bridge explorations what makes bridges stay up what makes bridges fall down different types of...
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BRIDGE EXPLORATIONSWhat makes bridges stay up
What makes bridges fall down
Different types of bridges
You will design and construct a bridge
You will test your bridge’s load capacity
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Beam Bridges
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The Tarr Steps – EnglandCirca 1000 B.C.
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KOCHER VIADUCT, AUTOBAHN, GERMANY
185 m HIGH, 1128 m LONG
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Top of beam is in compression and bottom is in tension.The middle of the beam is neutral – the middle is in neither compression or tension.
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Making a beam stiffer:
I Beams move most of the beams material away from the neutral axis which is underutilized.This results in a stiffer beam.
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Arch Bridges
PONT DU GARD, FRANCE, 63 BC-13 BC 47.4 m HIGH
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Arches are made of wedge-shaped stones in compression. Without the keystone the two sides of the arch will fail.
The wedged stones at the bottom must be prevented from moving outwards using abutments (stones anchored into the soil).
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MOSTAR BRIDGE, YUGOSLAVIA 1566-1567
27.3 m SPAN, 19 m HIGH
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Cabin John Bridge, Washington D.C.
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RHINE RIVER, BONN- BUEL, 1948
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FRANCIS SCOTT KEY BRIDGE, WASHINGTON, DC
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HEILBRONN, AUT0BAHN, GERMANY
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Truss Bridges
A truss is a hinged triangle
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TENMON BRIDGE, KUMAMOTO PREFECTURE, JAPAN
SPAN 100 + 300 +100 m 42 m CLEARANCE, 1966
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Why are trusses so common?
The members are in either experiencing compression or tension; the members are not bending.
Trusses can be arranged into many shapes.
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Truss Bridge with a moveable center section.
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Cabin John Bridge, under construction using timber false work
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Cantilever Truss Bridge
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Cantilever is a beam supported at only one end.
Cantilever Bridges
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The Forth Rail Bridge – c.1882-1889Scotland
One the worlds most massive bridges.
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Suspension Bridges
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Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge 3911 m
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kuWHIAOxcLA&feature=PlayList&p=B7C0C5CE439D8D7C&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=11
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Cable is made by running spools of smaller cable back and forth across the towers. This is called spinning the cable.
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Cable Stay Bridges
Kaohsiung County, Taiwan
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Øresund Bridge between Denmark and Sweden
Relatively inexpensive to construct – no large cables need to be spun over towers. Able to span large distances.
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What kind of Bridges?
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MARACAIBO BRIDGE, VENEZUELA, 1957
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FEHMARNSUND BRIDGE, 248 m SPAN
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Combination arch and beam.
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GANTER BRIDGE DESIGNED BY CHR. MENN
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Engineering Design Process
• Problem Statement• Problem Analysis• Design Specifications• Brainstorming / Idea generation• Idea Selection• Implementation
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Problem Statement
What is the maximum load a short paper bridge can carry?
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Problem Analysis
• How will structure carry loads?
• How is failure likely to occur?
• What can be done to prevent failure?
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Design Specifications10” minimum span
1” max. bearing at abutment
Tape is connector only.
Bridge cannot be taped to the abutment.
Materials: Three 2”X12” strips (cut from heavy poster paper)
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Idea Generation & Selection
Brainstorming
Minimize judgment
Combine ideas
Select final idea based on best fit for Design Specifications
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Implementation
Construct bridge
Test bridge
Review and evaluate design