Abiotic elements, 98-103 Absolute zero, 17 Absorption, of solar energy, 215-216 Acid rain, 237 Active solar energy systems, 244-245 Aesthetics, 325 Air

biofiltration, 110 and life, 101 makeup of, 38 pollution, 237

Air-to-air heat exchanger, 219-220 Alloys, 38 Alternative energy sources

biofuels, 248 defined, 242 geothermal energy, 246-247 solar energy, 244-245 wave energy, 242, 243 wind energy, 242-243

Anishinabek 1 ation, 161 Applied force, 271 Arch,301 Asymmetrical design, 325

B Bacteria, in sewage treatment, 65 Bar graph, 400 Beams, 295-297 Big Ideas . See Fundamental concepts Biodiversity

habitat loss and, 152-153 invasive species and, 153-154 restoration projects and, 159

Biofuels, 248 Biotic elements, 97. See also Organisms; Plants Bitumen, 74 Blood components, separating, 59-60 Body fluids, 37 Bose-Einstein condensate, 17 Bran, 73

Breather switches, 195 Bubble map, 409

c Canadian Shield, 209 Cantilever, 297 Carbon cycle, 136-138 Carbon nanotubes, 303 Carnivores, 123 Cause-and-effect question, 357 Caution symbols. See Classroom safety; Home

safety Centre of gravity, 290-294, 326 Centrifuge, 60 Chemical safety, 383-384, 389 Chemistry, 10-11 Circle graph, 401-402 Classification, 363 Classroom safety, 382-386 Climate change, taking action on, 240-241 Closed system, 135 Coldness. See Particle theory of matter Combination structures, 275-276 Community, 97 Compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs), 21, 28-29 Compare and contrast chart, 408 Comparison matrix, 408 Competition, 107 Complex mixtures, separating, 59-60 Compo sting, 135, 140 Compression, 279 Computer mouse, 352-353 Concentrated solutions, 42-43 Concentration, 43 Concept map, 92, 406 Condensation, 138 Conduction

energy transfer, 206-207 and geological processes, 208 reducing energy transfer by, 218

Consumers, 123 Controlled variables, 357 Controlling variables, 357

Convection energy transfer, 210-211 in the environment, 212-213 reducing energy transfer by, 219-220

Conventional energy sources, 234 Cornell, Eric, 17 Corrugation, 296 Cost-benefit analysis, 370 Cross-section drawing, 380 Cycle, 135 Cycle map, 405

o Data tables, 399 Dead load, 273 Debate, 420 Decomposers, 124, 135-137 Dependent variables, 357 Design

asymmetrical, 325 ergonomics, 327-331 in product development process, 318 of prototype, 377-378 and structural failure, 306 symmetry in, 326 universal, 332-334

Detrivores, 124, 135-136 Diagrams, scientific, 360- 362 Diamond, 209 Dilute solutions, 42-43 Dissolve, 36, 40-41 DissolVing, as separation technique, 61 Distillation, 69 Distilled water, 20 Dome, 302 Drawing techniques, 361 Dynamic load, 273

Earth as closed system, 135 interior of, 208 water on, 37

Earth's energy balance, 238 Ecological footprint, 156-157 Ecological pyramid, 133 Ecologists, role of, 129

Ecology, 98 Ecosystems

abiotic elements in, 100-103 biotic-abiotic interactions, 98-99, 104-105 biotic interactions, 106-109 defined,98 energy flows in, 132-134 human impact, 88- 91, 99,111-114 interconnections between, 99 limits on population size, 107-108 recycling matter, 135-136 roles of organisms in, 122-124

Einstein, Albert, 17, 348 Electrical safety, 383, 389 Electric generator, 75 Electricity, 232, 234-237 Electronic presentations, 422 Endangered species, 152 Endosperm, 73 Energy flows, 133- 134 Engelbart, Douglas, 352-353 Environment, the

convectionin,212-213 First Nations perspective, 88, 121, 160-161 living parts of, 97 non-living parts of, 98

Environmental impact reports, 419 Environmental protection. See Ecological footprint;

Stewardship of Earth Enwave system, 233 Ergonomics, 327-331 Ethanol, 248 Evaporation, 67, 68, 138 Experiment. See Scientific inquiry Exploded view, 380 External forces, 277-278 Extinction, 152

F Farming, environmental impact of, 112,239 Filter, 60 Filtration, 60-61 Fires, and thermal energy, 231 Fire safety, 383 Fishbone diagram, 406

Floating, separating technique, 59, 64 Flow chart, 405 Food chain, 126, 128, l30-l31 Food web, 127-128, 130-131 Forces

applied, 271 compression, 279 direction, 27l, 278 electrostatic force, 270 external,277-278 gravity, 270, 348, 350 internal, 277, 279-280, 282-283 magnetic force, 270 magnitude, 281 non-contact, 270, 277 plane of application, 278 point of application, 278 shear, 280 tension, 279 torsion, 280

Form, 268, 269 Fossil fuels, 236-237, 239 "Fraction," 74 Frame structures, 274-275 Friction, as thermal energy, 231 Function, 268, 269 Fundamental concepts, 416-417

G Galileo, 349 Gases, 15, 192-193 Gas solutions, 38 Geological processes

conduction and, 208 convection and, 213

Geothermal energy, 208, 230, 246-247 Global warming, 238-241 Goal-setting, 414 Gold, 38, 59 Golden ratio, 335 Graphic organizers, 156, 405-411 Graphs, 399-402

GRASS method, of solving numerical problems, 396

Gravity, 270, 348, 350 Greenhouse effect, 238 Greenhouse gases, 137,238-239 Green roofs, 216 Gusset, 297

H Habitat, 100 Habitat loss, 151-152 Haultain, Herbert, 289 Heat

defined, 186 and particle theory of matter, 185-186 and rock formation, 208-209

Heating and cooling of buildings, 176-177, 182-184,233,244-247

Heat pumps, 246-247 Herbivores, 123 Heterogeneous mixtures . See Mechanical mixtures Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot, 349 Home safety, 389 Homogeneous mixtures. See Solutions Humans

competition for resources, 107 and ecosystems, 88- 91, 99, 111-114 and habitat loss, 151 interference with succession, 150 invasive species, introduction of, 153-154

Hundertwasser, Friedensreich, 325 Hydraulic hoist, 351 Hydro-electricity, 234-235 Hypothesis, 358

I I-beams, 296 Igneous rock, 208 Independent variables, 357 Inference, 362 Insoluble, 41 Insulation, 216

Internal forces, 277, 279-280, 282-283 International System of Units (SI), 390 Internet resources, 368 Interviews, 372 Invasive species, 153-155 Isometric drawings, 380 Issue reports, 418

J Joseph, A.J., 349

K Keyboard, 330 Kinetic energy, 187 Kipling, Rudyard, 289 K- W-L chart, 156,270,407

L Labelled diagram, 360-362 Laws, 349, 351 Length, measuring, 390, 391-392 Letters to the editor, 418 Libeskind, Daniel, 317 Lichens, 148 Line graph, 400-401 Line of symmetry, 323, 326 Liquids, 14, 15, 194 Liquid solutions, 36 Live load, 273 Living things, 383. See also Biotic elements;

Organisms; Plants Living walls, 110 Loads, 272-273,298-299 Low-E (low-emissivity) glass, 220

M Magazine articles, 418 Magnetism, 60 Maple syrup, 35 Mass

measuring, 390, 394-395 vs. weight, 272

Matter. See also Particle theory of matter changes in state of, 16 defined, 10 identifying and classifying, 21-27 makeup of, 10-12 mixtures, 20-21, 24- 27 other states of, 17 pure substances, 21 science of, 10-11 states of, 10-15

Measurement, 360, 390-395 converting units of, 391 of length, 390, 391-392 of mass and weight, 390, 394-395 of temperature, 395 of time, 390 of volume, 392-393

Mechanical mixtures, 24-25, 26 defined, 24 described, 24-25 particles of, 26 separating, 56-61

Medicines, as solution, 45 Meniscus, 393 Metamorphic rock, 209 Michael Lee-Chin Crystal, 317 Micro-organisms, 97 Microscope, 387 Milling, 73 Mind map, 320, 406 Mining, environmental impact of, 112-113, 239 Mixtures

classifying, 24-27 defined, 20 described, 20-21 mechanical mixtures, 24-25, 26, 56-61 particles of, 20, 26 solutions, 25-26

Mosses, 148 Multimedia presentation. See Electronic

presentations Mutualism, 109

N Native species, 153 Nested circle diagram, 407 Newton, Sir Isaac, 272, 350 Non-contact forces, 270, 277 Non-living things . See Abiotic elements Non-renewable energy resource, 235 Northern lights, 17 Nuclear energy, 75-76, 235-236 Nutrient, 102

o Observation, 348, 360-362 Omnivores , 123 Oral presentations, 418-421 Organisms

and air, 101 biotic elements, 97 competition, 107 as consumers, 123 decomposers, 124, 135-137 defined, 97 detrivores, 124 energy use within, 132-133 and food, 102 ideal temperature range for, 103 mutualism, 109 needs of, 100-103 predator-prey relationship, 107-108 as producers, 122-123 and sunlight, 100-101 and water, 102

Orthographic projection, 380

p Panel discussion, 421 Particle theory of matter

and changes in state, 20, 188-189 dissolving and, 40-41 main ideas of, 12 test of, 18-19 use of, 13 warmth/ coldness, 185-186

Pascal's Law, 351 Passive solar heating, 244 Penicillin, 349 Personal safety, 385-386 Petroglyphs, 121 Petroleum refining, 73-74 Phi,335 Photosynthesis, 122-123, 137 Pie graph. See Circle graph Placement organizer, 411 Plane of application, 278 Plants

living wall, 110 oxygen production, 101 photosynthesis, 122-123 sunlight and, 100, 125 working with, 383

Plasma, 17 Point of application, 278 Point Pelee National Park, 96 Pollution, 4-5, 39, 66, 74,112-113,114,139,237 Population, 97, 106 Position papers, 418 Posters, 419 Precipitation, 138 Predation, 107-108 Predator, 108 Prediction, 358 Presentations, in science and technology, 418-422 Presenting results (oral presentation), 421 Preservation, 158 Prey, 108 Primary succession, 148-149 Procedure, 359

122-123 Product development process

design factors, 318 manufacturing factors, 319 sales factors , 320

Pure substances, 20 Pyramid of numbers, 133 Pythagoras, 335

Q Qualitative observations, 360 Quantitative observations, 360

R Radiant barrier, 220 Radiant energy, 214. See also Solar energy Radiation

absorption and radiation of, 215-216 energy transfer, 214-215 reducing energy transfer by, 220

Radioactive substance, 75, 76, 235-236 Reading strategies, 403-404 Rebar, 296 Recycling, as conservation measure, 55, 63, 158 Recycling matter, 135-136 Rees, William, 156 Reflection, of solar energy, 215-216 Renewable energy resource, 234 Repetitive strain injuries, 329 Research reports, 418 Restoration projects, 159 Ritual of the Calling of the Engineer (Kipling), 289 Rock formation, 208-209 Role-playing, 421

S Safety symbols, 384. See also Classroom safety;

Home safety Saturated solutions, 43 Scale ratio, 362 Scanning electron microscope (SEM), 354-355 Scavengers, 123 Science

goals and beliefs of, 349, 350 laws, 349, 351 nature of, 348-351 relationship with technology, 354-355 theories, 349, 351

Science and technology equipment, 385-388 Scientific drawing, 362. See also Labelled diagram

Scientific inquiry, 356- 365 analysis in, 362-363 communicating in, 364- 365 defined, 348 evaluation in, 363 observation in, 348, 360-362 performing the investigation, 360 planning in, 359 predicting and hypothesizing in, 358 questioning in, 357 thinking as a scientist, 356

Scientific notation, 398-399 Scientific research, 366- 373

communication, method of, 368, 371 conclusion, 367 evaluation in, 368, 369 exploring an issue critically, 369-371 identifying alternatives, 370 Internet resources, 368 interviews, 372 questioning in, 366 recording and organizing information, 367 research questions, 366, 369 research topic, 366 sources of information, 366-367 surveys, 372-373

Secondary succession, 150 Separating techniques

for complex mixtures, 59-60 for dirty water, 66 dissolving, 61 distillation, 69 evaporation, 67, 68 filtration, 60-61 floating, 59 in flour industry, 72-73 magnetism, 60 for mechanical mixtures, 56-61 in nuclear power industry, 75-76 in petroleum industry, 73-74 settling, 59-60 in sewage treatment, 64-65 sieving, 60, 64 for solutions, 67-71 sorting, 58, 62

Settling, separating technique, 59-60, 64 Sewage

defined,64 treatment of, 64-65

Shear, 280 Shell structures, 275 Sieve, 60 Sieving, 60, 64 Significant digits, 397 Slide presentation, 422 Soil, 148-149, 150 Solar energy, 215-216,230,244-245 Solids, 14, 15, 192 Solid solutions, 38 Solid structures, 274 Solubility, 44, 46 Soluble, 41 Solutes, 36, 37 Solutions

concentrated, 42-43 defined, 25 described, 25-26 dilute, 42-43 gas, 38 liquid, 36 saturated, 43 solid,38 unsaturated, 43

Solvent, 36,37 Sorting, 58, 62 Species, 97 Stability, 290-294, 326 Stewardship of Earth, 157- 161 Storyboard, 422 Structural failure

bad design, 306 extraordinary loads, 308 faulty construction, 307- 308 foundation failure, 309

Structures arch,301 beams, 295-297 classifying, 274-275 defined,268 dome, 302 external forces, 277- 278 form, 268, 269 function, 268, 269 internal forces, 277, 279-280 stability, 290-294, 326 truss, 300-301

Strut, 297 Study habits, 415 Stutchbury, Bridget, 129 Succession, 148 Sun kinks, 195 Sunlight. See also Radiation

energy, 125 and life, 100-101

Surface water, 37 Surveys, 372-373 Sustainable, defined, 136 Symmetry

T

and aesthetics, 325 defined,323 in nature, 324 and stability, 326

Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse, 281 Tap water, 37 Teamwork,412-413

Technological problem solving, 352-353, 374-381

appropriate equipment and materials, 377 communication, method of, 379 design of prototype, 377-378 isometric drawings, 380 modifications, 379 orthographic projection, 380 planning in, 376-377 sketches, 380 technical drawings, 380-381 testing in, 378

Technology costs, risks, and benefits of, 354 goals and beliefs of, 353 relationship with science, 354- 355

Temperature, and kinetic energy, 187 Tension, 279 Theories, 349, 351 Thermal contraction, effects of, 189-194 Thermal-electric energy, 236-23 7 Thermal energy

defined, 188 fires and, 231 friction and, 231 geothermal energy, 208, 230, 246-247 managing energy transfer, 217- 220 solar energy, 230, 244-245 sources of, 230-231 transfer of, 202-216

Thermal expansion, effects of, 189-195 Thunderstorms, 213 Tie, 297 Torsion, 280 Town hall discussion, 421 Traditional Knowledge, 160- 161 Tree diagram, 406 Truss, 300-301

u Universal design, 332-334 Unsaturated solutions, 43 Uranium, 75-76,235

v Variables, 357 Venn diagram, 408 Volcanic eruptions, 213 Volume

w

defined, 14 measuring, 392-393

Wackernagel, Matthias, 156 Water

changes in state of, 16 and life, 102 as solvent, 37

Water cycle, 138-139 Water pollution, 4-5, 39, 66 'Nave energy, 242, 243 Web page, 422 Weight

defined, 272 measuring, 395

Wheat flour, 72-73 Wheat germ, 73 Wieman, Carl, 17 Wind energy, 242-243 Word splash, 410 Word wall, 410 Written presentations, 418- 419

Cover Image Source Photography/Veer

iv top left Dave Starrett; bottom left Jeff Morgan environmental issuesl Alamy; bottom right TEK IMAGEI Science Photo Library; v left Bill Brooksl Alamy; right Roderick Chenl All Canada Photos; vi top left Darwin Wiggettl All Canada Photos; bottom left Jeff Greenbergl PhotoEd it; right Corbis RFI Alamy; vii left David Beaucage Johnson; right Rene Johnston/Toronto Starl First Light; viii top left Steve Craft/Masterfile; bottom left Larry Williams/Corbis Canada; right mediacolor'sl Alamy; ix left Jim West! Alamy; right John Sylvesterl Alamy; x top left Larry MacDougallFirst Light; bottom left Michelle D. BridwelllPhotoEdit; right Chris Cheadlel All Canada Photos; xi left Chien-min Chung/Getty Images.

Unit A 2- 3 Dave Starrett; 7 Jeff Morgan environmental issuesl Alamy; 8-9 TEK IMAGE/Science Photo Library; 10 TongRo Image Stockl Alamy; 11 left Derek Capitaine Photography; centre © National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University; right Courtesy of Dr. R. V. Lapshin, Institute of Physical Problems, Russia and Dr. S. A. Gavrilov, Moscow Institute of Electronic Technology, Russia; 14 Edward Kinsmanl Photo Researchers, Inc. ; 17 top Creasance/Shutterstock; bottom Kevin Schafer/ Photographer's Choice/Getty Images; 24 left Michael Boyny/MaXx Images; 25 top left Derek Capitaine Photography; top centre OrganiCS image libraryl Alamy; top right Richard Hutchingsl Photo Edit; bottom left vnlit/Shutterstock; bottom centre kotikllShutterstock; bottom right Dorling Kindersleyl Getty Images; 28 left Jose Gil/Shutterstock; centre Robert Brook/Science Photo Library; 29 Dick Hemingway Editorial Photographs; 30 left Jose GillShutterstock; right Robert Brook/Science Photo Library; 31 top left Derek Capitaine Photography; top centre Organics image libraryl Alamy; top right Richard Hutchingsl Photo Edit; bottom left vnlitiShutterstock; bottom centre kotikllShutterstock; bottom right Dorling Kindersleyl Getty Images; 32 Edward Westmacottl Alamy; 33 left Derek Capitaine Photography; right Andrew Lambert Photography/Science Photo Library; 34-35 Bill Brooksl

Alamy; 35 Michael Newman/Photo Edit; 37 top Steve Rosset/Shutterstock; bottom CanStock Imagesl Alamy; 38 left JoLin/Shutterstock; right James Steidll Shutterstock; 42 P. Cross/Shutterstock; 45 left Randy Faris/Corbis Canada; right James King-Holmesl CELLTECH R&D LTD.lScience Photo Library; 49 Gusto Images/Science Photo Library; 50 top right JoLin l Shutterstock; bottom CanStock Imagesl Alamy; 54-55 Roderick Chenl All Canada Photos; 58 FoodCollection/MaXx Images; 59 top FoodCollectionl MaXx Images; bottom Martin M. Rotker/Photo Researchers, Inc. ; 60 top left Chris Priest/Science Photo Library; centre Marli MillerlVisuals Unlimited; 61 Derek Capitaine Photography; 64 PhotoAltol Alamy; 65 top Dr. Jeremy Burgess/Science Photo Library; bottom Frithjof Hirdeslzefa/Corbis Canada; 66 Reuters/Corbis Canada; 67 top Philip and Karen Smith /Iconica/Getty Images; 68 Stuart Gregory/Photodisc/Getty Images; 71 Scott Kemperl Alamy; 72 John E Marriottl Alamy; 73 PhotoAltol Alamy; 74 bottom Mashkov Yuri/IT AR-TASS/Landov; 76 ITAR-TASS/Fyodor Savintsev/Landov; 78 top left Food Collection/MaXx Images; top right Marli MillerlVisuals Unlimited; bottom left Reutersl Corbis Canada; bottom right PhotoAltol Alamy; 79 John E. Marriottl Alamy; 81 Scott Barrow/MaXx Images; 82 Jeff Morgan environmental issuesl Alamy; 86 Henry Westheim Photographyl Alamy.

Unit B 88-89 Darwin Wiggett/All Canada Photos; 90-91 Stuart O'Sullivan/Taxi/Getty Images; background Emanuel/Shutterstock; 91 BroadSpektruml Alamy; 93 Jeff Greenberg/PhotoEdit; 94-95 Corbis RFI Alamy; 95 centre Tina's Groove © Rina Piccolo, King Features Syndicate; 96 top left Jupiter Images; bottom left Danita Delimontl Alamy; 98 Miles Ertman/Masterfile; 99 bottom right O. BierwagenlIvy Images; 100 top Doug Lemkel Shutterstock; centre left David Nunuk/ All Canada Photos; bottom left Tohoku Color AgencylJapan Imagesl Getty Images; bottom right Taylor S. Kennedy/National Geographic/Getty Images; 101 Oli Gardnerl Alamy; 102 top Stocktrek Images/Getty Images; bottom Dave Reedel All Canada Photos; 103 top blickwinkell Alamy; 104 Carolyn A. McKeone/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 106 left

Sheila Terry/Science Photo Library; right Arco Images GmbH/ Alamy; 107 All Canada Photos; lOS Eastcott MomatiukJNational Geographic/Getty Images; 109 Nigel CattlinlVisuals Unlimited; 110 Photograph by David Lui, Humber Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning; III Bill Ivy/Ivy Images; 112 centre CFP/Ivy Images; left David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit; 113 Nickel Tailings #36, Edward Burtynsky Photography; 114 left Courtesy of Toronto Emergency Medical Services; right Benelux/ zefa/Corbis Canada; 116 bottom left blickwinkel! Alamy; bottom right Oli Gardner/ Alamy; 117 top left Eastcott Momatiuk/National Geographic/Getty Images; top right Nigel CattlinlVisuals Unlimited; bottom Bill IvylIvy Images; 119 Dick Hemingway Editorial Photographs; 120-121 David Beaucage Johnson; 121 Robert Estall photo agency/ Alamy; 123 left Michael Francis/Animals Animals; centre Paul Hobson/Nature Picture Library; right Michael Newman/PhotoEdit; 124 top David M. Dennis/ Animals Animals; bottom FoodPhotography Eisin/MaXx Images; 125 Gabe Palmer/Alamy; 12S Leonard Lee Rue III/Photoresearchers/First Light; 129 Courtesy of Bridget Stutchbury, York University; 135 left John CancalosiiAlamy; centre Biosphoto/Klein J.-L. & Hubert M.-L./Peter Arnold Inc.; right Terrance Klassen/ Alamy; 136 Michael P. Gadomski/Photoresearchers/First Light; 139 WorldFoto/ Alamy; 142 left Michael Francis/ Animals Animals; centre Paul Hobson/Nature Picture Library; right Michael Newman/PhotoEdit; 146-147 Rene Johnston/Toronto Star/First Light; 147 Pat LaCroix/ The Image Bank/Getty Images; 14S top Jim West! Alamy; bottom Don Johnston/ Alamy; 150 left Dr. John D. CunninghamlVisuals Unlimited; right Stockbyte/ Alamy; 151 Robert Quinlan/ Alamy; 152 left Lynn Stone/Animals Animals; right John Lemker/ Animals Animals; 153 left Jim West/ Alamy; right Larry L. Miller/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 154 top John T. Fowler/ Alamy; centre Nigel Cattlin/ Visuals Unlimited; Jeff DalylVisuals Unlimited; bottom David SierenlVisuals Unlimited; ISS top Andrew McLachlan/ All Canada Photos; bottom Derek Capitaine Photography; 159 top left joel zatz/ Alamy; top right Kristin O'Connor, Hamilton Harbour Remedial Action Plan; bottom Dick Hemingway Editorial Photographs; 160 bottom Marilyn Angel Wynn/Nativestock; 161 Ross FridlVisuals Unlimited; 162 Michael Klinec/ Alamy; 164 left Robert Quinlan/ Alamy; right David Sieren/

Visuals Unlimited; 165 top Marilyn Angel Wynn/ Nativestock; bottom Michael Klinec! Alamy; 167 Stone Nature Photography/ Alamy; 16S (both) Mike Grandmaison/Grandmaison Photography; 171 amana images inc.! Alamy; 172 Georgie Holland/ A.G.E. FotostockJFirst Light.

Text credit: 160 Birdfoot's Grampa by Joseph Bruchac, reprinted with permission of the author's representative, Barbara Kouts

Unit C 174-175 Steve Craft/Masterfile; 176 Ivy Images; 177 left Ashley Cooper/ Alamy; right Courtesy of Ready Mixed Concrete Association of Ontario; 179 Kindra Clineff/ Index StockJMaXx Images; ISO-lSI mediacolor's/ Alamy; lSI top THE CANADIAN PRESS/Sault Ste. Marie Star - Rachele Labrecque; bottom GeoStockJFirst Light; IS2 top left Chase Swift/Corbis Canada; top right Marli MillerlVisuals Unlimited; bottom SuperStockJ Alamy; lS3 Bill Freeman/Photo Edit; lS4 maciej czajka/ Alamy; lS7 top left CP PHOTO/Adrian Wyld; top right Donald Enright! Alamy; bottom doug steley/ Alamy; 192 top Lester Lefkowitz/Stone/Getty Images; bottom Photos by Tom Pantages; 195 top CP PHOTO/ Jonathan Hayward; bottom Chris Mattison/ Alamy; 196 Marli MillerlVisuals Unlimited; 197 top right doug steley/Alamy; 19S1eft Tony Freeman/Photo Edit; centre Bon Appetitl Alamy; 199 Tony Freeman/Photo Edit; 200-201 Jim West/ Alamy; 203 Floresco Productions/ Corbis Canada; 205 right Germany Feng/Shutterstock; 206 Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images; 20S top left Bill Ivy/Ivy Images; centre left Greg Vaughn/ Alamy; centre right Gary Crabbe/ Alamy; bottom Mark Schneider/ Visuals Unlimited; 209 top David Woods/Shutterstock; bottom left Ken Lucas/Visuals Unlimited; bottom centre ELEN/Shutterstock; bottom right Gerry Rousseau/ Alamy; 213 top Martin Fischer/Shutterstock; centre Martine Oger/Shutterstock; bottom Phil Dcgginger/ Alamy; 214 top Randy Lincks/All Canada Photos/Getty Images; bottom JG Photography/ Alamy; 216 Corbis RF/ Alamy; 217 Ted Kinsman/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 21S top David R. Frazier Photolibrary, Inc.! Alamy; bottom Kathryn Ivy/Ivy Images; 219 S. Callahan/Photri; 220 Carey High School, Carey ID, Sponsored by Radiant F

Ketchum, ID, Art Carlson, Engineer; 221 Ken Straitonl First Light; 225 top Greg Vaughnl Alamy; bottom left David R. Frazier Photolibrary, Inc.! Alamy; bottom right S. Caliahan/Photri; 226 top left foodfoliol Alamy; top right Photri; bottom WireImageStockiMasterfile; 227 Carlos Dominguez/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 228-229 John Sylvester! Alamy; 229 bottom right Ali Mazraie ShadilShutterstock; iStockphoto; 230 Science Sourcel Photo Researchers, Inc. ; 231 left Publiphoto/Photo Researchers, Inc.; right Rhoda Preacher; bottom Dex Imagel Alamy; 232 Andy Caulfield/Riser/Getty Images; 233 bottom left imagebrokerl Alamy; top right Courtesy of Enwave Energy Corporation; 234 top left REUTERSI Gary Wiepert/Landov; bottom Courtesy of NASA; 235 CP PHOTO/Toronto Star-Dick Loek; 236 CP PHOTOI Sarnia Observer/Glenn Ogilvie; 237 Visions of America, LLCI Alamy; 238 Paul SouderslCorbis Canada; 240 top David McNew/Getty Images; centre tbkrnedia. del Alamy; bottom Nigel Cattlinl Alamy; 241 D Traskl Ivy Images; 242 Design Pics Inc.! Alamy; 243 top Povl Eskildl Alamy; bottom Copyright 2007 Marine Current Turbines Ltd.; 244 left David Lyonsl Alamy; right Bill Brooksl Alamy; 245 top Artist's conception, property of OptiSolar Farms Canada Inc.; bottom Michael Newman/Photo Edit; 246 ARCTIC IMAGESI Alamy; 248 David R. Frazier Photolibrary, Inc.! Alamy; 249 Bill IvylIvy Images; 250 left CP PHOTO/Sarnia Observerl Glenn Ogilvie; centre ARCTIC IMAGES/Alamy; right David R. Frazier Photolibrary, Inc.! Alamy; 251 top Paul SouderslCorbis Canada; centre D TrasklIvy Images; bottom Design Pics Inc.! Alamy; 252 Roderick Chenl All Canada Photosl Alamy; 253 Sergey Dolzhenko/epal Corbis Canada; 254 Larry WiliiamslCorbis Canada; 258 Dick Hemingway Editorial Photographs.

Text credit: 229 "The Energy Blues", lyrics by George R. Newall, from Schoolhouse Rock! by Tom Yohe, published by Hyperion Books, NY, reprinted with permission. All rights reserved.

Unit D 260-261 Larry MacDougal/First Light; 262 background serg64/Shutterstock; Dick Hemingway Editorial Photographs; 263 Dick Hemingway Editorial

Photographs; 265 Michelle D. Bridwell I PhotoEd it; 266-267 Chris Cheadlel All Canada Photos; 267 top Xinhua/Landov; bottom ReuterslCorbis Canada; 268 left James Warwick/Stone/Getty Images; right CHRISTIAN CHARISIUS/ReuterslCorbis Canada; bottom Shutterstock; 269 left Jan Richterlimagebrokerl Alamy; top right Biosphoto/Balcaen Claude/Peter Arnold Inc.; centre right Jeffrey Greenberg I Photoresearchersl First Light; bottom right KARIM SAHIB I AFP I Getty Images; 270 left Michael Nemeth/The Image Bankl Getty Images; right Photodiscl Alamy; 271 left THE CANADIAN PRESS/Peter McCabe; right Xinhual Landov; 273 Image Alchemyl Alamy; 274 top left John E. Marriottl All Canada Photos; bottom left Dr. Donald Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited; bottom right Biczo Zsoltl Shutterstock; 275 top Derek Capitaine Photography; bottom Roger Harris/Science Photo Library; 276 top Andy Sacks/Riser/Getty Images; bottom Bill Brooksl Alamy; 277 Nick Kozak/Pictobanki Abaca PresslCP Photo; 279 top Buddy Maysl Alamy; bottom David R. Frazier Photolibrary, Inc.! Alamy; 280 top TORU YAMANAKAI AFP/Getty Images; bottom Martin Jeppl zefa/Corbis Canada; 281 top Bashford and Thompson Photo. PH ColI. 290.36 University of Washington Libraries. Manuscripts, Special Collections, University Archives Division; bottom PH Coll . 290 .33c University of Washington Libraries. Manuscripts, Special Collections, University Archives Division; 282 Roger Ressmeyerl Corbis Canada; 283 bottom Adrian Sherratt/ Alamy; 284 left Shutterstock; right Jan Richter/imagebrokerl A lamy; 285 top left John E. Marriottl All Canada Photos; top right Roger Harris/Science Photo Library; bottom centre TORU YAMANAKAI AFP/Getty Images; bottom right Martin Jepp/zefa /Co rbis Canada; 286 left cloki/Shutterstock; centre Danilo DucakiShutterstock; right Shutterstock; 287 Brian KosterlScoopt/Getty Images; 288-289 Chien-min Chung/Getty Images; 289 Wikipedia; 294 Barry LewislCorbis Canada; 296 left Lester Lefkowitz/Stone/Getty Images; right Neil Rabinowitz/Corbis Canada; bottom Lester Lefkowitzl Stone/Getty Images; 297 James Nazz/Corbis Canada; 301 top left Richard Broadwell! Alamy; top right PictureNetl Corbis Canada; bottom John T. Fowlerl Alamy; 302 Wilfried Krecichwost/Riser/Getty Images; 303 left epal

Corbis Canada; right Visuals Unlimited/Corbis Canada; 304 Barrie Watts/ Alamy; 306 top left Enigma/ Alamy; top right Janet Horton; bottom left Dave Welcher/Hulton Archive/Getty Images; bottom right Derek Capitaine Photography; 307 Derek Capitaine Photography; 308 top YONHAP/AFP/Getty Images; bottom Robert Galbraith/ CP Photo; 309 Ros Drinkwater/ Alamy; 312 left Neil Rabinowitz/Corbis Canada; centre James Nazz/Corbis Canada; right Wilfried Krecichwost/Riser/Getty Images; 313 top YONHAP/AFP/Getty Images; bottom Ros Drinkwater/Alamy; 314 balaikin/Shutterstock; 315 top Piotr Lukasik/Shutterstock; bottom National Archives of Canada C-009766/CP PHOTO; 316-317 Bill Brooks/ Alamy; 317 top CP PHOTO/Adrian Wyld; bottom Alan Marsh/First Light; 318 top V stock/Tetra Images/Getty Images; bottom Lucas OleniuklToronto Star; 319 left Tereshchenko Dmitry/Shutterstock; right Kim Steele/The Image Bank/Getty Images; 320 left Rolf Vennenbernd/ dpa/Corb is Canada; right Kevin Dodge/Corbis Canada; 321 top Dennis Ku/Shutterstock; bottom Ivy Images; 323 top left Brownstock Inc.! Alamy; top right Northrop Grumman/Via Bloomberg News/Landov; bottom left Eu Toch/Shutterstock; bottom right Susan McKenzie/ Shutterstock; 324 Cameraphoto/ Art Resource, NY; 325 left Tim Graham/The Image Bank/Getty Images; right FAN travelstockl Alamy; 326 Adam Crowley/Photodisc! Getty Images; 327 top Corbis Canada; bottom Janice Hazeldine/ Alamy; 329 top left Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY; top right Courtesy of Stirex Innovation AB; bottom Marilyn Angel Wynn /Nat ivestock Pictures/ Corbis Canada; 332 top left David Young-Wolff/ PhotoEd it; top right Jerry Horbert/Shutterstock; bottom left BUILT Images/ Alamy; bottom right Jupiter Images; 334 Dick Hemingway Editorial Photographs; 335 top Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images; bottom Charles Bowman/ Alamy; 336 top left Lucas OleniuklToronto Star; top right Kim Steele/The Image Bank/Getty Images; bottom left Cameraphoto/ Art Resource, NY; bottom right Susan McKenzie/Shutterstock; 337 top left Janice Hazeldine/ Alamy; top right David Young-Wolff/ PhotoEdit; 338 Travstockl Alamy; 339 Dick Hemingway Editorial Photographs; 340 Realistic Reflections/Getty

Images; 343 top right Stocktrek Images, Inc.! Alamy; bottom (a) Ned TherrienIVisuals Unlimited; (b) Robyn Mackenzie/Shutterstock; (c) trai lexplorers/Shutterstock; (d) Germany Feng/Shutterstock; 345 top right Erin Patrice O'Brien/Taxi/Getty Images; bottom (a) John Sylvester! Alamy; (b) graficart. net/ Alamy; (c) Coquilleau/ Shutterstock; (d) Tibor Bognar/Corbis Canada; 345 left Jaa/Shutterstock; right Robert Harding Picture Library Ltd.! Alamy.

Skills Handbook 346-347 Elemental Imaging/Shutterstock ; 348 ©Estate of Fred Stein/Art Resource, NY; 349 left James King-Holmes/Science Photo Library; right Laguna Design/Science Photo Library; 350 left Mehau Kulykl Science Photo Library; right Sue Cunningham Photographic/ Alamy; 351 left Thomas Robinson; right zimmytus/Shutterstock; 352 right SRI International; 353 top rpixs/Shutterstock; bottom left david sanger photography/ Alamy; bottom right Time & Life Pictures/ Getty Images; 354 ©Brooklyn Production/CORBIS; 355 ©The Natural History Museum/Alamy; 366 left Andrey TTLIShutterstock; right ©Rudy Sulgan/Corbis; 367 top U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District; bottom Digital Vision/ Alamy; 371 right Den Kou Images/ Alamy; 374 left Tom Morrison/Getty Images; 375 left Steve Skjold/ Alamy; right Canadian International Water Purification Ltd.; 377 Oleg Kozlov & Sophy Kozlova/ Shutterstock; 379 left ©Yves Forestier/CORBIS SYGMA; right Idealink Photography/ Alamy; 382 Michael Newman/Photo Edit; 388 bottom right Carolyn A. McKeone/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 394 top and bottom left Boreal; 405 left ScimatiPhoto Researchers, Inc.; middle Dr. G.w. WillisIVisuals Unlimited; right SIU/ Visuals Unlimited; 413 Yellow Dog Productions/Getty Images; 415 Miodrag Gajic/Shutterstock; 420 Michael Newman/Photo Edit; 421 Michael Newman/Photo Edit.

Additional Photography by Dave Starrett Ray Boudreau