BRENDA SMITHMANAGING DIRECTOR, GAS ADVISERS, HONG KONG

BOARD MEMBER, INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF NATURAL GAS VEHICLES

VICE PRESIDENT, ASIA PACIFIC NATURAL GAS VEHICLES ASSOCIATION

SIEW 2012NATURAL GAS USES IN TRANSPORTATION LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS

TRADITIONAL LNG INFRASTRUCTURE- LARGE SCALE LNG

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EXPLORATION &PRODUCTION

LIQUEFACTION

SHIPPINGSTORAGE & REGASIFICATION

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TRUCK LOADING FACILITIES

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DISTRIBUTION BY ROAD, RAIL & SMALL MARINE VESSELS

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GAS ADVISERS SIEW 2012

LNG IS NOW AVALABLE TO THE TRANSPORTATION SECTOR

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LNG IS TAKING OFF AROUND THE WORLD

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OFF ROAD VEHICLES

• Very heavy fuel use• Fewer weight

restrictions• Potential fuel

savings of millions of dollars for operators

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MARINE

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RAIL

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AVIATION

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GAS ADVISERS SIEW 2012

KEY BENEFITS

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EMISSION BENEFITS THE SAME AS CNGCAN BE STORED ON BOARD IN A RELATIVELY

SMALL SPACE, SIMILAR TO DIESEL, THUS PROVIDING GOOD VEHICLE RANGE

BECOMING WIDELY AVAILABLE IN MANY PARTS OF THE WORLD

EASILY DISTRIBUTED BY ROAD AND OTHER FORMS OF TRANSPORT

PRICING IS VERY COMPETITIVE WITH EXISTING FUELS IN MANY LOCATIONS

INHERENTLY SAFER THAN MANY OTHER FUELS

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ENGINE TECHOLOGIES

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1.SPARK IGNITION2. DUAL FUEL – 45% to 75% DIESEL SUBSTITUTION3. HIGH PRESSURE DIRECT INJECTION

THE NATURAL GAS ISINJECTED AT HIGH PRESSURE DIRECTLY INTO THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER LATEIN THE COMPRESSION CYCLE IGNITION IS BY PILOT DIESEL FUEL<5% OF FUEL CONSUMPTION IS DIESELNO MINIMUM PRESSURE BUT THE LNG IS PREFERRED TO BE “COLD” - 3 BAR / -153OC

LNG VEHICLE TANKS

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REFUELLING STATIONSLNG, LCNG OR BOTH

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LNG & LCNG REFUELLING STATION

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2012

DISTRIBUTED LNG

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PRODUCTION LNG available for distribution from main LNG terminals Small scale LNG plants produce wherever suitable feed gas is available

DISTRIBUTION LNG distributed to points of use by road, rail or small marine vessels LNG can be supplied to wherever there is a demand

STORAGE Fuel can be stored at central storage terminals and at points of use

ADVANTAGES Not dependant on pipeline infrastructure Full supply coverage to match demand Can take advantage of cheap and / or renewable feeds Cost savings can be made by producing warm gas due to short supply

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DISTRIBUTED LNG FOR THE TRANSPORT SECTOR

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Abundant supply from truck and ship loading facilities at base load LNG facilities

Broad-based production infrastructure through small-scale production

Utilisation of various feeds enhances environmental benefits and reduces costs

Short distribution distances reduces costsFuel can be available wherever there is a

demand Reliable, flexible and cost effective supply for

NGVs25-OCT-2012

brenda.smith@gasadvisers.com

THANK YOU

GAS ADVISERS SIEW 2012

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