booster aiims may 2014 pdf

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  • Q1. Bilateral mandibular enlargement/ involment seen in:

    (A). Chertrubism (B). Osteoma

    (C). Central giant cell granuloma (D). Lichen planus

    Ans:a(Cherubism)

    Q2) deformation resulting from perpendicular force

    a.shearing stress

    b.tensile stress

    c . tensile strain

    d.compressive strain

    Q3.Osteosarcoma canarise from?

    (A). Paget and cherubism

    (B). Cherubism and osteopetrosis

    (C). Paget and polyostoticfibrous dysplasia

    (D). Polyostotic fibrous dyplasiaand cherubism

    Ans. (C). Paget and polyostotic fibrousdysplasia

    Q4.Among Hepatitis,syphilitic glossitis, plummer vinson syndrome, Mikulicz's syndrome which resembles histologically/morphologically closesest to

    Squamous cellcarcinoma is most likely to occurs in ?

    (A). Syphilitic glossitis andplummer vinsons syndrome

    (B). Syphilitic glossitis andMukilicz disease

    (C). Plummer vinsons disease andHepatitis A

  • (D). Hepatitis A and Mikuliczsdisease

    Ans: (A) Syphillitic glossitis andplummer vinsons disease

    Q5.Condition in which there is unusual gingival involvement?

    (A). Pyogenic granuloma (B).Primary herpes

    (C). Pemphigoid (D). Recurrent aphthae

    Ans. (D). Recurrent aphthae

    Q6. Riga fededisease is associated with?

    A) Natal teeth B) Multipleimpacted teeth

    C) Permanent incisor D) Primaryincisor

    Ans A) Natal teeth

    Q7.In case ofOrthodontically treated median/midline diastema which retainer should be used?

    (A). Hawley appliance for 6months

    (B). Hawley appliance for 12months

    (C). No need of retainer as it isself corrected

    (D). Lingual bonded retainer

    Ans. (D). Lingual bonded retainer

    Q8.While placingorthodontic brackets in fluorosed teeth, acid etching is done with?

    A) Phosphoric acid

    B) HCl acid

  • C) No etching required in case offluorosis

    D) Hydrofluoric acid

    Ans A)Phosphoric acid

    Q9.A child suffersfrom trauma which causes lateral luxation of the primary central incisor. The

    incisor is notin occlusion and does not cause interference. What should be done:-

    A. The incisor should be allowedfor passive and spontaneous repositioning itself

    B. Be repositioned and splinted

    C. Reduce the opposing teeth

    D. Reduce both the affected andthe opposite tooth

    Ans A. Theincisor should be allowed for passive and spontaneous repositioning itself

    Initial, urgent care forlateral luxation cases includes repositioning the tooth and

    Q10. In a stainlesssteel crown on a deciduous molar with overhanging margins, gingival pain and

    Inflammationoccurs due to:

    A) Plaque entrapment B) Excesscement

    C) Crown margins causingirritation D) overextended margins

    Ans. A) Plaqueretention/entrapment

    Q11.Spacemaintainers are categorized into which level of health protection:-

    A. Rehabilitation B. Specificprotection

    C. Disability limitation D.Health promotion

    AnsB. Specific protection

    Q12.Apregnant lady uses fluoridated drinking water. All of the following are trueregarding exposure

  • To the fetus to fluoride concentration except:-

    (A). Placenta acts as a regulatorand reduces the concentration of fluoride reaching the fetus

    (B). Placenta acts as a regulatorand increases the concentration of fluoride reaching the fetus

    (C). Placenta has no role influoride regulation to fetus

    (D). Placenta acts as a barrierto fluoride ions.

    Ans.(B). Placenta acts as a regulator and increases the concn. Reaching the foetus

    Q13.Preventiveresin restorations (PRR) are used in:

    A) Non-cavitated pit and fissures

    B) Cavitated pit and fissurewhich requires retoration

    C) Deep caries to preventprogress of lesion

    D) Wide cavity to prevent cuspfracture

    AnsB) Cavitated pit and fissure which requires restoration

    Q14. Best physiologic medium totransport an avulsed tooth, which is not to be reimplanted immediately?

    A) Milk B) Coconut water

    C) HBSS D) Viaspan

    Ans D) Viaspan

    Q15. In a patientwith acute pulpitis, it is difficult for the patient to locate thesource of pain in the same arch. Thisis because:-

    A. No nociceptors are present inpulp

    B. Less proprioceptors arepresent in pulp

    C. Patient cannot speak

  • D. Patient is unable to openmouth

    Ans B. Less propioreceptors in the pulp.

    Q16.Which is more proneto fracture?

    (a) Mandible

    (b) Zygoma

    (c) Frontal

    (d) Nasal

    Ans:(d) Nasal

    Q17. Increase in ANB angle suggest of?

    (a) Maxillary prognathism

    (b) Mandibular retrognathism

    (c) Maxillary retrognathism

    (d) Decrease overbite

    Ans:(b) Mandibular Retrognathism

    Q18.Which of the following cyst is commonly associated with vital adjacent tooth?

    (a) Dentigerous cyst

    (b) Globulomaxillary cyst

    (c) Lateral cyst

    (d) Periapical cyst

  • Ans:(b)Globulomaxillary cyst

    Q19.Which is most commonly ligated after ainjury to inferior thyroid artery during thyroidectomy? Care should be taken to preserve which nerve in thyroidectomy ?

    (a) Recurrent laryngealnerve

    (b) Externallaryngeal nerve

    (c) Vagus

    (d) facial nerve

    Ans:(a) Recurrent largngeal nerve

    Q20.Anti Tobacco Day is?

    (a) 31 may

    (b) 1 novemeber

    (c) 7 april

    (d) 1st dec.

    Ans:(a) 31 MAY

    Q21. A young lady of age 22 years with sore thorat for 3 days,along with the fever and headache, On examination she was found severely dehydrated,her BP was found to be 90/50mmHg and tiny red spots were found to the distal cuff of sphygmanometer. Most common cause is?

    (a) plasmodium falciparum

    (b) Neisseria meningitidis

    (c) Brucella

    (d) salmonella

    Ans:(b) Nesseria

  • Q22.A patient come to dentist with decayed mandibular molar, On cavity preparation the mesiobuccal cusp and distobuccal cusp were found to behaving deep caries, Treatment of choice is?

    (a)Compomer

    (b)Cast Metal

    (c)Intermediate restorative material

    (d)Glass ionomer cement

    Ans:(b) Cast Metal-

    Q23.Which of thefollowing is involved in group 1 functional appliance?

    (a) Activator

    (b) Bionator

    (c) Twin block

    (d) Oral screen

    Ans:(d) Oral Screen

    Q24.Carotid sinus baroreceptors are present/ originates from

    (a) Common carotid

    (b) External carotid

    (c) Internal carotid

    (d) Aorta

    Ans: common carotid.

    Q25.Most common signof airway obstruction

    A) Slow ponding pulse B)Strenous breathing

  • C) Increased pulse rate D) Decreased pulse rate

    Ans:(b) Strenuos breathing

    Q26.Centric holding cusp is:-

    A) Mesiobuccal cusp of maxillary 1st molar

    B) Mesiolingual cusp of mandibular 1st molar

    C) Distolingual cusp of mandibular 1st molar

    D) Mesiopalatal cusp of maxillary 1st molar

    Ans: (D) Mesiopalatal cusp of maxillary 1st molar

    Q27. C factor is associated with -

    (a) Amalgam shrinkage(b) Amalgam condensation(c) Composite shrinkage(d) Glass ionomers

    Q28. Which is the form prepared during cavity preparation in which enough room is established so as the max restorative material can be placed without fracture ?

    (A) outline form

    (B) resistance form

    (C) retention form

    (D) convenience form

    Ans: (B).resitance form.

  • 29. Which type ofsilver amalgam alloy needs least Hg?

    (a) Lathe cut

    (b) Spherical

    (c) Hybrid

    (d) Admixed

    Ans:(b) Spherical

    30. Whichof the following is not a part of facial artery

    (a)inferior alveolar

    (b)inferior labial

    (c)Sup labial

    (d)Lat nasal

    Ans:(a)inferior alveolar

    31. Which of following is notassociated with corrosion in presence of saliva in oral cavity ?

    (a) Carbonates

    8(b) Sulphides

    (c) Oxides

    (d) Chlorides

    Ans:(a) Carbonates

    Tin chlorides and oxides are thecorrosion products

    of low copper alloys whereas copperoxide is the

    corrosion product of high copperalloys. It also occurs due to formation of oxides, sulfides or

    chlorides.

  • 32..Histopathological feature of ameloblastoma in afemale patient

    (A). Centralloose tissue with mitotic figures

    (B). Peripheralpalisading cells with central loose stellate reticulum

    (C). Peripheralpalisading cells with artefact stroma

    (D). spindle formation wid abundant osteoid deposition

    Ans.(B). Peripheral palisading cells with central stellate reticulum

    33.Which of the following is true microdontia of lateral incisor?

    (a) Peg lateral

    (b) Natal teeth

    (c) Neonatal

    (d) mulberry teeth

    Ans:(a) Peg Laterals

    34.Posterior triangle ofneck is further subdivided divided into two halves by

    (a) Lateral belly of trapezius

    (b) Sternocleidomastoid

    (c) Superior belly of omohyoid

    (d) Inferior belly of omohyoid

    Ans:(d) Inferiorbelly of Omohyoid.

  • 35. A 12 year old boydeveloped sore throat grayish pseudomembranous covering over tonsils and pharynx.Causative organisms?

    (a) Gram positive bacillus

    (b) Gram negative baccilus

    (c) Single stranged rna viruses

    (d) A catalsae positive bacilli occurring in clusters

    Ans:(a) Gram positive bacillus

    The microorganism isCorynebacterium diphtheria.

    36.Injection of 2% LA with adrenaline in blood vessel causes/ injection of local anaesthetic in a patient gives response as -

    (a) Hypertension and tachycardia

    (b) Hypertension and bradycardia

    (c) Hypotension and tachycardia

    (d) Hypotension and bradycardia

    Ans. (a) Hypertension and tachycardia/ hypotension & tachycardia

    37.Role of plasticizer in synthetic resins in dentistry?

    (a) To increase the smoothness

    (b) to increase the bulk of the material

    (c) To reduce softening or fusion temperature

    (d) To delay the polymerization.

    Ans:(c) To reduce softening or fusion temperature

  • 38.Nasal epistaxis occurs due to?

    (a) The anteroinferior part or vestibule of theseptumcontains anastomoses between the one vein & one artery .

    (b) The anterosuerior part or vestibule of the septumcontains anastomoses between two arteries of the superior labial branch of thefacial artery

    (c) The anterosuerior part or vestibule of the septumcontainsanastomoses between two veins of the inferior labial branch of thefacial vein

    (d) The anteroinferior part or vestibule of the septumcontainsanastomoses between the septal ramus of the inferior labial branch of thefacial artery

    Ans:(a) The anteroinferior part orvestibule of the septum contains anastomosis between the septal ramus of thesuperior labial branch of the facial artery/ ????? correct the source of epistaxis n how it happens , dis needs ur correction.

    39.

    (a). In statistics, sample means?

    (a) A group of sample

    (b) Individual unit in a sample

    (c) The units in which sample is given (kg, mm etc)

  • (d) Sub set of a sample

    Ans. (b) >(d)

    Q.39. (b). A sampling unit is defined as?

    (a) A group of sample

    (b) A subset of sample

    (c) Every representing member of the sample

    (d) Limited number of Population

    Ans. (c)>(b)

    40. schilders principle of biomechanical preparation in root canal therapy is

    a minor apical foramen diameter should be minimally enlarged

    b.minor apical foramen diameter can be enlarged at least three to five times that of first binding file

    c.it can be transported anywhere d.the canal anatomy can be altered

    41.. the recent spread of Swineflu was in the news, this type of transmission can be

    (a)epidemic

    (b)endemic

    (c)Pandemic

    (d)Sporadic

    Ans:(c)Pandemic

    Q42.The wavelength of conventional light curing tip is?

  • (a) 400-500nm

    (b) 200-300nm

    (c) 1000-2000nm

    (d) 600-700nm

    Ans:(a) 400-500

    43. physiological medium for storage of tooth

    a.viaspan

    b.saline

    44. after a trauma in a child a tooth which got avulsed ws reimplanted & reviewed for 2 yrs shows no mobility, pain, infection or swelling but there is a marked periapical resorption seen on iopa suggestive of

    1.replacement resorption

    2.external resorption

    3.internal resorption

    4.cervical resorption

    45 a tooth like process I seen in the mandibular anterior region n two months old child the treatment needed is

    a.excise under la

    b.dont excise and reassurethe parents

    c.dont excise as it may become a tooth later after 6 months following root completion

    d. excise under GA.

  • 46. metallic oxides are in porcelain ARE added for all except

    a.impart colour

    b cosmetic purpose

    c.increase strength

    d.improve bonding o the metal.

    47). Which is not used to measure vertical dimension of the face?

    (a)Willis gauge

    (b)Verneir calliper

    (c)Bolley gauge

    (d)Boos biometer

    Ans:(d) Boos biometer

    Willis Gauze To measure vertical height of the face

    Boley Gauge To record the measurement between borders of maxillary and mandibular

    dentures

    Boos Biometer The pressure measuring instrument used to record The general bite force

    Clinical methods of measuring occlusal vertical dimension (OVD) Most clinical methods of measuring

    OVD are based on measuring the rest vertical dimension (RVD) and reducing this by 2-4 mm to provide

    sufficient free-way space.

    Instruments for measuring Occlusal vertical dimension include:

  • 1. Willis bite gauge. 2. Callipers. 3. Screw jack.

    Q48.Condensation polymerisation reaction can be seen ?

    A.agar

    B.alginate

    C.zoe

    D.polysulphide

    Ans:(d) Polysulphide .

    49). pulpotomy in young permanent tooth with open apex in a child is done to

    a.induce root formation

    b.prevent tooth fracture

    c. reduces spread of infection

    d. closure of apex.

    ANS D closure of apex.

    50. novel acidic non amelogenin protein needed for matrix & inorganic deposition

    a.tuftelin

    b.sheathelin

    c. sialolin

    D. flagellin.

  • 51. universal immunisation schedule in Indiainclude all except

    a.measles

    b.HPV

    c.DPT

    d.BCG

    ans b human papilloma virus

    52. in a stainless steel crown on a deci. molar wid overhanging margins, gingival pain and infiammationoccurs due to

    a plaque retention

    b.cement leakage

    c. crown margins causing irritation

    d.

    ans A plaque retention

    53) Millenium development goals as set by the UNO/WHO was passed in the year ?

    development goals planned in

    a.1977

    c.2000

    d.20

    37. According to concept of primary health centre in hilly areas cover a population of

    a.20000

  • b.30000

    c.50000

    d.100000

    38) Freedom of centric or discrepancy between centric relation and centric occlusion correlates

    with?

    (A). 0.15-0.25mm

    (B). 0.20-0.40mm

    (C). 0.5-1.5mm

    (D). 1-2mm

    Ans. (C). 0.5-1.5mm

    38.Nasal epistaxis occurs due to?

    (a) The anteroinferior part or vestibule of theseptumcontains anastomoses between the septal ramus of the superior labialbranch of the facial artery,

    (b) The anterosuerior part or vestibule of the septumcontainsanastomoses between the septal ramus of the superior labial branch of thefacial artery

    (c) The anterosuerior part or vestibule of the septumcontainsanastomoses between the septal ramus of the inferior labial branch of thefacial artery

    (d) The anteroinferior part or vestibule of the septumcontainsanastomoses between the septal ramus of the inferior labial branch of thefacial artery

    Ans:(a) The anteroinferior part orvestibule of the septumcontains anastomoses between the septal ramus of thesuperior labial branch of the facial artery

  • 39.

    (a). In statistics, sample means?

    (a) A group of sample

    (b) Individual unit in a sample

    (c) The units in which sample is given (kg, mm etc)

    (d) Sub set of a sample

    Ans. (b) >(d)

    Q.39. (b). A sampling unit is defined as?

    (a) A group of sample

    (b) A subset of sample

    (c) Every representing member of the sample

    (d) Limited number of Population

    Ans. (c)>(b)

    40. schilders principle of biomechanical preparation

    a minor diameter should be minimally enlarged

    b.minor diameter can be enlarged at least three to five times that of first binding file

    c.it can be transported d.the canal anatomy can be altered

    41..Swineflu has spread in almost all the countries. It is considered to?-

    (a)epidemic

  • (b)endemic

    (c)Pandemic

    (d)Sporadic

    Ans:(c)Pandemic

    Q42.The wavelength of conventional light curingtip is?

    2

    (a) 400-500

    (b) 200-300

    (c) 1000-2000

    (d) 600-700

    Ans:(a) 400-500

    43. physiological medium for storage of tooth

    a.viaspan

    b.saline

    44. after trauma high pitched metallic sound

    1.replacement resorption

    2.external resorption

    45 a tooth like process in two months old child advice is

  • a.excise under la

    b.dont excise and reassure

    c.dont excise as it may become a tooth later

    46. metallic oxides are in porcelain for all except

    a.impart colour

    b cosmetic

    c.increase strength

    d.improve bonding

    47). Which is not used to measure vertical dimension of the face?

    (a)Willis gauge

    (b)Verneir caliper

    (c)Bolley gauge

    (d)Boos biometer

    Ans:(d) Boos biometer

    Willis Gauze To measure vertical height of the face

    Boley Gauge To record the measurement between borders of maxillary and mandibular

    dentures

    Boos Biometer The pressure measuring instrument used to record The general bite force

    Clinical methods of measuring occlusal vertical dimension (OVD) Most clinical methods of measuring

  • OVD are based on measuring the rest vertical dimension (RVD) and reducing this by 2-4 mm to provide

    sufficient free-way space.

    Instruments for measuring Occlusal vertical dimension include:

    1. Willis bite gauge. 2. Callipers. 3. Screw jack.

    Q48.Condensation reaction occur in?

    A.agar

    B.alginate

    C.zoe

    D.polysulphide

    Ans:(d) Polysulphide .

    49). pulpotomy in young permanent tooth with open apex for

    a.induce root formation

    b.prevent tooth fracture

    c. reduces spread of infection

    d. closure of apex.

    ANS D closure of apex.

    50. novel acidic non amelogenin

    a.tuftelin

    b.sheathelin

  • c. sialolin

    D. flagellin.

    51. universal immunisation schedule include all except

    a.measles

    b.HPV

    c.DPT

    d.BCG

    ans b human papilloma virus

    52. in a stainless stell crown on a deci. molar wid overhanging margins, gingival pain and infiammation occurs due to

    a plaque retention

    b.cement leakage

    c. crown margins causing irritation

    d.

    ans A plaque retention

    53)

    million development goals planned in

    a.1977

    c.2000

    d.20

  • 37. according to concept of primary health centre hilly areas cover a population of

    a.20000

    b.30000

    c.50000

    d.100000

    54. After depositionof the local anaesthesia transientbell's palsy occurs due to injection into the

    (a) Parotid fascia/gland

    (b) Submandibular

    (c) buccinators muscle

    (d) temporalis muscle

    Ans:(a) Parotid Gland

    55 Minimum conc of oxygen in nitric oxide oxygen relative analgesia

    a.0.2

    b.0.3

    c.0.4

    d.0.1

    Q56. Medial squint is caused by?

    1.Trochlear

  • 2.Occulomotor

    3.Abducent

    4.Optic

    Ans:(c) Abducent

    Q57)1.Riga fede disease associated with (answer natal tooth)

    Q58).Enameloma refers to

    a. True neoplasm of enamel derivative which has not reached complete maturation

    b.globule of enamel

    59). Increased spatulation time with dental plaster/ stonecauses

    a.reduced setting time

    b.increased hygroscopic expansion

    c.increased compressivestrength

    d.increased surface hardness

    60)13. Nasal intubation contraindicated in

    a.lefort 1

    b.lefort 2& 3

    c.zygomatic

  • d. maxillary sinusitis

    ans b lefort 2 &3

    61) facial nerve true all except

    a)it supplies anterior belly of digastric )

    b)secretomotor to submandibular gland

    c) large motor n small sensory root

    d) parasympathetic to palatal and nasal glands

    ans is A

    62). Spheno-occipital synchondrosis fuses by what age:?

    (A) 3 years (B) 9 years

    (C) 13 years (D) 16 years

    Ans (C) 13 years

    63) dontrix is

    a.an spring mounted hanginginstrument used to measure orthodontic force.

    b.to calculate the length of the arches

  • 64)gin which of the following unusual gingival involvement seen (twice repeated in the paper )

    a.pemphigus

    b.recurrent aphthae

    d.herpes

    ANS IS B RECURRENT APTHAE/ primary herpes

    65)in statastical studies, data is

    a.representating arithmetical unit of sample in kg,mm etc

    b.obsevational records

    c.unit of sample

    d.collection of sample

    66)test used to represent difference in height of two group of children in two classes in school

  • a.chi square

    b.anova

    c.unpaired t

    d.student test

    ans is A

    67) Cleft of face is mostly due to check page

    A.Failure of ectodermal processes to fuse in midline

    B.Abscence of mesodermal portion or failure of ectodermal processes to grow over mesodermal processes

    68median rhomboid glossitis due to

    a) atrophy of filiform

    b)atrophy of fungiform

    c)persistance of tubercular impar

    d) incomplete mucosal development seen in the midline of dorsum of the tongue.

    ans is c

    69) Phrenic nerve supplies to

    a.diaphragm

    b.stomach

    c.ileum

  • 70) bilateral parasymphyseal fracture muscles involved

    a.genioglossus & anterior belly of digastric

    71) The Cribiform plateconnects the ?

    (a) Nasal cavity and oral cavity

    (b) Nasal cavity and orbit

    (c) Anterior cranial fossa and nasal cavity

    (d) Anterior cranial fossa and orbit

    72)Specific plaque hypothesis states that:

    a) All plaque is pathogenic

    b) Plaque is pathogenic where signs of disease are present

    c) Only specific microbes cause caries

    d) Special tests are available for caries detection

    73) hand cutting instruments with ss has carbon content of

    a.0.6-0.8 b.1-1.2

    c.6-7 d .10-15

    74) Which of these is not true about throat packing?

  • A) Done when patient is awake B) Should be done after induction of GA

    C) Prevents soiling of trachea D) Prevents contamination of pharynx or prevents entry of blood into oesophagous

    Ans. (A) Done when patient is awake

    75) setting time of alginate at 20c

    a.1-2 minutes

    b.3-4 minutes

    c.5-8 minutes

    76) deep cervical fascia split to enclose

    a.sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

    b.sternocleidomastoid and diagastric

    c.trapezius and digastric

    d.trapezius and omohyoid

    77) which is added to increase ropacity in porcelain/ceramic restorations

    a.aluminium oxide

    b.ferric chloride ...

    c.hydroquinone

    d. benzoyl peroxide

  • 78) material added not to reduce the haardnessof orthodontic wire

    a silicon

    b.cobalt

    c carbon

    d.chromium

    79) . begg retainer the retentive bow is given from

    a.molar to molar

    b.first premolar to first premolar

    c.second premolar to second premolar

    d.canine to canine

    80) Which of the following is added to methylmethaacryalte to avoid polymerization on storage:

    a) polyacrylic acid

    b) benzoyl peroxide

    c.Hydroquinone

    d. methylene

    81) oro antral fistula in maxillary third molar best treated by

    a.buccal mucoperiosteal flap

    b.palatal mucoperiosteal flap

    c.bridge flap

    82) A child 3 n half yrs old hvn delayed developmental changes as compared to normal children with speech / memory/ co ordination but likes to play wid herself n remain in her own way ?

    a) autism

  • b)mental retardation

    c)specific learning disorder

    d) aDHD

    ANS A AUTISM

    83). Epidural plexus ( aiims 2014)

    A. Vertebral canal outside to duramater

    B. vertbrl canal inside d duramater,

    c. junctn of middle nd post cranial fossa

    D. ant.cranial fossa

    84) microdontia seen in lateral incisor is called

    a.peg lateral

    B.taurodontism

    c. Hutchinsons teeth

    d.

  • ans is A PEG LATERAL

    85) a child with extra x chromosome has

    a Dilaceration

    b) dens evaginatUs

    c)impacted teeth

    d)taurodontism.

    Ans d Taurodontism

    86) ) manipulation of ss steel at room temperature is

    a.strain hardening

    b.annealing

    87) AMONG the following pathologies autoinoculation is present in :

    a.pemphigoid

    b.leukoplakia

    c.papilloma

    d. candidiasis

  • 88) chance of malignancy in

    a)syphilis and plummer wilson syndrome

    b) syphillis n mikuliz disease

    c)

    d)

    89).Christmas disease is due to deficiency of

    (A). Hagemann factor( B). Platelets

    C. Plasma thromboplastin antecedent D. Plasmathromboplastin component

    Ans. (B). Plasma thromboplastin component (PTC)