Read the descriptions below and then

label each type of membrane on the

diagram.

BR

1. Notes on membranes

2. Lab section on membranes

3. HW – Ch. 6 HW questions

THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

CHAPTER 6

4 MAJOR TYPES OF MEMBRANES WITHIN

THE HUMAN BODY

Serous

Mucous

Synovial

Cutaneous

SEROUS MEMBRANES

Line body cavities that lack outside openings

Covers organs within cavities

Consists of a layer of simple squamousepithelium and thin layer of loose connective

Secrete serous fluid for lubrication

MUCOUS MEMBRANES

Line cavities and tubules

that open to the outside

oral and nasal cavities

digestive, respiratory,

urinary, and reproductive

systems

Epithelium overlying loose

connective

Secrete mucus

SYNOVIAL MEMBRANES

Inner linings of freely

moving joints

Fibrous connective

tissue overlying loose

and adipose

Secrete thick,

colorless synovial fluid

for lubrication at the

end of bones

CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE

Skin

Organ of the

integumentary system

CHARACTERISTICS & FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN

Largest organ in the body (SA)

Maintains homeostasis

FUNCTIONS ~

Protection

Chemical barrier (secretions, pigments)

Biological barrier (macrophages)

Mechanical barrier (epidermis)

Regulation of body temperature

Retards water loss

Sensory reception

Temperature, pain, light pressure, deep pressure

Excretion

Synthesis of various chemicals

Vitamin D from cholesterol and UV lightVitamin D is important for us to absorb calcium

CUTANEOUS RECEPTORS IN THE SKIN

Incorporates the nervous system

Using receptors, can sense

Light pressure

Deep pressure

Temperature

Pain

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM LAB – DAY 1

1. Complete the first page of the lab

- front and back

2. Turn in when finished

This section will be graded for

accuracy

Use your time wisely to finish

by the end of the block

Label Skin BR

1. Parts and

Functions of

Skin

2. Continue

working on lab

HW –

Ch. 6 xword Wed.

Ch. 6 quiz Th.

Unit Exam 2/22

LAYERS OF THE SKIN

Epidermis

stratified squamous

Dermis

connective, epithelial,

smooth muscle, nervous

tissue, blood

Subcutaneous Layer

(hypodermis)

loose connective, adipose

bind skin to underlying

organs

EPIDERMIS - CHARACTERISTICS

Hair and nails extend from this layer

Outer Layer Stratum corneum consisting of stratified

squamous

Contains carotene

Mostly dead cells that flake off (exfoliate)

Lacks blood vessels

Contain keratinocytes

Inner layer stratum basale nourished by dermal

blood vessels; rapid cell division; site of melanin formation

Balance of mitosis and stratum corneum Calluses

Stratum lucidum

• Mostly dead

cells

• Made of

translucent,

keratin

containing cells

EPIDERMIS Shields tissues from excessive

water loss, mechanical injury, and harmful chemicals

Protection from microorganisms

Fetus/Newborn Milia

Small white bumps due to accumulations of sebaceous gland secretions

Lanugo Covers a child when he/she is born

Like a hairy covering

Vernix caseosa White cheesy like covering that provides

protection in utero

Seborrhea (cradle cap) Overactive sebaceous glands

Remove oily, dried, yellow deposits simply by washing

Eventually stops forming

MELANIN AND SKIN COLOR

Produced by melanocytes

Absorbs UV light (natural sunscreen)

Skin color

Due to presence of melanin Responsible for dark skin color

About same # of melanocytes in all humans

Differ in amount of melanin & size of granules

Influenced by environmental and physiological factors (pinkish v. bluish skin) Cyanosis – lack of oxygen; bluish

skin

OTHER SKIN PIGMENTS

Carotene

Orange pigment

Present in stratum corneum

Converted to vitamin A which maintains and repairs epithelial tissue

Hemoglobin

Part of a red blood cell that carries oxygen

Responsible for skin color of Caucasians

DERMIS - KEY CHARACTERISTICS

Thicker than epidermis

Contain a variety of tissues -mainly fibrous connective

Separated from epidermis by the basement membrane

Sensory fibers (nerve fibers) present

Contains hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands

Vascular region Many blood vessels present

Dermal Papilla fingerprints

DERMIS - FUNCTIONS

Nourish epidermis and connects epidermis to body

Regulates body temperature

Blood vessels and arrector pilimuscle

Production of Vitamin D

Utilizes UV rays to convert cholesterol

Role in production of T-lymphocytes

Bed Sores

Skin cells deprived of oxygen

Decubitus ulcer

Dermatitis Eczema

psoriasis

SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER - CHARACTERISTICS

Beneath dermis

Loose connective and adipose tissues

No distinct boundary with the dermis

Contains major blood vessels

Cold intolerance

Loss of insulating subcutaneous tissue with age

SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER - FUNCTIONS

Insulation

adipose tissue

Nutrient supplier

supply upper layers of skin with nutrients through blood vessels

Binds upper layers

INJECTIONS

Subcutaneous

Administered to layer beneath the skin

Absorbed rapidly because more blood vessels are present

AKA – hypodermic

EX - insulin

Intradermal

Injected into layers of tissues within skin

Not absorbed as quickly because of few blood vessels being present

Most vaccines

SEBACEOUS GLANDS

Group of specialized epithelial cells

Associated with the hair follicle

Holocrine glands secrete sebum

Contains lipids cholesterol, cell fragments

healthy hair and soft, pliable, waterproof skin

secretes vernix caseosa Acne

overactive glands due to hormones

blackheads vs. whiteheads

SKIN WITH ACNE

Whitehead Blackhead

SWEAT GLANDS

Exocrine glands

Found all over body

palms and soles

especially

2 main types

apocrine

eccrine

APOCRINE GLANDS

Respond to emotional stress

Armpits and groin

Begin to function at onset of puberty

stimulated by hormones

Usually associated with hair follicles

ECCRINE GLANDS

Not associated with

hair follicles

Most numerous

Function all the time

Respond to

temperature

Forehead, neck, back

HAIR

Present on most body surfaces

Develop from hair follicle

Follicle extends from surface down to the dermis

Root located in dermis

Composed of dead epidermal cells

Delayed action gene

Cause of graying hair

Alopecia

Autoimmune loss of hair

HAIR

Base of root (follicle) receives nourishment

supplied by dermal blood vessels

Formed by epithelial and connective tissues

Old cells pushed to surface

keratinization

Shaft

dead epidermal cells

Arrector pili muscle

smooth muscle responsible for goosebumps

Hair color

NAILS

Keratinized stratified squamous

Form from the nail root

proximal end

Growing region marked by the lunula

Nail bed attaches the nail

layer of epithelium

Often called the matrix

If damaged, doesn’t grow

Cuticle

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM LAB – DAY 2

1. Continue working on the lab

2. Turn in at the end of the block

3. Use your time wisely and stay on

task.

Skin Labeling

BR

1. Finish

notes

2. Finish Lab

BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION

Metabolism is temperature

sensitive

Result of cellular

metabolism

Most active

skeletal, cardiac, liver

Cooling mechanism

dermal vessels relax

sweat

Heating mechanism

shivering

dermal vessels constrict

HEALING OF WOUNDS

Inflammation

response to injury or stress

inflamed skin is…

red, swollen, warm, painful

Dilation

blood vessels dilate causing redness and supplying nutrients

SKIN CANCER

Cutaneous carcinoma

epithelial cells

slow growing

Prevention

sunblock

avoid high intensity sunlight

examine skin and watch for

changes in lesions

Carcinomas

Basal cell

• Cells of lower part

of epidermis invade

the lower levels

• Exposed areas

develop ulcers

• Slow to metastasize

Squamous cell

• Epithelial cells not

in contact with b.m.

develop lesions

• Metastasize easily

RESULT OF EPITHELIAL STUDIES:

If you receive more than 2

blistering burns before the age

of 20 ... You have a greater risk

of developing a melanoma.

NORMAL MOLE

Atypical Mole Raised Atypical Mole Flat Atypical mole on scalp

EARLY MELANOMA

• Deadly cancer of

melanocytes

• Rare

SKIN CANCER –

ABCD RULE

A

asymmetrical

B

irregular borders

C

Color – not uniform

D

diameter

WHAT ARE SOME CAUSES OF BURNS?

FireContact with a hot surfaceUV lightFrictionElectricalChemicals

Acid

Base

CLASSIFICATION OF BURNS

1st degree

2nd degree

3rd degree

Infection is the main problem

associated with burn

Loss of water, electrolytes, and

proteins

Circulatory collapse

Renal shutdown (kidneys stop

working)

TREATMENT AND RECOVERY

Rule of Nines

Estimation of

extent of burn to

determine how

much fluid will

be needed for

replacement

Dependent upon Total area of burn

Severity of burn

FIRST DEGREE BURNS

Minor discomfort

Usually brief

Skin reddens - no blisters

Just epidermal damage

Destruction of tissue is minimal

May peel

A typical sunburn

Inhibits the immune response by

depressing the activity of

macrophages

SECOND DEGREE BURNS

Deep epidermal layers

and upper layer of dermis

Blisters form

Hair follicles, sweat

glands, and sebaceous

glands are damaged

Pain – more than 1st

Swelling and fluid loss

Scarring is common

Regeneration is possible

THIRD DEGREE BURNS

Epidermis and dermis

completely destroyed

Full thickness burn

Muscles and bones affected

Insensitive to pain

Nerve endings are destroyed

Later stages of healing are very

painful

Fluid loss (a serious problem)

Infection

Regeneration impossible

TRUE OR FALSE?

Sunscreens labeled 15 and higher don’t protect you against all the sun’s rays.

Suntans are a sign of skin damage.

Sunscreens should be used on cloudy days.

Infants shouldn’t be in the sun at all.

Some medications can make your skin sensitive to the sun.

ALL ARE TRUE

WHY DO WE TAN?

The penetration of UV rays to the

skin’s inner layers results in the

production of more melanin.

The melanin eventually moves

towards the outer layers of the

skin and becomes visible as a tan.

SPF 15

Most people benefit from

sunscreens with sun protection

factor (SPF) numbers of 15 or

more.

The SPF number gives you some

idea of how long you can stay in

the sun without burning.

For example, if you burn in 10

minutes without sunscreen and

you apply a liberal dose with a

SPF number of 15, you should be

protected from sunburn for 150

minutes

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM LAB – DAY 3

1. Continue working on the lab

2. Completed lab is DUE AT THE

END OF THE BLOCK

3. Use your time wisely!

Vocab Matching

BR

1. Review HW

2. Webquest

HW – study for

quiz

Exam - Monday

Skin Review BR

1. Review HW

2. Quiz

3. How to study and

EARN 5 bonus

points

HW – study for exam on

Monday