Botany - Basic Plant Science

Master Gardener Training

Objectives:Review Binomial

NomenclatureReview Plant

Parts & Function: Roots Stems Leaves Flowers Fruit

Plant Taxonomy

Binomial nomenclature (2 name system)

Linnaeus

Plant TaxonomyGenus:

One or more characteristics the same

Similar to family name, always capitalized

Acer - Maple

Red MapleSugar Maple

Plant TaxonomySpecies:

Interbreeding organisms

Name is usually descriptive

Never capitalized rubrum (red)

Plant Taxonomy

Scientific name includes:

Genus - Acer & Species-

rubrumAcer rubrumRed maple

Plant TaxonomyVariety - subdivision

of speciesCultivar - cultivated

variety Most are clones -

man-made through asexual reproduction (budding, grafting, cuttings)

Magnolia grandiflora ‘Gloriosa’ or

Magnolia grandiflora cv. Gloriosa

Plant CellCells are the

smallest unit of living matter capable of continued life and growth

All living things are made of cells

Cells vary in size and shape based on function

Cell growth occurs by Mitosis - cell

divisionNucleus contains

DNA

Cell differentiationStorage, Cork,

Vascular

Cell enlargement

Meristematic CellsWhere plant growth occursCapable of cell division - mitosisLocated in

embryos tips of roots & shoots leaf & flower buds vascular cambium

GymnospermProduce “naked”

seedsApproximately

271 speciesCycad, ginkgo, pine

& podocarpus

Ginko

Podocarpus

Cycad

GymnospermLeaves are evergreen

vs deciduousScale-likeAwl-likeNeedles

Awl-like

NeedleScale-like

GymnospermAlways woodyNaked seeds

produced in conesAbsent of flowers

Longleaf Pine

AngiospermAngiosperms -

Flowering plants Over 250,000 species Magnolia, fruit trees Duckweed, grass, palm

Flowers are presentSeeds are enclosed

in fruitsDivided into monocots

and dicots

Monocot vs Dicot Grasses, sedges Corn, bananas Lilies, agapanthus Orchids

Magnolia, Elm Roses, plumbago Carrots, sunflowers Dandelions

Monocot vs Dicot One cotyledon (seed

leaf)

Cotyledon: Modified seed leaf

Two cotyledons (2 leaves)

Monocot vs DicotFlower parts in

3’s or multiples of 3

Flower parts in 4s or 5s or multiples

Grass, lily, iris or palm, caladium - Monocot

Poppy, rose, ligustrum, - Dicot

Monocot vs DicotParallel leaf

veinsNetwork of veins

Monocot

Dicot

Monocot vs DicotScattered vascular tissue Vascular tissue in ring

pattern

Monocot vs DicotPollen grain with

1 groovePollen grains with

3 grooves

Oak pollen grainLily pollen grain

Monocot vs DicotFibrous roots Single taproot

Grasses, palms

Most trees & shrubs

Major Plant Parts

RootsStemsLeavesReproductiv

e Structures

Function of RootsAnchor plantFood storagePropagationNutrient and

water absorption from soil

Types of RootsRoot hairs -

Penetrate openings in soil

Fleshy root - Sweet Potato, carrot

Taproot - DicotFibrous - MonocotAerial roots -

PhilodendronKnees - Bald cypress

Functions of StemsSupport & display leaves,

fruit, & flowersFood & water conductionWater storage Food storage

tubers, corms, bulbs, or rhizomesPropagationClassified as annual, perennial, biennial

Stems

Annual – 1 yr growing season

Examples: Begonia Coleus Petunia Salvia

Perennial – several growing seasons

Examples: Daylilies African Iris Butterfly bush Phlox

Stems

Biennial – lasting for 2 years

Examples: Thistle

Parts of a StemTerminal budAxillary budLeaf scarNodeInternodeTerminal bud

scale scarLenticil

Parts of a StemCambium –

produces new vascular tissue – xylem transmits

water and nutrients from soil

– phloem transmits carbohydrates from leaves to the rest of the plant

Modified StemsStolonRunnerRhizomesTuberTendrils &

thorns

Modified StemsStolon: horizontal stem- grasses, some

mintsRunner: specialized above ground stolon –

strawberry or spider plants Rhizomes: horizontal stem just at or

below surface – iris, canna, ginger, bamboo

Tuber: swollen stem, storage: potato, caladium

Tendrils: GrapesThorns: some cacti

Functions of Leaves

PhotosynthesisTranspiration RespirationPropagationModified

leaves thorns, spines

Photosynthesis

Food production Carbon dioxide +

water + light &

chlorophyll sugar + water +

oxygen

Transpiration Rate

Dryness of soilWindsTemperatureHumidity in the

airAmount of light

Leaf Venation

Parallel - monocots (lilies)

Pinnate - single primary vein similar to a feather (loquat, camellia)

Parallel

Leaf VenationPalmate - several

principal veins radiating from the base of the leaf blade (red maple)

Leaf Divisions

Simple - blade is one piece - red maple

Bud

Blade

Bristle tip

Midrib (vein)

SinusLobePetiole

Leaf Divisions

Compound - number of separate leaflets

Leaf Divisions

Type of Compound Leaf:-

Pinnate: Leaflets arranged on side of main leaf stalk - coontie

Leaf Divisions

Type of Compound:

Odd pinnate end leaflet wisteria honeysuckle

Leaf Divisions

Type of Compound:

Palmate - Leaflets are attached directly to the petiole - Virginia creeper, schefflera

Leaf Arrangement on Stem

Alternate One leaf at

each node Examples:

Hibiscus, citrus

Birch

Leaf Arrangement on Stem

Opposite Two

leaves at each node

Examples: Viburnum, Maple

Leaf Arrangement on Stem

Whorled More than two

leaves at a node Oleander

Leaf Shapes

Cordate – heart shaped

Ovate- oval w/ tapering point

Lanceolate – lance, long and wider in the middle

Elliptical- oval w/ short point

Leaf Types: Margins

Entire – lacking marginal indentation

Serrate – sharp straight edged teeth pointing apex

Double serrate – primary teeth have smaller secondary teeth

Flowers

Function - Reproduction

Parts of Flower: Stamen (male)

Filament & anther

Pistil (female)Stigma, style,

ovary Complete Flower

Floral Terms

Incomplete Flower

Male

Female Flower

Floral Terms

Pistillate - Female parts only

Staminate - Male parts only

Flora TermsMonoecious

Pistil & stamen on same plant - oak, corn, pecan

Flora Terms

Dioecious Pistil & stamen on

separate plants - holly, cycads

Floral Terms

Raceme – Black Cherry

Spadix – Peace Lily

Umbel – Queen Anne’s Lace

Multiple Flower

Arrangement

Types of FruitDry Fruit

Achene - buttercup or sunflower

Legume - peas, beans

Silique - broccoli, cabbage, radish

Silique – mustard family

Legumes

Types of FruitDry Fruit

Capsule - irises, lilies, violets, orchids

Nuts - acorns, hazelnuts, hickory nuts

Iris CapsuleHickory Nut

Types of FruitDry Fruit

Grain - wheat, oat, rice, barley

Samaras - maples, ashes, elms

Samara

Wheat

Types of Fruit

Fleshy Fruit Drupe - peach, cherry,

plum, pecan Pome - apple, pears

Peach

Apple

Types of Fruit

Fleshy Fruit Berry- tomatoes,

grapes, persimmons Pepo - pumpkins,

squash, watermelon

Types of FruitFleshy Fruit:

Hesperidium - citrus Aggregate - strawberry,

blackberry Multiple - pineapple

Botany - Basic Plant Science

Thank you for your attention.

Master Gardener TrainingAugust 2012by Rebecca L. JordiAdapted from “Botany Handbook for Florida”, Revised Edition by Kathleen C. Ruppert

Quiz Time!!

Quiz Time!!

1. Which name is the correct scientific name for Live Oak?

A. Quercus virginianaB. Quercus VirginianaC. Quercus VirginianaD. Quercus virginiana

Quiz Time!!

2. Which name is the correct scientific name for Crepe Myrtle cultivar?

A. Lagerstroemia indica “Biloxi”B. Lagerstroemia indica BiloxiC. Lagerstroemia indica ‘Biloxi’D. Lagerstroemia Indica Biloxi

Quiz Time!!

3. Is this an Angiosperm or a Gymnosperm?

Quiz Time!!

4. Are these flowers monocots or dicots?

Quiz Time!!

5. Is this a monocot or a dicot?

Quiz Time!!

6. Give 2 functions of roots:

A. __________B. __________

Quiz Time!!

7. Give 2 functions of stems:

A. ____________B. ____________

Quiz Time!!8. Name this modified

stem:____________

Quiz Time!!

9. Name two functions of this structure:

A. ____________B. ____________

Quiz Time!!

10. Identify this leaf vein pattern:_________

Quiz Time!!

11. Identify this leaf vein pattern: ________

Quiz Time!!

12. Is this leaf simple or compound?

Quiz Time!!

13. Is this leaf simple or compound?

Quiz Time!!

14. Is this leaf simple or compound?

Quiz Time!!15. Is this leaf simple or compound?

Quiz Time!!16. Is this leaf even or odd pinnate?

Quiz Time!!

17. Is this leaf arrangement alternate, opposite, or whorled? (Circle the correct answer)

Quiz Time!!

18. Is this leaf arrangement alternate, opposite or whorled?

Quiz Time!!

19. Identify this individual leaf shape.

LanceolateEllipicalCordateOvate

Quiz Time!!

20. Identify this leaf shapeLanceolateEllipicalCordateOvate

Quiz Time!!

21. Identify this leaf margin

EntireSerrate

Quiz Time!!

22. Identify this leaf margin

EntireSerrate

Quiz Time!!

23. Identify this reproductive flower structure:

StamenPistil

Quiz Time!!

24. Identify this reproductive flower structure:

StamenPistil

Quiz Time!!

25. Is this plant monecious or dioecious?

Quiz Time!!

26. Is this plant monecious or dioecious?

Quiz Time!!

27. Identify this flower arrangement:RacemeSpikeUmbel

Quiz Time!!

28. Identify this dried fruit:AcheneLegumeSamaraGrainSilique

Quiz Time!!

29. Identify this dried fruit:AcheneLegumeSamaraGrainSilique

Quiz Time!!

30. Identify this fleshy fruit:DrupePomeBerryMultiplePepoHespiridium