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Brassica 1

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biology of economic agriculture

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Page 1: Brassica print

Brassica

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IntroductionBrassica is a genus of plants in the mustard family (Brassicaceae)The members of the genus may be collectively known either as

cabbagesmustards

Crops from this genus are sometimes called cole crops

from the Latin caulis (= stem or cabbage)

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IntroductionThis genus contains more important agricultural and horticultural crops It also includes a number of weeds

wild taxaescapees from cultivation

It includes over 30 wild species and hybridsnumerous additional cultivars and hybrids of cultivated origin

Most: annuals or biennialsSome: small shrubs

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UsesFood

Almost all parts of some species or other have been developed for food

Root: swedes, turnipsStems: kohlrabiLeaves: cabbage, brussels sproutsFlowers: cauliflower, broccoliSeeds: mustard seed, oilseed rape

Some forms with white or purple foliage or flowerheads, are also sometimes grown for ornament.

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Use

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MedicineBrassica provide

high amounts of vitamin C soluble fibermultiple nutrients with potent anti-cancer properties:

3,3'-Diindolylmethane, sulforaphane selenium.

3,3'-Diindolylmethane innate immune response system

anti-viralanti-bacterialanti-cancer activity.

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Taxonomy

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Kingdom: Plantae – PlantsSubkingdom: Tracheobionta – Vascular plants

Superdivision: Spermatophyta – Seed plants Division: Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants

Class: Magnoliopsida – DicotyledonsSubclass: Dilleniidae Order Capparales

Family: Brassicaceae – Mustard family Genus: Brassica L. – mustard

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Taxonomy

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Species: Brassica alboglabra L.H. Bailey – Chinese kale

Species Brassica carinata A. Braun

Species Brassica chinensis L. – pak choi

Species Brassica cretica Lam. – mustard

Species Brassica elongata Ehrh. – elongated mustard

Species Brassica fruticulosa Cyr. – Mediterranean cabbage

Species Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. – India mustard

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Species Brassica napus L. – rape

Variety Brassica napus L. var. napus – rape

Variety Brassica napus L. var. pabularia (DC.) Rchb. –Siberian kale

Species Brassica narinosa L.H. Bailey – broadbeakedmustard

Species Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch – black mustard

Species Brassica parachinensis L.H. Bailey – false pak choi

Species Brassica perviridis (L.H. Bailey) L.H. Bailey – tender green

Taxonomy

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Taxonomy

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Species Brassica oleracea L. – cabbageVariety Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. Variety Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L. –

broccoliVariety Brassica oleracea L. var. costata DC. –

tronchuda cabbageVariety Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera DC. –

brussels sproutsVariety Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes L. –

kohlrabi Variety Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck –

sprouting broccoli

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Taxonomy

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Species Brassica rapa L. – field mustard

Variety Brassica rapa L. var. amplexicaulis Tanaka & Ono – field mustard

Variety Brassica rapa L. var. dichotoma (Roxb. ex Fleming) Kitam. – toria

Variety Brassica rapa L. var. rapa – field mustard

Variety Brassica rapa L. var. silvestris (Lam.) Briggs – colza

Variety Brassica rapa L. var. trilocularis (Roxb.) Kitam. – yellow sarson

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Taxonomy

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Species Brassica rupestris Raf. – mustardSpecies Brassica ruvo L.H. Bailey – ruvo kale Species Brassica septiceps (L.H. Bailey) L.H.

Bailey – seven top turnipSpecies Brassica sisymbrioides (Fisch.)

Grossh. [excluded] Species Brassica tournefortii Gouan – Asian

mustard

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Triangle of U theoryDue to their agricultural importance, Brassica plants have been the subject of much scientific interest. The close relationship between six particularly important species is described by the Triangle of U theory.

Brassica carinataB. junceaB. oleracea

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B. napusB. nigraB. rapa

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Triangle of U theory

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Brassica GenomesAA (2n=2x=20): Brassica rapa (syn. Brassica campestris)

TurnipChinese cabbage

BB (2n=2x=16): Brassica nigraBlack mustard

CC (2n=2x=18): Brassica oleraceaCabbageKaleBroccoliBrussels sproutscauliflower 14

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Broccoli

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Broccoli was derived from a species of wild Cabbage, B. oleracea. This species has become so complex that scientists have divided it into several botanical groups

The Common Broccoli (Botrytis group) was developed to have a dense, central flowering head on a thick stem Sprouting Broccoli (Italica group), also known as Italian Broccoli and Asparagus Broccoli, is wild looking and has loose, leafy stems and edible flower shoots, but no central head.

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Botrytis group

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This is a biennial, grown as an annual.It has grayish-green leaves and succulent, edible stems, which support large, compact heads of thickly clustered flower buds. Heads may be blue-green, purple-green or green. Examples:

Premium CropGreen DukeGreen CometRomanesco.

Purple Broccoli varieties also exist

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Italica group

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This Broccoli doesn't form a central head. Instead, it forms many slender, flowering shoots from a central stem. Both green and purple varieties exist. Some prefer this Broccoli (sprouting Broccoli) to the heading type because it has a longer harvesting period.Example: De Cicco

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Brussels Sprouts

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The botanical name is B. oleraceagemmifera. The plants have an erect, central stemDozens of little "sprouts" that resemble miniature cabbages between the petioles of the leavesIf left on the plant they would develop into flowering shoots.

Captain Marvel (early)Prince Marvel (midseason); Jade Cross E (a heavy producing late cultivar).

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Cabbage

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The most familiar are the head Cabbages (Capitata group): B. oleracea capitata, which include

smooth greenred kindscrinkly-leaved Savoys.

There are two kinds of Chinese Cabbages (Pekinensis group):

Heading types, Pe-tsai (B. rapa, which either have cylindrical or barrel-shaped heads; non-heading types, or Pak-choi (B. rapa, Chinensis group), have loosely clustered leaves on succulent stems, but form no compact, central head.

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Cabbage

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Ornamental Cabbages (Acephala group): B. Oleracea acephala, are cultivated for the sake of their beautiful leaves. Pekinensis group, Pe-tsai, - headingThis Chinese Cabbage has several popular names including Pe-tsai, Celery Cabbage and Napa Cabbage. They come in many different shapes; the heads may be long, slender and cylindrical, with dark green tip leaves, such as Michihli types, or short and barrel-shaped, with yellowish-green or yellow leaves, as in Napa types. The leaf petioles are broad and fleshy.

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Chinensis group

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(Pak-choi - nonheading) These Chinese Cabbages are great for small gardens. Other common names are Pak-choi, Bok Choy, Chinese Mustard and Celery Mustard. The dark green leaves have a powdery bloom and broad, white petioles that are shingles at the base. The inner leaves cluster, but do not form a head.

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Acephala group

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(Ornamental) These have beautiful leaves that come in cream, white, pink, purple, green and lavender bicolor variations. The outer leaves of a mature plant are tough, but the central leaves make colourful coleslaw and can be boiled. You can use the leaves to line salad plates or remove the center leaves from young heads to make pretty "bowls" for various fillings.

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Cultivars

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Cabbage - (Capitata group) Early: Golden Acre; Darkri. Midseason: King Cole; Greenback; Roundup; Blue Ribbon. Late: Blue Boy; Rio Verde, Grand Slam. Savoy: Savoy King.

Red Cabbages: Preko. (Pekinensisgroup) Spring A-1; Jade Pagoda; Tropical Delight; Michihli. (Chinensisgroup) Joi Choi; Lei Choi.

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Cauliflower

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The botanical name of this vegetable is B. oleracea variety botrytis. Cauliflower are the large, flat, central clusters of flower buds called curds. The inner leaves on some kinds curve inwards to cover and blanch the curd. Cultivars:

Snow CrownWhite ContessaAlert.

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Collards

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(Acephala Group - ornamental) Collards have wide, smooth, blue-green leaves. The lower leaves hang down with age and the upper or crown leaves are usually cupped. Collards are similar to it's relative, Kale, but taste slightly different and seem to be preferred across the South.Collards - Sugarhat; Catalogna.

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Kale

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(Acephala Group - ornamental) Kale is like a nonheading Cabbage and differs slightly from Collards in appearance and taste. Most Kale varieties have upright, green to deep blue-green leaves with fringed or wavy edges and long petioles. Ornamental, or flowering Kale is a pretty plant with frilly leaves and open growth. The leaves are beautifully colored and variegated with purple, cream, white, or rose. This plant can be eaten, but isn't bred for tenderness.Kale - Dwarf Blue Curled Scotch; Winterbor.

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Kohlrabi

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This vegetable, also known as Turnip Cabbage and Stem Turnip, is a close relative of Cabbage. It grows from an erect stem that forms a turnip-like swelling just above the surface of the soil. This edible swelling is often called a bulb. The foliage grows from the bulb on long stems and resembles the leaves of Cabbage. Kohlrabi - Rapid is a good early variety. Grand Duke is a midseason green hybrid. Purple Danube is an improvement over the old Purple Vienna.

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Mustard

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Mustard has several common names such as Indian Mustard, Brown Mustard and Spinach Mustard. Mustard leaves are yellowish to medium green and fairly wide. When they are mature, the plants are large, loose and open. The White Mustard, B. alba, is a common weed. The Black Mustard, B. nigra, is a tall annual that is grown commercially for its seeds, which are dried and ground to make the familiar condiment mustard.The Leaf Mustard is B. juncea and B. rapa is the Tendergreen Mustard.

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Rape & Hanover Salad

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Some kinds of Rape, also called Colza, are direct seeded from late summer through fall for pasturing livestock. Other varieties are grown to produce birdseed or processed to make rape oil. Some gardeners grow Rape to turn under as an inexpensive green manure crop. The large, rough plants have bristly, lyre- or fiddle-shaped leaves with thick, clasping petioles. A relative of the forage Rape called Hanover Salad (B. napa) has long been grown as a forage and green manure crop in parts of the South.

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Turnip

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Varieties of Turnips are used for their roots, their leaves, or both. The root may be white, white and purple, or yellow. The leaves are medium green and rough. They are tender when they are young and ready to harvest 45 to 60 days after planting.

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Turnip

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Varieties of Turnips are used for their roots, their leaves, or both. The root may be white, white and purple, or yellow. The leaves are medium green and rough. They are tender when they are young and ready to harvest 45 to 60 days after planting.Turnip

Just Right; All Top (the best grown for leaves); Purple Top White Globe (best for its roots); Ohno Scarlet; Gilfeather; Amber Ball.

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Interspecific Breeding

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The interspecific breeding allowed for the creation of three new species of tetraploid Brassica (allotetraploid)AABB (2n=4x=36): Brassica juncea

Indian mustardAACC (2n=4x=38): Brassica napus

Rapeseedrutabaga

BBCC (2n=4x=34): Brassica carinataEthiopian mustard

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Pests

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Cabbage Looper (Trichoplusia ni) Cabbage Loopers are green caterpillars that should be hand-picked from leaves as soon as they appear. At the least, caterpillars will eat holes through leavesCutworms are gray caterpillars in or on top of the soil under young plants. Cutworms eat plants at ground level.Aphids appear in groups or colonies and are small black, brown, gray, green, pinkish or yellow globular-shaped insects most often found on the underside of leaves

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Pests

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Cabbage root maggot (Delia radicum)Cross-Striped Cabbage Worm (Evergestis rimosalis)Flea Beetles are easy to spot on a sunny day because the sun reflects off their shiny bodiesOnion Thrips are small, elongated brownish bugs with lighter stripes on each side. These insects may cause leaves to shrivel, appear whitish to silver in color and be riddled with tiny holes giving foliage the appearance of fine lace.

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Pests

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Rodents such as gophers, moles, rabbits, voles and others will eat young plants or tunnel through garden soil damaging the root systems which may provide an opening for diseaseWhiteflies are small flies with white wings. They are found on the undersides of leaves. When disturbed, whiteflies fill the air around plants

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Diseases

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Bacterial Wilt causes plants to wither and die.Blackleg is a fungal or bacterial infection, which causes the leaves to turn yellow; stems turn black, rot and die. Clubroot is caused by a fungus, which lives in neutral to acid soil compounding this problem is the fact that this fungus may survive in soil for more than two decadesDamping Off is a fungal disease, which causes seeds to decay before they emerge from soil and seedlings to become soft and rot. Seedlings fall over and die

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Diseases

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Downy Mildew is a fungal disease seen most often when weather is damp. Leaves are prone to wilt and dieFusarium Wilt, more commonly known as ‘the yellows’ is a fungal disease most often seen where weather is warm to hot during the growing season.Nitrogen Deficiency causes plants to become weak, lose their color; fading from a healthy dark green to a pale yellow or yellow-green

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Diseases

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Powdery Mildew is a fungus, which causes a powdery coating over all areas of plantsWhite Mold is a fungus that causes plants to yellow and die. Stems and leaves become covered with white mold and then rotVirus Diseases cause stunted, unhealthy plants with rolled, irregular, crinkled, yellow, spotted or streaked leaves. Viruses enter plants through openings caused by insect pests

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Viruses

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Plant viruses are responsible for 45% of emerging plant diseases (fungi 30%,bacteria 16%).Climate change and the withdrawal of insecticide active ingredients willexacerbate plant virus disease problems in the UK.Natural plant resistance is the most environmentally friendly, energy efficient and promising approach to virus control.Little is known about how climate change will impact on natural plant virusresistance (single dominant gene-based resistance often breaks down at temperatures >300C).

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The most important virusesinfecting brassicas in the UK

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Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV)Cauliflower Mozaic Virus (C MV)Turnip yellows virus (TuYV)All are transmitted by aphids.

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Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV)

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Member of PotyviridaeWorldwide distributionWidest host range of any potyvirus:

all brassicas legumeslettuce ornamentalsradish rhubarb

Transmitted by 40-50 aphid species:Myzus persicaeBrevicoryne brassicae

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THANK YOU

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