brazil internal war between powers the equilibrium theory

BRAZIL: INTERNAL WAR BETWEEN POWERS-THE EQUILIBRIUM THEORY


Prof. Cirineu José da Costa - MSC Página 1

1. INTRODUCTION

In my previous article "War between powers: The Equilibrium Theory" we

studied the balance between internal powers of each Country and the result of

this balance in domestic situation and in actions in international context where

nations play for power and domain.

The current Brazilian political scene leads us to make a reflection on the

application of this theory in the active forces in our country.

The ideological war between Capitalists and Communists brought to us the

cold war. Our country, the largest in South America, the most important

strategically in the operational theater in South Atlantic was not out of the

interests of both sides in conflict.

The armed fight for power in Brazil was sparked after meetings that occurred

under the command of forces of Soviet Union and Nationalist China (Socialist

International). Cuba, a Communist beachhead in Central America was used

as training basis for combat forces and leadership formation for a Popular

Revolution which aimed to deploy the system in all Latin American countries in

an open confrontation with the United States of America.

In Brazil were enlisted for this power project secondary and university

students, peasant leaders, trade unionists, unhappy and ordinary people who

were indoctrinated and accepted the theory that a Dictatorial leftist

Government would solve the economic, structural and social problems of our

country.

2. THE HISTORICAL FACTS AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

In Brazil, in 1930, the Liberal Alliance took power through a military coup.

Washington Luiz was ousted despite having already elected substitute (Júlio

Prestes). Getúlio Vargas was made President. The coup called Revolution of

1930 establishes the dictatorship and called itself "Provisional Government".

With the power Vargas closed the National Congress (Senate and Chamber of

Deputies), it deprives the State Assemblies and Municipal Councils, aborted

the Constitution (1891). Vargas promoted the quick replacement of

councilmen, mayors, governors and deputies by police delegates and army

military. Censorship, political persecutions, tortures, arrests and deaths

became part of everyday life. Getúlio Vargas was not military and in his

Government was created the first political repression organs (DOPS).

In 1932 occurred the Constitutionalist Revolution in São Paulo, led by people

from São Paulo, aided by political dissidence of Liberal Alliance which, at that



time, requested the convocation for a Constituent National Assembly for return

to the rule of law with the promulgation of the new Constitution. The

Provisional Government of Getúlio Vargas ignored the constitutional appeals.

This large portion of political and military group which put Vargas in power

revolted against the continuing "provisional character" of the Government,

causing a rift within the Liberal Alliance and the Constitutionalist Revolution of

32, which can even be seen as a civil war.

Fascism had dominated Italy in 1922 and Nazis had dominated Germany in

1933 and Austria in 1934. According to decisions of 1935 International

Communist Meeting the leftists around the world should approach to

democratic organizations and form a Popular Front to face the tide of Nazis

Fascist and rightist victories. In this way, the Socialists, the Communists

(Stalinists and Trotskyites), Anarchists and Liberal Democrats should unite to

reach and reverse the global trend in favor of right-wing regimes. Here also

was born the orientation for outbreak the “Intentona Comunista de 1935”, in

Brazil.

Latin America was a secondary body before purposes of International

Communist, but Brazil and Chile, by virtue of their positions strategically

placed in front of Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, came to be seen as important

countries to stimulate a new political line adopted by the International

Communist movement (ICM). But Brazil was under Getúlio Vargas

Government, put into power through a coup d ' état after the end of "coffee-

with-milk" politics between São Paulo and Minas Gerais. The country

modernization proposed by Getúlio came from an authoritarian government

without election via. With the deposition of the proposed candidate for Sao

Paulo and the placement of an authoritarian Government, São Paulo rebelled

and promoted the Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932 which resulted in heavy

fighting and casualties on both sides. Getúlio won and put the Communist

Party on illegality.

In March 1935 was created in Brazil the National Liberating Alliance (ANL),

chaired by Communist leader Luis Carlos Prestes and inspired by the model of

the popular fronts that have emerged in Europe to prevent the advance of

Nazi-fascism, following the International Communist guidance. The ANL

defended nationalist proposals and had as flag the struggle for agrarian reform

and the establishment of Communist regime in Brazil. The Brazilian society

enlightened sectors didn`t approve of the activities developed by the

Communists such as infiltration, propaganda and grooming. Our country was

not prepared for a Communist revolution, but Communist International

leadership didn't take this fact into account. The komintern demanded

immediate action, taking advantage of Spanish Civil War environment.



The group led by Luis Carlos Prestes had the mission to deploy in Brazil a

Communist dictatorial government. Moscow sent orders that the PCB to act as

quickly as possible. Luis Carlos Prestes agreed with the triggering of an armed

movement that killed hundreds of civilians and military people. The revolution

financing was backed by Moscow and the money was destined for Celestino

Paraventi, Preste`s friend at a coffee shop, at Barão de Itapetininga street in

São Paulo.

The movement named Intentona Comunista should explode simultaneously

in Rio, Rio Grande do Norte and Pernambuco where Communist cells were

better organized. The movement began sooner, by an internal error, on

November, 23 of 1935 in Natal city. In Pernambuco the movement began in

the morning of November, 24 when a sergeant, commanding a group of

civilians, broke into the jail and stole policemen`s guns. This was the bloodiest

of all Intentona Comunista uprisings and the number of victims estimated at

around 720 people in Recife.

On 26 November, President Vargas, aware of the serious situation, decreed

siege state throughout the country, after National Congress authorization. In

Rio de Janeiro the movement broke out in the morning of November, 27 at

2:00 on Flight School in Campo dos Afonsos. The 3rd Infantry Regiment (3th

RI) of Red Beach had a strong Communist cell among the components and at

two o'clock in the morning, the mutineers began to act. The shooting was

intense and many servicemen were killed when they were still asleep. At 1:0

pm of the same day the mutineers surrendered. Defeated, they changed the

style, the technique and way to act, but didn`t move away from the desire to

deploy in Brazil a Marxist-Leninist Government.

The II World War end after the surrender of the axis countries in Europe and

with the surrender of Japan after being victimized by two atomic bombs (first

used in war) didn`t bring an end to the tragedy. There were approximately 20

million people displaced from their origins and demanded repatriation issues.

The economy of Europe was devastated and the countries of Eastern Europe

that got rid of the German domain remained under totalitarian regimes,

dominated by Russia.

The world becomes a bipolar sphere between United States on one side

and the Soviet Union on the other side.

They were born two countries: Federal Republic of Germany (West) and the

German Democratic Republic (East). The cold war was born. Cold war was

the name given to the historical period of disputes between the United States



and the Soviet Union from the end of World War II in 1945 until the extinction

of the Soviet Union in 1991.

The cold war had a political, military, technological, economic, ideological and

social bias between the two Nations. It was named Cold because there was

no a direct troops` confrontation, because it was impossible to win in a nuclear

conflict. The arms race was one of the major objectives of the first half of the

cold war.

The ideological confrontation couldn`t be resolved through an open and direct

war. So the two Nations began to compete for political, economic and

ideological influence around the world. The cold war had end with the downfall

of the Socialist world, once the USSR was destroyed economically due to

spending on armaments and with the fall of the Berlin wall in 1989.

The symbols of the cold war are: the Berlin wall, the Germany division into two

countries, the creation of NATO-North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the

creation of the Warsaw Pact by USSR, joining forces in Eastern Europe.

The consequences of the cold war were: the Korea division, Vietnam and

Afghanistan war.

The cold war had also by-products and we can highlight:

The Cuban revolution-Although Cuba became independent in 1902, the

island came under United States` economic domain. Fulgêncio Batista's

dictatorship was supported by Americans in 1952. In 1959 the capital Havana

fell under Fidel and Che Guevara guerrilla warfare, and installed a

Revolutionary Government. There was a wide nationalization of United States

companies located in Cuba. In retaliation the USA decree in 1962 the

commercial block (which is still in force). Fidel approached to USSR-China

axis and made Cuba the only socialist country of America and a training

center for spread of leftist guerrillas in Latin American countries (one of the

objectives of cold war).

The Bolivian Guerrilla Movement had the direct participation of foreign

fighters come from Cuba and Russia. As consequence of its political and

ideological partnership with USSR and China, Cuba was the main focus of

fears of South America`s Governments. Leader of Cuban Revolution, the

Argentine Che Guevara participated actively of guerrillas in Bolivia using the

codename of Ramón. His participation was confirmed in august 1967 and he

would be killed by Bolivian forces two months later.



The left guerrillas in Argentina - Enrique Gorriarán Merlo is considered one of

the greatest terrorists of continent. Today, in a prison for all life in Buenos

Aires, he says that the path is democracy, in contrast to the ideas who

advocated. He is responsible for the attack to La Tablada headquarters in

January 1989 during Raúl Alfonsín government, the first President elected in

the country after the military dictatorship (1976-1983).

The Tupamaro Movement in Uruguay - the name came from Tupac Amaru

III, a Peruvian Chief, leader of a clash against the Spanish in the 18th century.

The founder of Tupamaro National Liberation Movement (MLN-T) was Raul

Sendic, lawyer, revolutionary and guerilla politician of Uruguay. The members

of Tupamaros were mostly university students, technicians and professionals.

With the restoration of democracy in 1985, some representatives of the

Tupamaros return to assume political office. In 2004, José Mujica and Nora

Castro, two former representatives of the group, were elected to Presidency of

the two chambers of Congress. Five years later, José Mujica was elected

President of Uruguay. In the absence of political and social environment for a

left-wing dictatorship implantation in Uruguay, there was no other way for

Tupamaros than continue with the democratic regime, for which they had no

training.

The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – It`s known as FARC or

FARC-EP and is a communist-inspired organization, self-proclaimed as

Marxist-Leninist revolutionary guerrilla. Fight for socialism implementation in

Colombia and defends the right of arrested Colombians and is one of the

cocaine suppliers to world market, its main source of income. Although it`s not

a member of the Foro de São Paulo, which left-wing parties of Latin America,

the FARC have been present in the meetings. The Foro de São Paulo meeting

in La Paz on August 29, 2014 generated a final declaration which we

transcribe: "Convocamos a todas y todos a la batalla que constituyen las

próximas elecciones presidenciales en Bolivia, Brasil y Uruguay en el mes de

octubre de este año, respaldando y apoyando las respectivas fórmulas

electorales de Evo Morales Ayma y Álvaro García Linera, Dilma Rousseff y

Michel Temer y Tabaré Vázquez y Raúl Sendic. En estas elecciones la

disputa es nuevamente intensa entre izquierda y derecha, y los medios siguen

cumpliendo el papel de principales “partidos de oposición”. Nuestra victoria es

vital para la continuación del proceso de transformaciones económicas,

sociales y políticas en la región latinoamericana y caribenha".

In Brazil, the return of troops to the country after the World War II end brought

a sense of discomfort with a view that they had gone to Europe to fight against

Nazi-fascist forces and Brazil was under the command of a strong regime

headed by Getúlio Vargas. The coup was inevitable and José Linhares,



President of the Supreme Court was convened by the armed forces to

exercise the Presidency of the Republic with a view to the deposition of the

President. He took office in October 29, 1945 at the Office of War Minister,

General Góis Monteiro and stayed in the post until 1946. In the following

period was elected Eurico Gaspar Dutra who ruled from 31.01.1946 to

31.01.1951. Getúlio Vargas was back to power, now elected by popular vote.

Takes office in 31.01.1951, in the National Congress, in session chaired by

Fernando de Melo Viana and commits suicide in August 24, 1954.

With the death of Getúlio took office the Vice-President, Café Filho that

remained until 11.11.1955. Finally Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira was

elected by direct vote, took over and ruled during the period from 31.01.1956

to 31.01.1961. Jânio da Silva Quadros succeeded Juscelino and took

possession in 31.01.1961, having sent request for waiver in 25.08.1961 which

was accepted by National Congress. The President of the Deputies Chamber

Ranieri Mazzilli assumes power as legal substitute on 26.08.1961, at the

Presidential Palace with a view that the Vice President was visiting the

People's Republic of China. Follow the country in a troubled period with strikes

and military uprisings that culminated with the Revolutionary Movement of

1964.

The movement of 1964 was built slowly from a base formed from the growing

threat of a Communist Revolution near to hatch in the country. To construction

the Communist mentality newspapers exercised an important paper. There

was a constant mobilization of country workers and training camps organized

by the newly formed Ligas Camponesas. The cold war environment

contributed to the historic building of communism as a movement that aimed

to anarchy, disorder, denial of Christian values and private property Institute

order. The published newspapers` materials leave to understand that if there

was no quick action to contain the Communists the red revolution would be a

matter of time. The presses often oversized the actions of Socialist and Left

Movements in Brazil, frightening the society. The important mobilization of

Communists and left-wing movements in Brazil came through the Ligas

Camponesas with an openly Socialist project and even with concrete actions

in support of the revolution including the organization of training camps for

guerrillas in the rural areas.

Brazil`s political instability came from the suicide of Getúlio Vargas and

Juscelino Kubitschek possession, which only took over the Presidency after

the effort of military forces led by general Henrique Teixeira Lott. President

Jânio Quadros in an excerpt from his letter of resignation said: "I leave with a

thank you and an appeal. The thanks is to companions who fought with me

and sustained me, inside and outside the Government and, in particular, the



Armed Forces, who’s exemplary conduct, in every moment, I proclaim in this

opportunity." The rumors about the connection of his Vice-President João

Goulart with communism were increasing and the possibility of a coup d ' état

to stop the Vice became stronger. The vice was seen as a Moscow and

Beijing drone. During this period the country experienced a great instability

and a lot of groups defend the right-wing dictatorship to contain communism

personified in the figure of Joao Goulart. The mainstream press linked to these

groups began to promote the historical necessity of a coup to bring order to

the country's political situation. This position was adopted by the newspaper

"O Estado de São Paulo" who published several editorials preaching openly a

coup. It would be better to see Brazil under a strong right Government than

risk to be under a leftist dictatorship.

On the morning of September, 13, 1963 took place in Brasilia a Navy and Air

Force sergeants` revolt who took corporate buildings and civil and military

airports. The revolt was quelled in the same day with Land Forces

intervention.

In March, 13, 1964 occurred a public political meeting of President João

Goulart in Central do Brasil Square. In this public act spoke several people,

among them José Serra, at this time as President of the UNE (National

Student Union) and actually Republic Senator, which attacked the

"reactionaries" and "gorillas of capitalism". In this occasion, Jango has signed

two decrees based on 1946 Constitution. The first of them was symbolic and

consisted on expropriation of petroleum refineries which were not yet in

Petrobras` hands. The second was named the SUPRA Decree

(Superintendence of Agrarian Reform) where declared subject to expropriation

under-utilized properties, specifying the location and size of which would be

subject to the measure. The President also revealed that was in preparation

the urban reform. The middle class was fearful of losing their properties to

renters. Other proposals to be forwarded to Congress predicted changes in

taxes, granting voting rights to illiterates and to armed forces` lower frames.

The news on the "O Estado de São Paulo" of March, 14, 1964 was: It was a

lot of subversive materials at public political meeting of President João Goulart

in Central do Brasil Square... the banners and signs said that brother-in-law

is not relative; Brizola to President or that Jango's reforms would be

guaranteed by shot.

In March, 19, 1964 happened in São Paulo called Walk in the name of God

and for Freedom with more than half a million people. The movement had

repercussions also in Minas Gerais. General Amaury Kruel, 2nd Army

Commander in a note published on 01 April said: the intense work of the



Communist Groups within Land Forces, Navy and Air Force, developed mainly

in the sergeants, corporals and soldiers circles in order to induce them to

indiscipline, brings a prominence of power division and reflects weakening of

peace maintenance power and Constitutional powers warranty. The

Governors Leonel Brizola in Rio Grande do Sul and Mauro Borges Teixeira de

Goiás led the National Liberation Front to mobilize forces against a possible

offensive from right forces, especially by the Democratic Union captained

Nacional (UDN), which had as main character of this conspiracy, the Governor

of the State of Guanabara, Carlos Lacerda.

In Goiás the governor prepared the civilian population to an armed resistance

in an attempt to contain the impending coup. The left organized severe

criticism to UDN and its allies because they are attempting a coup d ' état to

prevent João Goulart`s the possession. In the Manifesto à Nação, released

by the Goiás` Executive Chief, he argues that the actual Constitution in the

country any action conducted in order to prevent that the Vice-President João

Goulart becomes president would be spurious and fit the people fighting

against it: "If the military Ministers go beyond legality borders, in which

legitimized their determinations, the subordinates will be exonerated of

obedience duty because the legal order differs from unconsciousness.

If the will of the people is not respected, if they try to mystify it and in its name

they dare launch the Country on degradation of a dictatorship, under the claim

already demoralized and that lack of merit of originality, we've only got one

way to make the call of great moments and major crises: the loyalist,

democratic and patriotic resistance ".

The discovery of guerrilla training camps of Ligas Camponesas in the

northeast of Goiás in Dianópolis city, was another event that served to

promote a pomp of Communists action in Brazil and indicated the actual verge

of an attempt to carry out a socialist revolution, because the objectives of this

and other guerrilla training camps designed by Ligas Camponesas in other

regions of Brazil was to prepare for a possible power capture, leaving mainly

the experience of Cuban Revolution.

Another factor that aggravated the controversy surrounding the discovery of

the training camps, was the direct participation of Cuba, sponsoring with cash

money the Ligas Camponesas’ movement to buy guns, ammunition and

provide guerrilla’s training for Ligas Camponesas’ members that went to

Cuba several times to know better their reality, what wowed the movement

members because Cuba reality and the revolutionary process in this country

had some similarities with the struggle of peasants of Brazil: exportation based



on agrarian economy with big properties, monoculture and bad working

relations in the field.

The ALN - Ação Libertadora Nacional, organization created by Carlos

Marighela to fight with weapons the military regime and implement a left

dictatorship was the terrorist organization that more developed urban and rural

guerrilla actions. Carlos Eugenio Paz, the Clement, a member of the dome of

ALN, in an interview on Globonews said they participated in a "collective"

decision, an action to eliminate with a fights mate. The run was made in the

March 23, 1971 day in Jardins District, in São Paulo.

The killed was a summit part of the movement and due to the amount of

information that he had and the fact that he had abandoned companions in

combat and put the movement in danger. Márcio Leite de Toledo, sociology’s

student, twenty-six years old, had been sent to Cuba for guerrilla training and

had returned stowaway to Brazil. The return coincided with the deaths of

leaders of the ALN, captured by the security organs. Márcio became a kind of

dissident within the Organization and was murdered.

Continuing the interview, Carlos Eugenio details another extreme decision

taken by ALN: the execution of businessman Henning Albert Boilesen shot

dead at April,15, 1971 in Sao Paulo. Boilesen was sentenced by a ALN

"revolutionary tribunal" because he financed the OBAN (Operação

Bandeirante), an organization created by II Army in São Paulo to center the

fight against armed struggle. Eugene pulled the trigger. Carlos Eugenio Paz

(the Clemente) took another murder publicly. Asked later by friends missing

and said: "of course, they did. But why did they kill? Where they killed? Who

killed? Where is? This we care about. The history books need to have these

gaps filled. We can't get into the History do everything we've done and

then don`t want to assume things. I assume it! “.

The revolutionary movement of 1964 deployed a military bipartite Government

and not a Government system with only a party as Soviet, Chinese PC or the

Cubano PC, but couldn't for a long time and had to fight against parties and

organizations placed underground and departed for the armed struggle. We

can cite the PCB, the PC do B, Popular Action (AP), the Vanguarda Armada

Revolucionária Palmares (VAR-Palmares), the MR-8 and the Ação

Libertadora Nacional (ALN).

The military Government made mistakes and achievements of a movement

that was born of the need, at the time, of a most expressive Brazilian society

that feared a coup d’état of a Marxist-Leninist group. We could call it a

bourgeoisie power, but it was the majority and democracy presupposes the



will of the majority. The armed forces could not leave the population majority

against the Marxist government subjected by force of arms. For militaries it

might have been even better to support a revolution from the left

because, in every country where the Marxist-Leninist dictatorship rules

the militaries owned and still own a major role and would not be in

shortage as they are today.

The Revolutionary Movement of 1964, today named Military Coup, ended with

the hierarchical disorder that had been deployed by the left inside the quarters

and prevented the installation of a Communist Regime. Implemented a fiscal

austerity and created financial and credit institutions (Central Bank and

BNDES) which until today are pillars of our economy. The Military Government

created the housing finance system and the National Housing Bank (BNH) that

provided the opportunity to many Brazilians of owning their own home, the

PIS-PASEP system to give to workers an annual income, the Earth Property

Legal Status and the Tenancy Law governing the relationship between lessor

and lessee.

The Brazil collapsed with oil shocks of 1973 and 1979.The world oil crisis of

1973, when the OPEP deliberately increased the price of oil and took Geisel

Government by surprise, forcing to measures aimed at reducing fuel

consumption. The oil crisis was followed by a process of nationalization of oil

production and a series of conflicts involving Arab producers of OPEP, as the

Six-Day war (1967), the Yom Kippur war (1973), the Islamic revolution in Iran

(1979) and the Iran-Iraq war (1980), in addition to excessive financial

speculation. Plus there was the cold war context where Russians had strongly

influenced Arab Governments.

Was decreed and fuel rationing and imposed 80 Km/h speed limits on

highways. Search for oil prospecting increased through risk contracts and for

alternative forms of energy as the National Alcohol Program (Proálcool) being

ethanol today our alternative fuel and example to the rest of the world. The oil

shock caused a retraction in the international financial market, with negative

consequences for developing countries such as Brazil, generated an

increased in external debt, fall periods in GDP and a significant increase in

inflation. The second clash occurred in 1979, during Figueiredo Government,

slowing growth and generating a recessive framework that marked the period

1981-1983 with an inflationary spiral out of control.

In the area of repression, based on left’s choice to engendering an armed

struggle and for acting in hiding with frequent use of assaults, murders and

kidnappings the State was forced to create an apparatus based on the civil

and military police and armed forces information services to combat, mainly



the urban guerrilla warfare. After the period of 1968 to 1972 the occurrences of

urban guerrillas were losing their strength until their extinction and the rural

guerrillas, mainly in Xambioá-Pará has been neutralized in 1974. Government

can't avoid mistakes committed by its agents. We cannot avoid responsibility

or minimize mistakes, because mistakes were made by both sides.

The proposal of President Figueiredo to make a peaceful transition of Power

has been maintained, although many forces oppose to the process and an

intense popular movement called DIRETAS JÁ was born. It was kept the

indirect election for President and Paulo Maluf ran the election for the situation

and Tancredo Neves by the opposition. Tancredo Neves won. Died before

taking possession and took over his Vice-President, José Sarney, an

ARENA`s dissident.

With the approval of the law of Amnesty many left-wing militants have returned

and resumed their economic and political activities. Brazilian`s politic actives

has diversified and there were created dozens of parties, many of them with

low popular representation. Left-wing activists, now pardoned, joined to parties

and have been given a legal political activity. The first President elected by

direct vote to succeed Jose Sarney was Fernando Collor de Melo and had an

impeachment process and was removed from power. He was convicted and

lost his political rights. He is currently a Senator of the Republic.

With the departure of Collor took over his vice President Itamar Franco that

had the task of facing a hipper inflation economy. He created the Real Plan, a

program with broad economic measures. It had as main objective the control

of the hyperinflation that plagued the country. It was used various economic

and political instruments for the reduction of inflation that reached 46.58% per

month in June 1994. The project conception, the preparation of the

Government's measures and the implementation of economic and monetary

reforms were contributed by several economists, gathered by then Finance

Minister Fernando Henrique Cardoso.

Fernando Henrique was elected President and was able to modify the

Constitution to allow his reelection. The flag of PSDB of social democracy

placed it as a center-left Government but the PT, linked to other left streams

did not give up the conquest of power idea and after the second term of

Fernando Henrique, elect Lula, a syndicalist and PT`s President as President

of Brazil and with the way tidy for 8 years due to constitutional modification

carried out by his predecessor.

The power capture by the extreme left led by PT promoted a revamping of

Federal public institutions, in addition the States and Cities that were also



commanded by PT or it’s related. Governors and Mayors of these parties are

obliged to offer to the party a quota of slots to employ the supporters who are

unemployed due to change of Governors and/or mayors of other parties who

postulate other philosophy of work.

With the PT in the Government and with the distribution of ministries,

government agencies, public and mixed economy companies, pension funds,

foundations and institutes, public banks and other institutions among the PT

supporters without due care to verify that the occupants had capacity to

occupy them, opened a wide field for corruption and misuse of public money

that has generated great damage to the country.

We, ordinary Brazilians, we are embarrassed before the world. Wherever a

Brazilian goes he is asked how it is possible to institutionally a political group

undermines the country and that no other legally constituted power took steps

to investigate and punish those responsible.

We had almost all ministries of the President Lula involved in corruption cases.

The famous Valérioduto of the Mensalão that irrigated the PT and its

supporters accounts, the process and sentencing carried out by Supreme

Minister Joaquim Barbosa who faced bravely all the forces that wanted to play

under the carpet all the dirty tricks performed. He suffered so much pressure

that he was forced to retire early.

José Dirceu ex Civil Cabinet Minister of Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva Government,

was appointed as the Commander of the Mensalão, he was convicted of

conspiracy and active corruption for parliamentarians` votes purchase. When

he was 19 years old, during the revolution of 1964, as a high school student in

São Paulo he had participated in the Student Movement, affiliated with the

Brazilian Communist Party (PCB). José Dirceu was better known as "Daniel"

and was arrested in October 12, 68 during the 30th Congress of UNE. In

September 5, 69, less than a year after his arrest he was one of 15

Communist militants banished to Mexico, in exchange for the life of the USA

Ambassador, who had been kidnapped the day before, in Rio de Janeiro, by

ALN and MR-8. With the false name of "Carlos Henrique Gouveia de Mello",

José Dirceu settled in Cruzeiro do Oeste, Paraná, where he married. His

family had only know his true identity a long time after.

José Genoíno, ex-President of PT was convicted of conspiracy and active

corruption in parliamentarians’ votes purchase. In 1968, when he was 22

years old, he entered to the Communist Party of Brazil (PC do B) and in 1970

was inside Pará State participating in the Araguaia Guerrilla in Xambioá region

in one of the main actions of rural guerrilla warfare ever held in our country.



José Genoíno used the codename of "Geraldo" during operations. Genoino

has a brother called José Nobre Guimarães, Congressman from Ceará State

more voted in 2006 which won national notoriety when one of his assistants,

José Adalberto Vieira da Silva was arrested in 2005 while trying to board a

flight from Sao Paulo to Fortaleza with R$ 200,000 in a suitcase and R$

100,000 hidden in his underwear.

Delúbio Soares, before being PT’s Treasurer, he was also a trade unionist and

Treasurer of the CUT (Central Única dos Trabalhadores). He was coordinator

of presidential campaigns of Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva in 1989 and 1998. He

became the Treasurer of PT in 2000. He was convicted of conspiracy and

active corruption for purchasing parliamentarians’ votes.

João Paulo Cunha, federal deputy (PT-SP) has been convicted of corruption,

money laundering and embezzlement (use of public office for the practice of

deviations). His wife withdrew R$ 50,000 in Rural Bank agency, the money

was paid as bribes by businessman Marcos Valério (Valérioduto, monthly

allowance of PT). The Congressman gave up his candidacy for mayor of

Osasco (São Paulo) due to the sentence,

Henrique Pizzolato, Director of Banco do Brazil was convicted of

embezzlement, corruption and money laundering. He was accused of having

diverted resources from a contract between Valério publicity agency and the

Bank in the amount of R$ 2.9 million. He would have received R$326

thousand to benefit the publicists. In addition of being ex-Director of Banco of

Brazil, Pizzolato is affiliated to PT since the 80. He escaped to Italy using

documents from your deceased brother and his extradition process is in

progress.

Roberto Jefferson, impeached deputy (PTB-RJ) was the initial mensalão’s

whistle-blower and current licensed President of PTB was sentenced in the

Supreme Court for corruption. In February 2003 PTB elected him as National

President, a post he held until June 17, 2005, when asked to be away

temporarily because he was accused of involvement in irregularities

committed on Brazil's Post Office and Telegraphs (EBCT). He received money

to support PT’s Government. He detailed in Supreme Court that the total value

of the deal between PTB and PT was R$ 20 million, but only R$ 4.5 million

were transferred by PT to PTB (money coming from Valérioduto).

Valdemar Costa Neto, Federal Deputy (PL-SP) was President of PL (PR) and

leader of PL in Representative House. He was convicted of corruption and

money laundering. He received R$ 8.8 million to vote in favor of matters of

Federal Government interest. Costa Neto and PL received R$10,8 millions



from Marcos Valério (Valérioduto). He was sentenced to 7 years and 10

months in prison, plus R$1.6 million of fine.

Jacinto Lamas, ex-Treasurer of the PL (PR) was sentenced for passive

corruption and money laundering. He was benefited by schema between the

Rural Bank and the company SMP&B of Marcos Valerio. Jacinto Lamas and

Valdemar received about R$ 11 million in kickbacks.

Pedro Corrêa, impeached deputy (PP-PE) was convicted of corruption, money

laundering and conspiracy. He received, along with other parliamentarians, R$

2.9 million to vote in favor of matters of interest to Federal Government during

the first term of Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva.

João Cláudio Genú, impeached deputy (PP) was convicted of corruption,

money laundering and conspiracy. He was benefited by the schema between

the Rural Bank and the company SMP&B, of Marcos Valerio. He mediated

payments to PP members. He should have received about R$4 million in

kickbacks.

José Borba, ex-deputy (PMDB-PR) was convicted of corruption. He had

resigned from PMDB party in 2007 and is now Mayor of Jandaia do Sul (PR),

at PP party. At that time, he should been benefited by the schema between

the Rural Bank and the company SMP&B and received R$ 200,000 to vote in

favor of matters of interest of the Government.

Romeu Queiroz, ex-deputy (PTB-MG) was convicted of passive corruption and

.money laundering. He enabled the payment of R$4.5 million tor Roberto

Jefferson vote for matters of interest to the Government. He should receive in

his own interest, amount of R$102,000.

Carlos Alberto Rodrigues, ex-deputy (PL-RJ) known at that time of Mensalão

as Bishop Rodrigues was convicted of corruption and money laundering. He

received R$150,000 to vote on matters of federal Government's interest.

Emerson Palmieri, PTB’s ex-Treasurer was convicted of corruption and money

laundering.

Pedro Henry (PP-MT) Federal Deputy was convicted by the Supreme Court

for passive corruption and money laundering. Received along with other

parliamentarians about R$2.9 million to vote in favor of matters of interest to

the Federal Government.



When we analyze these shocking facts that occurred between the political

leaders of recent Governments we see that we're at the mercy of a band of

criminals that aimed only to rob public resources to finance their objectives of

power perpetuation and personal enrichment.

Sometimes the imbalance of forces is wanted by strategic staff of macro

managers’ environment looking for the annihilation of the existing system and

the emergence of a new system, with new forces, new agents and new rules.

This is the revolution through legal via, as has occurred in Venezuela,

enacting a Bolivarianismo which will simply split poverty among its

population.

Within the circle of a nation we have the Legislative, Executive and Judicial

Powers. For the function of powers’ system it is necessary that the power

balance exists and that they have the abrangencial field of each preserved

even if there is overlap in smaller or larger degree, depending on the political-

administrative system that the Nation adopt.

The political power (Executive-Legislative Judiciary), the economic power and

military power are the most important and keep a narrow and difficult

interrelationship to detect. When one of the Powers tries to deliberately

weaken the other to overlap and govern solitarily the country destinations we

stay ahead of a coup d ' état. The dominant group that governs the Country

must, obligatorily, to undergo to an external control to ensure the smoothness

of their actions and direct their actions accordingly to the wishes of

development and progress of its population.

3. THE POWER IMBALANCE IN BRAZIL

The existing Forces in the power game is complex and involve political parties

(political institutions), politicians (individuals), the Chamber of Deputies

(legislative power), the Senate (legislative power), the National Congress

(Legislative power-acts different when joint decisions), the Judiciary

(institution) with all its ramifications and instances, members of the judiciary

(individuals), the Ministério Público, the Executive Power (President, Vice

President and ministries) and their members (natural persons), the economic

power (companies and businessmen), the military power (which is in stand-by)

and the people's power (individuals taxpayers in general) that when action is

usually due to the fact that the normal system collapsed.

The truth is that the forces exist and battle each other looking for an

opportunity to keep on the final resulting of national forces. What will be the

final resulting of the power equation within our country?



When we analyze the Nations within a context of a peace world we can infer

about the importance of an internal equilibrium of each, because a nation

where all the political, economic, and military forces are in balance can

achieve economic prosperity to a higher speed, has a more egalitarian society

and a higher HDI.

Our country has a presidential regime. The President represents the nation

politically and is the head of the Executive Power. The legislative power with

deputies and senators and the Judiciary with all its courts complement the

triangle of power. These three powers represent the State Power, but there is

a fourth power, Military Power, represented by naval forces, aerial and

terrestrial. This fourth power is also part of the political Board of any nation

and is an indispensable tool for any nation to have a voice in International

Community.

When there is imbalance between the powers appear distortions that lead the

whole nation to the lowest level of development or no international recognition.

It is common to the exaggerated strength of executive power that tends to

negate the legislative and judiciary powers, so are born dictators and warlords

(Caudilhos).

If the Legislative Power has more strength it becomes a lock on government

decisions and the approval of any matter in the House passes to happen only

after exhaustive negotiations that bring harm to the nation that will never be

recovered.

Similarly if it is the Judiciary that emerges, the system passes the living the

dilemma of all national issues transformed in law cases. The Judiciary passes

to decide against the system or not very rare ceases to decide, putting the

other powers hostages of judiciary power. In this case big decisions or large

projects fail to be realized or large financial or materials losses are charged to

the Country due to the fact of missing of a Judiciary Court certification for

extreme national important matters.

After PT took over the Executive Power, members of far left assumed

positions in the Government’s highest levels and became responsible for

strategic decisions for Brazil. Most decisions have always had the doctrinal

bias of left and failed to take into account the priority interests of the country.

The Executive Power led by President Lula and the Chief of Staff José Dirceu

swallowed the Legislative Power where they began to have an absolute

majority and could approve and reject nearly all they wanted.



We can remember the Waldomiro Diniz case, ex-President of Loterj (Lottery

Agency of Rio de Janeiro State) and ex-assessor of José Dirceu (Civil House

Minister) caught asking for money for 2002 political campaign to Carlinhos

Cachoeira, a very famous contravention agent.

In 2006 PT’s members were trying to negotiate a false dossier linking José

Serra and Alckimin (candidates for Brazil Presidency and SP Government) to

the bloodsuckers’ scandal. The case became known aloprados do PT.

Hamilton Lacerda, one of those involved, was Aloízio Mercadante’s assessor.

The monthly allowance of PT, a vote-buying scheme of parliamentarians in

favor of Government involved businessmen, bankers and Delúbio Soares,

PT’s Treasurer, the scheme was denounced by Deputy Roberto Jefferson.

The case cost the cassation of the then congressman José Dirceu for breach

of decorum and his dismissal of staff. He, later condemned by the Supreme

Court, directed by the Minister Joaquim Barbosa, along with José Genoíno

and Delúbio Soares for active corruption and conspiracy.

Antonio Palocci had to renounce the post of Finance Minister after being

accused of a corruption scheme in the city of Ribeirão Preto (headed by him

and PT).

The current case named Operação Lava-Jato has raised corruption’s facts

that are unimaginable in any decent country in the world. To give an idea, the

Petrobras in 2014 registered losses of R$6,194 billion due to acts of corruption

and R$44,636 billion for asset overprices in projects. The Nikkei Group just

announced the purchase of "Financial Times" by R$4,31 billion. Only with the

corruption it would be possible to buy the most famous economic newspaper

in the world and yet would have R$1,884 billion in credit!

With an Executive Power released in a sea of corruption and with the

Presidents of Federal Chamber (Eduardo Cunha) and the Senate (Renan

Calheiros) being investigated also in Operação Lava-Jato is difficult for any

international evaluation agency trust powers and ability to carry out a

minimally decent economic policy and that they don't break the country. We

will lose our investment grade and will have to pay excessive interest rates on

loans we get to finance our debt and our development

Joaquim Levy was called in November 27, 2014 to occupy the position of

Finance Minister of Dilma Rousseff`s Government, in an attempt to calm the

financial markets and foreign investors. He joined the boards of the

International Monetary Fund and was Vice President of the Inter-American

Development Bank. In the Fernando Henrique Cardoso`s Government he was



Adjunct Secretary of Economic Policy of Finance Ministry, Economist Chief of

the Planning Ministry and Secretary of National Treasury, where he stayed

until 2006.

4. THE BALANCED SYSTEM

The balanced State is sought naturally in physical laws of natural science. In

social sciences the equilibrium laws are more complicated, because it

depends on variables that are difficult to identify.

There are countries which have in its context several Nations grouped. They

are people who has a different culture and that often is grouped within a

Country and submitted to a Government against own will. They Are people

who have been divided by international conflicts, in consequence of a

predatory colonialism or that do not have a territory of their own.

We can cite the Kurds, Basques, Tibetans, Palestinians and even Spain and

United Kingdom have several people framed within a single Country

(Catalonia, Valencia, Castile, Scotland, Ireland and England, for example).

Countries that have into its land different peoples or Nations have more

difficulty reaching the balance. When there are people who are subjugated

minorities the situation is even more critical, because guerrilla and subversion

actions may occur and becomes difficult the growth and social peace, inflicting

the country material damage and loss of human life (see the actions of the

IRA-Irish revolutionary army and ETA--Euskadi Ta Askatasuna-Basque

Homeland and Freedom).

Our country needs a Government system with solid Institutions and a well-

organized society that is able to see a little beyond its belly button.

Government, Institutions and Society are the entities that will make the

grouping of forces gathering those that need to generate a growth and

development vector and combating harmful forces that produce misery,

conflict and destruction when they can generate a result. Victorious country is

one where institutions can manage existing forces and make that each portion

of society give in in their positions so that everyone can move forward and

achieve the main objective: the social and economic development that will

generate the welfare for all.



5. CONCLUSIONS

The BALANCE is necessary to a Country achieve social and economic

development that society wants and for fairer division of wealth, reducing

social differences.

The strategic vision of the country, its insertion in international context, its

bargaining power in International Organizations, the demarcation of its

influence area and its sea, land and air power are critical issues that the

portion of society that makes up the so-called dominant ELITE cannot decry.

PT and its allies are, today, the dominant ELITE in Brazil and cannot escape

the responsibility of leading the country in the right direction towards economic

and social development.

With the notorious left-wing ideological policy that advocates closer South-

South relationship PT Government missed an opportunity to sign the trade

agreement FTAA (Free Trade Area of America) that would open the world's

largest consumer market in the world (United States of America) for Brazil and

facilitate the transition as desired of Country in Developing to Developed

Country. On the contrary, our ex-President went in direction of dictatorial

governments in Africa continent and made cooperation agreements that didn`t

bring any benefit to our country and was one more output channel of our

meagre financial resources made from our heavy tax burden to finance corrupt

and incompetent Dictatorial Governments. The free trade agreement with the

European Common Market (MCE) is jammed due to the lock of infamous

MERCOSUR negotiations. Meanwhile our neighbors like Chile signed trade

agreements with the United States and Asian countries, coming out in front in

the difficult battle of international trade.

It's time to think our Country as a whole and outlining where we want to go in

the short, medium and long term. For this we need to find the NATIONAL

BALANCE and establish the OBJECTIVES of short, medium and long term

that we need to achieve in order to reach the level at which we can be called

DEVELOPED COUNTRY.

brazil internal war between powers the equilibrium theory

Economy & Finance