breeding plantation tree crops: tropical species978-0-387-71201-7/1.pdf · breeding plantation tree...

Breeding Plantation Tree Crops: Tropical Species

Breeding Plantation TreeCrops: Tropical Species

S. Mohan JainP. M. PriyadarshanEditors

EditorsS. Mohan JainHelsinki [email protected]

P. M. PriyadarshanRubber Research Institute of [email protected]

ISBN: 978-0-387-71199-7 e-ISBN: 978-0-387-71201-7

Library of Congress Control Number: 2008936881

c© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the writtenpermission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York,NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use inconnection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software,or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden.The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they arenot identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject toproprietary rights.

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Preface

Tree species are indispensable to support human life. Due to their long life cycleand environmental sensitivity, breeding trees to suit day-to-day human needs is aformidable challenge. Whether they are edible or industrial crops, improving yieldunder optimal, sub-optimal and marginal areas calls for unified efforts from the sci-entists around the world. While the uniqueness of coconut as kalpavriksha (Sanskrit-meaning tree-of-life) marks its presence in every continent from Far East to SouthAmerica, tree crops like cocoa, oil palm, rubber, apple, peach, grapes and walnutprove their environmental sensitivity towards tropical, sub-tropical and temperateclimates. Desert climate is quintessential for date palm. Thus, from soft drinks tobreweries to beverages to oil to tyres, the value addition offers a spectrum of prod-ucts to human kind, enriched with nutritional, environmental, financial, social andtrade related attributes.

Taxonomically, tree crops do not confine to a few families, but spread acrossa section of genera, an attribute so unique that contributes immensely to geneticbiodiversity even while cultivated at the commercial scale. Many of these speciesinfluence other flora to nurture in their vicinity, thus ensuring their integrity in pre-serving the genetic biodiversity. While wheat, rice, maize, barley, soybean, cassavaand banana makeup the major food staples, many fruit tree species contribute greatlyto nutritional enrichment in human diet. The edible part of these species is the sourceof several nutrients that makes additives for the daily diet of humans, for example,vitamins, sugars, aromas and flavour compounds, and raw material for food process-ing industries. Tree crops face an array of agronomic and horticultural problems inpropagation, yield, appearance, quality, diseases and pest control, abiotic stressesand poor shelf-life.

Shrinkage of cultivable land and growing demand has enforced these crops tobe grown under marginal conditions that call for concerted efforts of plant breedersto go for the genetic improvement of these crops. A lot of research has alreadybeen done and is continued to preserve and utilise germplasm for genetic improve-ment of fruit crops, consumed for nutrition and commercial uses, for growing underenvironmental stress constraints. The published results are mainly available in therefereed journals and popular magazines. The researchers and scientists have tospend precious time in digging out the desired research references. The compila-tion of scientific data in the form of a book would certainly help a great deal in

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vi Preface

providing information to the scientific community and industry people. There arefew books available, which lack recent comprehensive information on a packageof conventional breeding, biotechnology and molecular tools in crop improvement.With the use of modern molecular and biotechnological tools, the task of improvingyield in tree crops is foremost in the acumen of future global agricultural researchfor sustainable production. This 2-volume book series deals with both tropical andtemperate species, and is a sincere effort towards compiling the available researchworldwide and bring them to the reference of scientists, researchers, teachers, stu-dents, policy makers and even planters. It is worthwhile to note that in the forthcom-ing years, tree crops are to be given much importance on par with annual crops dueto carbon trading and nutritional up-gradation of the daily diet.

This book volume on tropical species deals with a total of 16 chapters on fruitsand nuts (banana, mango, guava, papaya, grape, date palm, litchi, avocado andcashew), oil crops (coconut, oil palm and olive), industrial crops (rubber) and bev-erages (coffee, tea and cocoa). The second volume will deal with mainly temperatespecies.

The invited contributory authors are internationally well known specialists inindividual crops. We highly appreciate their untiring efforts rendered in ensuringthe inclusion of latest research accomplishments and their co-operation in revisingtheir manuscripts timely. A few reviewers spared their valuable time in improvingthe quality of manuscripts. We are immensely thankful to them for their valuablehelp. Finally, we thank SPRINGER for bringing out this series to the readers.

Helsinki, Finland S. Mohan JainAgartala, India P. M. Priyadarshan

Contents

Part I Fruit and Nut Crops

1 Genetic Improvement of Banana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Frederic Bakry, Francoise Carreel, Christophe Jenny,and Jean-Pierre Horry

2 Mango Breeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Ian S.E. Bally, Ping Lu, and Peter R. Johnson

3 Breeding Guava (Psidium guajava L.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Celso V. Pommer and Katia R. N. Murakami

4 Breeding Papaya (Carica papaya L.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Ying-Kwok Chan

5 Grape Breeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Phyllis Burger, Alain Bouquet, and Michael J. Striem

6 Breeding Date Palm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Ismail El Hadrami and Abdelbasset El Hadrami

7 Litchi Breeding for Genetic Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217N.B. Sarin, U.S. Prasad, Manoj Kumar, and S. Mohan Jain

8 Avocado Genetics and Breeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247E. Lahav and U. Lavi

9 Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Breeding:A Global Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287J.R. de Paiva, L. de M. Barros, and J.J.V. Cavalcanti

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viii Contents

Part II Oil Crops

10 Coconut Breeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327Pons Batugal, Roland Bourdeix and Luc Baudouin

11 Opportunities for the Oil Palm via Breeding and Biotechnology . . . . . 377Ravigadevi Sambanthamurthi, Rajinder Singh, Ahmad Parveez GhulamKadir, Meilina Ong Abdullah, and Ahmad Kushairi

12 Olive Breeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423Andrea Fabbri, Maurizio Lambardi, and Yelda Ozden-Tokatli

Part III Industrial Crops

13 Breeding Hevea Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469P.M. Priyadarshan, P.S. Goncalves, and K.O. Omokhafe

Part IV Beverages

14 Breeding Coffee (Coffea arabica) for Sustainable Production . . . . . . . . 525Lashermes Philippe, Bertrand Benoıt, and Etienne Herve

15 Tea Breeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545Tapan K. Mondal

16 Genetic Improvement in Cocoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589Wilson Reis Monteiro, Uilson Vanderlei Lopes, and Didier Clement

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627

Contributors

Meilina Ong Abdullah

Malaysian Palm Oil Board, P.O. Box 10620, 50720 Kuala Lumpur

Frederic Bakry

Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour leDeveloppement, CIRAD Unite de Recherche: Amelioration genetique des especesa multiplication vegetative (Genetic Improvement of vegetatively propagatedcrops), Departement Systemes Biologiques, TA A-75/02, Avenue Agropolis, 34398Montpellier Cedex 5, France, [email protected]

Ian S. E. Bally

Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Horticulture and Forestry Science,PO Box 1054, Mareeba, QLD 4880, Australia, [email protected]

Levi De Moura Barros

Brazilian Corporation for Tropical Agriculture and Industry Research (EmbrapaTropical Agroindustry), Plant Breeding, [email protected]

Pons Batugal

Senior Scientist and Coordinator, International Coconut Genetic ResourcesNetwork (COGENT), International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI),Serdang, Malaysia, [email protected]

Luc Baudouin

Geneticist, Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pourle Developpement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France, [email protected]

Bertrand Benoıt

CIRAD, UMR DGPC GeneTrop, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France,[email protected]

Alain Bouquet

INRA-ENSAM, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier cedex 1, France,bouquet@[email protected]

ix

x Contributors

Roland Bourdeix

Coconut Breeder, Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomiquepour le Developpement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France

Francoise Carreel

Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour leDeveloppement, CIRAD Unite de Recherche: Amelioration genetique des especesa multiplication vegetative (Genetic Improvement of vegetatively propagatedcrops), Departement Systemes Biologiques, TA A-75/02, Avenue Agropolis, 34398Montpellier Cedex 5, France

Jose Jaime Vasconcelos Cavalcanti


Ying-Kwok Chan

Horticulture Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and DevelopmentInstitute, GPO Box 1230150774 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, [email protected]

Didier Clement

CIRAD-CP, (Program Cacao), Montpellier, France, [email protected]

Joao Rodrigues De Paiva


Andrea Fabbri

Universita degli Studi di Parma, Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva e Funzionale,Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, [email protected]

Paulo De S. Goncalves

Instituto Agronomico (IAC), P.O. Box 28, 13001-920, Campinas, Sao Paulo.,Brazil, [email protected]

Abdelbasset El Hadrami

University of Manitoba, Department of Plant Science, 222 Agriculture Building,Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada, [email protected]

Ismail El Hadrami

Universite Cadi Ayyad, Faculte des Sciences Semlalia, Department de Biologie,Laboratoire de Biotechnologies, Protection et Valorisation des RessourcesVegetales. Equipe Biotechnologies, Ecophysiologie et Valorisation des Plantes, BP2390, 40 001 Marrakech, Morocco, [email protected]

Etienne Herve

CIRAD, UMR DGPC GeneTrop, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France,[email protected]

Contributors xi

Jean-Pierre Horry


S. Mohan Jain

Department of Applied Biology, University of Helsinki, P- 27, Finland,[email protected]

Christophe Jenny


Peter R. Johnson

Western Australian Department of Agriculture, Frank Wise Institute, PO Box 19,Kununurra, WA 6743, Australia, [email protected]

Ahmad Parveez Ghulam Kadir


Manoj Kumar

School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067 India,[email protected]; [email protected]

Ahmad Kushairi


Emanuel Lahav

Institute of Horticulture, ARO, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250,Israel, [email protected]

Maurizio Lambardi

IVALSA/Istituto per la Valorizzazione del Legno e delle Specie Arboree, NationalResearch Council (CNR), Polo Scientifico, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 SestoFiorentino (Firenze), Italy, [email protected]

Uri Lavi

Institute of Horticulture, ARO, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250,Israel, [email protected]

Uilson Vanderlei Lopes

CEPLAC, Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau (Cepec), Ilheus, Bahia, Brazil

xii Contributors

Ping Lu

CSIRO Plant Industry, Darwin Laboratory, PMB44 Winnellie, NT 0822, Australia,[email protected], ping [email protected]

Tapan K. Mondal

Department of Plantation Crops and Processing, Faculty of Horticulture, UttarBangla Krishi Viswavidalaya, P.O., Pundibari, Dist Cooch Behar, Pin-736165,West Bengal, India, [email protected]

Wilson Reis Monteiro

CEPLAC, Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau (Cepec), Ilheus, Bahia, Brazil,[email protected]

Katia R. N. Murakami

Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Ave. AlbertoLamego 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil, [email protected]

K. O. Omokhafe

Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 1049, Benin City, Nigeria,[email protected]

Yelda Ozden-Tokatli

IVALSA/Istituto per la Valorizzazione del Legno e delle Specie Arboree, NationalResearch Council (CNR), Polo Scientifico, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy; Current address : Gebze Institute of Technology,Department of Biology, Istanbul cd., No: 101, 41200, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey,[email protected]

Lashermes Philippe

IRD, GeneTrop, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France,[email protected]

Phyllis Burger

ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X 5026, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa,[email protected]

Celso V. Pommer

Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Genetics and Plant BreedingLab., [email protected]

U.S. Prasad

P.G. Department of Biotechnology, T.M. Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur-81200 India, [email protected]

P.M. Priyadarshan

Rubber Research Institute of India, Regional Research Station, Agartala-799006, India, [email protected]

Contributors xiii

Ravigadevi SambanthamurthiMalaysian Palm Oil Board, P.O. Box 10620, 50720 Kuala Lumpur,[email protected]

N.B. SarinSchool of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India,[email protected]; [email protected]

Rajinder SinghMalaysian Palm Oil Board, P.O. Box 10620, 50720 Kuala Lumpur

Michael J. StriemSun World International, P.O. Box 80298, Bakersfield, CA 93380-029, USA,[email protected]

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