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BMM 4753BMM 4753

RENEWABLE ENERGYRENEWABLE ENERGYRESOURCESRESOURCES

Prof DrProf Dr HjHj ShahraniShahrani BinBin HjHj AnuarAnuarOffice A04Office A04--33--11--2020

Slide 1Slide 1WeekWeek 11


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CLASS SCHEDULECLASS SCHEDULE

Day Time Venue

Monday 9:00-9:50 AM DPM

Tueday 9:00-9:50 AM DPM

Thursday 9:00-9:50 AM DPM

BMM 4753 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCESBMM 4753 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES



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TEACHING METHODSTEACHING METHODS

Method Units HoursLecture: 3 3 hours X 14 weeks 42

Tutorial: 0 0 hour X 14 weeks 0

Laboratory: 0 0 hours X 14 weeks 0

Total Hours 42




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This course introducesThis course introduces

the need and concept ofthe need and concept of

Renewable ResourcesRenewable Resources

such assuch asSolar Energy, Geothermal Energy, WindSolar Energy, Geothermal Energy, Wind

Energy, Bio Energy, Ocean, Wave andEnergy, Bio Energy, Ocean, Wave and

Tidal EnergiesTidal Energiesand other forms.and other forms.

COURSE SYNOPSISCOURSE SYNOPSIS




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CO1:CO1: Explain the current and contemporary issues ofExplain the current and contemporary issues of

renewable energy resourcesrenewable energy resources

CO2:CO2: Analyzing Solar and Geothermal Energy thermal energyAnalyzing Solar and Geothermal Energy thermal energy

conversion systems for different understandingsconversion systems for different understandings

CO3:CO3: Evaluate the energy potential in the wind andEvaluate the energy potential in the wind and

understand the parameters involvedunderstand the parameters involved

CO4:CO4: Analyzing Biomass conversion techniques into liquidAnalyzing Biomass conversion techniques into liquid

and gaseous forms for various Understandings andand gaseous forms for various Understandings and

design/estimate a biogas digester volume for specificdesign/estimate a biogas digester volume for specificunderstandingsunderstandings

CO5:CO5: Analyzing Ocean, Wave and Tidal Energy conversionAnalyzing Ocean, Wave and Tidal Energy conversion

devices for electricity generation and also evaluatedevices for electricity generation and also evaluate

other energy resourcesother energy resources Slide 5Slide 5


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COURSE OUTCOMESCOURSE OUTCOMES

By the end of semester, students should be able to:


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ASSESSMENT METHODSASSESSMENT METHODS

Assessments CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 CO5 Distribution

Test 1 20%

Test 2 20%

Quizzes 10%

Assignments 10%

Final Exam 40%

Total 100 %



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1.1. Renewable Energy ResourcesRenewable Energy Resources

John Twidell and Tony WeirJohn Twidell and Tony Weir

E & F.N.SponE & F.N.Spon

2.2. Solar EnergySolar Energy Principles of Thermal Collection and storagePrinciples of Thermal Collection and storage

S.P.Sukhatme,S.P.Sukhatme,Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1996.Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1996.

3.3. Renewable Energy ResourcesRenewable Energy Resources -- Basic Principles andBasic Principles and

UnderstandingsUnderstandings

G.N.Tiwari and M.K.GhosalG.N.Tiwari and M.K.Ghosal

NarosaNarosa

4.4. Renewable Energy Sources and Conversion TechnologyRenewable Energy Sources and Conversion Technology

N.K.Bansal et alN.K.Bansal et al

Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., 1990.Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., 1990.

REFERENCESREFERENCES




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LECTURE SCHEDULELECTURE SCHEDULE

WEEK TOPIC

1 Introduction to Energy Resources

2 1 Solar Energy

3 1.2 Types of Solar Collectors

4 1.3 Thermal analysis of Solar FPC5 2.1 Geothermal Energy (GE)

6 2.2 Thermal Energy Conversion

7 3.1 Wind Energy

WEEK TOPIC

8 3.2 Energy availability in Wind

9 4. 1 Biomass

10 4.2 Biofuel and applications

11 5.1 Ocean, Wave and Tidal Energy12 5.1 Ocean, Wave and Tidal Energy

13 6. Other Energy Resources

14 Revision



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Topic 1Topic 1

BMM 4753 RENEWABLE ENERGYBMM 4753 RENEWABLE ENERGYINTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCESINTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCES



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SummarySummary

1.1. TerminologyTerminology2.2. World Energy ScenarioWorld Energy Scenario

3.3. TypesTypes -- Fossil and Renewable resourcesFossil and Renewable resources

4.4. Environmental impactEnvironmental impact Global warmingGlobal warming

5.5. Need for utilization of renewable resourcesNeed for utilization of renewable resources

6.6. Classification of renewable resourcesClassification of renewable resources

7.7. Resources in MalaysiaResources in Malaysia

Topic 1Topic 1INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCESINTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCES

BMM 4753 RENEWABLE ENERGYBMM 4753 RENEWABLE ENERGY



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1. 1 Terminology1. 1 Terminology

Energy The word energy is derived from the Greek en (in) and ergon

(work).

Forms of energy

Heat Work

Chemical Energy (In Fuels Or Batteries),

Kinetic Energy (In Moving Substances),

Electrical Energy,

Gravitational

Potential Energy (by virtue of its elevation)

TopicTopic 11 -- INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCESINTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCES

WeekWeek 11 Slide 11Slide 11


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Power is the rate at which energy is converted from one form to

another, or transferred from one place to another.

watt (W) is defined as one joule per second.

kilowatt is 1000 watts, i.e. 1000 joules per second, and there are

3600 seconds in an hour, so 1 kWh = 3600 x 1000 = 3.6 x 10

6

Joules (i.e. 3.6 MJ).

kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a measure energy of power used for a given

time period. If the power of an electric heater is 1 kW, and it

runs for an hour, we say that it has consumed one kilowatt-hour (kWh) of energy.

1 Mtoe = 41.9 PJ is a measure of energy often simply expressed in

unit 'million tonnes of oil equivalent.


1. 1 Terminology ..contd1. 1 Terminology ..contd



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Alternative energyAlternative energy

refers to any source of usable energy intended torefers to any source of usable energy intended to

replace fuel sources without the undesiredreplace fuel sources without the undesired

consequences of the replaced fuels.consequences of the replaced fuels.

Renewable energyRenewable energy

refers to energy which comes from natural resourcesrefers to energy which comes from natural resources

such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermalsuch as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermalheat, which is naturally replenished.heat, which is naturally replenished.

1. 1 Terminology ..contd1. 1 Terminology ..contd




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1. 2 World Energy Scenario1. 2 World Energy Scenario




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1.1. 2 World Energy Scenario . World Oil & Gas Production2 World Energy Scenario . World Oil & Gas Production




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1. 2 World Energy Scenario1. 2 World Energy Scenario




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1.31.3 Types of Energy ResourcesTypes of Energy Resources




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1.41.4 EnvironmentalEnvironmental ImpactImpact and Climate Changeand Climate Change

Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), 1854-2000. Carbon dioxide data from 1958 weremeasured at Mauna Loa, Hawaii; pre-1958 data are estimated from ice cores




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1.41.4 Environmental Impact and Climate ChangeEnvironmental Impact and Climate Change




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1.41.4 Environmental Impact and Climate Change .contdEnvironmental Impact and Climate Change .contd

atmospheric concentrations of CO2 have varied between about 200 and 300 parts per million by volume (ppmv). But

during the twentieth century they rose beyond this range, increasing to 370 ppm by 2001. Projections by the

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) suggest they could rise to around 700 ppmv by the end of the

twenty-first century if no action is taken to limit emissions.




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1.41.4 Environmental Impact and ClimateEnvironmental Impact and Climate Change .highlightsChange .highlights

Air pollution, acid rain,

The depletion of natural resources

The dangers ofnuclear radiation

Global climate change caused by emissions of greenhouse gasesfrom fossil fuel combustion. Greenhouse gases, principally water

vapour, carbon dioxide and methane. Allowing solar radiation to

enter but inhibiting the outflow of infrared radiation. The natural

'greenhouse effect is essential in maintaining the earth's surface

temperature at a level suitable for life, around 15 C.




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1.41.4 Environmental Impact and ClimateEnvironmental Impact and Climate Change .highlightsChange .highlights

The principal contributor to these increased emissions is carbondioxide from the combustion of fossil fuels if not curbed, the surface

temperature is predicted to rise by 1.4 to 5.8 C. Such rises will

probably cause an increased frequency of climatic extremes, such as

floods or droughts, and serious disruption to agriculture and natural

ecosystems. Mean sea levels are likely to rise by around 0.5 m by theend of the century, which could inundate some low-lying areas.

Beyond 2100, sea level rises could occur if major Antarctic ice

sheets melt.

The threat of global climate change caused by carbon dioxide

emissions from fossil fuel combustion is one of the main reasonswhy there is a growing consensus on the need to reduce such

emissions. Reductions in the range 60-80% may be needed by the

end of the twenty-first century and, ultimately, a switch to low- or

zero-carbon energy sources such as renewables.




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There is a depletion of reservesThere is a depletion of reserves withwith

associatedassociated hazards of pollutionhazards of pollution..Global heat balanceGlobal heat balance

The dependence for oil/natural gas on otherThe dependence for oil/natural gas on othercountries may destabilize the Energycountries may destabilize the Energy SecuritySecurity

Building stockpilesBuilding stockpiles

Diversification of energy supply sourcesDiversification of energy supply sources

Energy efficiencyEnergy efficiency

Sustainable developmentSustainable developmentDevelopment ofDevelopment of renewable energyrenewable energy sourcessources

Energy conservationEnergy conservation


1.51.5 Need For Utilization Of Renewable ResourcesNeed For Utilization Of Renewable Resources



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EnergyEnergy efficiencyefficiencyis said to be achieved when energy intensity in a

specific product, process or area of production

or consumption is reduced without

affecting output, consumption or comfort levels.

ReductionReduction

in energy consumption

leads to sustainable development


WeekWeek 11

1.51.5 Need For Utilization Of Renewable ResourcesNeed For Utilization Of Renewable Resources .highlights.highlights

Slide 24Slide 24


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Sustainable developmentSustainable development Defined as development that meets the needs

of the present, without compromising theability of future generations to meet their own

needs. Future energy requirements will not be met by

any single energy resource or technology.

Renewable energy technologies may play a

"complementary" role rather than an"alternative" role.


WeekWeek 11


Slide 25Slide 25


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Renewable Energy In Developing CountriesRenewable Energy In Developing Countries

Renewable energy can be particularly suitable for developing

countries. In rural and remote areas, transmission and

distribution of energy generated from fossil fuels can be

difficult and expensive. Producing renewable energy locally can

offer a viable alternative.Renewable energy projects in many developing countries have

demonstrated that renewable energy can directly contribute to

poverty alleviation by providing the energy needed for creating

businesses and employment.

Renewable energy technologies can also make indirect

contributions to alleviating poverty by providing energy for

cooking, space heating, and lighting. Renewable energy can

also contribute to education, by providing electricity to

schools.





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RenewableRenewable EnergyEnergy InIn DevelopingDeveloping CountriesCountries

Kenya is the world leader in the number of solar power systems

installed per capita (but not the number of watts added). More

than 30,000 very small solar panels, each producing 12 to 30

watts, are sold in Kenya annually. For an investment of as littleas $100 for the panel and wiring, the PV system can be used to

charge a car battery, which can then provide power to run a

fluorescent lamp or a small television for a few hours a day.

In India, a solar loan program sponsored by UNEP has helped

100,000 people finance solar power systems in India.Similar solar projects in other parts of developing world like Tunisia,

Morocco, Indonesia and Mexico





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Main forms of renewable energy

1. Wind power2. Hydropower

3. Solar energy

4. Biomass

5. Ocean

6. Geothermal Energy

Renewable energy is derived from natural processes that are

replenished constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly from

the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth. Included in

the definition is electricity and heat generated from solar, wind,ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels

and hydrogen derived from renewable resources. Each of these

sources has unique characteristics which influence how and where

they are used.

1.1. 66 Classification of Renewable ResourcesClassification of Renewable Resources .highlights.highlights




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1.61.6 Classification of renewable resourcesClassification of renewable resources .schematic.schematic

Renewable energy potentials


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1.71.7 Resources in MalaysiaResources in Malaysia




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Consumption MalaysiaAsia

(excl. Mid-East)World

Industry 11,259 752,092 2,140,474

Transportation 11,392 335,749 1,755,505

Residential 3,135 731,518 1,845,475

Commercial & public services 1,941 101,129 511,555

Agriculture 106 64,834 166,287

Others 579 79,643 333,981

Total Final Energy Consumption 28,412 2,064,965 6,753,276

ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY SECTOR IN MALAYSIA YEAR 1999

1,000 tons of oil equivalent (Mtoe)

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1.71.7 Resources in Malaysia .highlightsResources in Malaysia .highlights


Slide 31Slide 31


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1.71.7 Resources inResources in Malaysia .highlightsMalaysia .highlights



Increasing


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Increasing


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Increasing


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Small


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High


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Generation Fuel Options

The New Five-Fuel Diversification Strategy replaces the Four-FuelDiversification Strategy, in which the fifth fuel under the New Strategy is

non-hydro renewable energy (RE) alongside the existing four fuels utilised

for power generation, namely, oil, gas, coal and hydro. The Four-Fuel

Strategy and subsequently the New Five-Fuel Strategy has been successful

in bringing down oil consumption for power generation from more than80% in the 1980's to about 32% in FY1998 and further down to about 4%

in FY2000. The Government is also looking into efficient energy utilisation

and consumption through the National Energy Efficiency Strategy. There

are therefore no firm plans at present for the introduction of nuclear

power generation, although TNB maintains an interest in nuclear powertechnology through a continuing programme of technical and manpower

training. TNB has the largest generation capacity of over 7,500 MW that

accounts for over 62% of the total power generation of Peninsular

Malaysia.





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OilIn the early eighties, oil-fired generation contributes to a

substantial proportion of TNB's output and operating costs were

significantly affected by excursions in oil prices since late 1973.

Despite current low prices of fuel oil, oil-fired generating plants

are not considered to be strongly competitive options for longterm planning purposes, in view of the uncertainties of future

prices, and other available alternatives. In TNB, oil requirement

has reduced over the years.





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Natural GasNatural gas has become an important fuel for gas turbines and

combined-cycle plant developments, both for TNB and IPPs. The

Phase II of the Peninsular Gas Utilisation Pipeline Project has

made available natural gas to the West Coast and South of

Peninsular Malaysia in the late 1991.With the completion of the gas pipeline project and the

advent of Independent Power Producers (IPP) in 1994, gas

utilisation in power generation has increased tremendously. To-

date, gas contributed to about 76% of the total generation

capacity mix.





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Coal

Coal is also commercially available from foreign sources and this

fuel is an option for our power generation development studies.

Current indications are that imported coal will be a competitive fuel

source for electric power generation in Malaysia. The third phase

Port Klang Power Station, which was scheduled to becommissioned in 2001, comprises two 500 MW coal-fired units

capable of burning coal/gas/oil. In addition, the Janamanjung

Power Station which is a 2,100 MW coal-fired plant, is expected to

come online in year 2003.

More coal-fired plants (including IPPs) have been proposedin the years beyond 2000 for security of power supply and to

conform with the diversification of fuel usage in power sector as

required by the national fuel policy. Currently coal-fired generation

constitutes about 5% of the total generation capacity mix.





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HydroelectricityIt is estimated that the indicative hydro potential in Peninsular

Malaysia totals some 16 TWh/year. Nine major hydro stations

with a capacity of 1,874 MW are currently in service. This total

capacity includes the recently commissioned Pergau

Hydroelectric Station (in 1997) which contributes a total peaking

capacity of 600MW. Three other hydroelectric projects have

been identified and under planning stage namely, Ulu

Terengganu (300MW), upgrading of Kenyir Hydro station

(300MW) and Ulu Jelai's mixed pumped storage (1,000MW-1,200MW) with 300MW conventional hydro scheme.





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Renewable EnergyRenewable energy (RE) has been identified and finalised by the

Government as the fifth fuel under the New Five-Fuel

Diversification Strategy. The RE focus would be on biomass,

especially from palm oil and wood wastes. The target of

contribution towards the total electricity generation mix from REis 5% by 2005 and 10% by 2010, after which this ratio could be

maintained thereafter.





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1. Malaysia will become a net energy importer before 2020 and is therefore

committed to find alternative means of energy that are sustainable.2. Country's energy requirement was estimated to rise by 6.3 percent annually

and by 2030, the level would have reached 28 percent.

3. Malaysia in the midst of implementing a number of initiatives with regard to

policy review, research and development (R&D) and applications and had given

emphasis to the R&D of renewable energy since the 7th

Malaysia Plan.4. In total, 185 projects related to the development of technologies focusing on

harnessing energy from resources such as biomass, solar, hydro, wind and tidal

waves costing RM158 million have been carried out.

5. Biomass would be a feature in the source of renewable energy mix for the

country in the near future since Malaysia has an abundance of the resources.6. Steps to develop a renewable energy technology roadmap in five focus areas

comprising biomass, solar, wind, micro-hydro and tidal power.

7. The use of renewable energy plays an ever increasing role in meeting the

requirements of our energy security and the effects of climate change due to

the greenhouse gases emission


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1.71.7 Resources in MalaysiaResources in Malaysia .Bernama April 27, 2010.Bernama April 27, 2010

Slide 43Slide 43


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Energy Mix For The FutureEnergy Mix For The FutureA judicious mix of fossil, nuclear and renewable

sources with appropriate technologies backed by a

scientific analysis for efficiency, emissions, economics,

and reliability, as applicable to different power

capacity slots, must be developed to facilitate the

optimum use of the available energy resources and

meet the energy requirements of the country.


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1.71.7 Resources in MalaysiaResources in Malaysia .future.future

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