botany lecture 1 [compatibility mode]

8/12/2019 Botany Lecture 1 [Compatibility Mode]

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Department of PharmacognosyDepartment of PharmacognosyProf . Dr. Nahla Ayou b Prof . Dr. Nahla Ayou b

Lecture ( Lectu re (1 1) )

Semester TwoSemester Two 20142014

BotanyBotanyand Medicinal Plantsand Medicinal Plants

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Objectives of the course Objectives of the course

To enable the student to:

Acquire knowledge about the modern concept andscope of medicinal plants.

Identify various types of plant cells and cell contents.

Have general information on cultivation, collectionand processing of medicinal plants

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Describe the morphology and anatomy of different plant organs (leaves, barks & flowers), &Identify the drugs both in entire or powderedforms .

now t e active constituents o me icina p antsand identify the major groups by chemical test.

Know the biological effects of the activeconstituents.

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Trease& Evans' Pharmacognosy by William Charles

Botany :An introduction to Plant Biology, Thirdedition by James D. Mauseth, 2008.

Evans, 2002.

Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy

by Michael Heinrich, Joanne Barnes, Simon Gibbons,and Elizabeth M.Williamson, 2004.

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http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/med aro/default.html

http://www.herbmed.org/

http://www.danish schnapps recipes.com/plants.html

http://www.botanical.com/

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Pharmakon Drug

What is meant by Pharmacognosy?

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Gnosis to acquire knowledge

(( The entire knowledge of drugs) )


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PharmacognosyPharmacognosy

-Pharmacognosy is one of the important branches of pharmacy.-It deals with the study of structural, physical,chemical and sensory characters of crude drugs of plant, animal,marine or mineral origin and includestheir history, cultivation, collection, storage and use.- Aims for the search of new drugs from naturalsources.

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1- Identificationof the source of

drug.

2- Determination of the morphological

characters

Scope of Scope of

3- knowledge aboutcultivation, collectionand preparation.

4- Testing theactive

constituents5-Investigation of

its potency andpurity

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A flowering plant

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Crude Drug: Natural product:

A medicinally useful

drug of plant or animal

origin in its raw or

A natural product is a

chemical compound or

substance produced by a

natural form without

any further processing

or modification.

living organism , found in

nature and usually has a

pharmacological activit for

use in pharmaceutical drug

discovery and drug design.11


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Examples of Crude DrugsExamples of Crude Drugs

Entire plants or animals :

12Mentha

CochinealCrimson colored dye
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/


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Examples of Crude Drugs (cont.)Examples of Crude Drugs (cont.)

Entire organs of plants or animals:

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SennaClove


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Examples of Crude Drugs (cont.)Examples of Crude Drugs (cont.)

Minerals: chalk, kaolin, talc.

Substances derived from plants beeswax,

14opium


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Official & Unofficial Drugs:

Official Drug :

A drug listed and described in the book by

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government as the legal authority for standards

Pharmacop ia.

Others > Unofficial


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The history of pharmacy was for centuries identical with the historyof Pharmacognosy.

minerals, animals and fungi.

Medicinal uses.

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EgyptiansEgyptians ((EbersEbers papyruspapyrus,, 15501550 BC)BC)

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DioscoridesDioscorides ((4040--8080 AD)AD) was a Greek was a Greek physician, pharmacologist and botanist.physician, pharmacologist and botanist.((encyclopedia about herbal medicineencyclopedia about herbal medicine that was widelythat was widelyread for more thanread for more than 11,,500500 years.years. ))DeDe MateriaMateria MedicaMedica ((600600 medicinal plants)medicinal plants)

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The Islamic eraThe Islamic eraIbnIbn AlAl--TabariTabari ((850850 AD)AD)

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Ibn SIbn S nn ((980980 10371037 ))Canon of MedicineCanon of Medicine

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IbnIbn AlbitarAlbitar ((11481148--11971197))

Jame Jame--alal--MuffradatMuffradat

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Modern AgeModern Age The main shift in herbal medicine came,The main shift in herbal medicine came,

when it became clear in the earlywhen it became clear in the early 19 19 thth

century that pharmaceutical properties of century that pharmaceutical properties of plants are due to specific moleculesplants are due to specific moleculescompoun s t at can e so ate ancompoun s t at can e so ate an

characterized.characterized. This led to the development of a field of This led to the development of a field of research now called natural productresearch now called natural productchemistrychemistry i.ei.e .. Phytochemistry andPhytochemistry andPhytotherapyPhytotherapy

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Origin of the Crude Drug

I- Biological III- Commercial

Botanical zoological

II-Geographical

It includes the scientific name of the plant producing theIt includes the scientific name of the plant producing thedrug and it is very important to avoid any variation of thedrug and it is very important to avoid any variation of thedrudru 27


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II-- Biological OriginBiological OriginBinomial systemBinomial system

-- It is the nomenclature of the drugs, developedIt is the nomenclature of the drugs, developed

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by by LinnausLinnaus (Swedish scientist).(Swedish scientist).

--Deals withDeals with twotwo successive namessuccessive names((GenusGenus andand speciesspecies ).).


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Each plant is termed by two words or partsEach plant is termed by two words or parts

enus or generic nameenus or generic nameGG pecies or specific namepecies or specific namess

It begins always withIt begins always with

with awith arCapital letteCapital lette

followed byfollowed bysmall lettersmall letterthe name of the authorthe name of the authoror the botanist whoor the botanist who

identified the plantidentified the plantThe binomial name of many plant can neverThe binomial name of many plant can never

be used to another plantbe used to another plant. .29


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II-- Biological Origin ( cont.)Biological Origin ( cont.)

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Atropa belladonna L. Atropa acuminata


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Genus

name

Starts with capital letter

Species Starts with small letter

Genusspecies

or Genus species (Underlined or written initalic).

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Atropa belladonna or Atropa belladonnanot

atropa Belladonna &

Atropa Belladonna

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The species sometimes spelt with Capital letter

the personWhere the species is named after

who discovered the plant or bring its seed

e.g.

CinchonaCinchona LedgerianaLedgeriana .

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http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/


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The botanical name of the drug is followed by

the name of the author who first described

the species or varieties.

e.g. Atropa belladonna L.L. or

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Atropa belladonna L.L.

(beautiful lady)


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e.g. Atropa , from atropos meaning the

name of the Greek fate that cuts the

thread of life, indicating the poisonous

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.


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IIII--Geographical OriginGeographical OriginHabitat of the drugHabitat of the drug

Is the region in which the plant or animalIs the region in which the plant or animal

yielding the drug grows or lives.yielding the drug grows or lives.

Indigenous plantsIndigenous plants Naturalized plantsNaturalized plants

CannabisCannabis indicaindica

-- Cotton is indigenous to America, naturalized in EgyptCotton is indigenous to America, naturalized in Egypt39


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IIIIII--Commercial OriginCommercial Origin

--Production& channels of tradeProduction& channels of trade

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1-Cultivation 2- Collection

3-Preparationof drug beforedrying

Preparation of CrudeDrugs

5- Packing

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4- Drying

6-Storage

botany lecture 1 [compatibility mode]

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