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BogorCity
KotaBogor
Fromtop,clockwise:BogorPalace,GreatMosqueofBogor,BogorBotanicalGarden,Kujang
Monument
Seal
Nickname(s):KotaHujan(CityofRain)
LocationofBogorinIndonesia
BogorFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Bogor(Indonesian:KotaBogor,Dutch:Buitenzorg)isacityontheislandofJavaintheWestJavaprovinceofIndonesia.ThecityislocatedinthecenteroftheBogorRegency(Indonesian:KabupatenBogor),60kilometers(37mi)southoftheIndonesiancapitalJakarta,althoughitisadministrativelyindependentfromthatregency.Bogoristhe6thlargestcityofJabodetabek(theJakartametropolitanregion)andthe14thnationwide,withapopulationhavingpassed1million[2]itisanimportanteconomic,scientific,culturalandtouristcenter,aswellasamountainresort.
IntheMiddleAges,thecitywasthecapitalofSundaKingdom(Indonesian:KerajaanSunda)andwascalledPakuanPajajaran.DuringtheDutchcolonialera,itwasnamedBuitenzorg(meaning"Withoutacare"inDutch)andservedasthesummerresidenceoftheGovernorGeneralofDutchEastIndies.
Withseveralhundredthousandpeoplelivingonanareaofabout20km2(7.7sqmi),thecentralpartofBogorisoneoftheworld'smostdenselypopulatedareas.Thecityhasapresidentialpalaceandabotanicalgarden(Indonesian:KebunRayaBogor)oneoftheoldestandlargestintheworld.Itbearsthenickname"theRainCity"(KotaHujan),becauseoffrequentrainshowers.Itnearlyalwaysrainsevenduringthedryseason.
Contents
1History1.1Precolonialperiod1.2Colonialperiod
1.2.1DutchEastIndiaCompany1.2.2RuleoftheKingdomoftheNetherlands
1.3194219501.4AspartofIndonesia
2Geography,topography,geology3Climate
4Population
Bogor
Coordinates:6360S106480E
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Coordinates:6360S106480E
Country IndonesiaProvince WestJava
Founded 1482Othernames PakuanPajajaran(1746)
Buitenzorg(17461942)
GovernmentMayor AgusSoesanto,M.Kom
Area[1]
Total 118.5km2(45.8sqmi)
Elevation 265m(869ft)
Population(2014)Total 1,022,002Density 8,600/km2(22,000/sqmi) [2]
Timezone WIB(UTC+7)
Postalcode 16100to16169Areacode(s) +62251Vehicleregistration
F
Website kotabogor.go.id(http://www.kotabogor.go.id/)
TheKingdomofSundahaditscapitalinPakuanPajajaran
4Population5AdministrativeDistricts
5.1Administration6Economy7Transport8Housingandfacilities9Educationandscience10Culture11Health12Media13Sport14Travelandplaces15FamouspeopleborninBogor16Seealso17References18Externallinks
History
Precolonialperiod
ThefirstmentioningofasettlementatpresentBogordatestothe5thcenturywhentheareawaspartofTarumanagara,oneofthefirststatesontheterritoryofmodernIndonesia.[3][4][5]AfteraseriesofdefeatsfromtheneighboringSrivijaya,TarumanagarawastransformedintotheSundaKingdom,andin669,thecapitalofSundawasbuiltbetweenthesmallriversCiliwungandCisadane.ItwasnamedPakuanPajajaran,thatinoldSundanesemeans"aplacebetweentheparallel[rivers]",andbecamethepredecessorofthemodernBogor.[6][7]
Overthenextseveralcenturies,PakuanPajajaranbecomeoneofthelargestcitiesinmedievalIndonesiawithpopulationreaching48,000.[7]ThenamePajajaranwasthenusedfortheentirekingdom,andthecapitalwassimplycalledPakuan.[7][8][9][10][11]ThechroniclesofthattimewerewritteninSanskrit,whichwasthelanguageusedforofficialandreligiouspurposes,usingthePallavawritingsystem,onrockstellascalledprasasti.[4][12]TheprasastifoundinandaroundBogordifferinshapeandtextstylefromotherIndonesianprasastiandareamongthemainattractionsofthecity.[4]
Bogor
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ADutchmapshowingthelocationofthePakuanPajajaranrelativelytoBuitenzorg.
A1600yearoldstoneinscription(prasasti)oftheTarumanagarakingdomera.
Inthe915thcenturies,thecapitalwasmovingbetweenPakuanandothercitiesofthekingdom,andfinallyreturnedtoPakuanbyKingSiliwangi(SriBadugaMaharaja)on3June1482thedayofhiscoronation.Since1973,thisdateiscelebratedinBogorasanofficialcityholiday.[13][14]
In1579,PakuanwascapturedandalmostcompletelydestroyedbythearmyofSultanateof
Banten,[15][16]ceasingtheexistenceoftheStateofSunda.Thecitywasabandonedandremaineduninhabitedfordecades.[7][13]
Colonialperiod
DutchEastIndiaCompany
Inthesecondhalfofthe17thcentury,theabandonedPakuanasmostofWestJava,whileformallyremainingundertheSultanateofBanten,graduallypassedundercontroloftheDutchEastIndiaCompany(VOC).Theformaltransitionoccurredon17April1684bysigninganagreementbetweentheCrownPrinceofBantenandtheVOC.[17]
Thefirst,andtemporal,colonialsettlementatPakuanwasacampoflieutenantTanuwijaya,aSundaneseemployedbytheVOCwhowassentin1687todevelopthearea.[9][17][18]Itwasseriouslydamagedbytheeruptionon45January1699oftheMountSalakvolcano(Indonesian:GunungSalak),howevertheconcomitantforestfiresremovedmuchforest,leavingmuchareafortheplannedriceandcoffeeplantations.[9]Inashorttime,severalagriculturalsettlementsappearedaroundPakuan,thelargestbeingKampungBaru(lit."newvillage").[4]In1701,theywerecombinedintoanadministrativedistrictTanuwijayawaschosenastheheadofthedistrictandisregardedasthefounderofthemodernBogorRegency.[17][18]
Thedistrictwasfurtherdevelopedduringthe1703DutchmissionheadedbytheInspectorGeneraloftheVOCAbrahamvanRiebeeck(thesonofthefounderofCapeTownJanvanRiebeeckandlaterGovernorofDutchEastIndies).[9][17]TheexpeditionofvanRiebeeckperformedadetailedstudyofthePakuanruins,discoveredanddescribedmanyarchaeologicalartifacts,includingprasasti,anderectedbuildingsfortheVOCemployees.[18]TheareaattractedtheDutchbyafavorablegeographicalpositionandmildclimate,preferredoverthehotBataviawhichwasthentheadministrativecenteroftheDutchEastIndies.[18]In17441745,theresidenceoftheGovernorGeneralwasbuiltinPakuanwhichwashostingthegovernmentduringthesummer.[18]
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ThegreatpostroadpassingBuitenzorginthe19thcentury
BogorPalacein1910swhenitwasstilltheresidenceofGovernorGeneral.
In1746,bytheorderoftheGovernorGeneralGustaafWillemvanImhoff,thePalace,anearbyDutchsettlementandninenativesettlementsweremergedintoanadministrativedivisionnamedBuitenzorg(Dutchfor"beyond(oroutside)concerns,"meaning"withoutworries"or"carefree,"cf.FredericktheGreatofPrussia'ssummerpalaceoutsidePotsdam,Sanssouci,withthesamemeaninginFrench.)[19][20]Aroundthesametime,thefirstreferencetoBogorasthelocalnameofthecitywasdocumenteditwasmentionedintheadministrationreportfrom7April1752withrespecttothepartofBuitenzorgadjacenttothePalace.[21]LaterthisnamebecameusedforthewholecityasthelocalalternativetoBuitenzorg.[19]
ThisnameisbelievedtooriginatefromtheJavanesewordbogormeaningsugarpalm(Arengapinnata),whichisstillusedintheIndonesianlanguage.[21][22]AlternativeoriginsaretheoldJavanesewordbhagar(meaningcow),orsimplythemisspellingof"Buitenzorg"bythelocalresidents.[21]
Thecitygrewrapidlyinthelate18thearly19thcenturies.[18]ThisgrowthwaspartlystimulatedbythetemporaryoccupationoftheDutchEastIndiesbyUnitedKingdomin18111815theBritishlandedonJavaandotherSundaIslandstopreventtheircapturebyNapoleonicFrancewhichthenconqueredtheNetherlands.TheheadoftheBritishadministrationStamfordRafflesmovedtheadministrativecenterfromBataviatoBuitenzorgandimplementednewandmoreefficientmanagementtechniques.[18][23]
RuleoftheKingdomoftheNetherlands
AfterBuitenzorgwasreturnedtotheDutch,itfellundertheruleoftheKingdomoftheNetherlandsratherthanVOC.TheBuitenzorgPalacewasreinstatedasthesummerresidenceoftheGovernorGeneral.Abotanicalgardenwassetupnearbyin1817,whichwasoneoftheworld'slargestgardensinthe19thcentury.[18][19][24][25]
On10October1834,BuitenzorgwasseriouslydamagedbyanothereruptionoftheSalakvolcanocausedbyanearthquake.[18][26]Takingintoaccounttheseismicactivityoftheregion,thegovernor'spalaceandofficebuildingsconstructedin18401850werebuiltshorterbutsturdierthanthosebuiltpriortotheeruption.[18]TheGovernor'sdecreeof1845prescribedseparatesettlementsofEuropean,ChineseandArabmigrantswithinthecity.[18]
In18601880,thelargestagriculturalschoolinthecolonywasestablishedinBuitenzorg.Otherscientificinstitutionsincludingacitylibrary,naturalsciencemuseum,biology,chemistry,andveterinarymedicinelaboratorieswerealsoconstructedduringthisperiod.Bytheendofthe19thcentury,BuitenzorgbecameoneofthemostdevelopedandWesternizedcitiesinIndonesia.[9][18]
In1904,BuitenzorgformallybecametheadministrativecenteroftheDutchEastIndies.However,realmanagementremainedinBatavia,whichhostedmostoftheadministrativeofficesandthemainofficeofthegovernor.[4][19]Thisstatuswasrevokedintheadministrativereformof1924,whichdividedthecolony
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AerialpictureofBogorduringthe1930s.
R.A.A.MuharramWiranatakusuma,presidentofthePasundanStatewithhissecretaryinBogor(1948)
intoprovincesandsetBuitenzorgasthecenterofWestJavaProvince.[4]
19421950
DuringWorldWarIIBuitenzorgandtheentireterritoryofDutchEastIndieswereoccupiedbyJapaneseforcestheoccupationlastedfrom6March1942untilthesummerof1945.[27]AspartoftheeffortsbytheJapanesetopromotenationalist(andthusantiDutch)sentimentsamongthelocalpopulationthecitywasgiventheIndonesiannameBogor.[25]Thecityhadoneofthemajortraining
centersoftheIndonesianmilitiaPETA(PembelaTanahAir"DefendersoftheMotherland").[28]
On17August1945,SoekarnoandHattaproclaimedindependence,buttheDutchregainedcontrolofthetownandadjoiningareas.InFebruary1948,BogorwasincludedinthequasiindependentstateofWestJava,(Indonesian:NegaraJawaBarat)whichwasrenamedinApril1948intoPasundan(Indonesian:NegaraPasundan).ThisstatewasestablishedbytheNetherlandsasasteptotransformtheirformercolonialpossessionsintheEastIndiesintoadependentfederation.[29][30]InDecember1949,PasundanjoinedtheRepublicoftheUnitedStatesofIndonesia(Indonesian:RepublikIndonesiaSerikat,RIS)establishedattheDutchIndonesianRoundTableConferenceof23August2November1949.[30][31]InFebruary1950,asaresultofdefeatofPasundaninaquickmilitaryconflictwiththeRepublicofIndonesia,thecitybecamepartofIndonesia,asformalizedinAugust1950,[30][31]anditsnamewasofficiallydeclaredasBogor.[13][32]
AspartofIndonesia
AspartofindependentIndonesia,Bogorbegantoplayasignificantroleinthecultural,scientificandeconomicdevelopmentofthecountryandWestJavainparticularprimarilyduetotheinfrastructurebuiltduringthecolonialperiod.ItsspecialpositionwasfurtherreinforcedbythetransformationoftheformersummerresidenceofthegovernorgeneralintothesummerpalaceofthePresidentofIndonesia.[9][33]Inthe1990s2000s,thecityregularlyhostedvariousinternationalevents,suchasministrylevelmeetingsoftheAsiaPacificinstitutions[34]andtheAPECsummitof15November1994.[35]Since2008,aChristianchurchcongregationinBogorhasbeenembroiledwithIslamicfundamentalistsoverthebuildingpermitfortheirnewchurch.[36]
AsofFebruary2015,thenewpresidentJokoWidodomovedtheseatofthepresidentfromMerdekaPalacetoBogorPalace.[37]
Geography,topography,geology
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CiliwungRiverontheoutskirtsofBogor
BogorandMountSalak
ThecityissituatedinthewesternpartofJavaisland,about53kmsouthofthecapitalJakartaand85kmnorthwestofBandung,theadministrativecenterofWestJavaProvince.[1]BogorspreadsoverabasinnearvolcanoesSalak,whichpeaksatabout12kmsouth,andMountGedewhosetopis2225kmsoutheastofthecity.[38]Theaverageelevationis265meters,maximum330m,andminimum190metersabovesealevel.[1]Theterrainisratheruneven:17.64kmofitsareahasslopesof02,80.9kmfrom2to15,11kmbetween15and25,7.65kmfrom25to40and1.20kmover40[39]thenorthernpartisrelativelyflatandthesouthernpartismorehilly.[40]
Thesoilsaredominatedbyvolcanicsedimentaryrocks.[40]Giventheproximityoflargeactivevolcanoes,theareaisconsideredhighlyseismic.[38]Thetotalareaofgreenspaceis205,000m,ofwhich87,000mareBogorBotanicalGardens,19,400maretakenby35parks,17,200mby24grovesand81,400marecoveredwithgrass.[41]
SeveralriversflowthroughthecitytowardtheJavaSea.Thelargestones,CiliwungandCisadane,flankthehistoriccitycenter.Smallerrivers,Cipakancilan,Cidepit,CiparigiandCibalok,areguidedbycementtubesinmanyplaces.[38]Itisworthnotingthat"ci"intherivernamesmerelymeans"river"inSundanese,andtheactualnamebeginsafterit,butthe"ci"isneverthelessincludedintonationalandinternationalmaps.Thereareseveralsmalllakeswithinthecity,includingSituBurung(lit.BirdLake"Situ"meaning"Lake")andSituGede(lit.GreatLake),withtheareaofseveralhectareseach.Riversandlakesoccupy2.89%ofthecityarea.[42]
Climate
Theclimateisequatorial,andmorehumidandrainythaninmanyotherareasofWestJavatheaveragerelativehumidityis70%,[38]theaverageannualprecipitationisabout1700mm,butmorethan3500mminsomeareas.[38]MostrainfallsbetweenDecemberandFebruary.Becauseofthisweather,Bogorhasthenickname"RainCity"(Indonesian:Kotahujan).[43][44]ThetemperaturesarelowerthanincoastalJava:theaveragemaximumis25.9C(cf.32.2CinJakarta).Dailyfluctuations(910C)areratherhighforIndonesia.Theabsolutemaximumtemperaturewasrecordedat38Candtheminimumat3C.[1]
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SchoolgirlsinMuslimdressintheBogorBotanicalGarden
ClimatedataforBogorCityMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
RecordhighF(C) 91(33)97(36)
93(34)
90(32)
99(37)
100(38)
97(36)
93(34)
99(37)
95(35)
97(36)
90(32)
100(38)
AveragehighF(C) 77(25)77(25)
79(26)
79(26)
79(26)
79(26)
79(26)
79(26)
81(27)
81(27)
79(26)
77(25)
79(26)
DailymeanF(C) 72(22)72(22)
72(22)
72(22)
72(22)
72(22)
72(22)
72(22)
72(22)
73(23)
72(22)
72(22)
72(22)
AveragelowF(C) 64(18)64(18)
64(18)
64(18)
64(18)
64(18)
63(17)
63(17)
63(17)
64(18)
64(18)
64(18)
64(18)
RecordlowF(C) 52(11)48(9)
48(9)
50(10)
50(10)
55(13)
45(7)
37(3)
55(13)
50(10)
52(11)
50(10)
37(3)
Averageprecipitationinches(mm) 9.84(250)9.13(232)
7.17(182)
7.17(182)
4.06(103)
1.85(47)
0.98(25)
2.09(53)
2.76(70)
3.78(96)
7.76(197)
7.87(200)
64.45(1,637)
Avg.precipitationdays 21 21 21 18 12 8 7 6 8 13 20 21 176
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearAveragewindspeed(km/h) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 5
Topwindspeed(km/h) 37 44 115 76 72 54 61 93 46 74 59 46 115
Population
AccordingtothenationalcensusheldinMayAugust2010,949,066peoplewereregisteredinBogor.[45]Theaveragepopulationdensityisabout8,000peopleperkmitreaches12,571personsperkminthecenteranddropsto5,866peopleperkminthesouthernpart.[45]
Year 1956 1961 1971 1981 1988 1999 2010Population 124,000[46] 154,000[47] 197,000[48] 246,000[48] 285,000[48] 585,000[48] 949,000[45]
TherapidpopulationgrowthinBogorafter1960isrelatedtourbanizationaswellastheinfluxofworkforcefromotherpartsofthecountry.[48]Thebirthratein2009was563childrenper10,000people,withthemortalityvalueof272.Duringthesameyear,12,709permanentresidentmovedinand3,391peopleleftthecity.[49]Menconstituted51.06%andwomen48.94%ofthepopulation[45]28.39%oftheinhabitantswereunder15yearsold,67.42%wereaged1565yearsand3.51%over65years.[49]The2005estimateofthelifeexpectancyis71.8years,whichisthehighestfigureforWestJavaandoneofthehighestinIndonesia.[50]
Mostpopulation(87%)areSundanese,withconsiderablenumbersofJavanese,Chineseandother,oftenmixedethnicities.[51][52]VirtuallyalladultsarefluentinIndonesiantheofficiallanguageofthecountry.Sundaneseisusedathomeandinsomepublicareasandeventsfor
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CoatofarmsofBogor
example,thesolemnspeechofthemayorattheCityDaycelebrationof3June2010wasdeliveredinSundanese.[52]ThelocaldialectofSundanesesignificantlydiffersfromtheclassicalversionbothlexicallyandphonetically.[53][54]
Themajorityofpopulation(94%)areMuslims,[55]withjustover5%Christians.However,therearemanyChristianchurchesinthecity,[56][57][58]aswellasBuddhist(mostlyintheChinesecommunity[59])andHinducommunities.
Religiousstatisticsof2009[49]
Religion Adherents Fractionofpopulation(%) NumberofreligiousbuildingsIslam 838,533 92.64 715Protestantism 30,807 3.40 27Catholicism 21,957 2.43 8Buddhism 9,246 1.02 13Hinduism 1,352 0.15 9Confucianism 502 0.06 13Others 2,736 0.30
AdministrativeDistricts
BogorCityissurroundedbytheBogorRegency(kabupaten)butinitselfisaseparatemunicipality(cat).[13][60]Thecityisdividedintosixdistricts(kecamatan),whichcontain68lowleveladministrativeunits,31ofwhichhavethestatusofsettlementand37arevillages.[61]
DistrictsofBogorCity[45][61]
Englishname Indonesianname AreainkmPopulationat2010Census
Numberofsettlementsandvillages
NorthBogor KecamatanBogorUtara 17.72 170,320 8SouthBogor KecamatanBogorSelatan 30.81 180,745 16EastBogor KecamatanBogorTimur 10.15 94,572 6WestBogor KecamatanBogorBarat 32.85 210,450 16CentralBogor KecamatanBogorTengah 8.13 102,203 11TanahSereal KecamatanTanahSereal 18.84 190,776 11
Administration
Thecityisheadedbyamayor,whoiselectedbythecitizenseveryfiveyears,togetherwithavicemayorinthepast,themayorwasappointedbytheprovincialadministration.[60]DianiBudiartobecamethefirstelectedmayorofBogoron25October2008andassumedhispositionon7April2009.[62]Legislative
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AbuildingindowntownBogor
GuppyfishesareexportedinlargequantitiesfromBogor.
powerisprovidedbytheCityCouncilwhichconsistsof45people'srepresentativeswhoarealsoelectedbytheresidentsfora5yearterm.NinepoliticalpartiesconsistingoffivefactionsarerepresentedintheCouncil.[63][64]
ThecoatofarmsofBogorisarectangularheraldicshieldwithapointedbaseandthesidelengthsratioof5:4,dividedbyacrossintofourparts.TheupperleftquartercontainstheNationalEmblemofIndonesiathemythicalbirdGaruda,intheupperrightisthepresidentialpalace,inthebottomleftistheSalakvolcano,andinthelowerrightisthenationalSundanesedaggerkujang.Theinscriptionontopreads"KOTABOGOR"whichtranslatesto"THECITYOFBOGOR".[65]
Economy
Bogorhasdevelopedautomotivechemicalandfoodindustries[66]
itsoutlyingareasareusedforagriculture.[67]Duringthecolonization,Bogorwasmostlyproducingcoffee,rubberandhighqualitytimber.Chemicalindustrywasintroducedtothecityattheendofthe19thcentury,[9][18]andcarandmetalproductioninthe1950s,duringtheindustrializationofindependentIndonesia.Thefasteconomicdevelopmentofthe1980swassloweddownbythecrisisofthe1990sandrecoveredintheearly2000ssothegrowthrateoftheeconomyinBogorwas5.78%in2002,6.07%in2003and6.02%in2009.[66]Attheendof2009,theGrossRegionalProduct(GRP)was12.249trillionIDR[68](approximately1.287billionUSD[69])andtheinvestmentsamountedto932.295billionIDR.[68]
Despitetheeconomicalgrowth,thenumberofcitizenslivingbelowthepovertylevel(definedbynotonlycashincome,butalsoaccesstobasicsocialservices[70])isincreasing,primarilyduetotheinflowofpoorresidentsofthesurroundingruralareas.In2009,17.45%ofthepopulationlivedbelowthepovertylevel,almosttwicehigherthanin2006(9.5%)[68]Minimumwageisestablishedbythecityauthoritiesat800,000IDR/month.[71]
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BogorrailwaystationBecakparkingatthecenterofBogor
Branchofeconomy ShareinGRP(%)[72]
Trade,hotelandrestaurantbusiness 30.14Industry 28.2Financialservices 13.77Transportandcommunication 9.7Customerservices 7.54Construction 7.48Energyandwatersupply 3.16Agriculture,fishing 0.36
In2008therewere3,208officiallyregisteredindustrialenterprisesinBogoremploying54,268people,morethanhalf(32,237)ofwhomworkedatthe114largestcompanies.[73]Theoutskirtsofthecitycontainabout3,466hectaresofagriculturalarea,including111hectaresofwaterbodiesusedforfisheryandfishfarming.[67]Themaincropsarerice(1165hectaresasof2007,theannualharvestin2003was9,953tonnes),variousvegetables(772acres,8,296tonnes),corn(382acres,6,720tonnes)andsweetpotato(480acres,3,480tonnes).[74]Thelivestocksectorhas25registeredcompanies(asof2007)mostlybreedingcows(morethan1000animalsyieldingmorethan2.61millionlitersofmilk),sheep(about12,000),chickens(morethan642,000)andducks(ca.8,000).[75][76]
About2530tonnesofvariousspeciesoffishareproducedperyearby4registeredcompanies.Thefishesaremostlybredartificially,inpondsandpaddyfields.[77]Breedingaquariumfishandalsocatchingthemintheirnaturalhabitatisanimportantindustrysector,whichyielded367,000USDfrom2008exportsalesonly,mostlytoJapanandMiddleEast.[72]AsubstantialpartofotherBogorproduction,144billionIDRin2008,isexported.Examplesareclothesandfootwear(toUS,EU,ASEAN,Canada,Australia,Russia),textiles(US,NewZealand),furniture(SouthKorea),cartires(ASEANcountriesandSouthAmerica),toysandsouvenirs(Japan,Germany,Brazil),softdrinks(ASEANcountriesandMiddleEast).[78][79]Mostofthelocalsellsarecarriedoutviatheeightmajorshoppingcenters,ninesupermarketsandsevenmajormarkets.[78]
Transport
BogorisamajortransportcenterofJava.Itcontains599.2kilometersofroads(asof2008)whichcover5.31%ofthecityarea30.2kilometersoftheroadsareofnationaland26.8kmofprefecturalimportance.[80]The22transportlinesareoperatedby3,506busesand
minibuses.Inaddition,10busroutesconnectthecitywiththe
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nearestmetropolitanarea(4,612buses)and40withothercitiesofWestJava(330buses).[81]Therearetwomajorbusterminals,BaranangsiangandBubulak.Theformerhasanareaof22,100mandisdedicatedtolongdistanceandfreighttrafficwhilethelatter(area11,850m)servesurbanpassengerroutes.[82]AseparatestationisdedicatedtotouristcoachesandbusestothenearestSoekarnoHattaInternationalAirportinJakarta,locatedabout55kilometersfromBogor.[82]RecentyearsseeasignificantincreaseinthenumberoftraditionalIndonesianrickshaw(becak)atmorethan2,000unitsasof2009.[83]ThetrainstationofBogorwasbuiltin1881,andcurrentlyservesabout50,000passengersandhasabout70departuresand70arrivalsperday.[82]
Housingandfacilities
Residentialbuildingsoccupy26.46%ofthecity,or71.11%ofitsbuiltuparea514storeybuildingsdominatethecentralpartandtheoutlyingareasaremostlybuiltupwithsinglestoreyedhouses.[71][84]Thepopulationriseinthe1990s2000sduetotheinflowofexternalworkforcesharplyincreasedthenumberofsubstandardhousing,mainlyontheoutskirtsofthecity.Morethanhalfoftheslums(1,242,490m)arelocatedinnorthernBogor,whereastheirareaisonly89,780minsouthernpartofthecity.[84][85]Toimprovethissituation,thecityadministrationlaunchedaprogramofconstructionofcheaphousingtypes(lightprefabricatedhouses)inthewesternBogor.Thesehousescombinereasonablerent($22peryear[86])atacceptablelivingconditions.[71]
ElectricitytoBogorissuppliedbyIndonesianstatecompanyPerusahaanListrikNegara,whichservestheprovincesofWestJavaandBanten.ElectricityisprovidedbymorethantenregionalthermalandhydroelectricpowerplantsviatwolocaltransformerstationslocatedintheBogordistrictsofCimahparandCibilong.[87]Whereasmostofthehouses(excludingsomeslumareas)areprovidedwithelectricity,streetlightingcoversonly35.38%ofthecity(4,193lightsources,asof2007),however,thenumberofstreetlightsisincreasingatanannualrateof1015%.[88]
Asof2009,only47%ofBogorisprovidedwithcleantapwaterthroughacentralizedwatersupplysystemsmanagedbystateownedTirtaPakuan.[89]ThemunicipalsystemtakeswaterfromriversCisadane(1240literspersecond),andthreenaturalsources:KotaBatu,BentarKambingandTangka(410literspersecond).Although,thewaternetworkhasatotallengthof741kilometersandcoversabout70%ofthecity,connectiontoitisoftenproblematicforfinancialandtechnicalreasons.Morethanhalfofresidentsusewaterwellsornaturalreservoirs.[89]
Garbagecollectionservicecovers67%oftheurbanarea.Fromabout800,000m3ofwasteperyear,about90%isburiedatanexternallandfillatGaluga,about7%isrecycledforcompostandabout3%isburnedinfiveincineratorswithinthecity.[90]
ThesevencemeteriesofBogorarenamedbythecitydistrictsasCilendek,Kayumanis,Situgede,Mulyaharja,Blender,DrededandGunungGadung.Thefirstsixhavethestatusof"publiccemeteries"(Indonesian:Tempatpemakamanumum),andhavenorestrictionsbyreligionorethnicity.However,giventhereligiouscompositionofBogor,thecemeteriesarepredominantlyMuslim,andChristiangravesare
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VeterinaryschoolsandlaboratoriesexistedinBogorfromtheperiodofDutchcolonization.Photo1907.
locatedeitherinseparateareasofcemeteriesorinasmallcemeteryadjacenttochurches.[91]Somemosquesalsohavesmallburialplots.[92]GravesforpoorandnamelessaremostlylocatedatKayumanis,[93]andGunungGadungcemeteryisrestrictedtoChineseresidents.[94]
Educationandscience
BogorisoneofthemajorscientificandeducationalcentersinIndonesia.AsignificantpartofacademicandresearchbasewaslaidintheperiodofDutchcolonization.Inparticular,sincethebeginningofthe19thcenturytherewereestablishedlaboratoriesandprofessionalschoolsfocusedprimarilyonimprovingtheefficiencyofthecolonialagricultural[9][18][19]Inthelate19thearly20thcenturieshavebeenestablishedovermajorscientificinstitutionstheResearchInstituteandRubberResearchInstituteofForest.[95][96]
SimilartotheprevailingprofileofresearchandacademicactivitywasretainedinBogorIndonesiaandaftergainingindependence.Asinthesecondhalfof20thcentury,andinthe2000sstrongestareaswereagriculturalscience,BiologyandVeterinary.Themaineducationalandscientificcenterwiththeutmostnationalimportance,istheBogorInstituteofAgriculture,whosestructure,inadditiontoeducationalfacilities,includesdozensofresearchcentersandlaboratories.Academyofanalyticalchemistry.[97][98]
Education Percentageofthepopulation[72]
Lessthan6classes 24.3Elementaryschool(grades16) 29.3Secondaryschool(grades79) 16Highschools(grades1012) 23.2Bachelor 3.1Masterandabove 4.1
EducationalinstitutionsofBogor[49]
TypeNumberofinstitutions
(public/private)
Numberofstudents
Thenumberofteachers
Kindergartens 154(1/153) 7,194(175/7,019)765(11/754)
Schoolsforhandicapchildren
9(0/9) 408(0/408) 78(0/78)
Elementaryschools 288(248/40)
97,794(84,289/13,505)
5,004(4,267/737)
Secondaryschools 115(19/96)
43,153(18,867/24,286)
2,634(892/1,742)
Highschools 50(10/40) 22,349(9,450/12,899)1558(566/992)
Technical 63(nodata) 28,375 1826
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schools (3,334/25,041) (246/1,580)
Universities 15(5/10) 16,998(12,304/4,694)1,787(1,225/562)
TheliteracyrateinBogor(98.7%)isratherhighforIndonesia.[49]BogorInstituteofAgriculture(Indonesian:InstitutPertanianBogor)isthemainagriculturaluniversityofthecountry.Itwasfoundedin1963basedontheagriculturalcollege,whichwasestablishedbackinthe19thcenturybytheDutchcolonialadministration.[97][99]ThelargestprivateuniversitiesarePakuan,Juanda,NusaBangsaandIbnKhaldun.[99]Inadditiontoregularschools,thereareover700Muslimschools(madrasah)andseveralChristianschoolsandcolleges.[49]
MostscientificresearchinBogoriscarriedoutinagriculture,soilscience,dendrology,veterinaryandichthyology.[97][98]Morespecificareasincludenaturalpesticidesandrepellents,intercropping,industrialapplicationsofessentialoilsandnaturalalkaloids,increasingyieldsofvariouskindsofpepper,improvingpreservationprocesses,etc.[100]ThecityhoststheCenterforInternationalForestryResearch(CIFOR)(http://www.cifor.org)anonprofitscientificstructure,operatingundertheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearch(CGIAR).[101][102]
TheheadquartersofOrganisationforthePreservationofBirdsandtheirHabitatareinBogor.
Culture
BogorisoneoftheleadingcitiesofIndonesiabythenumberofmusea,someofwhichareamongtheoldestandlargestinthecountry.[103]TheZoologicalMuseum(Indonesian:MuseumZoologi)whichwasopenedin1894bytheDutchcolonialadministrationasanadjuncttotheBotanicGardensandcontainsthousandsofexhibits.[104]Otherprominentmuseaaremorerecent.Sothemuseumofethnobotany(Indonesian:MuseumEtnobotani)wasopenedin1982andhasmorethan2000exhibits[105]museumoftheearth(Indonesian:MuseumTanah,1988)representshundredsofsoilandrocksamplesfromdifferentpartsofIndonesia[106]museumofthestruggle(Indonesian:MuseumPerjuangan,1957)isdevotedtothehistoryoftheIndonesiannationalliberationmovement[107]andmuseumofPETA(1996)reflectsthehistoryoftheIndonesianmilitarymilitiaPETA(PembelaTanahAir"DefendersoftheMotherland")createdduringWorldWarIIbytheJapaneseadministration.[108]
Thecityhasadramatheater,[109]dozensofmovietheaters,nineofwhich(asofmid2010)aresetupatinternationalstandards.[110]Thepresidentialpalace,administrativebuildingsanduniversitiesregularlyhostartexhibitions,andthereareregularfestivalsoffolkart,conferencesandculturerelatedseminars,suchastheCongressofIndonesianculture(Indonesian:KongresKebudayaanIndonesia)of2008.[111]
Health
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ThefirsthospitalswereestablishedinBogorinthefirsthalfofthe19thcenturybytheDutchauthorities.Bytheearly20thcentury,therewereseveralcivilianhospitals,amilitaryhospital,[112]andalargepsychiatrichospitalwithdoctorsfromEuropeandNorthAmerica.[113]Inthe1930s,theDutchRedCrossSocietyhospitalbecamethelargestinthecity.Mostoftheexistinghospitalsandclinicsarebuiltinthe1980s1990s.[114]Theyinclude11hospitals,373privateclinics,51singledoctorclinicsand134pharmaciesanddrugstores,andemploy274generalpractitioners,122dentists,74sanitationdoctors,37radiologists(Xray),141gynecologists,32nutritionists,55assistants,710nurses,63pharmacistsand99doctorsofotherspecialties.[49][114]
The11hospitalsofBogorare:
1. HospitaloftheIndonesianRedCrossSociety(Indonesian:RumahSakitPalangMerahIndonesia)general,theoldestinthecity
2. "KaryaBhakti"(Indonesian:RumahSakitKaryaBhakti)general3. "Salak"(Indonesian:RumahSakitSalak)Armygeneralhospital4. "Ciawi"(Indonesian:RumahSakitCiawi)hospitaloftheIndonesianRedCrossSociety,general5. "AtangSanjaya"(Indonesian:AtangSanjaya)AirForcegeneralhospital,alsoanAirForcebase6. BogorMedicalCentergeneralpractitioners,private7. IslamicHospital(Indonesian:RumahSakitIslam)general,onlyforMuslims8. "Azra"(Indonesian:RumahSakitAzra)womenandchildren9. "Melania"(Indonesian:RumahSakitMelania)womenandchildren
10. "Hermina"(Indonesian:RumahSakitHermina)womenandchildren11. "MarzukiMahdi"(Indonesian:RumahSakitMarzukiMahdi)infectiousdiseasesandpsychiatric
hospital
Media
BogorhasthreedailyIndonesianlanguagenewspapers[115]"RadarBogor",foundedin1998and"PakuanRaya"infoundedin2005andJurnalBogor,foundedin2008.theyprintinabout25,000copiesandhaveelectronicversions.BogorofficesalsopartlyprintpartsomeJavaneseandnationalnewspapers.Thereareafewmagazinesandscientificpublicationsofthelocaluniversities.
ThetwomunicipalTVchannels,"BogorTV"and"MegasvaraTV"broadcastatUHFchannel25overthecityandnearbyareasofWestJava.[116]Therearealsoatleast30localradiostations,ofwhich20areintheFMand10intheAMrange.[117]
Sport
AsofMarch2010,theBogorteamswereregisteredin28sportstoparticipateinnationalandregionalcompetitionsconductedbytheNationalSportsCommitteeofIndonesia(Indonesian:KomiteNasionalOlahragaIndonesia).Theirachievementsareregardedaspoor.SoattheJavacompetitions,Bogorathletestook5goldmedalsinsteadoftheplanned42.[118][119]Thelargestamong15sportsorganizations[49]istheBogorFootballUnion(Indonesian:PersatuanSepakbolaBogor),headedbythecurrentMayorDianiBudiarto.Thelocalfootballteam"PSBBogor"nevertookprizesinthenationalchampionships.[120]ThelocalStadiumPajajarancanaccommodate25,000spectators.[121]
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LilypondintheBogorBotanicalGarden.
TheformerresidenceoftheGovernorGeneral,nowthesummerpalaceofthePresidentofIndonesia
Travelandplaces
Onanationaltourismexhibitionof2010inJakarta,BogorwasrecognizedasthemostattractivetouristcityofIndonesia.[122]Thecityanditssurroundingareaarevisitedbyabout1.8millionpeopleperyear,ofwhommorethan60,000areforeigners.[123]ThemaintouristattractionistheBogorBotanicalGarden.Foundedin1817,itcontainsmorethan6,000speciesoftropicalplants.Besides,about42birdspeciesbreedwithinthegarden,althoughthisnumberisdecliningandwas62before1952.[124]Thegarden's87hectareareawithinthecitywassupplementedin1866bya120hectareparkinsuburbantownofCibodas.[125][126]Muchoftheoriginalrainforestwaspreservedwithinthegardenprovidingspecimensforscientificstudes.Besides,thegardenwasenrichedbycollectionsofpalms,bamboos,cacti,orchidsandornamentaltrees.Itbecamefamousinthelate19thcenturyandwasvisitedbynaturalistsfromabroadtoconductscientificresearch.Forexample,theRussianSt.PetersburgAcademyofScienceshadaBuitenzorgscholarshipforyoungscientiststoworkatBogor.[125]ThestaffofBogorgardenalsoadministerthreeothermajorgardensofIindonesia:theCibodasBotanicalGardenfounded1862inWestJava,thePurwodadiBotanicalGardeninEastJavaandtheEkaKaryaBotanicalGardenfoundedin1959onBaliisland.[127]
Anothertouristattractionisthepresidentialpalacewiththetotalareaof28hectares,including1.8492hectaresofthepalacebuildings.Thepalaceissurroundedbyaparkwithasmallpond.[125][128]Theparkishometoaherdoftamedeerandisopentothepublicmostoftheyear.Thepalaceisaccessibleduringholidays,suchastheCityDayandIndependenceDayithasacollectionof450paintingsand360sculptures.[125]
Thecityanditssuburbscontaindozensofmedievalstonestelae(prasasti).FifteenprasastiofthegreatesthistoricalandculturalvaluearecollectedinaspecialpavilioninthedistrictofBatutulis.[129]InthewesternpartofBogorthereisalargelakeGede(area6hectares)surroundedbythereservedforestareaandaforestpark.Intheprotectedareathereareseveralresearchfacilities,andtherecreationareashostsportsactivities,boatingandfishing.[130][131]
Ontheterritoryofthebotanicgarden,thereisacemeteryestablishedin1784.[132]Itcontains42historicalgravesoftheDutchcolonialofficials,militaryofficersandscientists,whoservedinBogor,JakartaandothercitiesinWestJavafromthelate18thtoearly20thcenturies.[132]Nearby,therearethreegravesoftheearlySundaKingdom(15thcentury):thewifeofthefounderofBogorSilivangi,GaluhMangkuAlam,vizierBa'ulandcommanderJapra.Thelocalsregardtheseindividualsasthecity'spatrons.[133]OtherhistoricalplacesaretheBogorCathedralbuiltin1750,itisoneoftheoldestoperationalCatholicChurchesinIndonesia,[134]andtheBuddhisttempleHokTekBio,builtin1672intheclassicalSouthChinesestyle.ItisthefirstBuddhisttempleofBogorandoneoftheoldestinIndonesia.[135]
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Cathedral.Photo1920
NearbyistheJaksaWaterfall.
FamouspeopleborninBogor
ThelistincludesonlypeoplewithWikipediapagesinatleastthreelanguages.
AdriaanFokker(18871972)DutchphysicistHeinterPoorten(18871968)CommanderofthearmedforcesoftheDutchEastIndiesintheearlysecondWorldWarIIRudenHamer(19171988)DutchOlympicwaterpoloplayerAyuUtami(b.1968)IndonesianwriterRudiSoedjarwo(b.1971)IndonesianplaywrightSuzzanna(19422008)IndonesianactressDr.SyedMuhammadNaqibalAas(5September1931)Muslimscholar
Seealso
ListoftwintownsandsistercitiesinIndonesia
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WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoBogor.
Externallinks
OfficialSite(http://www.kotabogor.go.id)(Indonesian)BogortravelguidefromWikivoyage
PoentjakWeg(http://PoentjakWeg.com)(Indonesian)
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