body planes and anatomical references...anatomical position. in this position, the body is upright...
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Body Planes and Anatomical References
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Anatomic References
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Body Direction
• Health care workers need to be able to clearly identify areas of the body. They must do so in order to correctly apply treatments, injections, and diagnoses.
• Such directional terms are based on anatomical position. In this position, the body is upright and facing forward, with the arms at the sides and the palms toward the front.
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Body Planes
• Body planes are imaginary lines drawn through the body. They separate the body into sections and are used to create directional terms.
• The three body planes are:
▫ Transverse
▫ Midsagittal
▫ Frontal
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Transverse Plane and Related Directional Terms
• The transverse plane is horizontal and divides the body into a top half and a bottom half.
▫ Body parts above other parts are called superior.
▫ Body parts below other body parts are called inferior.
• Two other terms related to this plane also refer to direction.
▫ Cranial refers to body parts toward the head.
▫ Caudal refers to body parts toward the lower end of the spine or feet.
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Midsaggital Plane and Related Directional Terms
• The midsaggital plane is also known as the median plane or the midline.
• The midsaggital plane is vertical and divides the body into equal right and left halves.
▫ Body parts toward this plane are called medial.
▫ Body parts away from this plane are called lateral.
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Frontal Plane and Related Directional Terms
• The frontal plane is also known as the coronal plane.
• The frontal plane is vertical. It divides the body into front and back sections.
▫ Body parts toward the front section are called ventral, or anterior.
▫ Body parts toward the back section are called dorsal, or posterior.
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Other Directional Terms
• Two other terms are used to describe the location of a body part in relation to the point of attachment, or point of reference.
▫ Body parts toward the point of attachment are called proximal.
▫ Body parts distant from this point are called distal.
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Body Cavities
• Body cavities are spaces within the body that contain vital organs.
• The two major cavities in the body are the dorsal and ventral cavities.
▫ The dorsal cavity is a long, continuous cavity located on the back of the body.
▫ The ventral cavity is located on the front side of the body.
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Dorsal Cavity
• The dorsal cavity is divided into two sections:
▫ The cranial cavity contains the brain.
▫ The spinal cavity contains the spinal cord.
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Ventral Cavity
• The ventral cavity is divided into three sections: ▫ The thoracic cavity contains the
trachea, esophagus, bronchi, lungs, heart, and major blood vessels. It is also known as the chest cavity.
▫ The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, small intestine, most of the large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen.
▫ The pelvic cavity contains the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum.
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Small Body Cavities
• The orbital cavity contains the eye structures.
• The nasal cavity contains the parts that form the nose.
• The oral cavity, or buccal cavity, contains the teeth and the tongue in the mouth.
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Abdominal Regions: Quadrants
• Because the abdominal cavity is so large, it helps to divide it into regions.
• One method of division results in quadrants, or four regions: ▫ Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
▫ Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
▫ Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
▫ Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
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Abdominal Regions: Nine Regions
• Another method of dividing the abdominal cavity results in nine regions: ▫ Epigastric – above the stomach
▫ Umbilical – near the umbilicus
▫ Hypogastric – below the stomach
▫ Left Hypochondriac – below the ribs, left side
▫ Right Hypochondriac – below the ribs, right side
▫ Left Lumbar – near the waist, left side
▫ Right Lumbar – near the waist, right side
▫ Left Iliac – near the hips, left side
▫ Right Iliac – near the hips, right side