*PMI Revision 00 *Boiler Instrumentation

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Presentation outline Basic Process Measurement Level Measurement Flow MeasurementTemp Measurement Steam Generator C&I system

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*PMI Revision 00 *CONTROLS & INSTRUMENTATIONControl & Instrumentation deals with various measurement, indication, transmission and control in different technical fields.Instrumentation is for measurement of various parameters.And controlling various parameters from a remote control room.

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*PMI Revision 00 *InstrumentsInstruments for measuring various physical quantities likePressureTemperatureLevelFlowTurbovisoryVibration Speed etc.AnalyticalPHConductivity Silica etc

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*PMI Revision 00 *InstrumentsMeasuring Electrical parameters such as LoadMVARFrequencyVoltageCurrent etc.IndicatorsLocalRemoteRecordersSingle PointMultipointContinuousDotted

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*PMI Revision 00 *Pressure MeasurementManometers for low pressure.Water filledMercury FilledBellows for medium pressure Bourdon tube gauges for medium and high pressure measurements

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*PMI Revision 00 *Pressure MeasurementTransducers of different type for all ranges for telemetering purpose.Capacitive type.LVDT type.Strain gauge type.Mode of connection of TransmittersFour WireTwo Wire

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*PMI Revision 00 * Type of TransmitterMicroprocessor based 2 wire type,.2.Sensor TypeCapacitance/Piezo-electric3.Accuracy 0.1% of span4.Output signal range 4-20 mA DC (Analog) 5.Turn down ratio30:1 Zero and span drift 0.015% per deg.C at max span a and 0.11% per deg.C at min. span.

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*PMI Revision 00 *Level MeasurementFloats and liquid displacersHead pressure measurementDP typeUltrasonicDirect ViewingStrain gauge

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*PMI Revision 00 *Level MeasurementIn closed pressurised vessels, Differential pressure measurement is used to measure the level.One side condensate pot is used where constant level is maintained.Other side is connected to the bottom of the vessel.Difference between these two heads gives the level.

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*PMI Revision 00 *Level Measurement (Closed Vessel)

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*PMI Revision 00 *Level Measurement (Closed Vessel)

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*PMI Revision 00 *Level Measurement (Float)

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*PMI Revision 00 *FLOW MEASUREMENTControlling the flow rate of fluids is a key control mechanism for any process plant. There are many different types of devices available to measure flow.

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*PMI Revision 00 *Flow MeasurementHEAD TYPEOrifice PlateRotametersVenturi TubesTarget MetersVELOCITY TYPEMagneticVortexDISPLACEMENTTurbine Meter

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*PMI Revision 00 *HEAD TYPEHead type devices measure flow by constricting a stream and measuring the resulting pressure drop. The pressure drop can then be related to a flow.

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*PMI Revision 00 *Orifice Plates An orifice plate is a very simple device installed in a straight run of pipe. The orifice plate contains a hole smaller than the pipe diameter. The flow constricts, experiences a pressure drop, and then the differential pressure can be related to a flow.

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*PMI Revision 00 *Orifice Plates

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*PMI Revision 00 *RotametersRather than using a constant restriction area and a variable pressure differential, rotometers use a variable restriction and a constant pressure differential to measure flow.Typically, rotometers are used to measure smaller flows and the reading is usually done locally, although transmission of the readings is possible.

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*PMI Revision 00 *RotametersThe rotometer consists of a float that moves vertically through a slightly tapered tube. As fluid enters the bottom of the rotometer, the float is forced upward until the force is balanced by gravitational forces. Most rotometers are made of glass with markings on the outside so that flow readings can be taken visually. The advantage to rotometers is the simplicity of the device and a constant pressure drop. Also, rotometers do not require straight pipe runs for installation so they can be installed just about anywhere.

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*PMI Revision 00 *Rotameters

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*PMI Revision 00 *Venturi TubesA venturi tube also measures flow rates by constricting fluids and measuring a differential pressure drop.Venturi tubes allow for flow measurement with lower head losses than orifice plates.

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*PMI Revision 00 *Target MetersA target flowmeter operates just as the name implies.A small "bullseye" is placed inside the pipe and is connected to a pneumatic transmitter.Typical applications include flow measurement of steam and outdoor liquids. In a target flowmeter, the square of the force exerted on the target is proportional to the volume or mass flow through the pipe.

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*PMI Revision 00 *Target Meters

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*PMI Revision 00 *Flow measurementDifferential pressure flow metersOrifice patternVenture & nozzle patternPitot tube patternDall tube patternVariable area flow metersDisplacement and interferential flow metersElectromagnetic flow meters.Ultrasonic Flow metersOrifice plate is a circular metal plate with a center hole.In venture tube there is a gradual change in the area.Nozzle is similar to a orifice but with a curved form of approach

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*PMI Revision 00 *Temperature MeasurementExpansion of SolidsThermostatsExpansion of LiquidsTemperature GaugesExpansion of gasesTemperature GaugesThermal Electricity ThermocouplesType K Chromel Alumel etc.Change of Electric Resistance (RTD)Pt100Cu53Intensity of total radiationOptical PyrometerRadiation Pyrometer

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*PMI Revision 00 *Temperature MeasurementExpansion of Liquids and gases are used for local gauges.Thermocouples and RTDs are used for most of the remote temperature measurements and controls.RTDs are used for low temperature applications.Pyrometers are used for high temperature measurements. (NON Contact type).

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*PMI Revision 00 *Temperature Measurement(a) Type of Thermocouple16 AWG wire of chromel-Alumel (Type K) or 24 AWG wire Pt-Rhodium Pt (Type R); ungrounded type depending on operating temperature range.(b)Type of RTD3/4 wire - Pt RTD 100 ohm (as per DIN-43760)

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*PMI Revision 00 *Temperature MeasurementC J C Boxesa)Ref. temp.60C 1.3 C for Thermocoupleb)Effect of ambient temp. 0.1% per 10C variation c)Material4 mm thick fibre glass reinforced polysterd)Protection class of IP 55

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*PMI Revision 00 *Temperature MeasurementOutlput signals: Analog:4-20 mA DC Binary:2 NO + 2 NC for high alarm2.Zero & span Adjustment:Available3.Ambient temp.:60C4.Indication:Digital5.Enclosure Type/Material:Weather & Dust proof (IP 55) Die cast Aluminium/SS

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*PMI Revision 00 *SG RELATED CONTROL & INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM/EQUIPMENTS FLAME MONITORING SYSTEMCOAL FEEDERS CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION ELECTROMATIC SAFETY VALVES FURNACE TEMPERATURE PROBES ACCOUSTIC PYROMETERSBOILER FLAME ANALYSING SYSTEM (IN LATEST ADVANCE BOILER )

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*PMI Revision 00 *SG RELATED CONTROL & INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM/EQUIPMENTSCOAL BUNKER LEVEL MONITORING SYSTEM ELECTRONIC REMOTE DRUM LEVEL MONITORING SYSTEM(Hydra step) CONDUCTIVITY TYPE LEVEL SWITCHING SYSTEM ASLD SYSTEM APH FIRE SENSING

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*PMI Revision 00 *THANK YOU

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