Brandywine, Pennsylvania September 11, 1777 Volley and Bayonet

Regiment Scale Revised December 26, 2013 The Battle of Brandywine was one of the largest battles of the American Revolution. The British under General Howe attacked George Washington's Army as they attempted to defend the various crossing sites over the Brandywine River. Howe made use of a flanking march by Cornwallis' division and defeated the Americans. On September 26, 1777, the British occupied the provisional American capital of Philadelphia. Regiment Scale: 1 SP = 200 men or 4 guns British Main Army: Lieutenant General Sir William Howe: AC Cornwallis’ Wing (Division): Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis: CC Division Troops: Royal Artillery (4 x 12-pdr): 1-6 Heavy Royal Artillery (8 x 6-pdr): 2-6 Field Royal Artillery (8 x 6-pdr): 2-6 Field 16th Light Dragoons (234): 1-6 Light Cavalry British Grenadiers: (Exhaustion 4) Colonel Henry Monckton: UC 1st British Grenadier Battalion (635): 3-6 FI, Shock 2nd British Grenadier Battalion (635): 3-6 FI, Shock Hessian Jaegers (594): (Exhaustion 2) Lieutenant Colonel Ludwig von Wurmb: UC Left Wing/Hessian Jaegers (@200): 1-5 FI, SS Center/Hessian Jaegers (@200): 1-5 FI, SS, DG Right Wing/Hessian Jaegers (@200): 1-5 FI, SS 1st Light Infantry Battalion (712): (Exhaustion 2) Lieutenant Colonel Robert Abercromby: UC Left Wing/1st Light Infantry Battalion: 2-6 FI, SK, DG Right Wing/1st Light Infantry Battalion: 2-6 FI, SK 2nd Light Infantry Battalion (712): (Exhaustion 2) Major John Maitland: UC Left Wing/2nd Light Infantry Battalion: 2-6 FI, SK, DG Right Wing/2nd Light Infantry Battalion: 2-6 FI, SK 3rd British Brigade (1601): (Exhaustion 5) Major General Charles Grey: UC

Left Wing/3rd British Brigade: 3-5 FI 15th Regiment of Foot (378) 17th Regiment of Foot (233) Right Wing/3rd British Brigade: 2-5 FI 44th Regiment of Foot (366) 42nd Highland Regiment (624): 3-6 FI, Shock 4th British Brigade (1506): (Exhaustion 4) Brigadier General James Agnew: UC Left Wing/3rd British Brigade: 2-6 FI 33rd Regiment of Foot (363) Center/3rd British Brigade: 3-5 FI 37th Regiment of Foot (362) 46th Regiment of Foot (335) Right Wing/3rd British Brigade: 2-5 FI 64th Regiment of Foot (446) British Guards Brigade (945): (Exhaustion 3) Brigadier General Edward Mathew: UC 1st Guards Battalion: 2-6 FI, Shock 2nd Guards Battalion: 2-6 FI, Shock Guards Light Infantry Company: 1-6 FI, SS Hessian Grenadier Brigade: (Exhaustion 4) Colonel Emil von Donop: UC Linsing Grenadier Battalion (425): 2-5 SI, Shock, DG Minnegerode Grenadier Battalion (446): 3-5 SI, Shock, DG Lengerke Grenadier Battalion (420): 2-5 SI, Shock, DG Knyphausen’s Wing: Lieutenant General Wilhelm von Knyphausen: CC Division Troops: Royal Artillery (6 x 12-pdr & 4 x 5.5” howitzers): 3-6 Heavy Royal Artillery (8 x 6-pdr): 2-6 Field Sqn/16th Light Dragoons (119): 1-6 Light Cavalry Advance Guard: (Exhaustion 2) Major John Wemys: UC Queen’s Rangers (398): 2-5 FI, SK Ferguson’s Rifles (185): 1-6 FI, SS 1st British Brigade (1547): (Exhaustion 5) Major General John Vaughan: UC Left Wing/1st British Brigade: 3-6 FI 23rd Regiment of Foot (416) Center/1st British Brigade: 3-5 FI 4th Regiment of Foot (352) 28th Regiment of Foot (379) Right Wing/1st British Brigade: 2-5 FI

49th Regiment of Foot (400) 2nd British Brigade (1627): (Exhaustion 5) Major General James Grant: UC Left Wing/2nd British Brigade: 2-5 FI 5th Regiment of Foot (400) Center/2nd British Brigade: 3-5 FI 10th Regiment of Foot (300) 27th Regiment of Foot (333) Right Wing/2nd British Brigade: 3-5 FI 40th Regiment of Foot (320) 55th Regiment of Foot (274) Reserve Brigade (812): (Exhaustion 2) Major General Alexander Leslie: UC 1st Bn/71st Highland Regiment (406): 2-5 FI, NE, DG 2nd Bn/71st Highland Regiment (406): 2-5 FI, NE Hessian Brigade: (Exhaustion 6) Major General Johann von Stirn: UC Du Corps Regiment (710): 4-5 SI, NE, DG Donop Regiment (624): 3-4 SI, NE, DG Mirbach Regiment (705): 3-4 SI, NE, DG Combined Regiment (517): 3-4 SI, NE Baggage & Train: (not in battle) 3rd Bn/71st Highland Regiment (406): 2-5 FI, NE Pontoon Train Supply Train Siege Artillery Park1 The American Main Army: General George Washington: AC Major General Marquis de Lafayette (aide de camp): DC Brigadier General Henry Knox (artillery2): UC Light Infantry Brigade (1019): (Exhaustion 3) Brigadier General William Maxwell: UC Left Wing/Light Infantry Brigade: 3-5 FI, SK Greene’s Light Infantry Battalion (234) Wayne’s Light Infantry Battalion (234) Nash’s Light Infantry Detachment (117) Right Wing/Light Infantry Brigade: 2-5 FI, SK Stephen’s Light Infantry Battalion (234) 8th Bn/Chester County Militia (200)

1Not used in battle but included: 10 x 24-pdr, 8 x 12-pdr, 4 x 8” howitzers, 2 x 5.5” howitzers, 4 x 13” mortars,

2 x 10” mortars, 2 x 8” mortars, and 6 x 5.5” mortars. 2 Can command any American artillery unit.

North Carolina Brigade (900-117): (Exhaustion 2) Brigadier General Francis Nash: UC Left Wing/North Carolina Brigade: 2-5 FI, NE, PT 1st North Carolina Regiment Right Wing/North Carolina Brigade: 2-5 FI, NE, PT 2nd North Carolina Regiment 3rd North Carolina Regiment Cavalry Brigade (485): (Exhaustion --) Brigadier General Casimir Pulaski: UC Left Wing/Cavalry Brigade: 1-4 Light Cavalry 1st Dragoon Regiment (145) 2nd Dragoon Regiment (110) Right Wing/Cavalry Brigade: 1-4 Light Cavalry 3rd Dragoon Regiment (120) 4th Dragoon Regiment (110) 1st Division: (Exhaustion 5) Major General Nathanael Greene: DC Left Wing/1st Virginia Brigade (838-117): 2-5 FI, NE, PT 1st Virginia Regiment (120) 5th Virginia Regiment (127) 13th Virginia Regiment (200) Right Wing/1st Virginia Brigade: 2-5 FI, NE, PT 9th Virginia Regiment (391) Left Wing/2nd Virginia Brigade (900-117): 2-5 FI, NE, PT 2nd Virginia Regiment (182) 6th Virginia Regiment (223) Right Wing/2nd Virginia Brigade: 2-5 FI, NE, PT 10th Virginia Regiment (295) 14th Virginia Regiment (100) 13th Pennsylvania Regiment (100) Continental Artillery (8 x 6/3-pdr): 2-5 Light 2nd Division: (Exhaustion 6) Major General Adam Stephen: DC Left Wing/3rd Virginia Brigade (1199-117): 3-5 FI, NE, PT 3rd Virginia Regiment (150) 7th Virginia Regiment (472) Right Wing/3rd Virginia Brigade: 2-5 FI, NE, PT 11th Virginia Regiment (377) 15th Virginia Regiment (200) Left Wing/4th Virginia Brigade (812-117): 2-5 FI, NE, PT 4th Virginia Regiment (314) 8th Virginia Regiments (157) Right Wing/4th Virginia Brigade: 2-5 FI, NE, PT

12th Virginia Regiment (117) Grayson’s Regiment (100) Patton’s Regiment (124) Continental Artillery (8 x 6/3-pdr): 2-5 Light 3rd Division: (Exhaustion 6) Major General John Sullivan: DC Hazen’s 2nd Canadian Regiment (393): 2-5 FI, NE, SK, UC 1st Maryland Brigade (650): 3-5 FI, NE 1st Maryland Regiments (199) 3rd Maryland Regiment (114) 5th Maryland Regiment (140) 6th Maryland Regiment (118) Delaware Regiment (79) Left Wing/2nd Maryland Brigade (718): 2-5 FI, NE 2nd Maryland Regiment (118) 4th Maryland Regiment (200) Right Wing/2nd Maryland Brigade: 2-5 FI, NE 7th Maryland Regiment (95) German Battalion (305) Continental Artillery (8 x 6/3-pdr): 2-5 Light 4th Division: (Exhaustion 6) Brigadier General Anthony Wayne: DC Proctor’s Continental Artillery (6 x 6/3-pdr/5.5” how): 2-5 Light Proctor’s Continental Artillery (4 x 12-pdr): 1-5 Heavy Left Wing/1st Pennsylvania Brigade (842-117): 2-5 FI, NE, PT 1st Pennsylvania Regiment (335) 2nd Pennsylvania Regiment (21) Right Wing/1st Pennsylvania Brigade: 2-5 FI, NE, PT 10th Pennsylvania Regiment (231) 7th Pennsylvania Regiment (100) Hartley’s Regiment (155) Left Wing/2nd Pennsylvania Brigade (998-117): 2-5 FI, NE, PT 4th Pennsylvania Regiment (250) 5th Pennsylvania Regiments (241) Right Wing/2nd Pennsylvania Brigade: 2-5 FI, NE, PT 8th Pennsylvania Regiment (369) 11th Pennsylvania Regiment (138) 5th Division: (Exhaustion 6) Major General William Alexander (Lord Stirling): DC Left Wing/3rd Pennsylvania Brigade (960): 3-5 FI, NE, PT 3rd Pennsylvania Regiment (150) 6th Pennsylvania Regiment (200) 9th Pennsylvania Regiment (193)

Right Wing/3rd Pennsylvania Brigade: 2-5 FI, NE, PT 12th Pennsylvania Regiment (231) Spencer’s Regiment (186) Left Wing/New Jersey Brigade (750): 2-5 FI, NE, PT 1st New Jersey Regiment (169) 2nd New Jersey Regiment (142) Right Wing/New Jersey Brigade: 2-5 FI, NE, PT 3rd New Jersey Regiment (173) 4th New Jersey Regiment (266) Continental Artillery (8 x 6/3-pdr): 2-5 Light Pennsylvania Militia Division: (Exhaustion 6) Major General John Armstrong: DC Continental Artillery (2 x 3-pdr): 1-5 Light Left Wing/1st Pennsylvania Militia Brigade (@1225): 3-4 SI, MIL Right Wing/1st Pennsylvania Militia Brigade: 3-4 SI, MIL Left Wing/2nd Pennsylvania Militia Brigade (@1335): 2-4 SI, MIL Center/2nd Pennsylvania Militia Brigade: 3-4 SI, MIL Right Wing/2nd Pennsylvania Militia Brigade: 2-4 SI, MIL

Notes: 1. Artillery: By using primary documents to construct this order of battle, I was able to find actual British artillery strengths and for the Americans I was able to find that they had about 44 guns at the battle. That was based on the Americans having 29 guns in the 1778 campaign plus the 11 guns they lost at Brandywine plus 4 12-pounders that a British primary source (CO 5/94) listed as present. I have estimated the distribution of American guns based on some notes from primary sources and the usual distribution pattern employed by Knox. The Americans issued each division 8 field and light guns. American division commanders may command only the artillery in their division. Knox acts as a division commander only for artillery and may command any artillery in the American army. The siege train the British carried was not manned and should not be part of the battle (much like their pontoon train) but are included for completeness. The American siege artillery train had been moved to Philadelphia (as far as I can tell). 2. American Converged Light Infantry: The American Light Infantry Brigade was formed from a draft of 234 men from each of Greene's, Wayne's and Stephen's divisions (but not apparently Stirling's or Sullivan's divisions). These men were then organized into one battalion of four companies each (one per division). There was also a detachment formed from Nash's Continental Brigade (probably 117 men). These men were simply picked men from each regiment and wore their regimental uniforms, the special light infantry uniforms were not worn at this time. These detachments have been figured into the SPs for the Americans. 3. Lafayette: Major General Marquis de Lafayette was an ADC to Washington; treat him as a division commander and he may command any unit in the American army.

4. Knox: Brigadier General Knox was the Continental artillery commander; treat him as a unit commander and he may command any artillery unit in the American army. 5. British Brigade Commanders in the Regimental Scale: I have rated the British and Hessian brigade commanders as unit commanders (UC) to represent their greater effectiveness. They should be mounted as separate commanders with a 3" command radius. 6. American Independent Brigade Commanders in the Regimental Scale: I have rated American independent brigade commanders as unit commanders (UC) to represent that these brigades operated as independent forces. They should be mounted as separate commanders with a 3" command radius. 7. Unit Commanders: Unit commanders are a new type of command stand included at the various scales. Unit commanders are mounted separately like other commanders. Unit commanders may not rally troops and have a command radius of only 3 inches for formed troops. 8. British Siege Artillery Park: The British Siege Artillery Park included (in actual number of guns): 10 x 24-pdr, 8 x 12-pdr, 4 x 8” howitzers, 2 x 5.5” howitzers, 4 x 13” mortars, 2 x 10” mortars, 2 x 8” mortars, and 6 x 5.5” mortars.

Sources: CO 5/94 Military Dispatches 1776-77, TNA WO 36/3 Returns, 1774-1783, TNA (Head of Elk return used for British Order of Battle) WO 379/3 Return of Quarters, TNA Andre, John, Henry Cabot ed. Andre's Journal: An Authentic Record of the Movements and Engagements of the British Army in America From June 1777 to November 1778 as Recorded From Day to Day by Major John Andre, 2 vols. Boston: The Bibliophile Society, 1903. Atkinson, Christopher T. "British Forces in North American, 1774-1781: Their Distribution and Strength." Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, 16 (Spring 1937), 3-23; 18 (Autumn 1940), 163-166; 20 (Winter 1941), 190-192. Ewald, Johann von, Joseph P. Tustin, ed. Diary of the American War: a Hessian Journal. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979. Howe, William. The Narrative of Lieut. Gen. Sir William Howe, in a Committee of the House of Commons; On the 29th of April, 1779, Relative to His Conduct, During His Late Command of the King's Troops in North America: To Which Are Added, Some Observations Upon a Pamphlet, Entited, Letters to a Nobleman. London: H. Baldwin, 1780.

Johnson, Curt. Battles of the American Revolution. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1975. Kemble, Stephen. Kemble Papers. 2 vols. Boston: Gregg Press, 1972. Lesser, Charles H., ed. The Sinews of Independence. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1976. (American organization) MacKenzie, Stephen. Diary of Frederick MacKenzie. 2 vols, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1972. Martin, David G. The Philadelphia Campaign, June 1777 - July 1778. Conschohocken, Pa.: Combined Books, 1993. Novak, Greg. The American War of Independence, Book One: the Northern Campaign. Calumet, Pa: Old Glory Corp. (American organization) __________. The War of Independence in the North. Champaign, Il.: Ulster Imports, 1990. Reed, Michael. "Brandywine Order of Battle" (unpublished). (provided details for American militia, light infantry and cavalry) Seybolt, Robert Francis, ed. "Howe's Military Operations in 1777: A Contemporary British Account of General Sir William Howe's Military Operations in 1777: Journal of the Proceedings of the Army Under the Command of Sir Wm. Howe in the Year 1777" in Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, vol. 1, part 40. Worcester: American Antiquarian Society, April 16, 1930. 69-92. Ward, Christopher, The War of the Revolution, 2 vols. New York: MacMillian, 1952.