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2. X dG M HGdGdG2006- `g1427 3. 5 G jdGY H GY/QcdG dG a qdGh BGdG `a dG RYEddG d dG eCG ojG H j bdG fCG ,dG Yh ,fEG N G,G SQ Y dGh IdGh ,G``cCG ``jBG F jHGh Uh dBG Yh dGh dG dSQ iOCG e N ``EGh dG SQ . gdGh G Sh jH igG eh : Jh QJ G b J GPEG fEG : G QdG NCG ) ( 4. 7 6e a ,IgdG dG jBGh IgdG IQdG AS e M CG c e I``MGh jBG CGh ,AdG IFe g dG BGdG CH be YCGY dGh FM Hh YVe AY hCG ``Y IM J . cdGh dGh GG e a AGh ,gQGSCG dG Gg dJ CG G g Y Gk gT ``NCG jh gGMEG dY jhGR e ( dG Y dG RYEG LhCG ) H ( IedG VQCH AG NG ) GY Za eY b QcdG( UG f ) GY GjR dG QcdG iNCG dYh dG G eC HSG dGh EG MQ EG a ( " ) 5. Za eY b .Oe - SCG eL 6. 11 ``VQCG Me g dG dG e . M Z feh M fe `` dBG Yh fS Y dGh IdGh dG Q GJh ,H e fG g YJhG Z fG e FdG UdG: Hh jdG j EG MEH J eh HdGh Uh. dHh G FdG EG VQCG h ,H H eh VQCGh GdG Jh fS G N. IOe H k f FGMH . M Z feh M fe VQCG Me g dG dG eh Z fG e FdG UdG Jh ,H e fG g YJh . dHh G FdG EG G SSCG jY e G FdG J GdGAG 7. 31 21 : J db c : AG ) : ( ) : ( Lh Y cP c : GdGh ) : ( Y j HdG hCG VQCG Y AG GfEG hCG S CH dG J h ) : ( ILCG IY IGh VQCG AY e dG cCG ,K jBG hCG QKBG hMFGdG UdG e Gk c jh ,AG j M Z e g HdG Mh . HdG dG jBG cP c gh ,T fOCG hO KhM dG . G fd eRdG f jGd Gk e j dG jhZ UNh HdH AG NG Gh. JGP HdG j e ,gQU Y H G FdG : Lh Y G b e dP GQOEG h 8. 15 14 : ( ) Silica Silica gG , UCG : dG (1)AluminaSilica Alumina Silica Hd fG d e jRGgG cM hM g (1) bh Y c : ```VQCG.H dGSilicaAlumina K Silica Alumina c IMGh c VQCG IdG W dH dh ,( 424/5) : ````dG d H2OSilica Silica . VQCG ddR AKCG jBG````dG ````MC ``e``G ,(130/12) : ````W``````dp n AH EG j G g GRGgG hM tn dhk e ``dP Ige h. G GSH . JUh W Y Ea ( Soil Texture ) HdG Gb J Y j k WhY ````````dG ```` (2) G```Lh``````G G````````S``H jCG JM W H Njh ( Illite ) `H j dG e f : (1) bQ T . G e ( 00^002 ) Y gb j dG M .hdEG dG FU e ) UGe W e G Jh JW H Njh ( Monrmoirllonite ) j NBG fh (+k) SJdG(1) T (2)iNCG a W c ( fCGh. hCG e cCG dG M fG a (H2O) AG 9. 17 16 . jhdG FbdG U e H J dG fG jhdG e dGh RGgG EG jGH OD` j Se H ``VQCG Y A``G h``f E`a K eh H+H+ H+ Ca++Ca++ Mg++ : j dP J h ,JMMg++H+Na+ClayClay ,d QGSG Y j G S Y FHdG dG QX CG H+Ca++ Ca++ K+ iNCH dG g OJ H EG JKh fS jRGgG cM hMh NH4+K+ Na+NH4+ Ca++ Y bJ j M ( HdH ``eCG jCJ Y f ) dG d dAcid clayAlkaline clay d J G e MQ GhRCG bG Lh ,Jh a G S . dG h QGSd ddG FHdG dG GP dG M : (2) bQ T FbdG aO f ( jhdG ) HdG F GRGgGh cM hM . ( AG ) FdG SdG jH dG VGQCG c ) LG UdG fjC OG j ,GJG d j MhG S Y ( eG VGQCG c ) LhQjCG fjCG hCG ( jdG M ) jhdG bdG Ea HK G d d FdG jL cM fc h Y jhe Z HV e d VJ f fe e Jh J ( dGIOjdG e CJ ) Le hCG dS FHc T S Y G h. G fGL( dG e cJ NGdG GMd FHdG dG dG hCG. dG f M Y Baverel al (1972) (2) bQ T 10. 19 18. e G k fL HdG M ajFbd cG g ( 1828 `g1243 Y ) hGH HhQ dG M bh e jhe Z Hd Te KCJ EG ge HdG M RGgG Ea Gd Gce M ( Brawnion ) fhGdG cG SG Y WCGh ,jhdG . HdG AG Lh e Ie gh ,G fGL Y AG jL. jhdG IO 1969 M M QcdG G AYCG Jh Jh J HdG M CG EG J GJ gh SdG c ch ,dG AG Y ddG g j ( AG ) FdG SdGh jdG dSG hCG jdG hNh hH Y f dP jh ,HdG S a dSh H Y HdG M YJ EG dP iOCG Se H ae FdG j k Gk RGgG e YCG EG HdG M aJ dG ( dG ) cM CHCGh G HQJ f GPEa , hCG J d j e cM . fEG Y hM H SG HdG . bJ M gRGgGh. gRGgGh cM ah SG dG FHdG dG dOJe GPEGhY Ad Te KCJ g dG jBG IOQGdG ( ) c Ea ddh . HdG MAa ,k jCG Ad Te Z KCJ g AGdG aO KCH HdG M RGgG EGh . AGdG jbh ,e ba g Y G AGdG EG IO K e AGdG jh 11. 21 20 CGJ Y AG hf Yh dG M W Vj J SQ (3) T : Y j dGh FGdG UdG dch G W H AG J Y. gHQh G M IOjR ( ) (1) jjh ,dG e dH Oa ( jhZ U ) fjCGh ,AH G Jh. JM MCG IOjR f VQCG M IOjR dHh . G b S W e J dG M Ea b e cP S ch c QhO d ( HShdGh dG AG ) G S Y G AGh j J H ae i``NCGh W c H . UGe. G H aG IOjH c HdG S IOjR(3 bQ T) a NdG Ua FGdG UdG fjCGh ,AG. AG KCH VQCG HJ Ggh BG````dG ````MC ``e``G (1) Qe Q dG e e Rh Vh Y fCG G Gg dG eCG eh h (130/12) ````W``````dSmectile - type H2O (305/14)approx 15mm AG H jh ,Ad HH OGOj dG M Ea Y AG e e c UhM H2O H2O MH2Ointerleyer regionMH2OFreyed edge site H2O M H O2 M H2O M(424/5 ) dG d e ( Monrmor Illnoire ) fHQefG W jh HdG H eH2OMMato - type H2OMinterleyer regionH2OMH2O UeG Y IhY AG KCH TfGh OdG Y IQdG d dG GfCG MCG 12. 23 22 hM cDd JdG dGh ,VGQCG Y LGeh ,dGh dG SGQdG EGh. Ic H FGdG UdG fjCG e jdG fjCG H OdG dP g dP Y dO Nh ,dG HdGh RGgGM Y IQdG d M c C d dH dP gCGh QhO j g e fjCG e dG d LhQdG fjCGh ,G S Y IGiH ( H j Z ) S Y AG jL Mh ,JW H AG . fCG AH JLMG d FGdG UdGLhQdG HGhdG Y H AG FL dGh JShdEG G dG J AG e H XMG Y dO Ga G fGh HQ eCG. jCG IY- -2 H+ O CGj Y G dG j LQd HdG AG c f eh H+ . VQCG hJ GPEG Je G eCG ODj bh ,HdGa ( dG M S Y Gk H AG jL c c idG g KCJ j ) e Gk c j dG e dGh dH AG Ga e CG f CG jh. dP Z hCG VQCG HPG KCH SCG G dG e AG j AYh H . G jG JY Ad eGSG: J db dG EG dG j Ggh ( : ) 13. 25 24 k IQH hCG ( QG G j dG ) ( Radicle ) jG hH CGJh DhYCG : H a dG LMG ajh ,fEG Sh j c Lh Y G()( ) j dP c ( G G J dG ) ( Plumule ) jdG j K ( 4 T ) HdG S GJ e IQdGhVQCG j gZh QhdG fEG Y KM CG hH Mj Ggh ,VQCG Y AG hd ddG jBG c rst foliage leaf : J db c G e G h``N hCG : ````````dG (1)cotyledonsLNCG : fCG . dG soil surfacehypocotyl....... testa cotyledonsepicotyl BG````````dG ````````MC ````e````Gd . (140/12) Wd hypocotyl..... radicle ( 97/2) dG ( : ) B. Epigeal French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) ,G``HCGh KGGh QhdG e J AG aj ea K HdG S jd hH hMh ,QhdG fEG : (4) bQ T L a ```fE`d HdG JdG A````YCG Lh K Jh HdG S Jh ( Hypocotyl ) dG jdG J H dEG cdG dG FGdG OGG Jh ,IQdG . dG AGLCG bH J a ,dH UG fEG SGH k Fe IG OGG 14. 27 26 dG jdG hCG ) jdG J ,SCG EG k VQCG FfGh jG eh 0 K Jd b cGG HdG M ba aGQ YCG EG ( (Hypocotyl) QhdG fEG EG J dG jBGh . AdG L FfH HdG S a J ,dG Y J ( H ) c CG c ,fEG CG Yh gP EG bCG gh ,UN Mono- ) dG GhP e jQdG JdG QgRC T GdCG e YCG GJ e gh 10 Control -2 bar -4 bar -10 bar -20 bar. ( 5 bQ T ) ( Dicotyledons ) dG GhPh ( cotyledons ProSopis of 25c d QhH H fEG Y Y AG KCJ VJ aGZJa IQU ( 5 ) bQ T e Jh , Control Y Ic AG c ,fEG Y AH Ia dch hGU jG W 20 bar iG Y e bCG Jh ,FG G dG IOjRk jCG IH Ge jG hH CGj dc Control Y cCG a dG jdGh. 20 bar Y dG J Y : Jh fS G b dP cDj h 15. 29 28 JjL Jh J AH WNG Y HdG M Ea : dG UNh ( gG ) VQCG CG dP jh ,e IO Z dG d gJh ,dG jDhH J FY ( : ) m c dHh ,G Mh S e jj JW H A``G SJ Yh . G a ,VQCG AME RdG AG jd fGh ( HQ ) e j Ggh . ( : ) J GHh ,jdGh jG hH HdG S G jh ,gZh QhdG . ( fCG ) b VQCG fEG K VQCd fGh RGgG : HdG KdG QKBG hM J EGh jBG g c Jh ,Od k bRQ k e jh jh HdG S a dG j K. jBG hCG KCG c h edG JdG Y dG EG IQTE ,jN AT c JG dG G U e fC e eRh JJ ah hMh ,FbO H JM RGgEG dP J ``VQCG Y A``G f GPE`a g c YS IY H KCG j d Gh AdG IOjRh . fG . WCG k eR j QhdG fEG H ,dG . ( : ) dG hdG IYGe e dG jGH e bCG Y j g Kh bh ``fOCGh. fEd MG 16. GjR dG .OYGQdG H UG b FQ h PSCGe - jRbdG eH 17. 33 JdG G G JdGG Z JdGEmbryophytaThallophytaMdG MdG G HdG Gg jjQdG JdG Y eh Uh dBG Yh fS Y dGh IdGh dG Q GSpermatophyta : Hh jdG j EG MEH J: FQ b EG JdG G J ( Thallophyta ) G Z JdG : hCG QhdG IG JdG QhdG IGG JdG : dG Gg jh ,( Embryophyta ) G JdG : dGAngiospermsGymnosperms EG gQhH J dG ( Spermatophyta ) jQdG JdG Y YG g Jf J h : b IgG JdH. ( Gymnosperms ) QhdG IGG JdG -CG g Jf Jh ,( Angiosperms ) Qh```dG IG JdG - IMGdG dG GhPdG GhP MonocotyledonsDicotyledons 18. 35 34 . GQhCG J QGSGfEG Y j f dCG 130 e cCG e Ljh ,IgG JdH YG IjL AYCG jJ AH jh ,IjL AYCG J e dG dG jh . Ac hCG mAGZ e dEG j e fEG . ( Growth Stages ) dG MGe e IjL Me dG NO dG : b EG IgG JdG Jh. GQhCGh QhG J ah ,GQOdG J Meh fEG Me a( Monocotyledons ) . IMGdG dG GhP -1 . jdG Me gh. ( Dicotyledons ) dG GhP -2. Ggh QhdGh QdGh QgRCG jJ Mehk . Jf FY dG GhPh dG GhP e c jh. JdG GfCG NH dG W Jh( dG ) LdaQG dG e c IMGdG JdG FdG Jf Jhk ,c M EG g MGe H a HJ e RQCGh dGh dG Ja. ( XdG ) LddGh . hCG jG GQhCG J QhdG fEG H fEG PEGdG Gh``d JdG FdG i``MEG ( Graminea ) dG FdG a . jYdG aCG J K . ( Monocotyledons )IMGdG . dG J M dG j KFdG dGh jdG GQhCGh dG QhG e FdG g Jf Jh. G dP H J M QgRCG Jh HdG QX CGj K. ( Panicles ) dGdG hCG ( Spikes ) HdH J GQf QgRCGhfCG Jh dSGh H G jN fH JdG AYCG g Jhke dG j K hCG jG GQhCGh QG G hCG a ,IjL 19. 73 dh,Gk Le k Uh dGhdGIQSdG fBGdGjBGeCdfgh gcP J dG dG QGWCG dG jBG g VJ PEG ,G``HEGh bdG jZ Ud G e dG GdH jdG Ad k Le L dh ,VGh bO JH . bdG e dG aJ eC FdG g EG : 20. 39 38 IMGdG dG GhP JdG MCG QdG GH OG ATCG e J dG g fC dG FdG UNh . ( Hector 1936 ) () A```````````````dG ( 2 )dG e jh ,k e UCG j a (2) AdGh. Tiller : jH Leonard ) . VQCG S LJ dG Jd dGJ fCG ( Qc ) cQG dG eCJ GPEGh:AdG dG d h ( and Martin 1968( Qc ) Jh fS b M hQ``dG e k e k Yfb . dGh QdG adG : DT : AGdG hQdG e j (( Qdc )) d C dP Qdc j h ``j``````H ``` j `` `dG ````dG ``Y `````j `` ghkG``````Y ``````G ``````J J M a (( Qc )) c SG H ,k eY ka S h fKhk (Branch)(100 / 1) H HdG OGjEG H UN hQdG e e f EG IQTEH k CG jh ,b ```UCG Y j ``NCG G``gh : J db J dG G g c ( Hector 1936 ) dG W Y eQ``dG : dG d (1) (1) ( T NCG ) k.... e dGh dG 8) dGh dG Y Z b ( 141/Qdc d JdG GfCG e BG GY gh. cP S cCG e j ( CT ``NCG ) Jh fS dbh 21. 41 40CG cQG dG dG e Qd jh . IMGdG dG GhP JdG b e dG FdG Jf MCG OG . dG bh adG IQdGh RQCGh dGh dG JdG g ehAdG GNEG Y e j ``dG UCG d k e K ATCG J JdG g Lh . JfEG H G e ITe dG dG Y IOLG YGdG e dh ,G e j AdG Gg h hCG hCG bQdG HEG OLG YdG j M ITe HdG S d ddG bQdG HEG YdG j dP H K ,hCG dG d ddG hCG fdG. Ggh dG dG d ()( CG ) e OY j CG EG dPh ,jCG 3-2 e dGh hCG dG hN H IdGh Evans ) H G dG hXh dG f M k Ya 30 EG j b hdG. G Jf AdG ( CG ). ( 1975jdG e SbH ) AdG e j dGh IYdG e J dG hd VJ IQU ( ) g CG CG ,Me dh ,AT e cCG j dG CG dP e d j: c OQh VJ SQ e(Wilson and Steeves , Botany , 5th edition , 1971 ,Holt , Rinehart and Winston , New York) 22. 43 42dG Y Y bh ( Ishizuka and Tanaka 1963 ) . Ggh ddGh dGh hCG AdG hN H eR Ia ( Evans 1975 ) EG dG dEG UJ dGOJ h (( CT )) H fBGdG dG OQh GdhY AdG CG Lh M : UG Lda Y Hc . YCG Gh ( ATCG )UeG Y k c Gk OYG j ( CG ) UCG e LhNK Y J M jN Ad eRdG FGdG UdG cQG dG dP H JCJh . QhL N hCG HQCGh jN GQhCGqn. (3) Th ,fYCGh ,Gb : CG/16) WdG J(3)e k fb Y HQCG e dG BGdG dEG QTCG e Gghcd jdG a , (295AdG jH j UCG dG hCG QdG j Ggh . (56 / 5) : c edGgcCJ h ,BG ````VGh M ``gh ,``L```j ``dG k jCG K RQCG f dG dH dP K chUa h bO ILCG SGH dG bdG dH: ``````G ``````U`` (4)(4) dGh dG JfbdG cCd ( Fischbeck et al 1982 ) HShe . 1979 Se Y e. UCGh AdG H: IgdG g SGQd jLCG dG dG eh: g HdG e Y H b H 23. 45 44 ( Leonard and Jointing Stage Martin 1968 ) ,dG jJ Me cQG dG dP H JCJh e J M ITe dH jDhQ h H H dG J MG g hj AdG CG CG (( QRB`a )) c AdG e HdG J g Ada . jJ He dG e j bQdG HkFGdG OGH UCG j AdG j ea ,IQRGDG dP H J K hCG k HShe ah NB bh e Y NCH bO a e H ddh,QhL N hCG HQCGh jN GQhCG K Y J CG EG jN d eRdG OGG gh ,RdGh dG cJ a hdG dGh IG SdH hCG QhG UeG jW Y FGZ OGe jJ f Y OYG CGj M ( Leonard and Martin 1968 ) jG QL S IOjR Y YJ dG . d eRdGh AG HGG Ud UNh dG hd eheh hdG Ib J SG Y YheRdG JGQgHdG OG``G jJh FdG dG H GQhCG Jh. jdG . QdG jW Y dG H k jCG J c ,bd,H H j M dG IOjdG hCG SG Y CGJ gh : dG jBG OQhe dP H JCjh : J b c. dG dSG : CG f Y j da (( QRBa )) c e (( Sa )) c dh fG jG CGJ M (( Sa )) dG jJ H dSG CGJh J M RdGh dG jJ jW Y jN Qp L jJ h dG IOjdG o o dSG Jh ,edH je gh ,iNCGh IY c H G d dG MGe e MG g dG AY jh ,dG Y Y MG g AKCG 24. 47 46 : dG jBG dEG Je GghdG edH eS c aJh ,IM Y eS c b Y HdG QX CGj M gQhH J dGh JGQdG Vj CG . dG. QK YCG bh YQR GhCGQ GPEG EG Hb J GQdG EaHdG J d W bCG EG dG J eYh YCG dG IdG hdG g e cCG OdG j eY GQdG VQ jh . (5) L fJ b: ``````G ``````U`` (5) .1979 Se Y e aCG a dSG Y EG H EG dP j h ,HS GNE JdGW bCG EG UdG Y IQOb hdG c dh j eY jh jh YQR Y GQdG j a gh ,J dGh YCG dGMG g b e da ,HS G``NEGh d. HS YCG b hdG e cCG OdG . G Z hdH dG g Jh Me J PEG ,dP Y dO N dG e dG ``jBG cP eha S Jh d W bCG EG J dG eCGhdG e k Se Gk OY jdGc bJh ( Reiad et al 1987 ) G h```dG OGR OGR GPEa G hd jG dG Y G . G . jYQ Y IQdG CG d aJhdh ,dG G bJ jdG Ic Y j h dG jd Meh ac UdG Jh ,dP H SG Me CGJh. HS J dG hdG f g Y j dG 25. 49 48 k Ya YCG gh ,FQ k bS YCG IMGh M e IQdG H QR f a . HdG jJh dSG J SSCG Y dG dG jJ M RdGh H aCG OY j CG EG Ggh ,NBG k Ya YCG jCG 3-2 H K k fL h HdG jJ A```KCG Obd JdG VJ ``gh eg f gh fG hdG e dh ,FdG dG e L dh ,k Ya 150 MCGj SGh jdG CG Lh fCG EG . G e AL j dHh ,G . k e d He iNCG fL ha hCG a GNEG Y IQdG d dG QGdG fCW OGOJh IQdG J gh ( Evans 1975 ) ObdG ehe YdG UCG hj PEG ,ec k fhJ H e fhe g hdG Yhk . YQR Y . JM e hCG jCG cQG dG AL dP h. NBG k Ya g j eY dG H dG jh LG M UCG J f bh J eY hdG CG dP e cCGh dG dG Y NBG J Kh . ( Evans 1975 ) FGZ OGe jBG . . . . jh HdG e jdG d dG dG jW Y H JG jh e Y fCG fL EG Gg ,hdG YCG eCG Y AGdG b GPEa ,Gk e dG QdH dG Gg EG qn ,MGdG e dG H j gh ,J b AGZ e H e eCG J fEa hdG . bGh J a g k . J db OQh dP h 26. 15 05 : dG jBG AL e eCG j M ,QdH dG Me Ga k ehe QhG e Ic Y e fc b H G hdGh FdG dG dG RYEG ge H EG QfCG d ah b cCG CG LQCG GHh . ObdG dG Jd J dG ,jd . dG jBG g Y Ic IQb d a bS Y iSGh SGh Yha c dG QdG eCG,,, adG Hh . jdG ehea eCG j dG hG eSEG G IQU jjCG H j G Ggh : hCG eSEG G AH dGh Jgh AGYCG 27. 53 52 5- Ishizuka, Y. and Tanka, A. (1963): Studies on the development processes in rice Plant III. J. Sci, Soil and manure, Japan 23, 159-165..(1979) Se Y e -1 6- Leonard, W. and Martin, Y.H. (1986):.G U Cereal Crops, the Macmillan company, New York. .. . , IgdG ja QT , jG CG e 7- Reiad, M. Mohamed, A. Abd-Rabou, R. and 2- Evans, T. (1975): Yasein, M. (1987). Crop physiology . Comparative study on Growth . analysis and Cambridge University Press, Great Britain. grain yield of some wheat cultivars. Annals of Agric. Sc. Moshtohor, Vol. (25): 16-25 3- Fischbeck, G; Heyland, K.U. and Knauer, N.(1982):Spezieller Panzenbau (Field Crops) in German Language.Eugen Ulmer Pess, Stuttgart, West Germany.4- Hector, H.E. (1936):Introduction to the botany of eld crops.Vol. l. Ceareals cent. News agency Ltd.Johannesburg South Africa. 28. JG jdGY H GY/QcdG dG a : H 5IedG VQCH AG NG 911HdG hCG VQCG RGgG 14 HQ dG dG20fCG dG dG24UG f31 33 VG37LGG 52