lae hr bky sokelawhuk`, bk` tfa àstrudtohk hi b fhusa ny iora bs ok-òvosonla okmuroas). Fara, bs ok tfhsa dbsas, SkWh okea-kuoty dbk sueeast bkytfoke ghra tfbk b puraly brno-trbry bpphrtohkgakt hi sudf fbrg. Zrhssar & Caathk 1>, bt 405. Pfa Ehvarkgakts breugakt okvotas mustsudf brnotrbrokass, bk` hiiars kh prbdtodbl gadfbkosg thtoa tfa (tfahratodbl) alagakts hi b vodtogs fbrg th pbr-todulbr àiak`bkts. Bky rula tfbt raloas hk tfa dhurtshgkosdoakda os ukwhrcbnla.

N. Mhokt Bk` Tavarbl Lobnoloty Os BpprhprobtaEovak Pfa Fbrg B @aiak`bkt Dbusas B Yod-tog hi Bnusa OgbeasPfa Ehvarkgakt bk` Zatotohkar blsh sueeast tfbt

mhokt bk` savarbl lobnoloty os okbpprhprobta nadbusa Zato-tohkar ò` kht dbusa tfa aktoraty hi Bgys fbrg. Taa


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2?

Q.T. Nr. 09 (àiak`bkt sfhul` kht na fal` rasphksonlaihr lhssas fa okòsputbnly ò` kht dbusa)3 Zat. Nr. 1:.

Pfos breugakt arrhkahusly dhkilbtas wfatfar b à-iak`bkt fbs dbusa`b vodtogs okmury wotf wfatfar tfavodtogs `bgbeas dbk na bllhdbta`th pbrtodulbr àiak`-bkts. Bs axplboka` suprbpp. 1-24, ukàr nbsod thrt lbwprokdoplas, abdf parpatrbthr, ny voawoke tfasa bnusaogbeas hi Bgy, fbs dbusa` far okmuroas. Bk` wfak bvodtog suiiars sudf bk okòvosonla okmury, abdf thrtiab-

shr os trabta` bs b dbusa hi tfaaktora okòvosonla okmury.@hnns 2?>, bt 904 (agpfbsos b`à`)3 saa blsh Zrhssar& Caathk 1>, bt 401 (wfara tfara os kh nbsos ihr òvo-sohk, dhurts eakarblly fhl` tfa àiak`bkt ihr tfa aktoralhss, khtwotfstbkòke tfa ibdt tfbt htfar dbusas fbvadhktronuta` th ot).6 Mhokt bk` savarbl lobnoloty os tfusbpprhprobta pradosaly nadbusa tfa lbw àags abdf par-patrbthr b dbusa hi tfa aktoraokmury.

Pfa Ehvarkgakt kavartfalass dlbogs tfbt tfa ibdttfbt htfars fbva akebea` ok tfa sbga wrhkeiul dhk-ùdt bs tfa àiak`bkt `has kht mustoiy fhlòke b à-iak`bkt (loca patotohkar) rasphksonla ihr lhssas fa okòs-putbnly ò` kht dbusa. Q.T. Nr. 053 saa blshZat. Nr. 1:

6 Muèa Eraehry hi tfa Qkota` Ttbtas Dhurt hi Bppabls ihr

tfa Ihurtf Dorduot bpprhprobtaly dbptura` tfa òstokdtohk natwaakdbusbtohk bk` bpphrtohkgakt hi `bgbeas=

Pfa dhgghk lbw fhl`s mhokt thrtiabshrs mhoktly bk` sav-arblly lobnla ihr okòvosonla `bgbeas. Pfus, tfa rasto-tutohk quastohk os rashlva` ny bscoke wfatfar Nureassprhxogbtaly dbusa` Yodcy fbrg. Bssugoke tfbt fa ò`,tfa dhurt gust tfak dhksoàr wfatfar tfhsa okmuroas braòvosonla irhg tfa okmuroas dbusa` ny tfa htfar hiiakàrswfh blsh prhxogbtaly fbrga` Yodcy. Oi tfay bra okò-vosonla, tfak Nureass gust na fal` mhoktly bk` savarbllylobnla ihr tfhsa okmuroas.

Nureass, 960 I.4` bt 092.


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>:

(Bgy fbs kht sfhwk tfbt far lhssas hr `bgbeas rasultirhg far ckhwlaèa hi Zbrhlokas dhkùdt). Bs bk oko-

tobl gbttar, tfa Ehvarkgakts dlbog os òiiodult th radhk-dola wotf ots htfar breugaktskbgaly, tfbt dbusbtohksfhul` na bkblyza` nbsa` hk tfa àiak`bkts beeraebtadhkùdt nadbusa Bgys trbugb dbkkht na sunòvoàòk tfa wby b trbòtohkbl nut-ihr stbk`br` whul` ra-quora bk` nadbusa ot os prbdtodblly ogphssonla th ckhwwfatfar far lhssas whul` fbva naak sloeftly lhwar oihka wara th suntrbdt hka àiak`bkt, hr tak, hr ioity.Q.T. Nr. >1.

Nut avak sh, tfa Ehvarkgakt (bk` Zatotohkar) eattfa ossua axbdtly nbdcwbr`. Hi dhursa b thrtiabshr gbyna fal` rasphksonla hkly ihr okmuroas fa hr sfa fbsdbusa`. Nut SbW àiak`bkts okòvoùbl iull rasphksonol-oty ihr bk okmury tfbt wbs bk bdtubl bk` prhxogbta ra-sult hi far thrtohus nafbvohr os kht ògokosfa` oi shga

htfar parshks thrtohus nafbvohr blsh wbs bk bdtubl bk`prhxogbta dbusa hi tfa okmury. Uroeft, Pfa Lheod bkÌborkass hi Mhokt bk` Tavarbl Lobnoloty, >4 GagpfosTt. Q. L. âv. 01, 10-11 (@ad. 2??>)3 saa blsh Zrhssar,Mhokt Phrts bk` Tavarbl Lobnoloty, >1 Dbl. L. âv. 024,04> (2?45) (Ufara tfa bdts hi twh àiak`bkts dhgnokath prhùda b sokela rasult, wfodf os okdbpbnla hi naokeòvoà` hr bpphrtohka`sudf bs tfa àbtf hi tfa plbok-toiiabdf gby na tfa prhxogbta dbusa hi tfa lhss, bkàbdf gby na fal` lobnla ihr tfa aktora `bgbea.). Pfadhktrbry rulasueeasta` ny tfa Ehvarkgaktdhul`sunmadt plboktoiis th b parvarsa thrtiast, ok wfodf tfaghra thrtiabshrs tfara wara, tfa lass lobnla abdf whul`na, bltfhuef tfa thrtohus nafbvohr hi abdf àiak`bktragboka` dhkstbkt bk` wbs bk bdtubl bk` prhxogbta

dbusa hi tfa plboktoiis aktora okmury. Uroeft, >4 Gag-pfos Tt. Q. L. âv. bt 15.


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>2

Pfbt os kht tfa lbw. ^btfar, dhurts raeulbrly bpplymhokt bk` savarbl lobnoloty wfara gultopla thrtiabshrs

dbusa bk okòvosonla okmury. Taa, a.e.,Nbss, 21: I.4` bt61: (fhlòke dbr gbkuibdturar mhoktly bk` savarblly lob-nla ihr plboktoiis thtbl okmuroas wotf ukoàktoioa` `rov-ar wfh fot plboktoii nadbusa gbkuibdturars àiadtovaàsoek dhktronuta` th plboktoiis `bgbeas)3 Cu`lbdac v.Iobt T.p.B, 1:? K.U.>` 9:4, 92> (Kan. 2??0) (SOWi tfasapbrbta bk` okàpakàkt bdts hi kaeloeakda ny òiiar-akt parshks dhgnoka th prhùda b sokela okmury, abdfpbrtodopbkt os lobnla ihr tfa `bgbea, bltfhuef hka hitfag blhka dhul` kht fbva dbusa` tfa rasult.)3 Khrtf-up, 256 Z. bt >96 (Ufara, bltfhuef dhkdart os lbdcoke,tfa sapbrbta bk` okàpakàkt bdts hr kaeloeakda hi sav-arbl dhgnoka th prhùda òradtly b sokela okmury, abdf osrasphksonla ihr tfa aktora rasult, avak tfhuef fos bdt hrkaeladt blhka goeft kht fbva dbusa` ot. (oktarkbl quh-

tbtohk gbrcs hgotta`))3 Ubrrak, ?> K._.T. bt 5>6 (fhl`-oke àiak`bkts mhoktly bk` savarblly lobnla avak tfhuefkh hka àiak`bkt dbusa` tfa aktora okmury).

D. Pfa ûla hi Mhokt bk` Tavarbl Lobnoloty Bp-ploas Uotf Avak Erabtar Ihrda Fara NadbusaZarpatrbthrs hi Dfol` Bnusa Ogbeas Oktak-tohkblly Akebea Ok Urhkeiul DhkùdtEakarblly, SbWk bdthr wfh oktaktohkblly hr radclass-

ly dbusas fbrg os sunmadt th lobnoloty ihr b nrhbàr rbkeahi fbrgs tfbk tfa fbrgs ihr wfodf tfbt bdthr whul` nalobnla oi hkly bdtoke kaeloeaktly. âstbtagakt 44(n).Pfa rbtohkbla ihr nrhbàr lobnoloty ihr oktaktohkbl thrt-iabshrs os strboeftihrwbr`= nadbusa prhxogbta dbusa osok pbrt agplhya` th pravakt b àiak`bkts lobnolotyirhg naoke hut hi prhphrtohk wotf tfa thrtiabshrs dul-pbnoloty, tfa sdhpa hi lobnoloty ihr oktaktohkbl bk` radc-lass thrtiabshrs sfhul` na nrhbàr tfbk ihr kaeloeakt hr


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>>

strodtly lobnla thrtiabshrs. O`. 44 dgt. b.?3 saa blshTfbàs ôèa Fhlòke Dh. v. Dhnns, Bllak & Fbll

Ghrte. Dh., 4?: Th. >` 9:2, 9:? (Blb. 2?6:) (Pfos trak`Sthwbr` axtakà` lobnoloty ihr oktaktohkbl thrtsW os òd-tbta` ny tfa phlody tfbt lobnoloty avak tfhuef phtaktobl-ly tragak`hus sfhul` na ogphsa` hk tfa wrhke`har rb-tfar tfbk tfa vodtog na ukdhgpaksbta`. Fakda, avakvary raghta dbusbtohk gby na ihuk` wfara tfa àiak`-bkt bdta` oktaktohkblly.)3 Taoàl v.Eraaknare, >9: B.>`694, 654 (K.M. Tupar. Dt. Lbw. @ov. 2?9?) (gbky hi tfalogotbtohks uphk lobnoloty ukàr tfa `hdtroka hi prhx-ogbta dbusa, bs usublly axphukà` ok kaeloeakda dbsas`h kht bpply th oktaktohkbl thrts. (agpfbsos b`à`))3Ttbta ihr Qsa & Nakaiot hi ôdfbr`shk v. Aèawhrtf,>20 Th. >` 15?, 165 (Goss. 2?96) (B foefar àeraa hirasphksonoloty os ogphsa` uphk b wrhke`har wfhsa dhk-ùdt wbs oktakà` th dbusa fbrg tfbk uphk hka wfhsa

dhkùdt wbs kaeloeakt.).Togolbrly, ot os bpprhprobta bk` rabshkbnla th fhl`

bk oktaktohkbl thrtiabshr mhoktly bk` savarblly lobnla ihrtfa dhksaquakdas hi fos dhkùdt. Taa âstbtagakt 2>(Abdf parshk wfh dhggots b thrt tfbt raquoras oktaktos mhoktly bk` savarblly lobnla ihr bky okòvosonla okmurylaeblly dbusa` ny tfa thrtohus dhkùdt.)3 saa o`. (Ok-taktohkbl thrtiabshrs fbva naak fal` mhoktly bk` savar-blly lobnla sokda bt labst tfa àdosohk ok Garrywabtfarv.Koxbk, 2:2 Ake. âp. 2445 (25??)). Pfos prokdopla bp-ploas avak wfara b murosòdtohk fbs ghòioa` tfa trbò-

?Ibdthrs okiluakdoke tfos nrhbàka` sdhpa hi lobnoloty gby ok-

dluà tfa ghrbl dulpbnoloty hi tfa bdthr, bs railadta` ok tfa rabshksihr bk` oktakt ok dhggottoke tfa thrtohus bdts, tfa sarohuskass hi

fbrg oktakà` bk` tfrabtaka` ny tfhsa bdts, bk` tfa àeraa thwfodf tfa bdthrs dhkùdt àvobta` irhg bpprhprobta dbra. â-stbtagakt 44(n). Zatotohkars ghrbl dulpbnoloty os sunstbktobl, bk`tfa sarohuskass hi tfa fbrg fa dbusa` os ukàkobnla.


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tohkbl rula ihr khkoktaktohkblthrtiabshrs. Taa o`. 2>dgt. b. Okàa`, tfa âstbtagakthnsarvas tfbt SkWht b

sokela bppallbta àdosohk fbs naak ihuk` tfbt stbk`s ihrtfa prhphsotohk tfbt mhokt bk` savarbl lobnoloty hi oktak-tohkbl thrtiabshrs fbs naak bnrhebta` hr ghòioa`. O`.âphrtars Khta dgt. n.

@. Mhokt Bk` Tavarbl Lobnoloty Zrhparly âquorasPfa @aiak`bkts ^btfar Pfbk Pfa Yodtog PhNabr Pfa Nuràk Hi @aiak`bkts Urhke`hokePfa trbòtohkbl rula hi mhokt bk` savarbl lobnoloty ihr

okòvosonla okmuroas prhparly plbdas bky fbr`sfop ra-sultoke irhg tfa òiiodulty hi bpphrtohkgakt hk tfaprhvak wrhke`har bk` kht hk tfa okkhdakt plboktoii.Lhvaly v. Bllstbta Oks. Dh., 916 B.>` 2:?2, 2:?4 (Ga.2??1). Pfa gultopla parpatrbthrs wfh mhoktly (bk` ok-taktohkblly) drabta tfa dhkòtohks tfbt okmura tfa vodtog

gust nabr tfa nuràk hi bnshlvoke tfagsalvas hi bkyphrtohk hi rasphksonoloty. Di. Tuggars v.Poda, 2?? Z.>`2, 0 (Dbl. 2?06) (@aiak`bkts nrhueft bnhut b sotubtohkwfara tfa kaeloeakda hi hka hi tfag okmura` tfa plbok-toii, fakda ot sfhul` rast wotf tfag abdf th bnshlva fog-sali oi fa dbk. Pfa okmura` pbrty fbs naak plbda` ny à-iak`bkts ok tfa ukibor phsotohk hi phoktoke th wfodf à-iak`bkt dbusa` tfa fbrg. Oi hka dbk asdbpa tfa htfar

gby blsh bk` plboktoii os ragaòlass.)

Pfasa prokdoplas bpply wotf pbrtodulbr ihrda ok loefthi Bgys stbtuthry aktotlagakt th rastotutohk. Dhk-erass pbssa` >>1? th aksura tfbt vodtogs sudf bs Bgyradhvar tfa iull bghukt hi tfaor lhssas. 26 Q.T.D. >>1?(n)(2). Pfa fosthrodbl phlody àdosohk th sfoit tfanuràk hi okshlvakdy irhg thrt plboktoiis th àiak`bkts

iots pariadtly wotf tfa stbtuthry ehbl hi iully dhgpak-sbtoke vodtogs hi dfol` phrkherbpfy. Qkota` Ttbtas v.Fbrerhva, 520 I.4` 452, 456 (9tf Dor. >:24) (Dlby, M.,


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>0

dhkdurroke ok pbrt bk` ok tfa muègakt). Ot os tfa dhk-erassohkbl phlody hi >>1?, ukàrsthh` ok loeft hi nbdc-

erhuk` dhgghk lbw prokdoplas, tfbt bs natwaak Bgybk` Zatotohkar, Zatotohkar gust nabr tfa rosc hi sfhul-àroke Bgys lhssas. Bgy fbs sfhwk, ok tfos dbsa, tfbtfar `bgbeas bghukt th $4,495,610, bk` sfa sfhul` naaktotla` th dhlladt tfbt sug irhg bky bk` bll àiak`bktswotf tfa bnoloty th pby. Taa âspt Bgy Nr. 94. Bs na-twaak tfa vodtog bk` tfa oktaktohkbl drogokbl bdthr, ot ospariadtly bpprhprobta th ogphsa tfa nuràk hi nabroketfhsa `bgbeas hk Zatotohkar bk` hk bky htfar àiak`-bkts wfh pbrtodopbta ok trbiiodcoke bk` voawoke ogbeashi Bgys bnusa.

Pfa Zatotohkars prhphsbl os ukwhrcbnla, bk` tfaEhvarkgakts prhphsa` bltarkbtova hi b`-fhd bpphr-tohkgakt whul` blghst dartbokly rasult ok Bgy bk`htfar vodtogs radhvaroke gudf lass tfbk tfa iull

bghukt hi tfaor lhssas. 26 Q.T.D. >>1?(n)(2). Yodtogsdhul` na dhksoeka`, ak`lassly, th saacoke th dhlladtsgbll-`hllbr bghukts irhg phtaktoblly fuk`ra`s hi à-iak`bkts, gbky hi wfhg gby fbva kh bnoloty th pby.Pfa b`-fhd bpprhbdf blsh okvotas ukpraòdtbnla, òspbr-bta, bk` brnotrbry rastotutohk hràrs. Lhwar dhurtsfbva blrab`y strueela` goeftoly th b`hpt dhksostaktrastotutohk ihrgulbs ukàr >>1?, th lottla bvbol. Dhg-

pbra, a.e., Nakhot, 524 I.4` bt >> (ramadtoke bpprhbdf hiòvoòke vodtogs thtbl dlboga` lhssas ny tfa kugnar hihutstbkòke rastotutohk muègakts) wotf Qkota` Ttbtasv. Luk`quost, 542 I.4` 2>0, 246-20: (>` Dor. >:24) (bi-iorgoke ok pbrt òstrodt dhurts hràr òvoòke Bgyslhssas ny tfa kugnar hi parshks dhkvodta` hi phssassokefar ogbeas)3 Fbrerhva, 520 I.4` bt 451 (okòdbtoke tfbt

òvoòke lhssas ny dhkvodta` phssasshrs os bddaptbnla okshga dbsas).


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>1

Pfasa bltarkbtovas bra blsh sura th prhùda dbpro-dohus rasults òvhrda` irhg bky bdtubl lhssas okdurra`

ny vodtogs. Ok bt labst hka dbsa, tfa Ehvarkgakt urea`tfa òstrodt dhurt th gultoply tfa kugnar hi ogbeas oktfa àiak`bkts phssassohk ny bk brnotrbry `hllbr vbl-uab dbldulbtohk tfbt nabrs kh bppbrakt dhkkadtohk thb vodtogs fbrg. Taa Qkota` Ttbtas v. Cakka`y, 904I.4` 2>12, 2>90 (?tf Dor. >:22). Khr os ot bk absy gbttarth bllhdbta, bs tfa Ehvarkgakt sueeasts, rastotutohknbsa` hk tfa okòvoùbl àiak`bkts ralbtovadhktronu-tohk th b vodtogs lhssas. Q.T. Nr. 06 (agpfbsos b`à`).@atargokoke ok bky gabkokeiul saksa b àiak`bktsralbtova dhktronutohk os ogphssonla ihr okòvosonla okmu-roas sudf bs Bgys. Avak ok tfahry, àtargokoke bralbtova dhktronutohk whul` raquora ckhwlaèa hihtfar parpatrbthrs dhktronutohk th b vodtogs fbrg.Nut bll hi Bgys vodtogozars fbva kht naak oàktoioa`,

bk` tfa katwhrc hi parpatrbthrs erhws abdf `by. TokdaMbkubry >::9 blhka Bgy fbs radaova` ghra tfbk 2,6::khtodas hi b kaw iaàrbl drogokbl dbsa okvhlvoke ogbeashi far saxubl axplhotbtohk. Taa âspt Bgy Nr. 15.

Pfa Ehvarkgakt sueeasts tfbt mhokt bk` savarbl lo-bnoloty os okbpprhprobta nadbusa dhktronutohk bdtohksgby na ukbvbolbnla bk` whul` na dlugsy ok bkyavakt. Q.T. Nr. 01. Nut dhktronutohk bdtohks bra khr-gblly ukbvbolbnla th oktaktohkbl thrtiabshrs, bk` yat

mhokt bk` savarbl lobnoloty ragboks tfa eakarbl rula. TaaGusodc, Zaalar & Ebrratt v. Agplhyars Oks. hiUbusbu, 1:6 Q.T. >69, >?5 (2??4) (Pfa dhursa hi thrtlbw ok tfos daktury fbs naak th ravarsa tfa hl` rulabebokst dhktronutohk, nut tfos ghvagakt fbs naak dhk-ioka` ok lbrea pbrt th bdtohks ok kaeloeakda. (dotoke

Fbrpar 2:.>, bt 0> bk` k.2:)). Ok bky avakt, tfa phtak-tobl ukbvbolbnoloty hi dhktronutohk `has kht votobta mhoktbk` savarbl lobnoloty, wfodf os àsoeka` th aksura b vod-


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>9

togs iull radhvary bk` th sfoit tfa nuràk hi bky sfhrt-ibll th tfa thrtiabshr. Taa A`ghk`s, 004 Q.T. bt >9: k.6

(B dhkdurrakt thrtiabshr eakarblly gby saac dhktronu-tohk irhg bkhtfar, nut fa os kht raloava` irhg lobnolotyihr tfa aktora `bgbeas avak wfak tfa khkàiak`bktthrtiabshr os ogguka irhg lobnoloty.) (dotbtohk hgotta`)3ôvarb v.Earkar, 009 B.>` 1:6, 141 (K.M. 2?6>) (Oi hkaàiak`bkt wara okshlvakt hr nbkcrupt, b sadhk` mhoktthrtiabshr goeft na lobnla ihr tfa thtbl bghukt hi tfa

muègakt. SPWfos rula hparbtas th prhvoà tfa okmura`parshk wotf iull radhvary.).

Iokblly, àspota tfa Ehvarkgakts bk` Zatotohkarsdlbogs th tfa dhktrbry, saa Q.T. Nr. 013 Zat. Nr. 10, bkydhgplodbtohks hi mhokt bk` savarbl lobnoloty pbla ok dhg-pbroshk th tfa b`gokostrbtova òiiodultoas hi bk b` fhdrastotutohk sdfaga. Pfa rula hi mhokt bk` savarbl lobnol-oty os bkdfhra` ok dhgghk lbw trbòtohk, bk` dhurts bra

kh strbkear th tfa rula ok htfar dhktaxts. Taa, a.e., 0>Q.T.D. ?9:5(b) (ogphsoke mhokt bk` savarbl lobnolotyukàr DA^DLB). Zatotohkars bpprhbdf, hk tfa htfarfbk`, dhul` labva vodtogs wotfhut bky radhvary. Bk`tfa Ehvarkgakts bpprhbdf whul` raquora òstrodtdhurts th dhktokua th iaal tfaor wby nlok`ly tfrhuef tfapotiblls hi ogprhvosa` bllhdbtohk sdfagas. Nhtf bp-prhbdfas whul` labva vodtogs loca Bgy wotfhut tfaiull rastotutohk gbk`bta` ny >>1?.

DHKDLQTOHKPfa muègakt hi tfa Dhurt hi Bppabls sfhul` na bi-

iorga`.


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>5

âspadtiully sungotta`.

ZBQL ^.R.UHLITHKDhuksal hi âdhr`

TFO^LA_ DBTTOK UHH@UB^@@BKOAL Z.CAB^KA_,M^.^BDFAL GQ^ZF_UOLGA^ DQPLA^ ZODCAÔKE

FBLA BK@ @H^^ LLZ

2651 Zakksylvbkob Bva. KUUbsfokethk, @D >:::9(>:>) 994-9:::pbul.whlishkJwolgarfbla.dhg

KHYAGNA^ >:24


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BZZAK@OV


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2b

BZZAK@OVLOTP HI BGODO DQÔBA

Pfa Kbtohkbl Droga Yodtog Lbw Okstotuta(KDYLO) os b khkprhiot aùdbtohkbl hrebkozbtohk lhdbta`bt Lawos & Dlbrc Lbw Tdfhhl ok Zhrtlbk`, Hraehk.KDYLOs gossohk os th bdtovaly prhghta nblbkda bkìborkass ok tfa mustoda systag tfrhuef droga vodtog-daktara` laebl b`vhdbdy, aùdbtohk, bk` rashurda sfbr-

oke. KDYLO bddhgplosfas ots gossohk tfrhuef aùdbtohkbk` trbokoke3 tadfkodbl bssostbkda th btthrkays3 prhgh-tohk hi tfa Kbtohkbl Bllobkda hi Yodtogs ôefts Btthr-kays3 rasabrdf bk` bkblysos hi àvalhpgakts ok drogavodtog lbw3 bk` prhvosohk hi okihrgbtohk hk droga vodtoglbw th droga vodtogs bk` htfar gagnars hi tfa punlod.Ok b`òtohk, KDYLO bdtovaly pbrtodopbtas bs bgodus duro-ba ok dbsas okvhlvoke droga vodtogs roefts kbtohkwoà.

Brozhkb Yhoda ihr Droga Yodtogs (BYDY) os bkBrozhkb khkprhiot dhrphrbtohk tfbt whrcs th prhghtabk` prhtadt droga vodtogs oktarasts tfrhuefhut tfadrogokbl mustoda prhdass. Ph bdfoava tfasa ehbls, BYDYagphwars vodtogs hi droga tfrhuef laebl b`vhdbdy bk`shdobl sarvodas. BYDY blsh prhvoàs dhktokuoke laeblaùdbtohk th tfa muòdobry, lbwyars, bk` lbw akihrda-

gakt. BYDY saacs th ihstar b ibor mustoda systagwfodf prhvoàs droga vodtogs wotf rashurdas bk` ok-ihrgbtohk th falp tfag saac oggaòbta drosas oktarvak-tohk3 okihrgs droga vodtogs hi tfaor roefts ukàr tfalbws hi tfa Qkota` Ttbtas bk` Brozhkb3 aksuras tfbtdroga vodtogs iully ukàrstbk` tfaor roefts3 bk` prh-ghtas gabkokeiul wbys ihr droga vodtogs th akihrdatfaor roefts, okdluòke tfrhuef òradt laebl raprasaktb-

tohk.


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>b

Dfol` Mustoda os b kbtohkbl hrebkozbtohk tfbt b`vh-dbtas ihr tfa sbiaty, òekoty bk` sali-fhh` hi bnusa`,

kaeladta` bk` bt-rosc dfol`rak. Pfa gossohk hi Dfol`Mustoda, Okd. os th prhtadt bk` sarva dfol`rak ok dbsaswfara dfol` saxubl, pfysodbl bnusa hr `hgastod vohlakdaos prasakt. Ot whrcs wotf lhdbl, stbta bk` kbtohkbl b`vh-dbtas, laebl bk` gaktbl fabltf prhiassohkbls, bk` dfol`walibra axparts th àiak` tfa oktarasts hi biiadta` dfol-`rak. Ot prhvoàs punlod phlody radhggak`btohks, dhg-gukoty sarvoda raiarrbls, dhurt wbtdfoke sarvodas, ra-sabrdf bk` aùdbtohk. Dfol` Mustoda blsh sarvas og-phrtbkt punlod oktarasts ny saduroke prh nhkh raprasak-tbtohk ihr prhtadtova pbrakts ok iokbkdobl òstrass bk` nysaacoke bpprhprobta muòdobl shlutohks th tfa tfrabts ibd-oke bnusa`, kaeladta` bk` bt-rosc dfol`rak. Dfol` Mus-toda os caakly bwbra hi tfa iokbkdobl ogpbdt hi dfol`fhh`vodtogozbtohk, pbrtodulbrly wfak tfbt vodtogozbtohk dhk-

tokuas tfrhuef ogbeas, bk` radhekozas iull iokbkdobl ras-totutohk irhg parpatrbthrs os drotodbl th vodtog radhvary.

Pfa Gbrylbk` Droga Yodtogs âshurda DaktarOkd.(GDY^D) os b khkprhiot hrebkozbtohk àòdbta` thsarvoke tfa oktarasts hi droga vodtogs. Ots gossohk os thaksura tfbt vodtogs hi droga radaova mustoda bk` tfbttfay bra trabta` wotf òekoty bk` dhgpbssohk. Ots ò-varsoioa` sarvodas okdluà drogokbl mustoda aùdbtohk,dhurt bddhgpbkogakt, dhuksaloke, supphrt erhups, laeblokihrgbtohk bk` raprasaktbtohk, bk` phlody b`vhdbdy.GDY^D fbs raprasakta` droga vodtogs raebròke ras-totutohk bk` htfar vodtogs roefts ok Gbrylbk` bk` ia`-arbl dhurts.


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4b

Pfa Kbtohkbl Daktar ihr Yodtogs hi Droga (Kb-tohkbl Daktar), b khkprhiot hrebkozbtohk nbsa` ok Ubsf-

okethk, @D, os tfa kbtohks labòke rashurda bk` b`vhdb-dy hrebkozbtohk ihr bll vodtogs hi droga. Pfa gossohk hitfa Kbtohkbl Daktar os th ihrea b kbtohkbl dhggotgaktth falp vodtogs hi droga ranuol` tfaor lovas. @aòdbta` thsarvoke okòvoùbls, ibgoloas, bk` dhggukotoas fbrga`ny droga, tfa Kbtohkbl Daktar, bghke htfar aiihrts, b`-vhdbtas lbws bk` punlod phlodoas tfbt drabta rashurdasbk` sadura roefts bk` prhtadtohks ihr droga vodtogs.Pfa Kbtohkbl Daktar os pbrtodulbrly oktarasta` ok tfosdbsa nadbusa hi ots dhggotgakt th vodtogs hi dfol`fhh`saxubl bnusa bk` dfol` phrkherbpfy.

Pfa Kbtohkbl Hrebkozbtohk ihr Yodtog Bssostbkda(KHYB) os tfa hlàst hrebkozbtohk hi ots cok` ok tfaQkota` Ttbtas bk` quota phssonly ok tfa whrl`. Tokda2?51, KHYB fbs naak àòdbta` th dfbgpohkoke òekoty

bk` dhgpbssohk ihr tfhsa fbrga` ny droga bk` drosos.KHYB os b khà ok b katwhrc hi 20,::: blloa` prhias-sohkbl bk` vhluktaar vodtog b`vhdbtas bk` drosos ra-sphkàrs bk` blsh radaovas 9,::: vodtog bssostbkda dbllstfrhuef b kbtohkwoà thll-iraa vodtog bssostbkda loka.KHYB radhekozas tfa fbrg `hka ny drogokbl hiiakàrsbk` biiorgs tfa akihrdagakt hi bddhuktbnoloty bk` ra-sphksonoloty tfrhuef dhurt-hràra` rastotutohk prhvoà`th tfa vodtog ny tfa dhkvodta` parpatrbthr.

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