booklet adobe photoshop cs6
TRANSCRIPT
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Whas in he Bag? 1
Choosing Your ools . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Exposure 7
Undersanding Exposure Mah . . . . . 8
Variables o Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Meering Mehods . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Conrolling Exposure: Blending
Aperure and Shuter Speed . . . . . . . 16
Exposure Compensaion . . . . . . . . .22
ips & ricks 24
Adding Film Grain . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Correcing Lens Errors . . . . . . . . . .27
Sof Edges or Vecor Masks . . . . . . .30
Ediing Selecions . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Creaing Image Effecs wihGradien Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Saving and Exporing Images 36
Major Graphic File Formas . . . . . . . 37
Raser vs. Vecor . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Preparing and Saving Images
or he Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
ADOBE PHOOSHOP CS6: LEARN BY VIDEO
Supplemen Conens
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by Tim Grey
Whats in the Bag?
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One o he mos exciing and challenging
aspecs o phoography is ha i enables you o
employ such a wide variey o ools o creae
he final image. Tese include he cameras,
lenses, and accessories ha are used o capure
he iniial image, as well as compuers and sof-
ware ools ha help you manage and opimizehe image afer he capure.
O course, a phoographic image sars wih an
idea and a phoographic capure, so i makes
sense o hink abou your equipmen beore
you se ou o capure images. Ta includes
boh wha equipmen you will use and how you
will prepare ha equipmen.
Each phoographer has a paricular se o ools
a heir disposal or any given phoo shoo.
While you migh consider purchasing or rening
Choosing Your ools
When you capure a phoographic image, i migh seem like here are a virually
unlimied number o decisions o make. Wha lens will you use? Wha exposure
setings? Where will you posiion he camera? How will you rame he subjec?
Te lis goes on and on.
addiional iems beore a phoographic oppor-
uniy, ulimaely youre going o need o
decide which pieces o equipmen youll bring
wih you.
Camera Bodies
When i comes o he camera body, he deci-
sion ends o be relaively sraighorward. Mos
phoographers use one or wo camera bodies,
and in mos cases you will end o bring all o
he camera bodies you own. Afer all, i can
be very helpul o have a backup camera wih
you should anyhing go wrong. I is also useul
in cerain siuaions o have wo bodies, wiha differen lens on each, so you can quickly
swich cameras when you wan a differen lens,
raher han needing o swich lenses on a single
camera body.
2 WHAS IN HE BAG?
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I you have more camera bodies han youd like
o bring along on a given rip, and hose bodiesare differen models, youll wan o hink abou
he capabiliies o each camera body relaive o
he subjecs you expec o phoograph. Some o
he hings youll wan o hink abou are resolu-
ion, ocusing speed, and weigh.
Sensor and image resoluion in digial phoo-
graphy are generally expressed in megapixels;
each megapixel equals one million pixels.
Higher resoluions allow larger phoo prins ,because he number o pixels in any given area
is larger, meaning he raser is smaller. Only he
physical pixels o he camera sensor are
relevan o he qualiy o he prined image;
resoluions blown up arificially by digial
zooming or inerpolaion are meaningless.
LensesI you have a relaively small number o lenses
you migh consider bringing all o hem. Bu
in some siuaions you will need o make a
decision abou which paricular lenses o bring
along. Here i is criically imporan ha you
hink abou he subjecs you migh phoograph
realizing ha someimes i can be difficul o
anicipae wha opporuniies may arise.
Focal lengh is he obvious consideraion ha
probably eners your mind firs. How close will
you be geting o your subjecs? I you will be
ar away, do you need a long elephoo lens o
do he subjec jusice? How wide will be wide
enough i youll be capuring subjecs up close
bu sill wan o include surrounding conex?Will prime lenses be adequae, or do you need
he flexibiliy o a zoom lens?
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4 WHAS IN HE BAG?
My general approach o lens choice is o firs
jus pack my sandard walkabou lens , which
ends o be atached o my camera mos o he
ime on ypical phoography ouings. For me
ha is a 24-105mm lens atached o my Canon
EOS 7D, bu your equipmen and preerences
may vary. Nex I hink abou how much reach I
migh need and wha ocal lengh would be
adequae or ha purpose. Will a lens in he
range o abou 200mm maximum ocal lengh
do he rick, or do I need 400mm or beyond?
Wihin he range o possibiliies or longer lens-
es, i is imporan o hink abou overall weigh(i here are packing limiaions or i you migh
be shooing handheld), as well as he wides
possible aperure (i ocusing perormance or
deph o field are chie consideraions).
I hen conemplae he need or a wide-angle
lens. I don capure wih especially wide-angle
lenses all ha ofen, bu when I do I really enjoy
he experience. So i he subjec mater migh
lend isel o a wide perspecive, I ll hink abou
a lens wih a shor ocal lengh.
Accessories
Once you have your camera and lens choices
made, youll wan o hink abou addiional
accessories. I realize ha many phoographers
would reuse o admi hey ever capure images
wihou a ripod, bu i you end no o use aripod and need o ravel ligh, perhaps you
should jus leave he ripod a home. Wihou a
ripod you won be able o easily capure com-
posie panoramas, high dynamic range (HDR)
images, ime-lapse images, or long exposures.
And o course low-ligh phoography can be
a challenge wihou a sable plaorm. So give
careul hough o wheher or no you need o
bring along a ripod. And i you are bringing aripod, be sure you have appropriae plaes on
your cameras and longer lenses.
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Depending on he ype o phoography you
end o do, you may wan o hink abou acces-
sories such as flash unis, oher lighing, and
filers. I realize ha wih he adven o digial
ools many phoographers don eel he need
or filers anymore, bu hey can sill prove
remendously useul. I nohing else, you migh
consider a solid neural densiy filer o enable
long exposures.
Cerain accessoriesi hopeully goes wihou
sayingshould always be in your ki or even
he shores phoo ouing. Tese include, a a
minimum, spare bateries and digial media
cards. For longer rips youll also wan o
include batery chargers, a digial media card
reader, and perhaps a lapop or oher device or
downloading your phoos, including an exernalhard drive i necessary.
Tere are many oher possibiliies you migh
consider. For example, i you requenly capure
composie panoramic images, you migh wan
o bring along a bubble level ha fis in he ho
shoe moun on your camera (unless your
camera has a buil-in level eaure). I you plan
o capure longer exposures or ime-lapse
images, you may wan o bring a cable release.
I you like o assign GPS coordinaes o your
images, you may wan o bring along a GPS
racking device. And o course, based on your
pas experience, expecaions or your phoo-
graphy ouing, and available equipmen, you
migh wan o consider oher ools o bring
along.
Te poin is o hink abou wha subjecs you
migh phoograph and wha equipmen you
need. I can even be helpul o develop check-
liss or differen ypes o phoography, o helpmake sure you remember everyhing you need
Tis can be especially helpul or hose iems
ha you end no o use all ha ofen and her
ore migh orge o bring wih you.
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Exposure
by im Gre
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8 EXPOSURE
Admitedly, mos o his mah happens behind
he scenes, and heres no a remendous need
o undersand he pariculars. For example, is
here really a significan benefi o ully compre-
hending how pixel values are being adjused as
you increase he sauraion o a phoo? Cerain-ly he more you undersand whas going on,
he beter equipped youll be o make he mos
o your digial phoos, bu heres no quesion
ha some o he mah you could undersand
wouldn provide much benefi oher han he
comor o acually knowing.
Tere is one calculaion, however, ha affecshe qualiy o every phoograph you ake:
exposure.
Undersanding Exposure Mah
Mos phoographers aren exacly big ans o mah. Quie ofen heir eyes sar o
glaze over as soon as he subjec is raised. And ye, phoography in many respecs
is all abou mah. From calculaions relaed o ocal lengh and deph o field, o
exposure, o adjusmens applied using sofware ools afer he capure, here is a
remendous amoun o mah going on.
Te Value of Exposure Mah
Considering ha he momen o exposure ruly
defines he amoun and qualiy o inormaion
conained wihin he phoographic image, i
sands o reason ha exposure is criical. While
odays digial cameras do a remarkable jobo calculaing proper exposure under a wide
variey o lighing condiions, he phoographer
mus ge direcly involved in evaluaing, and
when necessary overruling, hose calculaions
in order o produce he very bes image.
Te Sop
Te mah relaed o calculaing exposure
revolves around he noion o he sop, which
is ofen misundersood. We alk abou sops
o ligh, and ye a sop isn exacly a uni o
measure ha defines a specific quaniy o ligh.
o be sure, a sop is used o measure ligh, bu
no in a direc sense.
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I is mos cerainly possible o measure ligh
in erms o quaniy, which would largely be
a mater o measuring he amoun o energy
being emited by a par icular ligh source. For
example, he lumen is a measure o he quaniyo ligh, and i has a fixed value.
A sop, however, doesn have a fixed value in
erms o quaniy o ligh; i is a relaive value.
When we say were adding a sop o ligh, wha
were acually saying is ha were doubling
he amoun o ligh. wo sops would be our
imes as much ligh, because weve doubled
he amoun o ligh wice. Subracing one sop
means were cuting he amoun o ligh in hal.
So, here is obviously some mah involved
when i comes o sops, bu ha mah is relaiv
o a reerence poin. Ta reerence poin can
generally be hough o as a proper exposure o
he curren lighing condiions, bu he sop as uni o measure is relaive o a given reerence
value, no a measure o a specific quaniy.
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10 EXPOSURE
And o course, once all ha work is compleed,
here is sill much more work or he camera,
including measuring sensor values or each
pixel, applying noise reducion i applicable,
calculaing he values ha will be sored in he
resuling file, wriing ha file o a digial media
card, and a variey o oher asks.
A he mos basic level, wih a camera se o
ully auomaic mode, he phoographer simply
poins he camera a a subjec and presses he
shuter release, leting he camera do he res
o he work. However, he phoographer can
always choose o ge more involved, and o
influence he final phoographic image in he
process. Fundamenal o his noion is he ac
ha a phoographer doesn adjus exposure
by simply urning a dial up or down o affec
overall brighness, bu raher by adjusing
several individual conrols. Tose conrols
are he aperure, he shuter speed, and he
ISO seting.
Variables of Exposure
A digial camera is incredibly busy when capuring an image. Consider all he work
ha has o be done or a ypical exposure. Te key subjec in he rame mus be
idenified and he disance o ha subjec mus be deermined. Te exposure mus
be calculaed based on he ambien ligh, he curren meering mode, and oher
camera setings. Te mirror mus be moved up ou o he way o he image sensor,
he aperure mus be closed down o he seting esablished wih he curren camera
setings, and he shuter mus be opened or he proper duraion.
Te Aperure
A phoographic exposure is creaed by projec-
ing ligh ono an image sensor (or film, or hose
phoographers sill inclined o capure on film).
Ta ligh passes hrough an aperure, which
you can hink o as a gae or a hole; a series o
blades allow you o adjus he size o ha hole.
Te size o he aperure is measured as a raio
relaive o he lenss ocal lengh. Te ocal
lengh o he lens is divided by he diameer ohe curren aperure opening, and he resul
provides he -number ha is used o describe
he aperure seting. Tis relaionship is a com-
mon source o conusion among phoographers,
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because as he aperure becomes smaller, he
number used o describe i grows larger.
Te reason or his apparen dispariy is acually
quie simple when you consider he mah. For
example, i we assume a ocal lengh o 100mm
and an aperure diameer o 4.5mm, he aperu-re value would be abou /22 (100/4.5 = 22.2).
A larger aperure ha measures 18mm in dia-
meer would yield an aperure value o /5.6
(100/18 = 5.55).
Tis relaionship beween lens ocal lengh and
aperure diameer is he reason he aperure
value is generally writen as a racion, such as
/2.8 or /8. Tink o he as lens ocal lengh
and he relaionship becomes quie clear, as
long as youre able o hink a bi in erms o he
mah involved.
When you adjus he aperure or he lens,
you are adjusing he amoun o ligh ha will
be projeced or he final exposure. While he
aperure numbers available o you migh seem
somewha arbirary, hey are in ac based
on he concep o he sop, which also helpsexplain why aperure setings are reerred o
as /sops.
Te /number or a given aperure seting
relaes o he ocal lengh o he lens and he
acual diameer o he aperure opening. Te
differen aperure setings available relae o a
doubling or halving o he amoun o ligh bein
projeced. Les assume /8 as our saring poin
I we waned o double he amoun o ligh, we
would need o open he aperure even urher,
specifically o an aperure o /5.6. I, on he
oher hand, we waned o cu he amoun o
ligh in hal, we would need o close he aper-
ure somewha, o a seting o /11.
Te move rom /8 o /5.6 is a change o one
sop o ligh, because an aperure o /5.6 will
allow wice as much ligh o pass hrough he
lens compared o /8. Te move rom /8 o /1
will allow hal as much ligh, and so ha oo is
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12 EXPOSURE
change o one sop o ligh. When reducing he
amoun o ligh (moving o a larger /number)
we say ha we are sopping down he lens.
When increasing he amoun o ligh we end o
say we are opening up he lens aperure.
Shuter Speed
An image is capured by recording he ligh ha
passes hrough he aperure and srikes he
image sensor. In order o conrol he amoun
o ligh acually recorded, and hus ensure a
proper exposure, he exposure mus be imed.
Tis is he job o he shuter mechanism, and
he amoun o ime or which he shuter allows
he ligh o srike he image sensor is he shuter
speed. Tis is a simple measure o he duraion
o ime expressed in seconds. For example, a
as shuter speed migh be around 1/500h o
a second, while a slow shuter speed migh be
several seconds.
Tere is a direchough inverserelaionshipbeween aperure and shuter speed. Te larger
he aperure opening, he less ime he shuter
mus remain open o ensure a proper exposure.
Te smaller he aperure opening, he longer
he shuter mus remain open.
Measuring he shuter speed and undersanding
ha measuremen are o course simpler han
he conceps behind he aperure. However,
like he aperure seting, shuter speeds are
measured based on sops o ligh. We adjus
shuter speeds in incremens ha relae o
doubling or halving he amoun o ligh being
recorded.
For example, les assume a base shuter speed
o 1/60h o a second, wih he assumpion ha
a he curren aperure seting his will yield
a proper exposure. I we wan o double heamoun o ligh we need o leave he shuter
open wice as long. So insead o 1/60h o a
second, we could use 1/30h o a second. Tis
is double he duraion, and hus double he
amoun o ligh, and ha means he resul is
one sop more ligh, or a one-sop brigher
exposure.
By conras, i we waned o reduce he amoun
o ligh, we would need o leave he shuteropen or a shorer duraion. So o reduce he
amoun o ligh by hal, or one sop, we would
open he shuter or hal as much ime. In he
case o a 1/60h-second exposure, ha means
using a shuter speed o 1/120h o a second.
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(Mos cameras, or reasons o expediency
relaed o oher shuter speed values, use
1/125h o a second or his value.)
Te ISO Seting
Te aperure and shuter speed need o be
adjused in concer wih each oher o produce
a proper exposure. Bu wha abou siuaions
where you can achieve a good combina-
ion based on your phoographic needs? For
example, i you wan o sop he lens down o
increase deph o field (he range o deail ha
is in ocus in he rame), bu he available ligh
won le you use a as enough shuter speed
o render a sharp image while you are hand-
holding he camera, wha are you o do?
Te answer is o adjus he ISO seting. A com-
mon misconcepion is ha by increasing he
ISO seting or your camera you are increasing
he sensiiviy o he image sensor. Tis acuall
isn he case. Based on is physical properies,
an image sensor has a given sensiiviy o ligh
you can change ha. Bu you can apply am-
plificaion o he signal recorded by he image
sensor, which produces a resul ha is similar
an increased sensiiviy.
Because increasing he ISO seting acually
applies amplificaion, however, here is also
a side effec ha can be quie problemaic a
imes: noise. When you ampliy he signal,
you aren somehow magically increasing heamoun o inormaion in he scene. In ac, by
using a higher ISO seting youre acually inen
ionally underexposing he image (capuring
less ligh han you would or a proper exposure
and hen applying amplificaion o he signal in
order o brighen up he scene. Youre effecive
ly rying o fill in inormaion where inormaio
wasn capured. Te resul is random variaion
in onal and color values or he pixels, which iwha we reer o as noise in he image.
O course, in cerain cases youll need o make
a compromise, risking noise in order o achiev
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14 EXPOSURE
an adequaely as shuter speed based on
he aperure you eel is necessary o produce
adequae deph o field. When you do adjus
he ISO seting, youre also making adjusmens
based on sops o ligh.
Te base ISO seting or mos digial camerasis 100. Wih film here were lower ISO values
available (and some digial cameras do offer
ISO setings below 100), bu a 100 ISO value
has become somehing o a baseline sandard
or digial exposure. Tis is he seting you use
when you wan o capure an image based
on he naural sensiiviy o ligh o he image
sensor.
I you wan o apply amplificaion in order
o achieve a aser shuter speed (creaing he
illusion o recording more ligh, effecively),
you can increase he ISO seting o 200. Obvi-
ously he number 200 is double 100, and in
his case ha is no coincidence. A change rom
100 ISO o 200 ISO applies amplificaion ha is
equivalen o one sop o ligh. In oher words,increasing rom a seting o 100 ISO o 200 ISO
is producing a resul ha will look (wih he
excepion o he addiional noise) as hough you
had recorded wice as much ligh.
Going rom 200 o 400 ISO is anoher doubling
o he exposure. And, o course, reducing ISO
rom 200 o 100 produces a resul ha looks as
hough you had capured hal as much ligh.
When you adjus he ISO seting on your digial
camera, he idea is generally no so much odouble (or halve) he amoun o ligh, bu raher
o achieve a aser shuter speed. Bu has
exacly when he noion o s ops relaed o ISO
setings becomes so valuable. I you increase
he ISO by one sop (or example, rom 100 ISO
o 200 ISO), you can hen increase he shuter
speed by one sop (or example, rom 1/30h
o a second o 1/60h o a second). In siuaions
where a aser shuter speed is criical (such aswhen you wan o reeze moion or o capure
handheld in a low-lighing siuaion), increas-
ing he ISO is a relaively easy way o make he
mos o he curren limiaions.
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Marix/Muli-Zone Meering
With matrix- or multi-zone metering, you can
achieve really precise results. In this metering
method, the camera calculates an average
exposure value for several small measure-
ment fields distributed over the picture area
(their number and shape can vary depending
on your camera). As a rule of thumb, the
more measurement fields there are , the
more exact the global result will be.
Some advanced metering systems also
compare the measurement results from
the individual fields with a built-in image
database to improve the exposure.
Cener-Weighed Average Meering
This method gives the center of the image
more weight in the calculationagain, the
exact algorithm will vary depending on the
camera model. On average, the center part
of the image will determine 60-80% of the
final metering result. In some situations,
especially for portrait shots or if your
main subject is in the dead center of yourframe, center-weighted metering can be
the method of choice.
Meering Mehods
Te meering mehod ha your camera uses deermines how i calculaes exposure
Mos cameras offer several meering mehods ha you can choose rom depending
on he shooing siuaion; he mos common are marix or muli-zone meering,
cener-weighed average meering, and spo meering.
Spo Meering
Te spo meering mehod is he mos selec-
ive o all meering mehods, and i can yield
very precise resuls i used properly, especially
or images eauring mainly he midone range
Spo meering measures only abou 15% o h
image area. Some cameras use a fixed mea-suremen area in he image cener, while oher
cameras use he acive ocus poin or measure
men. Te advanage o spo meering is ha
he measuremen won be influenced by brigh
or dark areas ouside o he small measuremen
field, allowing you o ge very precise exposure
values or a cerain image area.
:A gray card can be very helpul or spo
meering. Place he card in your image rame
and poin he measuremen spo a i. As soon
as you have your reading, you can use he
exposure values deermined by he camera or
you can modiy hem by adjusing shuter spee
and -sop values. Tis way, you will obain a
very precisely exposed phoo o your subjec.