bones of lower extremity i.pdf

7/29/2019 Bones of Lower Extremity I.pdf

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Bones of the Lower Extremity



Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

• The pelvic (or hip) girdle:

– Attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton

– Transmits the weight of the upper body to the

lower limbs

– Supports the visceral organs of the pelvis

– Some of the strongest ligaments of the body

support the pelvic girdle – Formed by a pair of “hip” bones called coxal

bones, and the sacrum



Each os coxae has an:

• Illium: The large upper portion, often calledyour “hip bone”.

• Ishium: The posterior/inferior bone, often

called your “seat bone”.• Pubis: The anterior/inferior bone, which

connects in front at the pubic symphysis.

•Acetabulum: point of fusion of all three, alsocalled your “hip socket”.



Landmarks for the Ilium

• Iliac crest: the thick, upper margin

• Iliac fossa: anterior smooth surface

• Anterior superior/ Anterior inferior Iliac spine:sites for muscle attachments

• Posterior superior/ Posterior inferior Iliacspine: sites for muscle attachments

• Greater sciatic notch• Auricular surface



Landmarks for the Ishium:

• Ishial tuberosity: site for attachment of hamstring

muscles

• Ishial spine: site for ligament attachment,

measurement site for pelvic opening.

• Obturator foramen: the only “hole” or opening for

nerves/blood vessels.

• Ishial ramus: point of connection with inferior

ramus of pubis.



Landmarks for the pubis:

• Superior/inferior ramus

• Pubic crest and tubercle: site of attachment for

abdominal muscles

• Pubic symphysis: articulation point that connects

the two pubic bones together

• Pubic arch: helps to determine male vs. female

pelvis



Bones of the Lower Limb

• Femur:

– Single bone of the thigh; is the largest, longest,

and strongest bone in the body.

– The femur cannot be palpated (felt) because it

is covered by large muscles.

– The head of the femur articulates with the

acetabulum of the os coxae, and has a small,pit shaped depression called the fovea capitis,

which is where the ligamentum teres helps to

secure the head into the acetabulum.



Landmarks of the femur:

• Head; fovea capitis

• Neck: often a site for fracture

• Greater and lesser trochanter: attachment site for muscles

• Intertrochanteric line and crest: line is anterior, crest is

posterior

• Linea aspera: “rough line” on the posterior aspect of shaft

• Medial and lateral condyle: articulation with the tibia

• Medial and lateral epicondyle: only part of the femur that

can be felt at the knee• Intercondylar fossa or notch: cruciate ligaments attach here.

• Patellar surface: the smooth surface above the condyles on theanterior side that articulates with the patella

• Popliteal surface: surface above the condyles on the posterior side



Patella

• The patella is a triangular shaped sesamoid

bone encased in the patellar tendon.

• The patellar tendon attaches the quadriceps

femoris muscle to the tibia.

• It has two surfaces; the rounded, convex

anterior surface, and the smooth, articular

posterior surface.



Tibia

• The bone on the medial side of the lower leg…it isthe weight-bearing bone of the lower leg.(“Tough Tibia”)

• Landmarks of proximal tibia (upper portion)

– Medial and lateral condyle• Articulates with the medial and lateral condyle of the femur.

– Intercondylar emminence:

• The ridge of bone that projects upwards between the

condyles. It is the attachment site for the cruciate ligaments,medial meniscus, and lateral meniscus

– Fibular facet:

• Just below the lateral condyle where the head of the fibulaarticulates.



Tibia

• Other Landmarks: – Tibial tuberosity:

• roughened protuberance on the anterior surface just below

the condyles. Is the attachment site of the patellar ligament.

– Anterior crest• On the anterior surface of the body. Can palpate the entire

length, also called your “shin”.

– Medial malleolus

•

Large bony prominence on the medial side of your ankle – Fibular notch

• Distal end of tibia, where it articulates with the distal end of

the fibula



Fibula

•

The slender bone on the lateral side of the lowerleg. “Fine Fibula”.

• Landmarks:

– Head:

•

The enlarged proximal end, articulating with the fibular facetof the tibia

– Shaft or body:

• Long slender portion

– Lateral malleolus:

• Large prominence on the lateral, distal end. Articulates withthe lateral surface of the talus.

– Malleolar fossa

• Small fossa on the distal end opposite lateral malleolus



Bones of the Foot

• Bones of the ankle are TARSALS

• Bone of the “ball” of your foot are called

METATARSALS… In-between the tarsals and

your toes (phanges).

• Bones of your toes are called Phalanges

(plural). A singular bone is called a phalanx.

bones of lower extremity i.pdf

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