book 3: a writer’s research manualchapter 37: apa style for documenting sources 1 of 21 apa style...

Book 3: A Writer’s Research Manual Chapter 37: APA Style for Documenting Sources1 of 21

APA Style for Documenting Sources

Learning Outcome: Develop ideas with appropriate support and attribution Core Objective: Communication Skills (Written)


APA (American Psychological Association)

Uses two-part system to credit sources:

1. Cites author and date of source

2. Leads from this brief identification, through author’s name, to full description of sources called “References”

Key to citation is author’s name then the source’s date


Cite the source in the paper

In Cummings et al.’s (2002) summary article reviewing three empirical studies on online social relationships, it was found that CMC, especially email, was less effective than FtF contact in creating and maintaining close social relationships. Two of the three reviewed studies focusing on communication in non-Internet and Internet relationships mediated by FtF, phone, or email modalities found that the frequency of each modality’s use was significantly linked to the strength of the particular relationship (Cummings et al., 2002).


Match the citation to References page

References

Cummings, J. N., Butler, B., & Kraut, R. (2002). The quality of online social

relationships. Communications of the ACM, 45(7), 103-108.

Hu, Y., Wood, J. F., Smith, V., & Westbrook, N. (2004). Friendships through IM:

Examining the relationship between instant messaging and intimacy. Journal of

Computer-Mediated Communication, 10, 38-48.

Tidwell, L. C., & Walther, J. B. (2002). Computer-mediated communication effects on

disclosure, impressions, and interpersonal evaluations: Getting to know one

another a bit at a time. Human Communication Research, 28, 317-348.

Underwood, H., & Findlay, B. (2004). Internet relationships and their impact on primary

relationships. Behaviour Change, 21(2), 127-140.


APA: Who Wrote It?(How entries should appear in your

paper)

Individual author not named in sentence Finding lying without other pathologies is unlikely (Healy, 2008, p.

11).

Individual author named in sentence As Healy (2008) notes, other pathologies typically accompany

lying (p. 11). Two authors: list in order they appear in text

Legal professionals may fear that psychologists’ testimony will unfairly influence juries (Fulero & Wrightsman, 2009, p. 18). --OR---

In Forensic Psychology, Fulero and Writsman (2009) note that attorneys are wary of influential testimony of psychologists (p. 18).


APA: Who Wrote It?

Three authors or more: Learning disabilities occur with each other, with

emotional or attention disorders, or with social deficits (Fletcher, Lyon, Fuchs, & Barnes, 2006, p. 9). Thus Fletcher et al. characterize this likelihood as “co-morbidity” (p. 9).

Organization author: (be sure to look carefully because sometimes authors’ names are listed at the end of an article)


APA: Who Wrote It?

Author of an essay from a reader or collection (called an anthology). Cite the author of the article or story, NOT the editor.

Studies have yet to investigate why campus fraternity houses are more likely venues for rape than other college gathering places (Martin & Hummer, 2003).

Unidentified author: just use title of article. Parents need to monitor their child’s online

activities (“Social Networking” 2012).


APA: Who Wrote It?

Same author with multiple works Three significant trends in parent-school relations

evolved (Grimley, 2007) after the original multistate study (Grimley, 1987).


What Type of Source Is It?

Indirect source: if you can’t find the original source, add “as cited in” According to Claude Fischer, the belief in

individualism favors “the individual over the group or institution” (as cited in Hansen, 2005, p. 5).

Government or organizational document The 2005 National Gang Threat Assessment

(National Alliance of Gang Investigators Associations [NAGIA], 2005, pp. vii-viii) identified specific regional threats.



Source without a date: use “n.d.” to indicate “no date” A classic

If the original date is unknown, use “n.d.” If it is known, show it with your edition’s date (Burton,

1621/1977). For ancient texts, use the year of translation Classics, including ancient or sacred texts, need not be

listed as references.

Visual material Teenagers who play video games with a high degree of

violence ar more likely to show aggressive behavior (Anderson & Bushman, 2001, Table 1).


What type of source is it?

Database Alcohol use and abuse. (2007). In World of

Health. Gale. Retrieved from http://ic.galegroup.com

According to the article “Alcohol use and abuse” (2007) published in World of Health,

http://ic.galegroup.com/




How Are You Capturingthe Source Material?

Overall summary or important ideas Blended paraphrase and quotation

According to Hoffman (2003), Mann’s movement sought to develop the “informal rural schools supported by parents” (p. 30) and establish a state-sponsored school system.

Brief quotation integrated in sentence Long quotations


Listing Sources in APA Style:

References page List sources on new page with hanging indent Use only initials of author’s first and middle

names Use “&” before the name of the last of several

authors Spell out names of months but abbreviate terms

such as “p.m.,” “Vol.,” and “No.” Capitalize only the first word, proper names, and

first word after a colon in book titles Italicize Web site, book, or periodical titles


Listing Sources in APA Style:

References page Do not use quotation marks for article titles Use only the first city of publisher’s location Shorten the name of publisher, but include

“Press” and “Books” For article, give volume, issue, and any

digital object identifier (DOI) If no DOI is available, use URL of website Omit final period after URL


Who Wrote It?What entries in a Reference page should look like

Two authors: Boggs, C., & Pollard, T.

Three authors or more: name three to six authors, but follow the names of more than six of the first author with the abbreviation “et al.”

O’Reilly, B. (2006). Culture warrior. New York, NY: Broadway Books.

Schiller, B., Hill, C., & Wall, S. (2012). The economy today. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Individual author (note the hanging indent)

NOTE: Not all examples are illustrated in the slides. Refer to OWL often for specific examples.


Example References Page

References

Barclay, L. and T. Odle. (2011). Alcohol-Related Neurologic Disease. In Laurie J. Fundukian (Ed.), The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Retrieved from http://http://galenet.galegroup.com/

Kashtan, A. (2011). This Living Hand: Fantasies of Handwriting in the Comics of Kevin Huizenga. Forum for World Literature Studies, 3(1), 81+. Retrieved from http://ic.galegroup.com

What Can We Learn From Videogames? (2012, April 18). Tell Me More. Retrieved from http://ic.galegroup.com

http://http/galenet.galegroup.com/

http://http/galenet.galegroup.com/






What Type of Source Is It? Part of a Book

Selection from a printed bookMartin, P. Y., & Hummer, R. A. (2003).

Fraternities and rape on campus. In M. Silberman (Ed.), Violence and society: A reader (pp. 215-222). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Selection from an online bookBrown, M. (2005). Learning spaces. In D.G.

Oblinger & J. L. Oblinger (Eds.), Educating the Net generation (chap. 12). Retrieved from http://www.educause.edu/educatingthenetgen/



Printed government document Online government document Research report Online research report Online research from a database Report from an academic institution Pamphlet Doctoral dissertation



Internet or electronic source Section or page from an online document Document from a campus Web site Computer software

Visual or audio source Audiotape or recording Television or radio program Film

Conversation or field artifact Personal interview E-mail or electronic posting

Core Objective: Communication Skills (Oral) Core Objective: Communication Skills (Visual)

book 3: a writer’s research manualchapter 37: apa style for documenting sources 1 of 21 apa style...

Documents

writers research manualchapter

sources datebook

description of sources

human communication

internet relationships

authors names

close social relationships

organization author