brain&bee&boot&camp& 2015& · 2015. 8. 19. ·...
TRANSCRIPT
Brain&Bee&Boot&Camp&2015&
Rae&Nishi,&PhD&Professor,&Neurological&Sciences&
Member,&Dana&Alliance&for&the&Brain&IniBaBves&
Resources&for&You&
• This&presentaBon&(will&post&on&VBB&website)&• Brain&Facts&Website:&
– h"p://www.brainfacts.org3
• Brain&Facts&2012&booklet&(can3be3downloaded3as3a3pdf3from3the3brainfacts.org3website)3
• Neuroscience&for&Kids&website&&– h"p://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neurok.html33
Vermont&Brain&Bee&2015&
• Sat&Feb&7&UVM&College&of&Medicine&• MedEd&200&(enter&through&HSRF/Given)&• Prelim&Round&1:&WriVen&quiz&• Prelim&Round&2:&PracBcal&quiz&• Oral&Round&I&• Oral&Round&II&
– 8&students&with&the&top&scores&on&2&prelim&rounds&plus&oral&round&I&will&advance&to&oral&round&II&&
Neuroscience:&the&Study&of&the&Nervous&System&
• Central&nervous&system&– Brain&– Spinal&cord&
• Peripheral&nervous&system&– Autonomic&ganglia&– Sensory&ganglia&– Special&sensory&organs&– Enteric&ganglia&
Spinal&cord&
Figure 13-2
Spinal Cord&&
©&2005&Pearson&EducaBon
The$spinal$nerves$form$the$
cauda$equina$(�horse�s$tail�)!
Brain&Stem&
The Brainstem&
©&2005&Pearson&EducaBon&
pons
medulla
midbrain
Brain&
cerebellum$
brain$stem$
cerebral$cortex$
subcor9cal$$
structures$
Brain&Anatomy:&Cerebral&Cortex&
h"p://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/jpeg5/CNS014.jpg3
frontal&lobe&
parietal&&lobe&
occipital&&lobe&&
temporal&lobe&
Cranial&Nerves&
Cranial Nerves&• Oh, oh, oh, to touch and feel very green vegetables…. Ah, Heaven!• Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More&
I$$ $Olfactory $Sensory $Smell$
II $Op9c $Sensory $Sight$
III $Oculomotor $Motor $Eye$movement$
IV $Trochlear $Motor $Eye$movement$
V $Trigeminal $Both $Face$sense,$chew$
VI $Abducens $Motor $Eye$movement$
VII $Facial $Both $Face$movement,$taste$$
VIII $Ves9bulocochlear$Sensory $Balance/hearing$
IX $Glossopharyngeal$Both $Taste,$swallow$
X $Vagus $Both $Taste,$heart$rate$
XI $Accessory $Motor $Swallow,$turn$head$
XII $Hypoglossal $Motor $S9ck$out$tongue&
Autonomic&Nervous&System&
Senses&and&PercepBon&
• Visual&system:&&&&&&hVp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ajnsDVsP0Uk&&
• Auditory&system:&hVp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahCbGjasm_E&&
• Taste&and&smell:&hVp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N42c52lCQNc&playnext=1&list=PL5CF6B36F5BFD5DB6&feature=results_main&&
• Sensory&system:&• hVp://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=TAzTFgPSPiU&playnext=1&list=PL21176A6D4AA873DC&feature=results_main&&
What’s&in&Gray&MaVer?&
Nissl Stain (RNA)
reGna.umh.es/Webvision/3VisualCortex.html3
Silver Stain
h"p://www.madrimasd.org/cienciaysociedad/patrimonio/personajes/sanGago_ramon_ycajal/Default.asp3
Santiago Ramon y Cajal 1854-1934&
Josh&Sanes&
Jeff&Lichtman&
h"p://golgi.harvard.edu/NewsEvents/News/SanesLichtman.html3
Brainbow&Transgenic&Mice&
Neurons&&
Dendrite$–$receives$input$
Soma$(cell$body)$–$cell$organelles$
Axon$–$conducts$electrical$impulse$
(ac9on$poten9al)$
Myelin:$“insula9on”$for$axon$
Node$of$Ranvier$=$gap$in$myelin$$
Nerve$terminal$–$contains$
neurotransmiTer$vesicles$
Synapse$–$communica9on$with$next$neuron$$
Neurons$
Look$different$based$on$where$they$are$and$what$they$do!
Spinal&cord&
Motor&&neuron!
Cerebellum! Purkinje! neuron!
Cerebral&Cortex&
Pyramidal&&&neuron!
Non-neuronal Cells&
Schwann&cells/Oligodendrocytes&(myelin)&
Astrocytes!
Microglia! Ependymal cells!
Neuron&connecBons&
SYNAPSE$
hVp://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animaBons/synapBc.swf&&
Each&neuron&in&the&brain&receives&thousands&of&synapses!&
NeurotransmiVers&• Small&molecules&
– Acetylcholine&– Biogenic&amines&
• Norepinephrine&• Dopamine&• Serotonin&&
– Amino&acids&• Glycine&• GABA&• Glutamate&• Aspartate&
– Nitric&oxide&(gas)&– ATP,&adenosine&– Endocannabinoids&
• PepBdes&– Substance&P&– VIP&&&PACAP&– SomatostaBn,&corBstaBn&– NPY,&PPY&– Opioid&pepBdes&
• Enkephalin&• Endorphin&• Dynorphin&&
– CGRP&– CCK&– CART&– Galanin&– LepBn&&
Brain&Development&
The&human&brain&doesn’t&stop&developing&unBl&you&are&in&your&20’s!&
• Egg&m>÷s&m>&many&cells&m>&nervous&system&• Neurons&migrate&and&differenBate&• Axons&grow&out&• Synapses&form&• Important&synapses&are&kept&and&unimportant&ones&are&lost&
Childhood&Disorders&
• AuBsm&spectrum&disorders&– Inability&to&interact&and&communicate&effecBvely&
• AVenBon&deficit&hyperacBvity&disorder&– Impulsivity;&inability&to&focus;&lack&of&aVenBon&
• Down&syndrome&– Learning&disability&(3&copies&of&chromosome&21)&
• Dyslexia&– Inability&to&read;&lack&of&phonology&(can’t&recognize&phonemes&from&wriVen&words)&
NeurodegeneraBve&Disorders&
• Alzheimer’s&Disease&&– age&related&loss&of&short&term&memory&followed&by&demenBa;&neurons&
die&in&hippocampus&and&cortex&
• Parkinson’s&Disease&– Loss&of&iniBaBon&of&voluntary&movement;&dopamine&containing&
neurons&in&midbrain&die&
• Lou&Gehrig’s&Disease&(amyotrophic&lateral&sclerosis)&– Paralysis;&lack&of&movement,&atrophy&of&muscles;&motor&neurons&die&
• HunBngton’s&Disease&– Unwanted&movements;&neurons&in&caudatemputamen&(basal&
ganglia)die&
Keys&to&Success&
• Have&fun&• Be&curious&• Ask&quesBons,&then&seek&answers&• Always&want&to&learn!!&