brdar bla bla totalitarizam

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UDK: 321. 64 : 21.03.1999.

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185

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6 Descartes, d., IV, . 220, t pssim. 7 , Civ. dei, xi, 26; Confes., v, 2; vi, 16; vii, 10-11; x, 7-8, 17; xii, 10. 8 Reardon (1981), pp.163-64; Dickens (1966), p. 151. 9 Calvin, Inst., III, ii, 7. 10 Reardon (1981), p. 198.

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11 Wlin (1961, p. 171, t pssim; Dickens (1966), p. 163. 12 Dickens (1966), pp. 163-64. 13 Calvin, Inst., I, xvi, 2-4, xvii, 1; III, xxi, 5; (1996) [1541], . 365. 14 Calvin, Inst., IV, xv, 20. , Inst., II, i, 8. , '

'. (1996) [1541], . 359, . 63, 364.


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16 , , (Inst., III, xxiv, 3).

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18 Clvin, Inst., IV, viii, 9; xx, 27. 19 Clvin, Inst., II, xv, 2-5; IV, xx, 15. : '

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20 Clvin, Inst., IV, x, 5.

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191

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201

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30 Cf. (1998), i, . 260-61, t passim.

.,

202

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31 Cf. illyard (1943), pp. 83, t passim; Wlzer (1965), p. 171. 32 , Wlzer (1965), pp. 166-67, t passim. 33 - , -

: Davis, (1981); Garrett, (1938); Haller, (1938); Hextr, (1969); Hill, (1977); Parker, (1950); Porter, (1958); Solt (1959); Tillyrd, (1943); Tuveson, (1949); Underdown (1985); Wlzer, (1963), (1965); Zaret (1985) (1989).


203

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35 . , - . . , . Cf. rn (1968), pp. 192, 193-4, 195; yr (1965); Schapiro (1972), pp. 46-55, 118-19. , ; , . (1998), i-ii.

36 , . . . , ; , . : . - , , . Cf. Popper (1971), i, p. 316; (1993), i, . 417.

.,

206

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209

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Popper (1971), i, ch. 23; Popper (1957), pp. 158-59; (1988), . 244-45. 41 (1) -

; (2) , ; (3) , . Cf. Nozick (1974), pp. 319-20. '', ''. , , '' , -, : , ; , ipso facto , , . , , , , , . , . . . ( ' '). , ,

.,

210

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42 , cf. (1998), i, . 586-96, t passim.


211

, -" ", ? ( , .) , , - ? , ? .

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.,

212

2) (prctical ttitude) . , , , , , , :

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, ipso facto - - . , , , .44

44 24. 1999. - .


213

- , .

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45 , (1992), . 76-77, t passim. 46 ,

: (1) ; (2)

.,

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Zaret, David (1985), The Heavenly Contract: Ideology and Organisation in Pre-Revolutionary Puritanism, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. (1989), "Religion and the Rise of Liberal-Democratic Ideology in XVIIth-Century England", American Sociological Review, 54, no. 2, pp. 163-79.

Milan Brdar S u m m a r y Institut of Social Sciences Belgrade email: [email protected]

ELUCIDATION OF THE SENSE OF OPENNESS THROUGH DECONSTRUCTION OF THE CONCEPT

OF TOTALITARIANISM

Aim of the article is to elucide the very problem of openness through deconstruction of the concept of totalitarianism deffined as a contrary to liberalism. In the first part author elaborates new concept of totalitarianism as defined with three main components of the phenomena: 1) Transcendental agreement (convenant) in relation to the eshatological truth given in four topos within the scope of modern ideas: god, nation, social class, man; 2) Tautology of legitimization in relation to the Other; 3) Scientization of charisma in relation to the world; 4) Political Messianism and Manicheism in relation to the self. Historical explanation provides the genesis of the concept of heavenly contract through the transformation of transcendence into the immanence of the world through three cases: 1) Puritanism of the 16th Century (Jean Calvin and John Knox); 2) Jacobinism of the 18th Century (Rousseau and Robespierre); 3) Marxism of the 19-20th Century (from Marx to Lenin). The second part of the paper presents the characterisation of the totalitarian mind as spesified with elimination of differences between the falowing levels: Identity-difference (in the dimension of discourse); Position-opposition (in the dimension of thinking); Friend- enemy (in the dimenasion of existance). Deconstruction of totalitarianism as its precondition of its possibility presupposes: a) experience of futility of political extremism; b) the fall of all avaliable eshatological axes (wheather the paramount topos topoon is god, Man, people, or class). By means of deconstruction of the given concept author provides the basic prerequisites of liberalism: 1) Transcendental prerequisites of rational commu-nication (co-understanding and argumentation); 2) Prospects of valid (non-thatulogical) procedures of legitimisation; 3) Conditions for acquiring and preserving rational authority (in the realms of politics, science, etc.) Author thus shows full contrast between totalitarianism and liberalism. Given component of liberalism could only be safeguarded by institutional means. That amounts to the conclusion that deconstruction of totalitarianism as an actual occurance includes the problem of the huge institutional reconstruction. Through juxtaposition of totalitarianism and liberalism, author elucides the very problem of openness on th falowing way: only upon the downfall of all mentioned interchanings varieties of suprime good (summum bonum), the openess as primary distincition of political order became possible. This amount to: a) substitution of the idea of suprime good by the opposite idea of suprime evil (summum malum); b) transfer of all positive political programm-

.,

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es and choices of values into the sphere of private matters of the citizen. Hereby the room is provided for sinchrony of all ideas of good. But none of them could be made official without closing society again. This means two things: firstly, that the state must be ideologically neutral; secondly, that every political program changes cardinally its rank: from constitutive into regulative on the basis of which is possible to maintan in the sphere of ethics withouth selfcontradictions. Thirdly, very possibility of openness is giving the clue of nowadays postmo-dern story on the end of all grand stories and metanarratives, for this is profound condition od the real open society. Prospects of the openness are elucited by juxtaposing the two concept of liberalism: 1. In its initial meanign liberalism is one of modern universalistic doctrines, which, like any other, can be the way of closing society; 2. In the second sense liberalism is not a doctrine, but exclusivelly pragmatic attitude or performance. Both concepts are based on the insight that mutual inferriability of proposition and performance, i.e. pragmatic and semantic, is not possible whatsoever. Liberalism could be the basis of openness and its maintainance only in the second sense, if and when it has institutional safeguards. In the perspective of this proposition all grand modern political programmes (freedom, equality, fraternity) are: a) equal in their right to validity; b) they are in the relations of complementarity, with consequence that polemical conflicts among them are irrational and futile; c) hence, on the basis of openness their relation of communication and cooperation is only rational prospect. That is the function of the idea of openness. To be realistic, that means that one in its practice have to use the idea in regulative, not in constitutive sense.

Key words: openness, political order, totalitarianism, liberalism, echatology, modern ideologies, great metanarratives, legitimation, contract, Popper.